Chapter 6 AISC05 05242019

119

Chapter 6
Combined Bending and Axial Forces
M M
M
BMD +
Fig.6.1 Member under bending
We know that when a member is subjected to bending moment, such as the one shown in
Fig.6.1, the member will deflect and the deflected shape is related and can be computed from the
BMD. If we increase M , the member will deflect more. On the contrary, if we find that the
deflection of the member in Fig.6.1 increases, then the bending moment acting on the member
must also increase.
From our experiences, it should be obvious that if we apply an axial force P after applying
M to the member, the deflection of the member will be different from the case without an axial
force (Fig.6.2). If P is tension, deflection is found to be less. If P is compression, we know that the
member will deflect more than the case without an axial force.
M M
P P
M M
P P
Fig.6.2 Deflected shapes of member under combined bending and axial forces
We can say that for the member under the action of bending moment and tension, due to
the reduced deflection, the bending moment is less than the BMD in Fig.6.1, which is obtained in
the usual way from the so-called 1st order analysis. In other words, tension reduces the bending
moment from the 1st order analysis.
For the member under compression plus bending, the bending moment acting on the
member must be larger than the BMD in Fig.6.1 due to the increased deflection. In other words,
compression amplifies the bending moment from the 1st order analysis, which is obtained from
equilibrium in the original (undeformed) configuration. The amplification comes from the effects of
loads action on the deflected shape of a member between joints ( P   effects) and the effects of
loads acting on the displaced location of joints in a structure ( P effects), see Fig.6.3.

P P
M H MD
Fig.6.3 (a) Equilibrium under undeformed shape H H

M MD
(b) Equilibrium under deformed shape
P P
MD  M , Mmax in (b)  Mmax in (a)
(a) (b)

120

Although different design codes might treat the problems of members under combined
forces in different ways, but the codes usually ignore the reduction in M due to tension but require
proper consideration of moment amplification due to compression.
6.1 Tension and Bending
AISC H1.2 requires that the interaction of tension and flexure shall be limited by
Pr Pr 8  M rx M ry 
a) When  0.2 ,      1.0 AISC H1-1a
Pc Pc 9  M cx M cy 
Pr Pr 8  M rx M ry 
b) When  0.2 ,      1.0 AISC H1-1b
Pc 2Pc 9  M cx M cy 
where
Pr = required axial strength using ASD load combinations
Pc = allowable axial strength determined in accordance with Chapter 2
= 0.6 Fy Ag w/o considering failures in joint area
= min T1 , T2 , T3  if failures in member and joint area are considered
Mr = required flexural strength using ASD load combinations
Mc = allowable flexural strength determined in accordance with Chapter 5
= 0.6M n
The 2 interaction equations are shown graphically in Fig.6.4 for single axis bending. The applied
force combination  M r , Pr  that falls within the shaded area is safe.
Pr
Pc
Safe zone
0.9Mc Mc Mr
Fig.6.4 AISC interaction equations

121

6.2 Compression and Bending
AISC H1.1 requires that the interaction of compression and flexure shall be limited by the
same interaction equations AISC H1-1a and H1-1b with Pc  0.6Pn , determined in accordance
with Chapter 3. However, the required flexural strength Ma must take into account the moment
amplification due to compression. This can be done by using the approximate method described
in the Appendix 8 of AISC as follows:
Mr  B1Mnt  B2 Mlt AISC A-8-1

Pr  Pnt  B2 Plt AISC A-8-2
where
M lt = 1st order moment resulting from "lateral translation" (Unbraced member)

= 0 for a braced member
M nt = 1st order moment under "no translation" condition (Braced member)
Plt = 1st order force resulting from "lateral translation" (Unbraced member)
= 0 for a braced member
Pnt = 1st order moment under "no translation" condition (Braced member)
B1 = amplification factor for the moment in a non-sway (Braced) member
Cm
= 1 AISC A-8-3
Pr
1  1.6
Pe1
M1
Cm = 0.6  0.4 for members without transverse loading between supports
M2
M 1 and M 2 are moments at ends and M1  M2
M1 / M 2 is (-) when bent in single curvature.
= 1.0 for members with transverse loading between supports
Pe1 = elastic buckling strength of the member in the plane of bending

 2 EI
= 
 K1L 
2
K1 = effective length factor in the plane of bending, assuming no lateral translation

at the member ends, set = 1.0 unless analysis justifies a smaller value
AISC permits to use Pr  Pnt  Plt in Eq. A-8-3. An example of the moment
amplification for non-sway members is shown in Fig.6.5. In this example,

122

there is no joint translation, therefore Mlt  0 , Plt  0 and M r  M nt , Pr  Pnt .
Between supports there is a transverse load w , therefore Cm  1.0 .
w
Pnt Pnt
 due to w
B1Mnt
Mnt = wL2/8
BMD
Fig.6.5 Moment amplification due to P-δ

with transverse load
Fig.6.6 shows a non-sway member without transverse load bent in single curvature. From
the BMD shown in the figure, M1 / M2  Mnt1 / Mnt 2 and is negative due to the single
curvature of the deflected shape. The value of Cm therefore lies between 0.2 and 0.6 ,
being 0.2 when M nt1  M nt 2  M 1 / M 2  1 .
Mnt1 Mnt2
Pnt Pnt
 due to M1, M2
B1Mnt2
Mnt2
Mnt1 BMD

without transverse load, single curvature bending
Fig.6.7 shows a non-sway member without transverse load bent in double curvature.
From the BMD shown in the figure, M1 / M2  Mnt1 / M nt 2 and is positive due to the double
curvature of the deflected shape. The value of Cm therefore lies between 0.6 and 1.0 ,
being 1.0 when M nt1  M nt 2  M 1 / M 2  1 .

