U Can Talk!

English Grammar Module

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8 Parts of Speech
 Nouns
 Verbs
 Pronouns
 Adverbs
 Adjectives
 Prepositions
 Conjunctions
 Interjections

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A word is like an actor !!..…
…and changes its behavior to suit the role
it is playing,
the same word can be a different „part of
speech‟ depending on what it does in a
sentence!!
 Please light the candle - VERB

 This suitcase is very light - ADJECTIVE

 The light was very bright - NOUN

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Nouns
 Proper Nouns
 Common Nouns
 Abstract Nouns
 Singular & Plural nouns
 Collective Nouns
 Countable Nouns
 Uncountable Nouns

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Examples of Each
 Proper nouns – Mumbai, Suresh
 Common nouns – dog, flowers
 Abstract nouns – happiness, beauty,
dishonesty, contentment, hatred
 Singular or Plural nouns – cat, cats
 Collective nouns – flock, staff, family
 Countable nouns – chairs, books
 Uncountable nouns – hair, water, luggage,
accommodation, advice

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 Some Rules for Nouns
 Proper nouns always start with the capital
letter
 Collective nouns are treated as a single unit
and take the singular verb
Eg. The regiment was marching
 Some nouns are only in the plural form eg.
scissors, trousers, clothes
 Some nouns are only in the singular form eg.
luggage, accomodation.They need to be
prefaced by words like a „an item of‟ „a piece
of‟ Some nouns are in most cases uncountable
Eg – milk, water, hair, rice
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Forms of verbs

The Simple Simple Present Past

Infinitive Present Past Participle Participle
to eat eat ate eating eaten
to give give gave giving given
to cut cut cut cutting cut
to drive drive drove driving driven

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Three Important Verbs
 TO BE – is, am, are, was, were, being,
been

 TO HAVE – have, has, had, having

 TO DO – do, does, did, doing, done

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TO BE – is used to….
 Describe something or someone
Eg – Aishwarya is a beautiful woman
 Make a general statement

Eg – The weather was very hot yesterday.

 To describe a mood or state of mind

Eg – I am angry with my daughter

 As a supporting verb to form the
present & past continuous tenses - Eg –
They were eating

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TO HAVE – is used to….
 To show ownership or possession
Eg – She has blue eyes
Eg – He had a pet Alsatian when he was a
small boy
 While forming the present or past
perfect tense
Eg – I have eaten my lunch
Eg – He had left by the time I reached home

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TO DO – is used to…..
 To show that some action is in progress or
completed
Eg- She does her homework every evening
Eg – This group is doing very well
 To form the negative

Eg – I don’t want to go to office today

Eg – He doesn’t like chocolate

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Tenses
 Simple Present Tense
 Present Continuous Tense
 Present Perfect Tense
 Simple Past Tense
 Past Continuous Tense
 Past Perfect Tense
 Simple Future Tense
 Future Continuous Tense

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Simple Present

 This tense is used to indicate

actions that happen generally or
regularly.
 It is also used to state facts

Examples –
 I eat an apple everyday

 The weather is very hot today

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FORMULA FOR SIMPLE PRESENT

Subject + simple present verb form OR

present tense of the verb “To Be”
(Is/Am/Are) = Simple Present Tense
Eg – I (subject) eat (simple present - verb)
an apple everyday – stating an action
that happens everyday

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Present Continuous
 This tense tells us that the action is not
completed and is still continuing in the
present.
 It is made up of two part verbs

Examples –
 I am eating an apple

 They are playing football

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Formula for PRESENT
CONTINUOUS

Subject + simple present tense of the

verb “to be” (am, is, are)
+ present participle
= Present Continuous Tense
*( Note: Present participle is formed by
adding –‟ing‟ to the „infinitive‟ eg – sleep +
ing = sleeping)

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Some Exceptions to be noted…..

Note: Certain verbs cannot be used in the

continuous tense –
Verbs of feeling- like, love, hate, prefer, want
(X – I‟m loving it !! (Macdonalds)
Verbs of thought – know, understand,
remember, believe, realize
The verb „have‟ cannot be used to show
possession in the continuous tense.

