68402: Structural Design of Buildings II

61420: Design of Steel Structures

62323: Architectural Structures II

Design of Beam-Columns

Monther Dwaikat
Assistant Professor
Department of Building Engineering
An-Najah National University

68402 Slide # 1
Beam-Column - Outline
 Beam-Columns
 Moment Amplification Analysis
 Second Order Analysis
 Compact Sections for Beam-Columns
 Braced and Unbraced Frames
 Analysis/Design of Braced Frames
 Analysis/Design of Unbraced Frames
 Design of Bracing Elements

68402 Slide # 2
Design for Flexure – LRFD Spec.
 Commonly Used Sections:
• I – shaped members (singly- and doubly-symmetric)
• Square and Rectangular or round HSS

68402 Slide # 3
Beam-Columns

68402 Slide # 4
Beam-Columns

68402 Slide # 5
Beam-Columns

68402 Slide # 6
Beam-Columns

68402 Slide # 7
Beam-Columns

68402 Slide # 8
Beam-Columns

68402 Slide # 9
Beam-Columns
Likely failure modes due to combined bending and axial forces:
• Bending and Tension: usually fail by yielding
• Bending (uniaxial) and compression: Failure by buckling in the
plane of bending, without torsion
• Bending (strong axis) and compression: Failure by LTB
• Bending (biaxial) and compression (torsionally stiff section):
Failure by buckling in one of the principal directions.
• Bending (biaxial) and compression (thin-walled section): failure by
combined twisting and bending
• Bending (biaxial) + torsion + compression: failure by combined
twisting and bending

68402 Slide # 10
Beam-Columns
 Structural elements subjected to combined flexural moments and axial
loads are called beam-columns
 The case of beam-columns usually appears in structural frames
 The code requires that the sum of the load effects be smaller than the
resistance of the elements
 Q i i
 1.0
Rn
 Thus: a column beam interaction can be written as

Pu  M ux M uy 
    1.0
c Pn b M nx b M ny 
 This means that a column subjected to axial load and moment will be
able to carry less axial load than if no moment would exist.
68402 Slide # 11
Beam-Columns
 AISC code makes a distinct difference between lightly and heavily axial
loaded columns

P Pu 8  M ux M uy 
for u  0.2      1.0
c Pn c Pn 9 b M nx b M ny 
AISC Equation

P Pu  M ux M uy 
for u  0.2     1.0
c Pn 2c Pn  b M nx b M ny 

AISC Equation

68402 Slide # 12
Beam-Columns
 Definitions
Pu = factored axial compression load
Pn = nominal compressive strength
Mux = factored bending moment in the x-axis, including second-order effects
Mnx = nominal moment strength in the x-axis
Muy = same as Mux except for the y-axis
Mny = same as Mnx except for the y-axis
c = Strength reduction factor for compression members = 0.90
b = Strength reduction factor for flexural members = 0.90

68402 Slide # 13
Beam-Columns
 The increase in slope for lightly axial-loaded columns represents the
less effect of axial load compared to the heavily axial-loaded columns
Unsafe Element
Pu/cPn

Safe Element

0.2
Mu/bMn

These are design charts that are a bit conservative than behaviour envelopes
68402 Slide # 14
Moment Amplification
 When a large axial load exists, the axial load produces moments due to
any element deformation.
x
P P


M

 The final moment “M” is the sum of the original moment and the
moment due to the axial load. The moment is therefore said to be
amplified.

 As the moment depends on the load and the original moment, the
problem is nonlinear and thus it is called second-order problem.
68402 Slide # 15
Moment Amplification
Second-order Moments, Puδ and Pu

Moment amplification in column Moment amplification in

braced against sidesway unbraced column
Mu = Mnt + Puδ Mu = Mlt + Pu
68402 Slide # 16
Moment Amplification
 Using first principles we can prove that the final moment Mmax is
amplified from M0 as
 
 
1
M max  M 0 B  M 0  
P 
1   u 
 P 
 e 
 The amplification factor B can be

 
 
1
B  Where M max  bending moment
  Pu 
1  
P 


  e 
68402 Slide # 17
Second Order Analysis

68402 Slide # 18
Second Order Analysis

68402 Slide # 19
Second Order Analysis

68402 Slide # 20
Second Order Analysis

68402 Slide # 21
Second Order Analysis

68402 Slide # 22
Second Order Analysis

68402 Slide # 23
Second Order Analysis

68402 Slide # 24
Compact Sections for Beam-
Columns
 The axial load affects the ratio for compactness. When the check for
compactness for the web is performed while the web is subjected to axial
load the following ratios shall be bf

tf
Pu E  2.75 Pu 
for
b Py
 0.125  p  3.76 1   h
Fy  b Py  tw

Pu E  Pu  E
for  0.125  p  1.12
b Py  2.33    1.49
Fy 
 b Py  Fy

Pu E  0.74 Pu 
for all
b Py
r  5.70  1  
Fy  b Py 

Flange limit is  p  0.38

E E
r  0.83
similar to beams Fy Fy  68.9
68402 Slide # 25
Braced and Unbraced Frames
 Two components of amplification moments can be observed in unbraced
frames:
 Moment due to member deflection (similar to braced frames)
 Moment due to sidesway of the structure
Unbraced Frames