123

Mnt1 Mnt2
Pnt Pnt
 due to M1, M2
Mnt1
BMD
Mnt2
B1Mnt2
without transverse load, double curvature bending
B2 = amplification factor for the forces resulting from sidesway
1
= 1 AISC A-8-6
Pstory
1  1.6
Pe story
Pstory = total vertical load supported by the story

Pe story = elastic buckling strength for the story in the direction of translation being considered
Fig.6.8 shows an example of sway members. Since all beam ends are
pinned, there is no axial force in the 3 columns due to lateral translation,
therefore for each column Plt  0 , Pa  Pnt . Since there is no bending moment
in the columns caused by vertical loads, M nt  0 . If the 3 columns are identical,
H  2 EI
Mlt  L , Ma  B2 Mlt , and Pe story  3 2 . For a cantilever column,
3  KL 
K  2.0 from Table C-A-7.1 (Chapter 3).
P

story

   due toH
H
Mlt B2Mlt
Pnt1 Pnt2 Pnt1 BMD
Fig.6.8 Moment amplification due to P-Δ

members with sidesway

124

Ex6.1 An SS400 beam is loaded as shown in Fig.6.9. If w  6 kN / m and P  280 kN , check if the
beam is safe under the combined action of axial force and bending. The beam is laterally braced
at both ends as well as mid-span as shown.
w kN/m
H-244x175x7x11 P kN
3m
Top view
1.5 m 1.5 m
9m2w/8
BMD
kN-m
Fig.6.9 Ex6.1
SS400, for t  16 mm, Fy  245 MPa , E  200, 000 Mpa
The given member is under the action of tension and bending moment M x .
From the given section: d  244 mm, b f  175 mm, t w  7 mm, t f  11 mm

The following values are from the steel table: Compact section
Ag  56.24 cm 2 , I x  6,120 cm 4 , I y  984 cm 4 , rx  10.4 cm, ry  4.18 cm, S x  502 cm 3 , Z x  558 cm3 , J  18.2 cm 4
Tension member:
Tensile force: Pr  P  280 kN

Member's tensile strength: Pc  0.60 Fy Ag  0.60  245  56.24  / 10  826.7 kN
Beam action: 9m2w/8
Lb = 1.5 m Lb = 1.5 m
Since M is M x , M n depends on Lb . From the provided lateral supports, BMD is divided into 2
identical segments. For this segment, Lb  1.5 m .

125

L p is computed as follows: c  1, ho  d  t f  244  11  233 mm
I y ho 984  10  233
rts    47.8 mm
2S x 2  502 
E 200,000
Lp  1.76ry  1.76  0.0418  2.1 m
Fy 245
Lb  Lp , M n depends on Fy and the thickness of the section elements.

Since the given section is compact, M n is therefore given by:
M px  Z x Fy  558  245  / 1, 000  136.7 kN  m
M n  M px  136.7 kN  m
M cx  0.60 M n  0.60 136.7   82.0 kN  m
w 6
M rx  9m2  9  6.75 kN  m
8 8
Beam-column check:
Pr 280
  0.338  0.2 ,
Pc 826.7
Pr 8  M rx M ry  8  6.75 0 
     0.338      0.338  0.073  0.411  1.0 OK !
Pc 9  M cx M cy  9  82.0 M cy 
Ex6.2 An SS400 beam is loaded as shown in Fig.6.10. If w  6 kN / m and P  280 kN , check if

the beam is safe under the combined action of compression and bending. The beam is laterally
braced at both ends as well as mid-span as shown.
w kN/m
H-244x175x7x11 P kN
3m
Top view
1.5 m 1.5 m
9m2w/8
BMD
kN-m
Fig.6.10 Ex6.2

126

The given member is under the action of compression and bending moment M x .

Ag  56.24 cm 2 , I x  6,120 cm 4 , I y  984 cm 4 , rx  10.4 cm, ry  4.18 cm, S x  502 cm 3 , Z x  558 cm 3 , J  18.2 cm 4
Column action:
Non‐sway column: Non‐sway column:
1.5 m
B K y  1.0
K x  1.0
Lx  3 m Ly  1.5 m
3m
 Lc  1.0  300   Lc  1.0 150 

1.5 m
    28.8 B
 r   10.4  35.9
 r x 10.4  y
L    Lc   Lc   E
The maximum  c   max    ,     max  28.8,35.9   35.9  4.7  134.3
 r    r x  r  y  Fy
The buckling is inelastic about section's y-axis. The area of the column is Ag  56.24 cm 2
 2E  2 200,000
From AISC E3-4, Fe    1,532.9 MPa .
 Lc / r   35.9 
2 2
Fy / Fe
From AISC E3-2, Fcr  0.658 Fy  229.1 MPa .
Therefore, Pc  0.60 Fcr Ag  0.60  229.1 56.24  / 10  773.2 MPa
Amplification:
Pnt Pnt
The member has no joint translation but has transverse load between supports.
No joint translation: B2  0, Plt  0, M lt  0

With transverse load between supports: Cm  1.0
 2 EI x  2 200, 000  6,120 

Pe1    13, 422.7 kN ……. M x to be amplified
 Lcx  1.0  300  10 
2 2
Pnt  P  280 kN

127

Pr  Pnt  Plt  280 kN
 
 Cm 
B1  max 1,   1.03
 1  1.6 Pr 
 
 Pe1 
9m2w/8
Beam action:
Lb = 1.5 m Lb = 1.5 m
I y ho 984  10  233
rts    47.8 mm
2S x 2  502 
E 200,000
Lp  1.76ry  1.76  0.0418  2.1 m
Fy 245
Lb  Lp , M n depends on Fy and the thickness of the section elements.