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Present Perfect
 This tense is used when speaking about an
action/event that has just been completed.
This tense is used when one is more
concerned about the impact of the
action/event on the present that the
action/event itself. It‟s often used with
adverbs like just, already, recently etc.
Examples –
o I have just eaten my breakfast
o I‟m sorry I have forgotten your name.

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FORMULA FOR PRESENT PERFECT

Subject + Present tense of the verb

“have / has” + past participle
= Present Perfect Tense

Eg.- I‟m sorry I cannot offer you any

chocolates the children have eaten
them all.

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Present Perfect Continuous
 I have been working with Principal for the
last 3 years
 I have been working with Principal since /
from July 2007

 Have + been + present participle

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Simple Past
 This tense is used to indicate an
action/event that has been completed in
the past, or to make a statement about
an action/event that was completed in the
past

Examples –
o I ate an apple yesterday

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FORMULA FOR SIMPLE PAST
Subject + Past Tense of the verb “to
be” i.e. (was / were) OR
past tense form of any verb
= Simple Past Tense
Eg – He died in the second world war
She went to Mumbai last month.

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Past Continuous
 This tense is usually used to
indicate an action that was
continuing in the past, when it was
interrupted by another action.
Example –
 I was sleeping, when the doorbell
rang
 1st action- Past Continuous
 2nd action – Simple Past

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FORMULA FOR PAST CONTINUOUS

Subject + past tense

of verb „to be‟ (was /
were) + present
participle
= Past Continuous
Tense
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Past Perfect
 This tense is used to show the sequence
in which two actions/events happened in
the past.
 Example –

o When we arrived at the party, everyone

had left
(When we arrived at the party everyone
left!!)
1st action in past perfect
2nd action in simple past
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FORMULA FOR PAST PERFECT
Subject + Past tense of verb
have i.e. had + past participle
= Past Perfect Tense
Eg. They had finished all the food by the
time we reached

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Simple Future
 This tense is used to indicate
actions/events that have not taken place as
yet, but will occur in the future

 Example - I will meet you tomorrow

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FORMULA FOR SIMPLE
FUTURE

Subject + Will + simple present

= Simple Future Tense

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Future Continuous
Used in a predictive sense to talk about
actions / events that are expected to “be
happening / taking place” in the future
Eg – This time next week I will be driving
down to Mumbai.
Next year we will be living in our new house

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FORMULA FOR FUTURE
CONTINUOUS

Subject + Will + BE + present participle

= Future Continuous Tense

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Some exceptions to the tense
rules

 The Present Tense is sometimes used to

indicate Future actions/events –
 This is done when one is referring to
timetables, future arrangements, schedules
etc.
 Examples –
The party starts at 6‟o clock
His train arrives at 10 pm
We‟re leaving for Goa next week

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Adjectives
 Adjectives are words that gives us more
information about a noun or pronoun
He is a handsome man (adj. of Quality)
She didn‟t have much money. (adj. of
Quantity)
That house is for sale (demonstrative adj.)
Mrs. Rao is reading to her son. (Possessive
adj.)
(The possessor determines both the number
and gender of the adjective)

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Adverbs
 Words that tell us more about the verb are
called adverbs
 Most adverbs are formed from adjectives
by adding „ly‟ to them
 Examples –
The baby was playing happily (manner)
I went to Kashmir recently (time)
We meet often (frequency)

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Degrees of Adverbs and
Adjectives

Adverbs
 Soon – sooner – soonest
 Angrily – less angrily – least angrily
 Anxiously – more anxiously – most
anxiously
Adjectives
 Good – better – best
 Old – older – oldest
 Bad – worse – worst

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Pronouns
A pronoun is a word used in place of a
noun
There are 5 Types of Pronouns
 Personal Pronouns

 Reflexive Pronouns

 Emphasizing Pronouns

 Possessive Pronouns

 Relative Pronouns

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Personal Pronouns
 Subject Pronouns – I, we, you, he, she,
they, it (doers of the action)

 Object Pronouns – me, us, you, him, her,

them, it (receivers of the action)

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Reflexive Pronouns

When the action of the subject reflects on the

subject itself.
Eg. I burnt myself while cooking.