Member deflection Member sidesway

68402 Slide # 26
Unbraced and Braced Frames
 In braced frames amplification moments can only happens due to
member deflection
Braced Frames

Sidesway bracing system

Member deflection

68402 Slide # 27
Unbraced and Braced Frames
 The AISC code approximate the effect by using two amplification
factors B1 and B2

M u  B1 M nt  B2 M lt AISC Equation

Pr  Pnt  B2 Plt AISC Equation

 Where
 B1 amplification factor for the moment occurring in braced member
 B2 amplification factor for the moment occurring from sidesway
 Mnt and Pnt is the maximum moment and axial force assuming no sidesway
 Mlt and Plt is the maximum moment and axial force due to sidesway
 Pr is the required axial strength

68402 Slide # 28
Unbraced and Braced Frames
 Braced frames are those frames prevented from sidesway.
 In this case the moment amplification equation can be simplified to:

M ux  B1 x M ntx M uy  B1 y M nty

Cm
B1  1 AISC Equation
 Pu 
1   
 Pe 
 EAg 2

Pe 
 KL / r  2
 KL/r for the axis of bending considered
 K ≤ 1.0

68402 Slide # 29
Unbraced and Braced Frames
 The coefficient Cm is used to represent the effect of end moments on the
maximum deflection along the element (only for braced frames)
 M1   When there is transverse loading
Cm  0.6  0.4 M   on the beam either of the following
 2 
case applies

M1 M1
 ve   ve Conservatively Cm  1.00
M2 M2
68402 Slide # 30
Unbraced and Braced Frames
 AISC requires stability bracing to have
 Specific strength to resist the lateral load
 Specific axial stiffness to limit the lateral deformation.

Pbr  0.004 Pu 2 Pu Braced

 br  Frames
L

3 Pu Unbraced
 br  Frames
L
 Where Pu is the sum of factored axial load in the braced story
 Pbr is bracing strength and br is braced or unbraced frame stiffness (
= 0.75) 68402 Slide # 31
Unbraced and Braced Frames
 Unbraced frames can observe loading + sidesway
 In this case the moment amplification equation can be simplified to:

BMD

M u  B1 M nt  B2 M lt AISC Equation

1.0 1.0
B1  1 B2 
 Pu   oh 
 Pu  1  L 
1    RM  H
 Pe  68402 Slide # 32
Unbraced and Braced Frames
 A minimum lateral load in each combination shall be added so that the
shear in each story is given by:

H u  0.0042 Pu

68402 Slide # 33
Analysis of Unbraced Frames
 Pu is the sum of factored axial loads on all columns in floor

oh is the drift due to the unfactored horizontal forces

L is the story height

H story shear produced by unfactored horizontal forces

 oh 
 L  is the drift index (is generally between 1/500 to 1/200)
 
Pe is the sum of Euler buckling loads of all columns in floor

Pu is the factored axial load in the column

RM can be conservatively taken as 0.85

68402 Slide # 34
Ex. 5.1- Beam-Columns in Braced
Frames
A 3.6-m W12x96 is subjected to bending and
compressive loads in a braced frame. It is bent in
single curvature with equal and opposite end
moments and is not loaded transversely. Use Grade
50 steel. Is the section satisfactory if Pu = 3200 kN
and first-order moment Mntx = 240 kN.m

Step I: From Section Property Table

W12x96 (A = 18190 mm2, Ix = 347x106 mm4, Lp = 3.33 m, Lr
= 14.25 m, Zx = 2409 mm3, Sx = 2147 mm3)

68402 Slide # 35
Ex. 5.1- Beam-Columns in Braced
Frames
Step II: Compute amplified moment
- For a braced frame let K = 1.0
KxLx = KyLy = (1.0)(3.6) = 3.6 m
- From Column Chapter: cPn = 4831 kN
Pu/cPn = 3200/4831 = 0.662 > 0.2  Use eqn.
- There is no lateral translation of the frame: Mlt = 0
 Mux = B1Mntx

Cm = 0.6 – 0.4(M1/M2) = 0.6 – 0.4(-240/240) = 1.0

Pe1 = 2EIx/(KxLx)2 = 2(200)(347x106)/(3600)2 = 52851 kN

68402 Slide # 36
Ex. 5.1- Beam-Columns in Braced
Frames
Cm 1.0
B1    1.073  1.0 (OK )
P 3200
1 u 1
Pe1 52851
Mux = (1.073)(240) = 257.5 kN.m