Since the given section is compact, M n is therefore given by:
M px  Z x Fy  558  245  / 1, 000  136.7 kN  m
M n  M px  136.7 kN  m
M cx  0.60 M n  0.60 136.7   82.0 kN  m
Beam-column check:
Pr  Pnt  B2 Plt  280  0  280 kN  m
w 6
M ntx  9m2  9  6.75 kN  m, M ltx  0
8 8
M rx  B1M ntx  B2 M ltx  1.03  6.75  0  0  7.0 kN  m
Pr 280
  0.362  0.2 ,
Pc 773.2
Pr 8  M rx M ry  8  7.0 0 
     0.362      0.342  0.076  0.438  1.0 OK !
Pc 9  M cx M cy  9  82.0 M cy 

128

Ex6.3 An SS400 beam is loaded as shown in Fig.6.11. If w  6 kN / m and P  280 kN , check if
the beam is safe under the combined action of compression and bending. The beam is laterally
braced at both ends as well as mid-span as shown.
w kN/m
P kN
H-244x175x7x11
3m
Top view
1.5 m 1.5 m
9m2w/8
BMD
kN-m
Fig.6.11 Ex6.3
The given member is under the action of compression and bending moment M y .

Ag  56.24 cm 2 , I x  6,120 cm 4 , I y  984 cm 4 , rx  10.4 cm, ry  4.18 cm, S y  113 cm 3 , Z y  173 cm 3
Column action:
1.5 m
B
Ky 1.0 K x  1.0
Lx  1.5 m
3m
B Ly  3 m
 Lc  1.0 300  Lc  1.0 150 
1.5 m
B
    71.8     14.4
 r y 4.18  r x 10.4
L   L   L   E
The maximum  c   max   c  ,  c    max 14.4, 71.8  71.8  4.7  134.3
 r    r   r   F
 x y  y

129

 2E  2 200,000
From AISC E3-4, Fe    383.2 MPa .
 Lc / r   71.8
2 2
Fy / Fe
Therefore, Pc  0.60 Fcr Ag  0.60 187.5  56.24  / 10  632.6 MPa
Amplification: Pnt Pnt

With transverse load between supports: Cm  1.0
 2 EI y  2 200,000  984
Pe1    2,158 kN ……. M y must be amplified
 Lcy  1.0  300 10
2 2
Pnt  P  280 kN
Pr  Pnt  Plt  280  0  280 kN
 
 Cm 
B1  max 1,   1.26
 1  1.6 Pr 
 
 Pe1 
Beam action: 9m2w/8
Lb = 1.5 m Lb = 1.5 m
Since M is M y , we don't have to consider the locations of lateral supports. M n depends only on
Fy and the thickness of the section elements.
Because the given section is compact, the nominal strength M n is then given by:
M py  Z y Fy  173  245  / 1, 000  42.4 kN  m
M n  min  M py ,1.6Fy S y   min  42.4,1.6  245113 /1,000  min  42.4, 44.3  42.4 kN  m
M cx  0.60 M n  0.60  42.4   25.4 kN  m

130

Beam-column check:
Pr  Pnt  B2 Plt  280  0  280 kN  m
w 6
M ntx  9m2  9  6.75 kN  m, M ltx  0
8 8
M rx  B1M ntx  B2 M ltx  1.26  6.75  0  8.5 kN  m
Pr 280 Pr 8  M rx M ry  8 8.5 
  0.443  0.2 ,      0.443   0    0.342  0.297  0.740  1.0 OK !
Pc 632.6 
Pc 9  M cx M cy  9 25.4 
Ex6.4 An SS400 beam is loaded as shown in Fig.6.12. If M L  8 kN  m, M R  12 kN  m and

P  300 kN , check if the beam is safe under the combined action of axial force and bending. The
beam is laterally braced at both ends as well as mid-span as shown.
ML kN-m MR kN-m
H-244x175x7x11 P kN
7.5 m
Top view
3.75 m 3.75 m
MR
Fig.6.12 Ex6.4 ML
BMD
kN-m

Tension member:
Tensile force: Pr  P  300 kN

131
MR
(ML+MR)/2
Beam action: ML
I II
Lb = 3.75 m Lb = 3.75 m
segments of equal length. The right segment (II) is more critical due to the higher bending
moment. For this segment, Lb  3.75 m .
I y ho 6,120  10  233
rts    47.8 mm
2S x 2  502 
E 200,000
Lp  1.76ry  1.76  0.0418  2.1 m
Fy 245
2 2
E Jc  Jc   0.7 Fy 
Lr  1.95rts     6.76  
0.7 Fy S x ho  S x ho   E 
2
200, 000 18.2 10 1  18.2 10 1   0.7  245  
2
 1.95  53.2      6.76    7.11 m

0.7  245  502  233  502  233   200, 000 
Therefore, Lp  Lb  Lr , M n depends on Cb which is affected by the shape of BMD. The shape of

BMD within the segment considered gives the following values of M for the computation of Cb :
3M L  5M R
MA   10.5 kN  m
8
(3ML+5MR)/8
(ML+7MR)/8
(ML+3MR)/4
(ML+MR)/2
M L  3M R
MB   11.0 kN  m
MR
4
M L  7M R MA MB MC
MC   11.5 kN  m
8
Lb /4 Lb /4 Lb /4 Lb /4
Mmax  MR  12.0 kN  m Lb = 3.75 m
12.5M max
Cb   1.07
2.5M max  3M A  4M B  3M C
M n is therefore given by:
M px  Z x Fy  558  245  / 1, 000  136.7 kN  m

