LRFD-Steel Design

Chapter 6
6.1 INTRODUCTION

Most beams and columns are subjected to some degree of both

bending and axial load especially in statically indeterminate
structures.

Many columns can be treated as pure compression members with

negligible error.

For many structural members, there will be a significant amount of

both bending moment and axial load.

Such members are called beam-column.

Consider the rigid frame shown in the Figure:

For the given loading condition,

The horizontal member AB must not only support the vertical
uniform load but must also assist the vertical members in
resisting the concentrated load P1.

Member CD is a more critical case, because it must resist the load

P1 + P2 without any assistance from the vertical members.

The reason is that the bracing members, prevents sidesway in the

lower story. (in the direction of P, ED will be in tension and CF will be slack)
Member CD must transmit the load P1 + P2 from C to D.

The vertical members of this frame must also be treated as beam-

column.

In addition, at A and B, B.M. are transmitted from the horizontal

member through the rigid joints.

This is also occur at C and D and is true in any rigid frame.

Most columns in rigid frame are actually beam-columns, and the

effects of bending should not be ignored.

Another example of beam-column can sometimes be found in roof

trusses if purlins are placed between the joints of the top chord.
  6.2 INTRODUCTION FORMULAS

The inequality Equation may be written in the following form:

γ Qi i

 load effects
 1.0
φR n resistance
If both bending and axial compression are acting the interaction
pu Mu
  1.0 formula would be
φ c Pn φ bMn

Where

Pu is the factored axial compressive load.

Фc Pn is the compressive design strength.

Mu is the factored bending moment.

Фc Mn is the flexural design strength.

 For biaxial bending, there will be two bending ratios:
pu  Mux Muy 
    1.0
φ c Pn  φ bM nx φ bMny 

Two formulas are given in the specification:

One for small axial load and one for large axial load.
Pu
For  0.2
φ c Pn
pu 8  Mux Muy 
     1.0
φ c Pn 9  φ bM nx φ bMny 
Pu
For  0.2
φ c Pn
pu  Mux Muy 
    1.0
2φ c Pn  φ bM nx φ bMny 
  Example 6.1

Determine whether the member shown in the Figure satisfies the

appropriate AISC Specification interaction equation if the bending is
about the strong axis.

Solution:

From the column load tables:

Фc Pn = 382 kips.

Since bending is about the strong axis,

Фb Mn for Cb can be obtained from the beam

Design chart in Part 5 of the Manual.

For Lb = 17 ft, Фb Mn = 200 ft.kips. For the end condition and loading of
this problem, Cb = 1.32.
 Фb Mn = Cb * 200 = 1.32 * 200 = 264.0 ft-kips.

This moment is larger than Фb Mp = 227 ft-kips (also from Manual)

So the design moment must be limited to Фb Mp. Therefore,

Фb Mn = 227 ft-kips.

Max. B.M. occurs at midheight, so Mu = 25*17/4 = 106.3 ft-kips.

Determine which interaction equation controls:

Pu 200
  05236  0.2
φ c Pn 382
pu 8  Mux Muy  200 8 106.3 
       0  0.94  1.0
φ c Pn 9  φ bM nx φ bMny  382 9  227 

This member satisfies the AISC Specification.

  6.3 MOMENT AMPLIFICATION

The presence of the axial load produces secondary moment.

wL2 The total moment =

 P
8
The second term may be neglected if P is small.
Because the total deflection cannot be found
directly, this problem is nonlinear, and without
knowing the deflection, we cannot compute the
moment.

Ordinary structural analysis methods that do not take the displaced into
account are referred to as first-order methods.
Iterative numerical techniques, called second-order methods, can be
used to find the deflection and secondary moments.
These method are usually implemented with a computer program.

Most current design codes permit the use of either a second-order

analysis or the moment amplification method.

This method entails computing the maximum B.M. resulting from

flexural loading by a first-order analysis, then multiplying it by a
moment amplification factor to account for the secondary moment.