Step III: Compute moment capacity

Since Lb = 3.6 m L p < L b< L r
b M n  739 kN .m

68402 Slide # 37
Ex. 5.1- Beam-Columns in Braced
Frames

Step IV: Check combined effect

Pu 8  M ux M uy  3200 8  257.5
 
     0   0.972  1.0
c Pn 9  b M nx b M ny  4831 9  739 

 Section is satisfactory

68402 Slide # 38
Ex. 5.2- Analysis of Beam-Column
 Check the adequacy of an ASTM A992 W14x90 column
subjected to an axial force of 2200 kN and a second
order bending moment of 400 kN.m. The column is 4.2 m
long, is bending about the strong axis. Assume:
• ky = 1.0
• Lateral unbraced length of the compression flange is 4.2 m.

68402 Slide # 39
Ex. 5.2- Analysis of Beam-Column
 Step I: Compute the capacities of the beam-column
cPn = 4577 kN Mnx = 790 kN.m
Mny = 380 kN.m

 Step II: Check combined effect

Pu 2200
  0.481  0.2
c Pn 4577

Pu 8  M ux M uy  2200 8  400
 
     0   0.931  1.0
c Pn 9  b M nx b M ny  4577 9  790 
OK
68402 Slide # 40
Design of Beam-Columns
 Trial-and-error procedure
• Select trial section
• Check appropriate interaction formula.
• Repeat until section is satisfactory

68402 Slide # 41
Design of Unbraced Frames
 Design can be performed using the following
procedure:
 Use a procedure similar to that of braced frames
 To start the design assume B1 = 1.0 and compute B2
by assuming the ratio
oh 1 1
 to
L 500 200
 Compute Mu and perform same procedure used for
braced frames

68402 Slide # 42
Ex. 5.3- Analysis-External Column
• Check the exterior column of an unbraced frame shown in the
figure for the following load combination. All columns are 3.8 m
long and all beams are 9 m long. Assume A992 steel.

Load Case  1.2 D  0.5L  1.6W

W24x76
Pnt  2250 kN Plt  0
M nt  128 kN - m
M lt  210 kN - m
W14x90
For this frame
 H  660 kN W24x76
 Pu  10800 kN
68402 Slide # 43
Ex. 5.3- Analysis-External Column
Step I: Calculate Kx and Ky
 416 
2 
 3.8  W24x76
GT  GB   2.25
 874 
 
 9 
K x  1.66 W14x90

Effective length, Ky , W24x76

assumed braced frame
K y  1.0

68402 Slide # 44
Ex. 5.3- Analysis-External Column
Step II: Calculate Pn and p
K x Lx 1.66(3800)
  40.4
rx 156
K y Ly 1 3800
  40.4
ry 94
Pn  4700 kN
 M nx  797 kN.m
 M ny  380 kN.m

68402 Slide # 45
Ex. 5.3- Analysis-External Column
Step III: Determine second-order moments-No translation, Mnt

Due to lack of information, assume Cm = 1.0

 2 (200)(416 106 )
Pe1   20637 kN
1.66  3800 2

1
B1   1.12
2250
1
20637

68402 Slide # 46
Ex. 5.3- Analysis-External Column
Step IV: Determine second-order moments - Translation, Mlt.
Don’t know all columns in story, thus assume the frame will have a
deflection limit

 oh  L 400

For this frame

 H  660 kN
 Pu  10800 kN
Thus,
1
B2   1.04
10800  1 
1  
660  400 
68402 Slide # 47
Ex. 5.3- Analysis-External Column
• Step V: Second-order moment

M u  1.12(128)  1.04(210)  361.7 kN - m

 Step VI: Check combined effect

Pu 2250
  0.479  0.2
c Pn 4700
Pu 8  M ux M uy  2250 8  361.7
 
     0   0.882  1.0 OK
c Pn 9  b M nx b M ny  4700 9  797 

• Thus, the W14x90, Fy = 344 MPa will work for this loading case.
• Now it should be checked for any other load case, such as 1.2D+1.6L

68402 Slide # 48
Ex. 5.4 – Design-Beam Column
 Select a W shape of A992 steel PD = 240 kN
for the beam-column of the PL = 650 kN
following figure. This member is MD = 24.4 kN.m
ML = 66.4 kN.m
part of a braced frame and is
subjected to the service-load
axial force and bending moments
4.8 m
shown (the end shears are not
shown). Bending is about the
strong axis, and Kx = Ky = 1.0.
Lateral support is provided only at MD = 24.4 kN.m
the ends. Assume that B1 = 1.0. ML = 66.4 kN.m

