p Bending of bar

2. Body structural requirements

Flow down of requirements from

vehicle-level functions
p Functions satisfying customer needs
Noise & vibration, Ride & handling, Durability, Safety, Styling,
Energy Use, Package, Human factors, Thermal environment

p Step for analysis

1. Identify the vehicle function to be accomplished
2. Define how the vehicle subsystem will work together to
provide that function – function strategy. This working
together often includes a sharing of the applied loads.
3. Analyze the role of the body structure in the strategy.
4. Flow down the overall body structure requirements to
requirements on the structural subsystem and elements.
 2. Body structural requirements
Example: Front impact structural
requirements
Vehicle system
Safety:crash protection -- Strategy: decelerate cabin by
in a front impact absorbing energy of impact with
no cabin distortion and
(48 km/h)
acceleration less than 20 g.

Body system -- absorb 80 kNm of energy in

rigid barrier impact with no cabin
deformation

Motor compartment -- motor compartment average

subsystem crush load: 160 kN

-- Share of crush load for mid rail

Structural element beam: 80 kN
 3. Structural elements
Design of automotive beam sections
Several characteristics of beams require analytical tool
beyond classical theory.
Monocoque body

5
Motor Fan illustrated Vol. 168
 Definition of beam
concentrated distributed

p Slender bar: Load acts at

right angles to the axis
(force vector decomposed
except at the right angles)
→beam
p Concentrated, Distributed

(a) Cantilever beam

(b) Simple support beam
(c) Overhang beam
(d) Fixed at one end, support
beam at the other end rotation
(e) Both ends fixed beam
(f) Continuous beam
 F

Moment
L
p Force x distance: called
moment F
p When a couple F is applied to
both ends of a rod of length L,
the moment becomes the same
following equation.
L
M 0 = 2 ´ (F ´ ) = F ´ L
2 2F
p At this time, the forces F in L/2
the longitudinal direction of
the beam cancel each other 2F
out, so neither compression
nor tension acts in the
longitudinal direction.
p Such a state is called pure
bending.
 Positive direction
(definition within this course)
M F or Q M

N N

F or Q Deformation that becomes

convex downward

cf. Positive direction in force balance,

moment balance (equilibrium equations)

Formulated by defining Positive

downward as positive counterclockwise
 Virtual cutting
p The shear force and moment of
the two newly created beams as
a result of cutting are balanced.
p On the contrary, virtual cutting
is a cutting in which the left and
Result of
right beams maintain a static
cutting
balance even after cutting.
p Shear force and moment can be Shear
obtained from this equilibrium force
condition. x Q = -P

Equilibrium of force
P+Q=0 => Q = -P Moment
Rotation at the left x
(equilibrium of moment) M = - Px
M–Qx=0 => M=Qx=-Px
M+Px=0
 Force equilibrium
Virtual
Force equilibrium
P-R=0 => P = R -Q-R=0 => Q=-R=-P
Moment equilibrium
cutting
Rightmost support
moment M0 -M +R(l-x)-M0=0 =>
Pl - M0 = 0 => M0 = Pl M= R(l-x)-Pl=P(l-x)-Pl
=-Px
p The shear force and moment of
the newly created right beam as
l
a result of cutting are also
balanced. M0
p Shear force is Q = -P R
p The moment at the left end is
M = -Px Result of
p The moment that the shear cutting
force at the left end acts on the
Shear
wall is Q (l-x) =-P (l-x)
force M0
p When these are added,
M all = - Px - P(l - x ) = - Pl Q = -P (l-x) R

Consider the balance of moments

Moment M0
at a specific fixed position.
R
 SFD & BMD
p Shearing Force Diagram, SFD
０ l

－
-P

p Bending Moment Diagram, BMD

０ l

－
-Pl

It is necessary to specify the maximum and minimum values

and the positions where they occur.
 Quiz 1
p Draw SFD and BMD of a cantilever beam of length l
that receives a concentrated load P at the tip as
shown in Fig. 1.
p Draw SFD and BMD of a cantilever beam of length l
that receives a bending moment M0 at the tip as
shown in Fig. 2.

M0
l l

Fig. １ Fig. ２
 Shearing force & Bending moment
p Definition of positive & negative
direction
p Bending moment diagram (BMD)
p Shearing force diagram (SFD)
𝑑𝑄
= −𝑞
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑀
=𝑄
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑀
= −𝑞
𝑑𝑥2
 3. Structural elements
Classical beam behavior
p Static equilibrium at a beam section
"
𝑀 𝑥 = ' Q𝑉𝑑𝑥
!
𝑀 𝑥 : Bending moment on a section at 𝑥
Q𝑉: Shear load on section at 𝑥, 𝑥: Coordinate along length of beam

Q
y
(M + dM) - M = (Q +dQ)dx
dM = Qdx + dQdx
Q Q+dQ
dM = Qdx
M = ∫Qdx
 3. Structural elements
Classical beam behavior
p Stress over a beam section
𝑀𝑦
𝜎=
𝐼
𝑦: vertical distance from point of interest to the section
neutral axis. (Defined to be positive in the upward direction.)
𝜎: Direct stress at point of interest

