SPSS [Statistical Package for Social Science]

SPSS means “Statistical Package for the Social Sciences” and was first launched in 1968. Since
SPSS was acquired by IBM in 2009, it's officially known as IBM SPSS Statistics but most users still
just refer to it as “SPSS”.

Application:
Data Organization
Data Processing
Data Interpretation
Data Representation
Data Reporting

File Formats
Spreadsheets from MS Excel
Plain text files (.txt or .csv)
Relational (SQL) databases
Stata and SAS.

This sheet called Data View displays our data values. It is sheet where we store our data.

An SPSS data file always has a second sheet called Variable View. It shows the metadata
associated with the data. Metadata is information about the meaning of variables and data
values. This is generally known as the “codebook” but in SPSS it's called the dictionary.

Variables:
It is a subject that varies.

Numeric Variables: Describe measurable quantity as number (How many, how much)
Continuous: Observation can take any value between a certain set of real number.
Discrete: Observation can take a value based on a count form a set of values.
Categorical Variables: variables have values that describe a quality or characteristic (what type,
which quality)
Ordinal: observation can take a value that can be logically ordered or ranked.
Nominal: Observation can take a value that is not able to be organized in a logical sequence.

Independent variables
Cause, Manipulated
Dependent variables
Effect, Measured

Data: Data refers to the kind of information a researcher obtain to achieve objectives of his
research.
Primary Data: Collected First time by the researcher for current purpose.
Secondary Data: second hand information already collected and used for other purpose.

Qualitative data: Data collected in Numbers.

Quantitative data: Data Collected as quality wise (In SPSS converted in Numeric)

Population and Sample

Population: Target Group, Large raw data
Sample: Selected data used for research.

Sampling: Selecting the data from raw data, use for research.
Probability: Sample random sampling
Systematic Random sampling (sampling by a rule)
Cluster Sampling (group the similar data and sampling)
Stratified Random Sample (group the uncommon data and sampling)
Non-Probability: Convenience sampling (sampling easy data)
Purposive Sampling (sampling the data on purpose)
Snowball Sampling (Sampling the hidden data)
Quota Sampling (Sampling the data by dividing into group)
 Utilization of the Educational resources in Govt. Secondary
Schools in Tehsil XYZ
Questionnaire for the Students.
Gender: Male Female
Designation: PST EST SST
School: Rural Urban
School Age: <5 Years 5 to 10 years >10 Years
Use of Physical Facilities:
1. The number of desks and chairs in the staff room is adequate
2. The number of desks and chairs in the classroom is adequate
3. The capacity and resources in the library are adequate for the number of students in my
class
4. The books in libraries are issued in the school to the students
5. The capacity and equipment in the science laboratory is adequate for the number of
students in my class
6. The facilities in the computer lab room are adequate for the number of students in my
class
7. The number of computer are enough for the students use
8. The number of latrines toilets in the school mare adequate for the number of students
in the school
9. The size of the playground is adequate for the number of students in the school
10. The water supply to the school is reliable
11. The supply of power to the school is reliable
Use of teaching/learning resources in the school:
1. The number of reference books in the school are adequate
2. The number of teachers guide wm the school are adequate
3. The resources such as manilas, dusters, plasticine, chalk, model: Chart, Are adequate
4. Use of advice of senior teacher in the school 1s frequent
5. Use of field trips/excursions in the school is frequent
6. Use of computers in teaching and learning is common
7. Students have adequate number of calculators
Use of professional documents in the school
1. I always prepare schemes of work for subject that I am allocated
2. I always make use of lessons plans in my teaching
3. I always keep updated students records for my subject
4. I always keep updated lesson notes for my subject
5. I always keep updated class register for the students in my class
6. I always make use of practical experiments for the teaching of my subject
What is descriptive statistics?
Descriptive statistics are used to describe the basic features of the data in a study.
They provide simple summaries about the sample and the measure.
Frequencies: Number of times event occurred
Mean: Average data, central tendency; Total/number of times
Mode: Most repeated data sample
Median: Separating higher and lower half of data sample
Variance: expectation of the squared deviation; how far a date set is spread out from average
Standard Deviation: Amount of variation in data set; Low SD= mean, High SD=wider range
Maximum: largest data of data set.
Minimum: smallest data of a data set.
Range: difference of maximum and minimum value of a data set.
Kurtosis: tails of the distribution
Skewness: describe symmetry or non symmetry of data set; symmetry=0(normal distribution),
non symmetry =-3 to 3

Normal distribution: Normal distribution is a probability distribution that is symmetric about

the mean, showing that the data near the mean are more frequent in occurrence than data far
from the mean, it is also known as the Gaussian distribution. Normal distribution will appear as
a bell curve.
Calculation of Normal distribution:
Shapiro-Wilk test of Normality: If the Sig. value of the Shapiro-Wilk test is greater than 0.05, the
data is normal. If it is below 0.05, the data significantly deviate from a normal distribution.

Normal Q-Q Plot or Histogram: If the data are normally distributed, the data points will be close
to the diagonal line. If the data points stray from the line in an obvious non-linear fashion, the
data are not normally distributed.

Homogeneity of Variance:
The assumption of homogeneity of variance is important when conducting between subjects
statistics. The assumption is that the variances (distributions) of independent groups on a
continuous variable are similar, equal or equivalent.
Levene’s Test of equality of variances is used to assess the statistical assumptions.
If the p-value yielded from a levene’s test is less than 0.05, then the assumption of
homogeneity of variance has been violated. And if greater than vice-versa.

Outlier: It is an observation that lies outside the overall pattern of a distribution. Usually, the
presence of an outlier indicates some sort of problem. This can be a case which does not fit the
model under the study, or an error in measurement.
 BASICS:
 How to Enter Data into SPSS and Define Variables
 Descriptive Statistics SPSS
 Excel to SPSS: How to Import Data
 SPSS Ordinal, Interval, and Scale
 How to Find the SPSS Mean Mode Median
 How to Find the SPSS Five Number Summary
 Missing Values in SPSS
 How to Find the Interquartile Range in SPSS
 Outliers SPSS
 How to Find the Standard Deviation in SPSS
 How to Make an SPSS Frequency Table.
 How to Make an SPSS Histogram.
 How to Make Crosstabs in SPSS (Contingency Tables).
 How to Make a Bar Chart in SPSS
 How to Make an SPSS Boxplot
 How to Make an SPSS Scatterplot
 How to Make a Pie Chart in SPSS
 Z Scores in SPSS