132

  L  Lp  
M n  min  M px , Cb  M px   M px  0.7 Fy Sx  b 
  Lr  Lp  
  3.75  2.1 
 min 136.7,1.07 136.7  136.7  0.7  245 502 /1000 
  7.11  2.1 
 min 136.7,128.6  128.6 kN  m
M cx  0.60 M n  0.60 128.6   77.2 kN  m
Mrx  Mmax  12.0 kN  m
Beam-column check:
Pr 300 Pr 8  M rx M ry  8  12.0 
  0.362  0.2 ,      0.362    0   0.342  0.138  0.500  1.0 OK !
Pc 826.7 
Pc 9  M cx M cy  9  77.2 

beam is laterally braced at both ends as well as mid-span as shown.
ML kN-m MR kN-m
H-244x175x7x11 P kN
7.5 m
Top view
3.75 m 3.75 m
Fig.6.13 Ex6.5 MR
ML
BMD
kN-m
The given member is under the action of Compression and bending moment M x .


133

Column action:
3.75 m
B Ky 1.0
Kx 1.0
7.5 m
B Lx 7.5m Ly  3.75 m
 Lc  1.0 750  Lc  1.0 375
3.75 m
   72.1 B    89.7
 r x 10.4  r y 4.18
L   L   L   E
The maximum  c   max   c  ,  c    max  72.1,89.7   89.7  4.7  134.3
 r   r   r   Fy
 x y
 2E  2 200,000
From AISC E3-4, Fe    245.3 MPa .
 Lc / r   89.7 
2 2
Fy / Fe
Amplification: Mnt Mnt

Pnt 1 2 Pnt
The member has no joint translation without transverse load between supports and bent in single
curvature.
Without transverse load between supports and bent in single curvature:
M1
M1  M L  8 kN  m, M 2  M R  12 kN  m, M1 / M 2  1  0.67
M2
Cm  0.6  0.4M1 / M 2  0.87

 2 EI x  2 200, 000  6,120 
Pe1    2,148 kN ……. M x to be amplified
 Lcx  1.0  750  10 
2 2
Pnt  P  300 kN

134

Pr  Pnt  Plt  300  0  300 kN
 
 Cm 
B1  max 1,   1.12
 1  1.6 Pr 
 
 Pe1 
(ML+MR)/2 MR
ML
Beam action: I II
Lb = 3.75 m Lb = 3.75 m
segments of equal length. The right segment (II) is more critical due to the higher bending
moment. For this segment, Lb  3.75 m .
I y ho 6,120  10  233
rts    47.8 mm
2S x 2  502 
E 200,000
Lp  1.76ry  1.76  0.0418  2.1 m
Fy 245
2 2
E Jc  Jc   0.7 Fy 
Lr  1.95rts     6.76  
0.7 Fy S x ho  S x ho   E 
2
200, 000 18.2 10 1  18.2 10 1   0.7  245  
2
 1.95  53.2      6.76    7.11 m

0.7  245  502  233  502  233   200, 000 
Therefore, Lb  Lp , M n depends on Cb which is affected by the shape of BMD. The shape of BMD
within the segment considered gives the following values of M for the computation of Cb :
3M L  5M R
MA   10.5 kN  m
(3ML+5MR)/8
(ML+7MR)/8
8
(ML+3MR)/4
(ML+MR)/2
M L  3M R
MB   11.0 kN  m
MR
4
MA MB MC
M L  7M R
MC   11.5 kN  m
8 Lb /4 Lb /4 Lb /4 Lb /4
Lb = 3.75 m
Mmax  MR  12.0 kN  m
12.5M max
Cb   1.07
2.5M max  3M A  4M B  3M C

135

M px  Z x Fy  558  245  / 1, 000  136.7 kN  m
  L  Lp  
M n  min  M px , Cb  M px   M px  0.7 Fy Sx  b 
  Lr  Lp  
  3.75  2.1 
 min 136.7,1.07 136.7  136.7  0.7  245 502 /1000 
  7.11  2.1 
 min 136.7,128.6  128.6 kN  m
M cx  0.60 M n  0.60 128.6   77.2 kN  m
Beam-column check:
Pr  Pnt  B2 Plt  300  0  300 kN
Mntx  Mmax  12.0 kN  m, Mltx  Mlt  0
M rx  B1M ntx  B2 M ltx  1.12 12  0  13.4 kN  m
Pr 300 Pr 8  M rx M ry  8  13.4 
  0.551  0.2 ,      0.551    0   0.551  0.154  0.705  1.0 OK !
Pc 544.2 Pc 9  M cx M cy  9  77.2 

beam is laterally braced at both ends as shown.
ML kN-m MR kN-m
H-244x175x7x11 P kN
7.5 m
Top view
7.5 m
MR
Fig.6.14 Ex6.6 ML
BMD
kN-m

136


Column action:

Kx 1.0 Ky 1.0
7.5 m
7.5 m
B Lx 7.5m B Ly  7.5 m
 Lc  1.0 750  Lc  1.0 750
   72.1    179.4
 r x 10.4  r y 4.18
L   L   L   E
The maximum  c   max   c  ,  c    max  72.1,179.4   179.4  4.7  134.3
 r   
  r x  r  y  Fy
The buckling is elastic about section's y-axis. The area of the column is Ag  56.24 cm 2
 2E  2 200,000
From AISC E3-4, Fe    61.3 MPa .
 Lc / r  179.4
2 2
From AISC E3-2, Fcr  0.877 Fe  53.8 MPa .