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Emphasizing Pronouns

This pronoun is used to emphasize a point

Eg – When I went to her house Aishwarya Rai
made tea for me herself

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Possessive Pronouns

This pronoun is used to show possession

Eg – This book is mine
This car is theirs, The dog wagged its tail

(Important Note: no apostrophes needed

before the „s‟ in the case of possessive
pronouns)

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 Relative Pronouns

Time Reason Person Place Thing

Subject who, that Where that,which

Object when why Who/whom/ that, which

that
Possessive whose whose

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 Articles
 The three articles are:-
 A, AN, THE

Some important rules for articles:-

• „A‟ & „AN‟ are used only for singular objects

• „A‟ & „AN‟ are used for indefinite or general

articles
• „A‟ is used before words with consonantal
sounds
• „AN‟ is used before words with vowel sounds

• For plural general objects „SOME‟ is used.

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ARTICLES
 INDEFINITE  DEFINITE
Singular: Singular:
a dog (any dog) the dog (that specific
an apple (any apple) dog)
Plural: the apple (that
some dogs (any specific apple)
dogs) Plural:
some apples (any the dogs (those
apples) specific dogs)
the apples (those
specific apples)
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ARTICLES
First vs. Subsequent Mention
A or an is used to introduce a noun when it
is mentioned for the first time in a piece of
writing.
 The is used afterward each time you
mention that same noun.

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ARTICLES
 an egg
 a broken egg
 I have an MA in English Language
 an unusual problem
 a European country (sounds like 'yer-o-pi-
an,' i.e. begins with consonant 'y' sound)

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ARTICLES
 The indefinite articles are also used to
indicate membership in a profession,
nation, or religion.
 I am a teacher.
 Brian is an Irishman.
 Ajay‟s son is a Dentist
 George is a Christian.

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ARTICLES
 The is not used with non countable nouns
referring to something in a general sense:
[no article] Tea is a popular drink in India.
[no article] Marathi is his native language.

 The is used with non countable nouns that

are made more specific by a limiting
modifying phrase or clause:
The coffee in my cup is too hot to drink.
The Marathi he speaks is often heard in the
villages.

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ARTICLES
• The is also used when a noun refers to
something unique:
the Parliament House
the theory of gravity
the 1999 union budget

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 ARTICLES
Use the before:
 Names of rivers, oceans & seas (the Nile)
 Points on the globe (the Equator, the North
Pole)
 Geographical areas (the Middle East, the West
 Mountain ranges – the Himalayas, the Andes
 Deserts, forests etc, (the Sahara, the Persian
Gulf, the Black Forest).
 When referring to playing an instrument or
even when referring to a musical instrument
• My daughter is learning to play the key board
• I like the sound of the tabla

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 Articles
Use „THE‟ before…
• An adjective in the superlative degree. Eg. -
Mohd Ali was the best boxer in his times.
Mount Everest is the highest peak in the
world.
• Before a common noun denoting a class or a
category. Eg. The tiger, The Japanese, The
rich should help the poor
• Words that describe a specific title or
specifically describe a common noun. Eg - I
am waiting to meet THE Chairman

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USAGE OF „THE‟ IN
GEOGRAPHICAL CONTEXTS
Do not use the before:
 Names of countries (Italy, Mexico, Bolivia) except the
Netherlands and the US, UK, UAE
 Names of cities, towns, continents, or states (Delhi,
Mumbai, Moscow)
 Names of streets (Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, Main Str.)
 Names of individual mountains / mountain peaks (Mount
Everest, Mount Fuji)
 Names of individuals, organisations (Proper Nouns)
 Names of islands (Easter Island, Iceland, Key West)
except with island chains like the Aleutians, the Hebrides,
or the Canary Islands, the Andamans, the Lakhwadeep
islands etc.
 Names of sports / games etc.
Example - The children were playing cricket.
Example - I like playing carrom / table tennis /
badminton etc.
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NO ARTICLES TO BE USED
BEFORE…..
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
 Eg – We traveled to Mumbai by road
(not by the road)
 Eg – we had a lot of guests for dinner
(not for the dinner)
 Eg – we reached at night (not at the
night)