The moment of inertia, I, is given by:

𝐼= % 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴
"#$%&'(
 Moment of inertia of area 1
p Square section
h/2 3
bh
I z = ò y 2 dA = ò y 2 ´ (bdy ) =
A
-h/ 2
12

pI beam
I z = ò y 2 dA
A
h / 2-c h/2
= ò ´ (2tdy) + ò ´ (2bdy)
2 2
y y
0 h / 2-c

bh 3 (b - t )(h - 2c) 3
= -
12 12
 Moment of inertia of area 2
p Circle
2 2
x d
y2 + = \ x = 2 d 2 / 4 - y2
4 4

I z = ò y 2 dA
A
d /2
= ò
-d / 2
y 2 ´ (2 d 2 / 4 - y 2 dy )

If y = (d / 2) sin q , t hen
d4
p /2 x
Iz =
8 òp
- /2
cos 2 q ´ sin 2 q ´ dq

p /2
d4 p d 4
= ò q ´ dq =
2
sin
32 -p / 2 64
 Beam deflection
p Beam axis: Deflection
curve
p Vertical displacement y:
Deflection
p Angle formed by the
tangent of the x-axis and
the deflection curve:
Deflection angle
Ax
is
 Deflection curve (1)
Small length on the deflection curve：ds = r ( -dq )
dy dy
Deflection curve slope： = tan q Þ\q = tan -1 ( )
dx dx
d2y dq 1 dq dx 2 + dy 2 dq
= tan ¢ q × = × = ×
dx 2 dx sec 2 q dx dx 2 dx
dq 1 d2y
\ = • 2
dy
dx 1 + ( ) 2 dx Ax
is
dx
From the above,
1 dq dq dx dq dx
\ =- =- • =- •
r ds dx ds dx dx 2 + dy 2
æ ö
ç 1 2 ÷
d y 1
= -ç • 2 ÷•
ç 1 + ( dy ) 2 dx ÷
ç
dy
÷ 1 + ( )2
ds
è ø dy
dx dx q
2
d y / dx 2 2
d y / dx 2
tanq≒q
dx
　 =- =-
[1 + (dy / dx) ]
2 3/ 2
[1 + (tan q ) ]
2 3/ 2
 Deflection curve (2)

1 d 2 y / dx 2 d 2 y / dx 2
\ =- =-
r [1 + (dy / dx) ]
2 3/ 2
[1 + (tan q ) ]
2 3/ 2

If the deflection angle θ is extremely small,

the following equation is obtained.
Ax
2 is
1 d y
=-
r dx 2
E
Here, 　 I z = M　
and therefore,
r
d2y M
= -
dx 2 EI z
This is called the deflection equation.
 How to solve deflection equation?

d2y M dy
=- Þ integrate in terms of x and obtain ．
dx 2 EI dx
dy
Here, q = Angle between
dx tangent and x-
dy M axis
\q = = -ò dx + C1
dx EI
Ax
Further integrate and obtain the deflection y． is
dy
（ q = Þ dy = qdx )
dx
M
y = ò qdx = - òò dx × dx + C1 x + C 2
EI
C1 & C 2 need to be determined by boundary conditions.
 Example: Cantileaver
Q = - qx
x q 2
M = ò Qdx = ò - qx × dx = - x
0 2
d2y M q 2
2
= - = x
dx EI 2 EI
dy d2y q x3
\q = = ò 2 dx = ( + C1 )
dx dx 2 EI 3
dy q x4
\ y = ò dx = ( + C1 x + C 2 )
dx 2 EI 12
dy
At x = l , y = 0.q = = 0．
dx
l3 l4
Þ C1 = - , C 2 =
3 4
q
\y = ( x 4 + 4l 3 x + 3l 4 )
24 EI
ql 4
y max = y x =0 =
8EI
 3. Structural elements
Classical beam behavior
p Beam deflection
𝑀 𝑥
𝑦 ## =−
𝐸𝐼
𝑦 ** : Curvature of the beam at 𝑥, 𝐸: Youngʼs modulus

𝛿
𝜃 𝑀 𝐸𝐼 𝜃 𝑀 2𝐸𝐼
𝐾" = = 𝐾" = =
𝜃 𝐿 𝑀 𝜃 𝐿
𝑀
𝐿!
𝛿= 𝑀
2𝐸𝐼
 Quiz 2
P
E, I E, I
M0
x x
L L
M=-P(L-x) M=-M0
y y
Fig. 1 Fig. 2

p Findthe deflection and deflection

angle of the tip in Figs. 1 and 2.
 Homework
1. Summary
2. Questions & comments
3. Exercise
(1) Draw SFD & BMD,
(2) Obtain deflection curve (equation).

P
a b 𝑃 𝑎𝑥 ! 𝑥 #
− , (0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎)
𝐸𝐼 2 6
𝑦 𝑥 =
x 𝑃𝑎# 𝑃𝑎!
A B C + 𝑥 − 𝑎 , (𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 + 𝑏)
3𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼

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