Nonrenewable Energy

CMU: UNIVERSITY OF EXCELLENCE
Where Nature Nurtures Beautiful Intelligence มหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม่
Chiang Mai University
www.cmu.ac.th
Introduction to Geography
154100
Energy
Dr.Watinee Thavorntam
Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences
http://www.geo.soc.cmu.ac.th/team_member/watinee/
Student
• Please introduce yourself

– Your Name
– Where are you from? (City and Country)
– What do you want to learn from my section (Energy)?
Topics
1. Type of energy (28 Feb)

2. Nonrenewable energy (28 Feb)
3. Renewable energy (3 March)
4. Group Report Presentation (7,10 March)
Class Assessment 16.7% : Group report

Assignment: Group report
• You are in charged of the department of energy in your country.

To improve energy efficiency, what percentage of your budget
will you devote to fossil fuels, nuclear power, or renewable
energy?
• Explain your thinking
• Give a presentation 15 minutes per group
• Submit the presentation file (PDF) via MS team by 17 March 2023
Assignment: Group report
You need to answer several questions in deciding which energy resources to promote.
It takes at least 50 years and huge investments to phase in new energy alternatives to where they
provide 10–20% of total energy use.
• The following questions must be answered for each alternative:
• How much of the energy resource is likely to be available in the near future and in the long
term?
• What is the net energy yield for the resource?
• How much will it cost to develop, phase in, and use the resource?
• What government research and development subsidies and tax breaks will be used to help
develop the resource?
• How will dependence on the resource affect national and global economic and military security?
• How vulnerable is the resource to terrorism?
• What are the effects of extracting, transporting, and using the resource on human health and the
earth’s climate?
Type of energy
• Estimated Renewable Energy share of Global Final Energy Consumption,

2012
Petroleum (crude
oil), natural gas,
coal, oil shale, oil
sand, and chemical
products
http://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/Resources/GSR/2014/GSR2014_full%20report_low%20res.pdf
Energy Consumption
NASA-NOAA satellite reveals new views of Earth at night
Suomi NPP satellite in April and October 2012 (credit: NASA Earth Observatory/NOAA NGDC)
Energy consumption
Why Canada, U.S. and Australia consume more energy than the other countries?
Answer : https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/correlation-of-per-capita-
energy
https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-energy-use from 1965- 2016
http://burnanenergyjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/WorldMap_EnergyConsumptionPerCapita2010_v4_BargraphKey.jpg
Energy consumption
10
https://planaplanetearth.files.wordpress.com/2014/09/co2-emissions-developed-v-developing.png
https://www.nationalgrid.com/responsibility/environment/cop26
https://pipanews.com/pm-modi-at-cop26-glasgow-india-will-be-a-carbon-free-country-by-2060-namo-points-out-in-glasgow-india-will-achieve-the-target-of-net-zero-carbon-emission-by-2070-says-narendra-modi-at-cop26-glasgo/
https://thestandard.co/joe-biden-criticize-china-and-russia-leader-on-missing-cop26-conference/
Type of Energy consumption
• The energy used in the U.S.

• Fossil fuels supply 84 percent
of the energy used in the
United States, and oil (three-
quarters of it imported) makes
up the largest share. Industry
is the largest energy use
sector. Transportation,
however, uses about two-
thirds of all oil. Source: Data
from U.S Department of
• Energy, 2010.
Type of energy resources and trends
The deceasing trend in carbon emission was found in 2019

comparing with the previous years due to;
• Increasing of energy consumption from renewables energy
and natural gas
14
https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/energy-outlook/bp-energy-outlook-2020.pdf
Type of energy resources & trends
Fuel shares of primary energy and contribution to growth in 2019
15
https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf
GHG emissions
CO2 emission per unit of energy produced by using various energy resources to produce electricity
Energy consumption
▪ Recent monthly mean CO2 at Mauna Loa, U.S.
Source : http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/
Energy consumption
Source: https://www.slideshare.net/ipcc-media/ipcc-fifth-assessment-report-climate-change-and-impacts-by
-renate-christ-secretary-of-the-ipcc-safranbolu-25-march-2015?next_slideshow=1
Energy consumption
Source : Hijioka et al., 2014
Source: https://www.slideshare.net/ipcc-media/ipcc-fifth-assessment-report-climate-change-and-impacts-by
-renate-christ-secretary-of-the-ipcc-safranbolu-25-march-2015?next_slideshow=1
Energy consumption
Changes in precipitation and Weather extremes
Monthly precipitation area are expected to decreases in number but increase intensity
Source : Hijioka et al., 2014
FossilFossil
Fuels fuels
Major
part of
Major used for GHG
Industrial and
transportation emission
sectors
Fossil fuels
(Oil, Coal,
Natural Gas)
Nonrenewable energy : Oil
Petroleum (crude oil)