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Modifiers
 Use of modifiers: Modifiers are words or
phrases which change or the restrict the
meaning of other words in a sentence. Care
should be taken to place the modifier nearest
to the word/ phrase it modifies, as failing to
do this will result in confused and at time
funny sounding sentences !! The entire
meaning of the sentence can also change
because of bad placement of the modifier
Eg – Only Hari has been granted leave for two
days (Lucky fellow!) – Hari has been granted
leave for only two days (poor fellow!) (Here
ONLY is the adverb modifier)

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Modifiers

Eg – The man in the office with a long beard is

getting married !! (Looks like the office needs
a shave !) (Here „with a long beard is the
prepositional phrase modifier)
The man with a long beard in office is getting
married. (that makes more sense)

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1st 2nd, 3rd Person

1st person–is the person/s talking

(I, We)
2nd person–is the person/s being
talked to (you)
3rd person–is the person/s being
talked about (he, she, it, they)

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Moods of Verbs

The mood of a verb expresses the manner/mood

in which the action is being done. Some of the
moods are
 Indicative mood – Used for statements and
questions eg. What are you doing ?
 Imperative mood – Used for commands and
requests eg. Come here ! Keep quiet !
 Subjunctive mood – Used to express a
wish/hope/prayer that something may happen
eg. May you live to be a hundred.
If I were a millionaire I would travel round the
world

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Some important points to be
noted

 Verbs behave differently when used with

the 3rd person singular in the present
tenses (simple)
Eg – I do, you do, they do, he/she/it does
I go, you go, they go, he/she/it goes
I eat, you eat, they eat, he/she/it
eats
 3 moods of verbs –
 Indicative – What are you doing ?
 Imperative – Keep quiet !
 Subjunctive/Conditional – If I were a
millionaire I would eat off gold plates.
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THE THREE GENDERS
 MASCULINE – man, boy, lion, bull
 FEMININE – woman, girl, lioness,
cow
 NEUTER – doctor, scientist, teacher

Use of Pronouns with each gender:-

Masculine – he, his, him
Feminine – she, hers, her
Neuter – it, they, them
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Conjunctions
 A word that connects sentences and
phrases is called a conjunction

 Examples –
• She is clever but disorganized
• She is intelligent and hardworking
• They won the match because they
practised regularly
• He has been upset since he got his
results
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Interjections

 An interjection is a word used to

show emotions, reactions and
exclamations.
 All interjections have to be followed
by an exclamation mark !
 Examples –
• How terrible ! The aircraft
crashed.
• Yippee ! I‟ve won the lottery
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Direct and Indirect Speech
 Direct Speech is the speech of a person
narrated exactly as spoken by the person
and is in the first person and is always
enclosed within quotation marks “…….”
Examples – Jayanta said, “I am very
fond of chocolates”.
 Indirect speech or Reported speech is a
description of the speech of a person, but
not the actual words. It is not enclosed
within quotation marks.
Examples – Jayanta said that he was
very fond of chocolates.

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Prepositions

English Preposition Rule

 Rule
Without exception - A preposition is
followed by a "noun". It is never
followed by a verb.

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Prepositions

AT - Point IN – ON -
Enclosed Surface
space
at the corner in the garden on the wall
at the bus stop in London on the ceiling
at the door in France on the door
at the top of the in a box on the cover
page in my pocket on the floor
at the end of the in my wallet on the carpet
road in a building on the menu
at the entrance in a car on a page
at the crossroads

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Prepositions of Time

At - In -MONTHS, On -DAYS and

PRECISE YEARS, CENTURIES DATES
TIME and LONG PERIODS
at 3 o'clock in May on Sunday
at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays
at noon in the summer on 6 March
at in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010
dinnertime in the 1990s on Christmas Day
at bedtime in the next century on Independence
at sunrise in the Ice Age Day
at sunset in the past/future on my birthday
at the on New Year's Eve
moment
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Prepositions
BY‟ is used when one wants
to indicate a causative
factor/vehicle
“WITH‟ is used to show a
tool or accompanying
person/object/animal etc.
“AT” is used when showing
the direction where attention or
action is aimed. It is also used
when speaking of time or a
specific point of location.
•She was hit BY a bus.
•He goes to office BY car.
(exception – foot / cycle)
•I was bitten BY a dog last
week. (Passive speech)
•She went to the party WITH
her friends.
•I cut the cake WITH a knife.
•I was angry WITH her.
•He was looking AT the
painting.
•She stopped AT a wayside
restaurant, for a cup of tea.
•I will meet you AT the front
gate AT 6 pm.
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Prepositions
IN‟ is used to show that
something or someone is
already inside and at rest
(not moving) it is also used
while speaking of large
towns/places and enclosed
spaces.
“INTO” is used to show
entrance.
My boss is IN his cabin at
the moment.
I was born IN Mumbai.
She lives IN a beautiful
farmhouse.
I just saw my boss going
INTO his cabin.