Therefore, Pc  0.60 Fcr Ag  0.60  53.8  56.24  / 10  181.4 MPa
Amplification: Mnt Mnt

Pnt 1 2 Pnt
The member has no joint translation without transverse load between supports and bent in single
curvature.
Without transverse load between supports and bent in single curvature:
M1
M1  M L  8 kN  m, M 2  M R  12 kN  m, M1 / M 2  1  0.67
M2
Cm  0.6  0.4M1 / M 2  0.87

 2 EI x  2 200, 000  6,120 
Pe1    2,148 kN ……. M x to be amplified
 Lcx  1.0  750  10 
2 2

137

Pnt  P  140 kN
Pr  Pnt  Plt  140 kN
 
 Cm 
B1  max 1,   1.00
 1  1.6 Pr 
 
 Pe1 
MR
Beam action: ML
Lb = 7.5 m
Since M is M x , M n depends on Lb . From the provided lateral supports, BMD has only 1
segments. This segment, Lb  7.5 m .
L p and Lr are computed as follow: c  1, ho  d  t f  244  11  233 mm
I y ho 6,120  10  233
rts    47.8 mm
2S x 2  502 
E 200,000
Lp  1.76ry  1.76  0.0418  2.1 m
Fy 245
2 2
E Jc  Jc   0.7 Fy 
Lr  1.95rts     6.76  
0.7 Fy S x ho  S x ho   E 
2
200, 000 18.2 10 1  18.2 10 1   0.7  245  
2
 1.95  53.2      6.76    7.11 m

0.7  245  502  233  502  233   200, 000 
Lr  Lb , M n depends on Cb which is affected by the shape of BMD. The shape of BMD within the
segment considered gives the following values of M for the computation of Cb :
3M L  5M R
MA   9.00 kN  m
8
(ML+3MR)/4
(3ML+MR)/4
(ML+MR)/2
ML  MR
MB   10.0 kN  m
MR
4
ML
M L  3M R MA MB MC
MC   11.0 kN  m
4
Lb /4 Lb /4 Lb /4 Lb /4
Mmax  MR  12.0 kN  m Lb = 7.5 m
12.5M max
Cb   1.15
2.5M max  3M A  4M B  3M C

138

M px  Z x Fy  558  245  / 1, 000  136.7 kN  m
  
2
C  2
ES Jc L
M n  min  M px , b x
1  0.078   
b
  Lb / rts  S x ho  rts  
2
 
 1.15 2  200,000 502  35.9 1  750  
2
 min 136.7, 1  0.078   

  750 / 47.8 
2
502  233  47.8  
 
 min 136.7,92.7  92.7 kN  m
M cx  0.60 M n  0.60  92.7   55.6 kN  m
Beam-column check:
Pr  Pnt  B2 Plt  140  0  140 kN
Mrx  B1Mntx  B2Mltx  12.0 kN  m
Pr 140 Pr 8  M rx M ry  8  12.0 
  0.772  0.2 ,      0.772    0   0.772  0.192  0.964  1.0 OK !
Pc 181.4 
Pc 9  M cx M cy  9  55.6 

139

Ex6.7 Four identical SS400 columns are loaded by roofing systems as shown in Fig.6.15. If
TL  2 kN / m 2 , and the horizontal force H is equal to 20% of the total vertical load. Check if the
given column can safely support the given loads.
15 m
Total vertical load = TL kN/m2

8.0 m
Total horizontal load = H kN
7.0 m
7.0 m
All columns: H-244x175x7x11
P kN
From the given information:

F kN
TL  8 m15 m
P  60 kN
4
F  0.20P  0.20  60  12 kN
7.0 m
M max  F  7 m  12  7  84 kN  m
7mꞏF
BMD
kN


140

Column action:
P kN P kN
F kN
K x  2.0 K y  1.0
Lx  7.0 m Ly  7.0 m
7.0 m
7.0 m
U  Lc  2.0  700  B  Lc  1.0  700 
    134.6
    167.5
 r x 10.4  r y 4.18
L   L   L   E
The maximum  c   max   c  ,  c    max 134.6,167.5  167.5  4.7  134.3
 r   
  r x  r  y  Fy
 2E  2 200,000
From AISC E3-4, Fe    70.4 MPa .
 Lc / r  167.5
2 2
From AISC E3-2, Fcr  0.877 Fe  61.7 MPa .

Therefore, Pc  0.60 Fcr Ag  0.60  61.7  56.24  / 10  208.3 MPa
Amplification: If no joint translation is allowed at the column top, the

Pnt
only
force in the column is the axial force and there is no
F kN bending
moment. Therefore,
Pnt  P  60 kN , M ntx  0 and no need for B1 , B1  0
7.0 m
If lateral translation at the column top is allowed, F will

produce bending moment about the x-axis but no axial
7mꞏF force
Mlt is induced. Therefore,
Plt  0, M ltx  7mF  84 kN  m
For B2 , the whole story has 4 columns bent about the x-axis with K x  2 , therefore
 2 EI x  2 200, 000  6,120 
Pestory  4 4  2, 465 kN ……. M x to be amplified
 Lcx   2.0  700 10 
2 2
The total load on the story is

Pstory  4 P  4  60   240 kN

141

 
 
1
B2  max 1.0,   1.18
 P 
 1  1.6 story 
 Pestory 
Beam action: 7mꞏF
Lb = 7.0 m
I y ho
rts   47.8 mm
2S x
E
Lp  1.76ry  2.1 m
Fy
2 2
E Jc  Jc   0.7 Fy 
Lr  1.95ry     6.76    7.11 m
0.7 Fy S x ho  S x ho   E 