 1 
Mmax  M0  
1  (Pu /Pe ) 
Where, M0 is the unamplified maximum moment.
π 2EI
Pe is the Euler buckling load = 2 and Pu is factored load.
(kL)
 As we describe later, the exact form of the AISC moment
amplification factor can be slightly different.
Example 6.2. Compute the amplification factor for the beam-
column of example 6.1.
π 2EI π 2EA
Pe  2

(kL) (kL/r) 2
2
π * 29000 * 14.4
Pe  2
 1874 kips
(1.0 * (17 * 12)/4.35)
1
Amplificat ion factor 
1  (Pu /Pe )
1
Amp. factor   1.12
1  (200/1874)
This represents a 12 % increase in B.M.
Mmax = 1.12 * 106.3 = 119 ft-kips
  6.4 WEB LOCAL BUCKLING IN BEAM-COLUMNS

The determination of the design moment requires that the cross

section be checked for compactness.

The web is compact for all tabulated shapes if there is no axial load.

If λ ≤ λp, the shape is compact

If λp ≤ λ ≤ λr, the shape is noncompact; and

If λr ≤ λ, the shape is slender

AISC B5, Table 5.1, prescribes the following limits:

Pu E  2.75Pu 
For  0.125, λ p  3.76 1  
φ bPy Fy  φ bPy  .
 Pu E  Pu  E
For  0.125, λ p  1.12 2.33    1.49
φ bPy Fy  φ bPy  Fy

Pu E  Pu 
For any value of , λ r  5.70 1.0  0.74 
φ bPy Fy  φ bPy 
Where Py = Ag Fy

Because Py is variable, compactness of the web cannot be

checked and tabulated.
Some rolled shapes satisfy the worst case limit of 1.49 E / Fy
Shapes listed in the column load tables in Part 4 of the Manual
that do not satisfy this criterion are marked, and these shapes
need to be checked for compactness of the web.
Shapes whose flanges are not compact are also marked
 Example 6.3
A W12 x 58 of A992 steel is subjected to a bending moment
and a factored axial load of 300 kips. Check the web for
compactness.
Pu Pu 300
   0.3922  0.125
φ bPy φ b A g Fy 0.90 * 17.0 * 50
E  Pu  29000
λ p  1.12 2.33    1.12  2.33  0.3922  52.27
Fy  φ bPy  50
The upper limit is
E 29000
1.49  1.49  35.88  52.27   p  52.27
Fy 50

From the dimension and properties tables λ = h/tw = 27.0 < λp

The web is therefore compact
  6.5 BRACED VERSUS UNBRACED FRAMES

Two amplification factors are used in LRFD

One to account for amplification resulting from the member deflection and the other to
account for the effect of sway when the member is part of unbraced frame. The following
Figure illustrates these two components.

In Figure a, the member is restrained against

sidesway, and the max. secondary moment is Pδ.
If the frame is unbraced, there is an additional
component of the secondary moment, shown in
Figure b, and the max value of it is PΔ, which
represents an amplification of the end moment.
 The amplified moment to be used in design is:

Mu = B1 Mnt + B2 Mlt

Where

Mnt = maximum moment assuming that no sidesway occurs.

Mlt = maximum moment caused by sidesway, = 0.0 in the actuall

braced frame.

B1 = amplification factor for the moment occurring in the member

when it is braced against sidesway.

B2 = amplification factor for the moment resulting from sidesway.

The following sections explain the evaluation of B1 and B2 .

  6.6 MEMBERS IN BRACED FRAMES

The amplification factor given in section 6.3 was derived for a

member braced against sidesway.

The following Figure shows a member of this type

Maximum moment amplification occurs at the

center, where the deflection is largest.

For equal end moment, the moment is constant

throughout the length of the member,

So the maximum primary moment also occurs at the center.

If the end moments are not equal, the maximum primary and
secondary moments will occur near each other.
If the end moments produce reverse-curvature bending as shown.

Here the max. primary moment is at one of the ends, and the max.
amplification occurs between the ends.
 Therefore, the max. moment in a beam-column depends on the
distribution of bending moment within the member.

This distribution is accounted for by a factor, Cm, applied to the

amplification factor given in section 6.3.

The amplification factor given in section 6.3 was derived for the
worst case, so Cm will never be greater than 1.0.

The final form of the amplification factor is

Cm  EAg
2

B1  1 where Pe1 
1  (Pu /Pe1 ) ( KL / r ) 2

Note:

When computing pe1, use KL/r for the axis of bending and an effective length
factor K less than or equal to 1.0 (braced condition)
 Evaluation of Cm

The factor Cm applies only to the braced condition.