TO” shows a connection/linkage •Ravi is married TO Rita.

between two persons/objects or •I prefer the colour pink TO
red.
actions/events, also used to show
comparison

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Prepositions
“FROM” is used to show the I shall be on leave FROM
beginning or a certain fixed Monday.
point of time and is used with I have been on leave FROM
all tenses, it is also used to Monday
indicate a place or point of
exit or origin.

“SINCE” is used in similar I have been on leave SINCE

situations as “FROM” but is in Monday
most cases used with the perfect
tense i.e. with the prefix „have
been‟ (“Since” also usually refers
to past events/actions while
“From” is used for both past &
future actions/events)

“FOR” is used to indicate the I will be on leave FOR 10 days

entire period/duration under FROM Monday
consideration. 66
ABOUT‟ is used to indicate What do you know ABOUT her ?
exchange of information or
querying for information
with regards to someone/
something.

„ON‟ is used to show the The book is on the top shelf in my

position on top of someone or cupboard
something.

„ONTO‟ is used to show The groom climbed onto the

the action of climbing on
top of someone or horses back with great difficulty
something.

“UNDER” is used to •I found my pen UNDER the

indicate beneath bed.
something/one. •The plane flew OVER the
“OVER” is used to mountains.
indicate above
something/one •My best friend lives ACROSS
”ACROSS” indicates on the road.
the other side of.
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„UNLESS‟ is used to show •I am not going for the
a condition party UNLESS you come
‟UNTIL‟ is also used to with me.
show condition, but a •I will wait here UNTIL he
condition related to a
time frame. comes home.
„WITHOUT‟ is used to •I went to the party
show a lack of someone/ WITHOUT my husband.
something.
„BETWEEN‟ is used for two Please divide the pastry
persons, and „AMONG‟ is between the two of you.
used for more the two Share the chocolates
persons.
among the entire class.

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Asking Questions & saying
No!

Interrogative & Negative

69
Types of Questions
Open Ended
Also called „W‟ questions
Uses the words – where,
what, why, who, when,
which, how to ask questions
along with supporting verbs
to construct the sentences
Used when detailed answers
are required
Eg. Where do you live?
Close Ended
Also called „Yes/No‟
questions.
Uses the supporting verbs –
to be, to do & to have to as
well as defective verbs like -
can, could, may, will, shall
etc. to ask questions
Used when „yes/No‟ answers
are required
Eg. Do you live in Pashan?
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Leading Questions
 Not very commonly used
 A combination of a statement and question
 Used when one wants to crosscheck
something
 Eg. – You are going for a party today,
aren‟t you?
 You don‟t have to attend that meeting, do
you?
 She is married to your cousin, isn‟t she?

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FORMING THE
INTERROGATIVE
 Some form their interrogative by the
simple method of reversing the order of the
subject and verb. This is called
INVERSION.
 They are:

Is, am are, was, were, have (has, had),

will (would),shall (should), may (might),
must, can (could)

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Constructing close ended
questions in various
tenses.

Negative & Interrogative

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 Simple Present
Positive / Negative/ Interrogative

 She eats an apple everyday.

 She doesn‟t eat an apple everyday
 Does she eat an apple everyday?
 He is an honest man.
 He isn‟t an honest man
 Is he an honest man?
 They are a nice family.
 They aren‟t a nice family.
 Are they a nice family ?

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Present Continuous –
Positive / Negative / Interrogative

 I‟m eating a chocolate

 I‟m not eating a chocolate
 She‟s eating a chocolate
 She isn‟t eating a chocolate
 Is she eating a chocolate ?