M A  1.75mF  21.0 kN  m
MB  3.5mF  42.0 kN  m
5.25mꞏF
1.75mꞏF
3.5mꞏF
7mꞏF
MC  5.25mF  63.0 kN  m
MA MC
Mmax  7mF  84.0 kN  m MB
Lb /4 Lb /4 Lb /4 Lb /4
12.5M max Lb = 7.0 m
Cb   1.67
2.5M max  3M A  4M B  3M C
M px  Z x Fy  558  245  / 1, 000   136.7 kN  m
  L  Lp  
M n  min  M px , Cb  M px   M px  0.7 Fy Sx  b    136.7 kN  m
  Lr  Lb  
M cx  0.60 M n  0.60 136.7   82.0 kN  m

142

Beam-column check:
Pr  Pnt  B2 Plt  60  0  60 kN
M rx  B1M ntx  B2 M ltx  0  1.18  84  99.5 kN  m
Pr 60 Pr 8  M rx M ry  8  99.5 
  0.288  0.2 ,      0.288    0   0.288  1.078  1.37  1.0 NG !
Pc 208.3 Pc 9  M cx M cy  9  82.0 
Ex6.8 An SS400 frame is loaded as shown in Fig.6.16. Members CB, BE, FE are H-
300x150x6.5x9 and AB, DE are H-336x249x8x12.
a) If w1  15 kN / m, w2  40 kN / m , check if member BE is safe under the action of axial force and
bending moment. What is the maximum value of w1 ?
b) If w1  40 kN / m, w2  28 kN / m , check if member AB is safe under the action of axial force and
bending moment. What is the maximum value of w2 ? 4.0 m
5.0 m 100 kN
F
w1
100 kN E w2
C
Fig.6.16 Ex6.8
6.0 m
w2
D
SS400, for t  16 mm, Fy  245 MPa , E  200, 000 Mpa Y A

X
w1 kN/m
a). w1  15 kN / m, w2  40 kN / m B E
H-300x150x6.5x9 3mꞏw2 kN
5m
Top view
25m2w1/8
BMD
kN-m

143

From the given section: d  300 mm , b f  150 mm, t w  6.5 mm, t f  9 mm
Ag  45.78 cm 2 , I x  7, 210 cm 4 , I y  508 cm 4 , rx  12.4 cm, ry  3.29 cm, S x  481 cm 3 , Z x  542 cm 3 , J  10.0 cm 4
Tension member:
Tensile force: Pr  3mw2  120 kN

25m2w1/8
Beam action:
Lb = 5 m
I y ho
rts   39.2 mm
2S x
E
Lp  1.76ry  1.65 m
Fy
2 2
E Jc  Jc   0.7 Fy 
Lr  1.95ry     6.76    4.93 m
0.7 Fy S x ho  S x ho   E 
Therefore, Lb  Lr , M n depends on Cb which is affected by the shape of BMD. The shape of BMD
within the segment considered gives the following values of M for the computation of Cb :
3w1L2b
MA   35.2 kN  m w1Lb2/8
32 3w1Lb2/32 3w1Lb2/32
MA MB MC
w1L2b
MB   46.9 kN  m
8 Lb /4 Lb /4 Lb /4 Lb /4
Lb
MC  M A  35.2 kN  m
Mmax  MB  46.88 kN  m

144

12.5M max
Cb   1.14
2.5M max  3M A  4M B  3M C
M px  Z x Fy  542  245  / 1, 000   132.8 kN  m
 2
 Cb 2 ES x Jc  Lb  
M n  min M px , 1  0.078    91.6 kN  m
  Lb / rts  S x ho  rts  
2
 
M cx  0.60 M n  0.60  91.6   54.9 kN  m

Beam-column check:
Pr 120 Pr M rx 0.175 46.9
  0.175  0.2 ,     0.0872  0.854  0.941  1.0 OK !
Pc 687.7 2 Pc M cx 2 54.9
BE is therefore safe under the given load and w1,max  15 kN / m
b). w1  40 kN / m, w2  28 kN / m w2 kN/m
B A
H-336x249x8x12
100kN+2.5mꞏw1
6m
Top view
36m2w2/8
BMD
kN-m

Ag  88.15 cm2 , I x  18,500 cm4 , I y  3, 090 cm4 , rx  14.5 cm, ry  5.92 cm, S x  1,100 cm3 , Z x  1, 210 cm3 ,
J  34.2 cm4

145

Column action:
B
Non‐sway column: C B Non‐sway column:
Kx 1.0 K y  1.0
Lx 6.0 m Ly  6.0 m
6m
6m
B B
 Lc  1.0 600  Lc  1.0  600 
    41.4     101.4
 r x 14.5  r y 5.92
A
A
4m
L   L   L   E
 r   
  r x  r  y  Fy
 2E  2 200,000
From AISC E3-4, Fe    192.2 MPa .
 Lc / r  101.4
2 2
Fy / Fe
Pnt Pnt
Amplification:
With transverse load between supports and bent in single curvature: Cm  1.0
 2 EI x  2 200, 000 18,500 

Pe1    10,144 kN ……. M x to be amplified
 Lcx  1.0  600  10 
2 2
Pnt  100 kN  2.5mw1  200 kN

Pr  Pnt  Plt  200  0  200 kN
 
 Cm 
B1  max 1,   1.03
 1  1.6 Pr 
 
 Pe1  36m2w2/8
Beam action:
Lb = 6 m

146

I y ho
rts   67.5 mm
2S x
E
Lp  1.76ry  2.98 m
Fy
2 2
E Jc  Jc   0.7 Fy 
Lr  1.95ry     6.76    8.93 m
0.7 Fy S x ho  S x ho   E 

