Chapter 4: The concrete bridge

designed by AASHTO

Lecturer: Dr. LENG Khundadino

Chapter 4
1. Load combinations for the Strength I Limit State

2. Strength Limit State

3. Limit of reinforcement

Page 01
1. Load combinations for the Strength I Limit State

Load combinations for the Strength I Limit State

- Service I Limite State :
Q  1.1.DC  1.DW  1.( LL  IM ) 

- Strength I Limite State :

Q   . DC .DC   DW .DW   LL .( LL  IM ) 

- Fatigue Limite State :

Q  0.75.( LL  IM )

where  D = 0.95 Ductile Components.

 : load factor  R = 0.95 Redundant Member.
 : load modifier factor  L =1.05 Operational Importance.
Where :  max( D  R  L ;0.95) Page 02
2. Strength Limit State

 Flexural Moment Resistance :

The factored resistance shall be taken as : Mr  Mn
where
Resistance Factors:
M r : factored flexural resistance.
 = 0.9 Flexure in Reinforced concrete
M n : nominal moment resistance.
 =1 Flexure in Prestressed concrete
 : resistance factor.
 = 0.9 Shear
 Flexural Moment duo to applying load:

 STRENGTH I Load Combination is considered for normal vehicle load without wind. The force effect due to temperature,
shrinkage and creep is considered to be ZERO because of the free movement at the end of girder.
M u     i M i   1.05  1.25M DC  1.5M DW  1.75M LL  I M   TG M TG 
 For simple span bridges, temperature gradient effect reduces gravity load effects because temperature gradient
may not always be there, assume γTG =0
M u     i M i   1.05  1.25M DC  1.5M DW  1.75M LL  I M 
Page 03
2. Strength Limit State

The approach by which the girders, having been designed for flexural service conditions, are verified at the strength limit
state.

Ultimate Flexural Resistance in Girders Page 04

2. Strength Limit State

AASHTO LRFD provides equations for determining the nominal resistance of typical prestressed girders with composite deck
slabs. The relationships between strain, stress and force for this more generalized approach.

Strain Compatibility for a Composite Concrete Girder

Page 05
2. Strength Limit State

Page 06
2. Strength Limit State
 Location of Neutral Axis for Rectangulaire section:

 For practice design an equivalent rectangular compression stress distribute 0,85 fc' over a depth of a =β1C may be considered.

 For concrete strength exceeding fc' > 28MPa, β1 shall be reduced at the rate of 0,05 for each 7 MPa of Strength. But β1 ≥
f c'  28MPa  1  0.85
0,65
( f c'  28)
f  28MPa  1  0.85  0.05 
c
'
 0.65
7

As f y
c
0.85 f c' 1b
a  1c

c : distance between the neutral axis and the compressive face.

1 : stress block factor. Page 07
2. Strength Limit State
 Location of Neutral Axis for T section:

The Location of Neutral Axis :

As f y  0.85 f c' h f (b  bw )
c
0.85 f c' 1bw
a  1c
Page 08
2. Strength Limit State
 Location of Neutral Axis for Rectangular section with Prestressed steel:

The average stress in prestressing steel is calculated:

 c 
f ps  f py 1  k 
 dp
 
in which: The Location of Neutral Axis:
 f  A f  As f y  A 's f ' y
k=2 1.04  py  c  ps py
 f pu  f
 0.85 f c'  1  bw  kAps  py
dp

f pu : spcified tensile strength of prestressing steel (MPa).

f py : yield strength of prestressing steel (MPa).
f s : stress in the mild steel tension reinforcement at nominal flexural resistance (MPa).