There are two categories of members:

1.Members with transverse loads applied between it’s ends.

2.Members with no transverse loads.

 If there are no transverse loads acting on the member,
 M1 
C m  0.6  0.4  
M
 2
M1/M2 is the ratio of the bending moments at the ends of the

member. (M1 is the smallest value and M2 is the largest one).

The ratio is positive for member bent in reverse curvature and

negative for single curvature bending as shown in the Figure.
For transversely loaded members, Cm can be taken as 0.85 if the

ends are restrained against rotation (fixed) and 1.0 if the ends are

unrestrained against rotation (pinned).

End restrained will usually result from the stiffness of members

connected to the beam-column.

Although the actual end condition may lie between full fixity and a

frictionless pin, use of one of the two values given here will give

satisfactory results.
 Example 6.5

The horizontal beam-column shows in the Figure is subjected to the service

live loads shown. This member is laterally braced at its ends, and bending
is about the x-axis. Check for compliance with the AISC Specification.

Solution

The factored load = Pu =1.6*28=44.8 kips, wu=12*0035=0.042 kips

The maximum moment is

The44.8
member
* 10is braced
0042against
* (10) 2end translation, so M lt =0.0
Mnt    112.5 ft  kips
4 8
 Compute the moment amplification factor

The member braced against sidesway, transversely loaded, and with

unrestrained ends, Cm can be taken as 1.0.

π 2EA g π 2 * 29000 * 10.3

Pe1    2522 kips
(Kl/r) 2 (34.19) 2
The amplification factor is:

Cm 1
B1    1.018  1
1 - (Pu /Pe1 ) 1 - (44.8/2522) For the axis of bending

Mu  B1Mnt  B 2MLt  1.018 * 112.5  0  114.5 ft - kips

 KL K yL 1.0(10 * 12)
Maximum    59.11
r ry 2.03

KL Fy 29.11 50
λc    0.7813
rπ E π 29000
λ c  1.5 inelastic
λc2 (0.7813) 2
Fcr  (0.658 )Fy  (0.658) (50)  38.73 ksi

φ c Pn  φ c A gFcr  0.85 * 10.3 * 38.73  339.1 kips

For the flexural strength, first check for compactnes s of the flange
bf E 29000
λ  8.10, λ p  0.38  0.38  9.152
2t Fy 50
f
since λ  λ p , the shape is compact
Lateral torsional buckling.
L b  10 ft

E 29000
L  1.76r  1.76 * 2.03  86.04 in  7.17 ft
p y F 50
y
r X
y 1
L  1  1  X ( F  10) 2
r ( F  10) 2 y
y
2.03 * 3610
L  1  1  (763 * 10  6 )(50  10) 2  289.1 in  24.09 ft
r (50  10)
Since L L L
p b r
 L  L 
 b p
Mn  Mp  (Mp  Mr )
L L 
 r p
Mp  Fy Z  50 * 34.7  1735 in  kips
Mr  (Fy  10)S  (50  10) * 31.2  1248 in  kips
  10  7.17  
Mn  1735  (1735  1248)    1473 in  kips
  24.09  10  
φ bMn  0.9 * 1473  122.8 ft  kips
Because the beam weight is very small in relation to the
concentrated live load, Cb may be taken from Figure 5.15c as
1.32. This value results in a design moment of
φ bMn  1.32 * 122.8  162.1ft  kips
 This moment is greater than the plastic moment = 0.90*1735/12
=130.1 ft-kips, so the design strength must be limited to this value.

Check the interaction formula:

Pu 44.8
  0.1321  0.20
φ c Pn 339.1
Pu  Mux Muy 
  
2φ c Pn  φ c Mnx
 φ c Mny 

44.8 114.1 
  0   0.943  1.0 (OK)
2(339.1) 130.1 
So a W8 x 35 is adequate

Please read the remaining examples, 6.4 and 6.6 from the text
book.
  6.7 MEMBERS IN UNBRACED FRAMES

The amplification factor given in section 6.3 was derived for a

member braced against sidesway.

The following Figure shows a member of this type