3w2 L2b
MA   94.5 kN  m
32
w2 L2b w2Lb2/8
MB   126.0 / kN  m 3w2Lb2/32 3w2Lb2/32
8
MA MB MC
MC  M A  94.5 kN  m
Lb /4 Lb /4 Lb /4 Lb /4
Mmax  MB  126.0 kN  m Lb
12.5M max
Cb   1.14
2.5M max  3M A  4M B  3M C
M px  Z x Fy  1, 210  245  / 1, 000   296.5 kN  m
  Lb  Lp  
M n  min M px , Cb M px   M px  0.7Fy Sx     274.6 kN  m
  Lr  Lp  
M cx  0.60 M n  0.60  274.6   164.8 kN  m
Beam-column check:
Pr  Pnt  B2 Plt  200  0  200 kN
M rx  B1M ntx  B2 M ltx  1.03 126.0  0  130.1 kN  m
Pr 200 Pr 8  M rx M ry  8  130.1 0 
  0.263  0.2 ,      0.263      1.0
Pc 760 Pc 9  M cx M cy  9  164.8 M cy 
0.263  0.702  0.965  1.0 NG!
AB is therefore safe under the given load and w2,max  28 kN / m

147

Ex6.9 An SS400 frame is loaded as shown in Fig.6.16. Members AB, EF are H-300x300x10x15;
DH, CG, BF are H-300x150x6.5x9; DCB, HGF are H-450x200x9x14.
a) If w  15 kN / m , check if member DCB is safe under the action of axial force and bending
moment. What is the maximum value of w?
b) If w  10 kN / m check if member AB is safe under the action of axial force and bending moment.
What is the maximum value of w? 4.0 m 4.0 m
5.0 m 200 kN
40 kN/m
H G F
200 kN
D C B
8.0 m
E w
Fig.6.16 Ex6.9
Z
A
Y w
X
100kN
a). w  15 kN / m
D B
H-450x200x9x14 4mꞏw kN
8m
Top view
4m 4m
200
BMD
kN-m
From the given section: d  450 mm , b f  200 mm , t w  9 mm , t f  14 mm

Ag  96.72 cm2 , I x  33,500 cm4 , I y  1,870 cm4 , rx  18.6 cm, ry  4.40 cm, S x  1, 490 cm3 , Z x  1, 680 cm3 ,
J  47.2 cm4

148

Tension member:
Tensile force: Pr  4mw  60 kN

Member's tensile strength: Pc  0.60 Fy Ag  0.60  245  9.672   1422 kN
Beam action: 200
Lb = 4 m Lb = 4 m
I y ho
rts   52.3 mm
2S x
E
Lp  1.76ry  2.21 m
Fy
2 2
E Jc  Jc   0.7 Fy 
Lr  1.95ry     6.76    6.59 m
0.7 Fy S x ho  S x ho   E 

M A  50 kN  m
M B  100 kN  m 50 100 150 200
MC  150 kN  m MA
MB MC
Mmax  200 kN  m Lb /4 Lb /4 Lb /4 Lb /4
Lb
12.5M max
Cb   1.67
2.5M max  3M A  4M B  3M C
M px  Z x Fy  1.680  245   441.6 kN  m
  L  Lp  
M n  min  M px , Cb  M px   M px  0.7 Fy Sx  b    411.6 kN  m
  Lr  Lb  
M cx  0.60 M n  0.60  411.6   247.0 kN  m

149

Beam-column check:
Pr 60 Pr M rx 8 200
  0.042  0.2 ,   0.042   0.042  0.710  0.762  1.0 OK !
Pc 1422 Pc M cx 9 247
BE is therefore safe under the given load and wmax  15 kN / m
w kN/m
b). w  10 kN / m
A B
H-300x300x10x15 250kN
8m
Top view
64m2w/8
BMD
kN-m
From the given section: d  300 mm , b f  300 mm, t w  10 mm , t f  15 mm

Ag  119.8 cm2 , I x  20, 400 cm4 , I y  6, 750 cm4 , rx  13.1 cm, ry  7.51 cm, S x  1,360 cm3 , Z x  1,500 cm3 ,
J  77.0 cm4
Column action:
Braced column: Unbraced column:
Kx 1.0 0  6750 / 800
GT   0.585  1.0  1.0
Lx 8.0 m B F 0  7210 / 500
 Lc  1.0 800 GB  10
    61.1 3GAGB  1.4  G A  GB   0.64
8m
8m
B  r x 13.1 B Ky   0.864
3GAGB  2  G A  GB   1.28
 Lc  0.864  800 
    92.0
A E  r y 7.51
5m
L   L   L   E
 r   
  r x  r  y  Fy

150

 2E  2 200,000
From AISC E3-4, Fe    233.2 MPa .
 Lc / r   92.0
2 2
From AISC E3-2, 

Fcr  0.658
Fy / Fe
Fy  157.8 MPa .
Therefore, Pc  0.60 Fcr Ag  0.60 169.4 11.98   1,134 kN
Pnt Pnt
Amplification:
With transverse load between support: Cm  1.0
 2 EI y  2 200,000  20, 400

Pe1    6, 291 kN ……. M x to be amplified
L  1.0  800 10
2 2
cy
Pnt  250 kN
Pr  Pnt  Plt  250  0  250 kN
 