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Present Perfect –
Positive / Negative / Interrogative

 I have eaten a chocolate.

 I haven‟t eaten a chocolate
 She has eaten a chocolate.
 She hasn‟t eaten a chocolate.
 Has she eaten a chocolate ?

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Present Perfect Continuous
 I have been studying all morning.
 We have been studying all morning.
 She has been studying all morning.
 She hasn‟t been studying all morning
 Has she been studying all morning ?

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Simple Past

 I ate a chocolate yesterday

 I didn‟t eat a chocolate yesterday
 She ate a chocolate yesterday
 She didn‟t eat a chocolate yesterday
 Did she eat a chocolate yesterday ?

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Past Continuous Tense

 I was sleeping when the electricity went

 I wasn‟t sleeping when the electricity went
 She was sleeping when the electricity went
 She wasn‟t sleeping when the electricity
went
 Was she sleeping when the electricity
went?

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Past Perfect Tense –
Positive/ Negative / Interrogative

 I‟d eaten my lunch by the time the guest

arrived
 I hadn‟t eaten my lunch by the time the
guest arrived
 They had eaten their lunch by the time
the guest arrived.
 They hadn‟t eaten their lunch by the
time the guest arrived
 Had they eaten their lunch by the time
the guest arrived ?

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Simple Future

 She will revise her work

 She won‟t revise her work.
 Will she revise her work?

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AUXILIARY/ DEFECTIVE OR
DISOBEDIENT VERBS

Concepts and usage of these „Special‟

verbs

82
AUXILIARY/ DEFECTIVE VERBS
Some verbs that behave
differently:-
1. be(am, is, are, were, was, being, been)
2. have (has,have, had)
3. do(did,doing,done)
4. shall (should)
5. will (would)
6. can (could)
7. may(might)
8. must
9. need
10. used to

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Uses of Auxiliary Verbs
 To form Negative
Ex – I do not like bananas
 To form interrogative
Ex - Do you like bananas ?
 To form various tenses
Ex - I have just eaten lunch
Ex - We will go for a movie tomorrow
 To form the passive voice
Ex – He was bitten by a snake
 To form the conditional
Ex - I would travel round the world if I could

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AUXILIARY OR HELPING VERBS

These are called „helping‟ verbs as they

help in the following ways:- They help
form -
 the Negative – - I DO not eat beef.
 the Interrogative – DO you eat beef ?
 the Present Perfect Tense – She HAS
taken her daughter to the dentist, or HAVE
you eaten lunch ?
 the Past Perfect Tense – They HAD eaten
all the food by the time I reached home
 the Present Continuous Tense. - She IS
cooking lunch.

85
AUXILIARY OR HELPING VERBS

 the Past Continuous Tense eg – He

WAS studying when he heard a loud
noise.
 the Future Tense – I WILL go to the
doctor tomorrow
 the Passive Voice – The man WAS
bitten by the snake.
 the Conditional – I WOULD travel round
the world if I COULD afford it.

86
Why are they called defective or
disobedient ?

 All other verbs have the following forms:

Infinitive - to eat, to sleep, to do
Simple present – eat, sleep, do
Present Participle – eating, sleeping, doing
Past Participle – eaten, slept, done
Simple Past – ate, slept, did
BUT defective verbs DO NOT have all these
forms

87
Some important defective or
disobedient verbs

 TO BE
Used alone or along with other verbs to the
form the Simple Present, Simple Past,
Present Continuous, Past Continuous,
Future continuous and the Passive voice.
Eg – The machine is being used in the
other OT. (Passive Voice)
I have been robbed. (passive voice)
We shall be blamed for this mistake.
(passive voice)

88
Some important defective or
disobedient verbs

 Can & May

Forms – Simple Present & Simple Past
can & could
May & might – only Simple Present &
Simple Past
They do not have an infinitive,
present participle or past participle
form

89
CAN AND MAY their meanings and
usage

 Can – means „to be able to‟

Example – Can you breathe properly with the mask on
?
Could you breathe with the mask on?
BUT – For other tenses one needs to use „be able to‟ in
place of can
Example – Will you be able to breathe with the mask
on? (Future tense)
Have you been able to breathe with the mask on?