• Crude oil is a thick, gooey liquid consisting of hundreds of combustible hydrocarbons
mixed with small amounts of sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen impurities.
• The oil industry today is a marvel of high-tech events to extract, refine, market, and
distribute to the world’s populations.
• Oil and natural gas are often found together under a dome. On average, only about 40–
50% of the oil in the deposit is recovered.
• Petrochemicals are oil distillation products that are used as raw materials in
manufacturing pesticides, plastics, synthetic fibers, paints, medicines, and other products.
Oil: Consumption per capita 2019 (GJ per capita)
Oil: Consumption
People in the U.S. consume as much energy in a day as a person in the poorest countries consumes in
a year.
1. In 2004, the U.S. used 24% of the world’s commercial energy with only 4.6% of the
population.
2. India has 16% of the world’s population and consumes about 3% of the world’s commercial
energy.
3. About 94% of the commercial energy in the U.S. comes from nonrenewable energy resources,
with the remaining 6% coming from renewable biomass and hydropower.
4. An important environmental, economic, and political issue is what energy resources the U.S.
might be using by 2050 and 2100.
5. Burning fossil fuel causes more than 80% of U.S. air pollution and 80% of CO2 emissions.
Many energy experts feel the need to move to cleaner energy resources, not because of energy
source depletion but to clean up the environment.
6. Fossil fuel and nuclear power industries have been receiving government subsidies and do not
want to give them up. The energy path for the U.S. is primarily a political decision.
http://www.theglobaleducationproject.org/earth/energy-supply.php
Geopolitical and economic events have driven large movements in world oil prices
A part of this decline was

due to a slowdown in global
economic activity,
but the major part came
from supply and demand
shocks in the oil market
https://www.slideshare.net/hzharraz/crude-oil-price-formation
https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-full-
report.pdf
report.pdf
Trads off: Oil
Question : What your life might

be like without oil? Please
Explain.
Trads off: Oil
Question : What your life might be like without oil? Please
Explain.
❑ Price of food produced by oil-dependent industrialized agriculture

will rise sharply
❑ More land will be used to produced renewable biomass crop that can
be converted into vehicles fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel
❑ Cheap airfares will disappear
❑ ???
** Some of these scenario will take place depend on

- How rapidly oil prices rise and ran out
- What actions nations take over the next few decades to start to shift
to the other resources
Nonrenewable energy : Natural Gas
Fact/Properties:
• Natural gas consists mostly of methane with small amounts of heavier
hydrocarbons and a small amount of hydrogen sulfide.
• Extraction techniques are too expensive at present but are rapidly being
developed. Methane hydrates must be kept cold, or they release methane into
the atmosphere when they reach the surface.
• Natural gas is a versatile fuel. It can be used to run fleet vehicles and medium-
sized turbines to produce electricity. They are cheaper to build, require less
time to install, and are easier and cheaper to maintain than coal and nuclear
power plants.
• Russia and Iran have about 50% of the world’s reserves of conventional
natural gas, and global reserves are expected to last 62–125 years.
• The long-term outlook for natural gas supplies is better than for conventional
oil.
Natural gas travels by pipeline and then is
liquefied before being piped into cryogenic
(low-temperature) fuel tanks. Re-gasification
facilities return LNG to a gas that can power
vehicles or generate electricity.
https://www.uniongas.com/business/alternative-energy-solutions/liquified-natural-gas/production-and-delivery
Natural Gas for Vehicle (NGV)

Properties
1. Gas can be liquefied by lowering its
temperature to minus 160 Celsius, upon which
the volume will shrink 600 times, thus enabling
marine transport
2.Colorless and no smell
3.Lighter than air
4.Flammability limit at 5-15% of atmospheric
volume and 537-540 Celsius in ignition
temperature
5.Completely clean-burning, leaving no soot,
together with less nitrogen oxides and sulfur
dioxide than other fuels.
https://www.ngvglobal.com/blog/category/vehicles-fuels/natural-gas-vehicles-ngv/page/3
https://www.pttplc.com/en/Products/Ourbusinessbypttplc/Gasunit/Pttngv/Pttngv.aspx#:~:text=Natural%20Gas%20for%20Vehicles%20(NGV,strength%20and%20durability%2C%20including%20steel .
Top increase and decrease in LNG exports and imports
report.pdf
Reserve –to-production(R/P) ratios (years)
CIS : Commonwealth of Independent States

It was formed following the dissolution of the
Soviet Union in 1991
Proven natural gas reserves by region, 2008