 Cm 
B1  max 1,   1.07
 1  1.6 Pr 
 
 Pe1 
Beam action: 64m2w/8
Lb = 8 m
I y ho
rts   84.1 mm
2S x
E
Lp  1.76ry  3.78 m
Fy
2 2
E Jc  Jc   0.7 Fy 
Lr  1.95ry     6.76    13.49 m
0.7 Fy S x ho  S x ho   E 

151

3wL2b
MA   60.0 kN  m
32
wLb2/8
3wLb2/32 3wLb2/32
wL2
M B  b  80.0 kN  m MA MB MC
8
MC  M A  60.0 kN  m Lb /4 Lb /4 Lb /4 Lb /4
Lb
Mmax  MB  80.0 kN  m
12.5M max
Cb   1.14
2.5M max  3M A  4M B  3M C
M px  Z x Fy  1,500  245  / 1, 000   367.5 kN  m
  L  Lp  
M n  min  M px , Cb  M px   M px  0.7Fy Sx  b 
  Lr  Lb  
 min 367.5,351.2  351.2 kN  m
M cx  0.60 M n  0.60  351.2   210.7 kN  m
Beam-column check:
Pr  Pnt  B2 Plt  250  0  250 kN
M rx  B1M ntx  B2 M ltx  1.07  80.0  0  85.4 kN  m
Pr 250
  0.220  0.2 ,
Pc 1134
Pr 8  M rx M ry  8  85.4 0 
     0.220      0.220  0.360  0.58  1.0 OK !
Pc 9  M cx M cy  9  210.7 M cy 
AB is therefore not safe under the given load and w  10 kN / m
AB is safe under the given load and w  21.5 kN / m (using trial & error method)

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119

Fig.6.3 (a) Equilibrium under undeformed shape H H

6.1 Tension and Bending

Fig.6.4 AISC interaction equations

Mr  B1Mnt  B2 Mlt AISC A-8-1

M lt = 1st order moment resulting from "lateral translation" (Unbraced member)

= 1.0 for members with transverse loading between supports

Pe1 = elastic buckling strength of the member in the plane of bending

K1 = effective length factor in the plane of bending, assuming no lateral translation

Fig.6.5 Moment amplification due to P-δ

Fig.6.6 Moment amplification due to P-δ

Pstory = total vertical load supported by the story

Fig.6.8 Moment amplification due to P-Δ

From the given section: d  244 mm, b f  175 mm, t w  7 mm, t f  11 mm

Tensile force: Pr  P  280 kN

Beam action: 9m2w/8

Lb  Lp , M n depends on Fy and the thickness of the section elements.

M px  Z x Fy  558  245  / 1, 000  136.7 kN  m

Ex6.2 An SS400 beam is loaded as shown in Fig.6.10. If w  6 kN / m and P  280 kN , check if

From the given section: d  244 mm, b f  175 mm, t w  7 mm, t f  11 mm

 Lc  1.0  300   Lc  1.0 150 

No joint translation: B2  0, Plt  0, M lt  0

 2 EI x  2 200, 000  6,120 

Lb  Lp , M n depends on Fy and the thickness of the section elements.

M px  Z x Fy  558  245  / 1, 000  136.7 kN  m

SS400, for t  16 mm, Fy  245 MPa , E  200, 000 Mpa

From the given section: d  244 mm, b f  175 mm, t w  7 mm, t f  11 mm

Amplification: Pnt Pnt

No joint translation: B2  0, Plt  0, M lt  0

M py  Z y Fy  173  245  / 1, 000  42.4 kN  m

Ex6.4 An SS400 beam is loaded as shown in Fig.6.12. If M L  8 kN  m, M R  12 kN  m and

SS400, for t  16 mm, Fy  245 MPa , E  200, 000 Mpa

From the given section: d  244 mm, b f  175 mm, t w  7 mm, t f  11 mm

L p is computed as follows: c  1, ho  d  t f  244  11  233 mm

 1.95  53.2      6.76    7.11 m

Therefore, Lp  Lb  Lr , M n depends on Cb which is affected by the shape of BMD. The shape of

M n is therefore given by:

M px  Z x Fy  558  245  / 1, 000  136.7 kN  m

Mrx  Mmax  12.0 kN  m

Ex6.5 An SS400 beam is loaded as shown in Fig.6.13. If M L  8 kN  m, M R  12 kN  m and

SS400, for t  16 mm, Fy  245 MPa , E  200, 000 Mpa

From the given section: d  244 mm, b f  175 mm, t w  7 mm, t f  11 mm

Amplification: Mnt Mnt

Cm  0.6  0.4M1 / M 2  0.87

 1.95  53.2      6.76    7.11 m

M px  Z x Fy  558  245  / 1, 000  136.7 kN  m

Mntx  Mmax  12.0 kN  m, Mltx  Mlt  0

M rx  B1M ntx  B2 M ltx  1.12 12  0  13.4 kN  m

Ex6.6 An SS400 beam is loaded as shown in Fig.6.14. If M L  8 kN  m, M R  12 kN  m and

From the given section: d  244 mm, b f  175 mm, t w  7 mm, t f  11 mm

From AISC E3-2, Fcr  0.877 Fe  53.8 MPa .

Amplification: Mnt Mnt

Cm  0.6  0.4M1 / M 2  0.87

 1.95  53.2      6.76    7.11 m

M n is therefore given by:

 min 136.7, 1  0.078   

Mntx  Mmax  12.0 kN  m, Mltx  Mlt  0

Mrx  B1Mntx  B2Mltx  12.0 kN  m

Total vertical load = TL kN/m2

Total horizontal load = H kN

All columns: H-244x175x7x11

From the given information:

SS400, for t  16 mm, Fy  245 MPa , E  200, 000 Mpa