68402 Slide # 49
Ex. 5.4 – Design-Beam Column
 Step I: Compute the factored axial load and bending moments
Pu = 1.2PD + 1.6PL = 1.2(240)+ 1.6(650) = 1328 kN.
Mntx = 1.2MD + 1.6ML = 1.2(24.4)+ 1.6(66.4) = 135.5 kN.m.
B1 = 1.0  Mux = B1Mntx = 1.0(135.5) = 135.5 kN.m

 Step II: compute Mnx, Pn

• The effective length for compression and the unbraced length for
bending are the same = KL = Lb = 4.8 m.
• The bending is uniform over the unbraced length , so Cb=1.0
• Try a W10X60 with Pn = 2369 kN and Mnx = 344 kN.m

68402 Slide # 50
Ex. 5.4 – Design-Beam Column
 Step III: Check interaction equation
Pu 1328
  0.56  0.2
c Pn 2369
Pu 8  M ux M uy  1328 8  135.5
 
     0   0.91  1.0 OK
c Pn 9  b M nx b M ny  2369 9  344 
 Step IV: Make sure that this is the lightest possible section.
 Try W12x58 with Pn = 2247 kN and Mnx = 386 kN.m

Pu 1328
  0.59  0.2
c Pn 2247

Pu 8  M ux M uy  1328 8  135.5
 
     0   0.90  1.0
c Pn 9  b M nx b M ny  2247 9  386 

 Use a W12 x 58 section

68402 Slide # 51
Design of Base Plates
 We are looking for design of concentrically loaded columns. These base
plates are connected using anchor bolts to concrete or masonry footings

 The column load shall spread over a large area of the bearing surface
underneath the base plate

AISC Manual Part 16, J8

68402 Slide # 52
Design of Base Plates
 The design approach presented here combines three design approaches
for light, heavy loaded, small and large concentrically loaded base plates
Area of Plate is computed such that
n
m
Pp  Pu
0.8 bf B
where:
  0.6
If plate covers the area of the footing
0.95d
PP  0.85 f cA1
N
If plate covers part of the area of the footing
A2
PP  0.85 f cA1  1.7 f cA1
 The dimensions of the plate A1
are computed such that m and A1 = area of base plate
n are approximately equal. A2 = area of footing
f’c = compressive strength of concrete used
for footing
68402 Slide # 53
Design of Base Plates
Thickness of plate
m

2 Pu Pu l  max n
t pl  l  1.5 l 
0.9 B N Fy B NFy  n
'

N  0.95 d B  0.8 b f 1
m n n '  db f 
2 2 4
2 X
 4db f  Pu 
X  1 1 X
2
 ( d  b f )  c Pp

c  0.6 However  may be

conservatively taken as 1
Pp  Nominal bearing strength
68402 Slide # 54
Ex. 5.5 – Design of Base Plate
• For the column base shown
in the figure, design a base
plate if the factored load on
the column is 10000 kN.
Assume 3 m x 3 m concrete W14x211 0.95d N
footing with concrete
strength of 20 MPa.
0.8bf

68402 Slide # 55
Ex. 4.7- Design of Base Plate
 Step I: Plate dimensions

• Assume thus: A2
2
A1
 Pp  1.7 f cA1  Pu
0.6 1.7  20  A1  10000 103
A1  490
m = n.2  10
3
mm 2 A2
• Assume  4.28  2
A1

N  0.95d  2m  0.95  399  2m  379  2m

B  0.8b f  2m  0.8  401  2m  321  2m
•
A  NB   379  2m  321  2m   490.2 103  m  175.4 mm
N = 729.8 mm say N = 730 mm
B =1671.8 mm say B = 680 mm

68402 Slide # 56
Ex. 4.7- Design of Base Plate
 Step II: Plate thickness

fp
t p  1.5( m ,n ,or n' )
Fy

m  ( N  0.95d ) / 2  175.5 mm
n  ( B  0.8b f ) / 2  179.5 mm
1
n'  db f  100 mm
4

68402 Slide # 57
Ex. 4.7- Design of Base Plate
 Selecting the largest cantilever length

10000 103
fp   20.14 MPa
680  730
20.14
t req  1.5(179.5)  76.7 mm
248

 use 730 mm x 670 mm x 80 mm Plate

68402 Slide # 58
Eccentrically Loaded Columns
 For eccentrically loaded columns
 Compute dimensions such that stress (q) is less than concrete
compressive strength.
 Compute thickness so that the ultimate moment on the plate equals
the full plastic moment multiplied by , where  = 0.9.
Pu  6e 
qmax  1    f c
BN  N or B 

Pu  6e 
qmin  1  0
BN  N or B 
no tension e = eccentricity

Mu
t p  2.1 Mu = ultimate moment per (mm) width on the plate
Fy

68402 Slide # 59