Page 09
2. Strength Limit State
 Location of Neutral Axis for T section with Prestressed Steel:

Schematic Drawing of T-Section The Location of Neutral Axis:

The compressive force Aps f pu  As f y  A 's f ' y  0.85 f c'  b  bw  h f
c
Fc  0.85 f c'   a  b   a  h f  b  bw   A 's f y'  0.85 f c'  1c  bw  0.85 f c' b  bw   h f  A 's f y' 0.85 f c'  1  bw  kAps  pu
f
dp
The tensile force
c
FT  Aps f pu  Aps  k f pu  As f y Page 10
dp
2. Strength Limit State
 Nominal flexural resistance for Rectangulaire section: :
 Nominal flexural resistance of a RECTANGULAR SECTION is determined by using equations as :

 a
M n  As f y  d s  
 2
Mr  Mn
Page 11
2. Strength Limit State

 Nominal flexural resistance for T section :

 a a hf
M n  As f y  d s    0.85 f c 1 (b  bw )  h f (  )
'

 2 2 2
Mr  Mn
Page 12
2. Strength Limit State

+ Example: Verify Mu ≤ ɸMn

- Interior beam :

Page 13
2. Strength Limit State

 Calculate Mu =?
M u     i M i   1.05  1.25M DC  1.5M DW  1.75M LL  I M 

- Interior beam :

WDW  2.5  0.075   w  4.22 kN m

WDC,middlecurve  0.348   c  8.7 kN / m
WDC ,beam  (0.45  0.7  2.5  0.2)   c  20.38 kN m Page 14
2. Strength Limit State
(8.7  20.38) 12.52
M DC  M DC ,MiddleCurb  M DC , Beam   567.97kN .m
8
4.22 12.52
M DW   82.42kN .m
8
+ Moment due to live load on Interior beam :

Page 15
2. Strength Limit State

Table shown values of girder distribution factor at interior & exterior beam for moment. (Chapter 2)

  IM  
I
M LL  IM   Max  M Truck , M Tandem    1    M Lane   DM
I

  100  
 M LL  Max  638.186;636.68  1.33  181.64   0.738  760.46kN .m
 IM  
I

M u     i M i   1.05  1.25M DC  1.5M DW  1.75M LL  I M 

 M u     i M i   1.05  1.25  567.97  1.5  82.42  1.75  760.46  2272.62kN .m

Page 16
2. Strength Limit State
 Calculate the location of neutral axis c =?

f c'  30MPa  28MPa

(30  28)
 1  0.85  0.05   0.836
7
As  12 DB32  96.48cm 2
f y  400MPa Page 17
2. Strength Limit State
 Calculate the location of neutral axis of the section =?

As f y  0.851h f (beff  b)
c
0.85 f c' 1b
 a  1c  0.836  0.372  0.31m
96.48 104  400  0.85  0.836  0.2  2.5  0.45 
  0.372m  h f  0.2m ok !
0.85  30  0.836  0.45
Page 18
2. Strength Limit State

 Calculate the nominal flexural resistance Mr =?

As  12 DB32  96.48cm 2
f y  400 MPa
 a a hf
M n  As f y  d s    0.851 f c' (beff  b)  h f (  )
 2 2 2
  0.31   0.31 0.2  
 M n  96.48 104  400   0.745    0.85  0.836  30  (2.5  0.45)  0.2      10 3
 2757.64 kN .m
  2   2 2 

Resistance Factors :  = 0.9 Flexure in Reinforced concrete

 M r   M n  0.9  2757.64kN .m  2482kN .m

M u  2272.62kN .m  M r  2482kN .m ok !
Page 19
3. Limit of reinforcement
Maximum Reinforcement :
 The maximum amount of prestressing and non-prestressing reinforcement shall be such that :
c
dv  0.42 [A5.7.3.3.1-1]
Where
dv = the corresponding effective depth from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the tensile
force in the tensile reinforcement
Aps f ps d p  As f y d s
dv 
Aps f ps  As f y
Aps  0 (Area of cable for prestressed beam)
As f y d s
 dv   ds
As f y
Minimum Reinforcement :
 The amount of prestressing and non-prestressing steel shall be adequate to develop flexural resistance at
least 1.2 times the cracking moment.
M r   M n  1.2 M cr Page 20