Source: Data from British Petroleum, 2010.
Nonrenewable energy : Coal
• Coal is a solid fossil fuel formed 300–400 million years ago. It is mostly carbon with
small amounts of sulfur and trace amounts of mercury. Burning coal releases SO2 and
trace amounts of mercury and radioactive materials.
• Coal is extracted underground in dangerous circumstances (accidents and black lung
disease).
• Coal is burned to produce electricity and steel. Reserves in the U.S., Russia, and
China could last hundreds to thousands of years.
• Sixty-two percent of the world’s electricity is produced by burning coal. It is the
world’s most abundant fossil fuel.
• Coal has a severe environmental impact on air, water, and land, and over one-third of
the world’s annual CO2 emissions come from coal.
• Coal emissions cause thousands of premature deaths, at least 50,000 cases of
respiratory disease, and several billion dollars of property damage.
- Coal-burning power plant is a thermal power station that

burns coal to generate electricity.
-The coal is usually pulverized and then burned.
- The heat energy of combustion is converted into mechanical
energy and then operate by an electricity generator using
steam or gas turbine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_station
World Coal Reserves in 2019
Germany reactivates coal power plants amid Russian gas supply threats
https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/germany-reactivates-coal-power-plants-amid-russian-gas-supply-threats/
Nonrenewable energy : How long will it last?
Nonrenewable energy : How long will it last?
▪ Fossil fuels, DO have a life expectancy

“Oil has 40 – 50 years left”
▪ In 1960 they said this too! – what has happened is that we have found new
reserves of oil and new technology has made the oil we use last longer
▪ The carbon stored in fossil fuels is released as carbon dioxide when they are
burnt – this leads to the greenhouse effect and global warming
• Future of nonrenewable resources depends on
1.Actual or Potential supply
2.Rate of consumption
• If oil is continued to be used at current rates:
• a. Saudi Arabia could supply world oil needs for about 10 years.
• b. Estimated Alaskan North Slope oil reserves would meet current demands for 6
months or U.S. demands for 3 years.
Nonrenewable energy : Nuclear power
▪ Huge amounts of power could be produced from a small amount of
uranium.
▪ In a conventional nuclear reactor, isotopes of uranium and plutonium
undergo controlled nuclear fission, and the resulting heat is used to
produce steam that spins turbines to generate electricity
▪ Nuclear power plants began being developed in the late 1950s in order to
produce energy at much lower costs than coal, etc.
▪ Electricity production from nuclear power plants is the slowest-growing
energy source.
▪ The U.S. has not ordered any new reactor since 1978; all 120 plants
ordered since 1973 have been canceled.
▪ Investors are concerned about the economic feasibility of nuclear power.
▪ Vulnerability of these plants to terrorist attacks is another concern.
▪ Nuclear power can produce radioactive waste which is dangerous to health and
life for hundreds of years
▪ There is no secure place for storage.
▪ Public confidence has also been shattered by the explosion at Chernobyl in
1986
▪ Several major reasons for the failure of nuclear power to grow are
▪ multibillion-dollar cost overruns
▪ higher operating costs
▪ more malfunctions than expected
▪ poor management.
Number of operable nuclear power reactors worldwide as of May 2022, by country
https://www.statista.com/statistics/267158/number-of-nuclear-reactors-in-operation-by-
country/#:~:text=Operable%20nuclear%20power%20reactors%20worldwide%202022%2C%20by%20country&te
xt=As%20of%20May%202022%2C%20there,the%20time%2C%20at%2092%20units.
Trad-offs
Question: If you had to, would

you rather live next door to a
coal-fired power plant or
Nuclear power plant? Explain
Nonrenewable energy
Reference
Miller, G.T. and Spoolman, S. 2009. Living in the Environment. Canada: Brooks/Cole.

Nonrenewable Energy

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CMU: UNIVERSITY OF EXCELLENCE

Where Nature Nurtures Beautiful Intelligence มหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม่

Chiang Mai University

• Please introduce yourself

1. Type of energy (28 Feb)

Class Assessment 16.7% : Group report

• You are in charged of the department of energy in your country.

• Estimated Renewable Energy share of Global Final Energy Consumption,

• The energy used in the U.S.

The deceasing trend in carbon emission was found in 2019

▪ Recent monthly mean CO2 at Mauna Loa, U.S.

Source : Hijioka et al., 2014

Petroleum (crude oil)

A part of this decline was

Question : What your life might

❑ Price of food produced by oil-dependent industrialized agriculture

** Some of these scenario will take place depend on

Natural Gas for Vehicle (NGV)

CIS : Commonwealth of Independent States

Proven natural gas reserves by region, 2008

- Coal-burning power plant is a thermal power station that

▪ Fossil fuels, DO have a life expectancy

Question: If you had to, would

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