90
CAN AND MAY their meanings
and usage

May – is used to show doubt and to ask for

permission
Example – May I use your toilet?
I may go to Mumbai next week
For the other tenses we use „allow‟, „permit‟ or
„let‟ in place of may
Example – She has allowed me to use the
toilet (PP)
She will permit me to use the toilet (FT)
She is permitting me to use the toilet (PC)

91
Some important defective or
disobedient verbs

 Must
Only one form i.e. Simple Present
Must – has two meanings:-
A command or compulsion
Example – You must eat only after washing
your hands
A conclusion or reasonable assumption
Example – You must be tired of waiting for so
long
Negative – I mustn‟t forget to visit my
grandmother today

92
Should & Would
 Should‟ and „would‟ in addition to being the past
tense form of „will‟ and „shall‟ are very often used
with other verbs to make conditional sentences.
Would is also used to make polite conversation
 Examples –
You should work hard if you want to see results.
I would definitely help you if I could.
Geeta would read more if she had the time.
I would like to open a bank account.
Would you like a cup of coffee?

93
Difference between usage of
“shall” & “will”
Will
Shall
In the 1st person used to
In the 1st
person used for show determination or a
routine actions – eg. I promise. Eg. I will not
shall begin the lecture by tolerate any disrespectful
9 am. behaviour from my
In 2nd & 3rd person used to children
show determination or a In the 2nd & 3rd person used
promise for routine actions. Eg.
eg. He shall donate a part of They will bathe the dog
a pocket money to today.
charity. Cannot use “will” for 1st
Cannot use shall for 2nd for person interrogative eg.
3rd person interrogative. Will I make you a cup of
Eg. Shall he lend some tea?
money to me? *But “will” can be used in 1st
person interrogative to
express doubt “Will we
reach on time to catch the
94
train?”
SOME EXERCISES
In each of the following sentences replace the
underlined words with can, could, may, might
or must
We are able to lift that box
My mother said we were allowed to play
indoors
Grandmother is likely to be tired after the long
journey
He was so tall he was able to reach the top
shelf
Mr.Sharma is probably relieved that his
illness is not serious
He said he wasn‟t able to come to the
meeting
95
SOME EXERCISES
You have to stick both sides of the paper
Madam says I‟m permitted to enter the
classroom
It is necessary for me to ask for a loan
Everyone is compelled to obey the law
It seems reasonable to suppose that you
must be anxious to know the exam
results
Anisa has to look after her younger sister

96
“Going to”
 Going to – A way of expressing future
action or a deliberate intention or threat.
 Example - I am going to tell your father what
you have done. We are going to drive
throughout the night.
 Also used to express the strong probability
that something will happen.
 Example - The weather experts are sure that
the river is going to flood as a result of the
continuous heavy rains we have been having
during the last two weeks.

97
Constructing „Going to‟ sentences

 Subject + (is, am, are, was, were)

+ going to + simple present tense
of a verb = going to sentence

 Example – I am going to tell your

father.
 They were going to drive to
Mumbai

98
“Used to”
 Used to : helps to express the state or condition of
person, place or object in the past, before a change
(either negative or positive) took place.
 Also expresses certain actions or events of the past.
Example –
When we visited our native village as children, we
used to spend the whole day breaking and eating
tamrinds and mangoes from the trees.
The personality development course has really changed
her, she used to be such a shy and quiet person
before.

99
Constructing „Used to‟ sentences

 Subject + used to + simple present

tense of a verb = „used to‟ sentence

Example
We used to break tamrinds from the
neighbour‟s tree when we were
young.
They used to go for a walk every
morning during their holiday

100
PUNCTUATION
Apostrophe - (‟)
(done in detail later)
Quotation Marks – (“”)
Eg – He said, “Let us consider the first suggestion.”
Eg – Your interpretation of “socialism” is different from mine. (here single
quotation marks can be used as well)
Dash - (_)
Eg – A similar exercise-you would recall- was done last year
Hyphen - (-)
Eg – Chicken-hearted, cross-examine (compound words)
Eg – anti-inflation, re-educate (complex words)
Eg – forty-six (compound numbers)
Brackets - ()
Eg – We have already discussed (chapter 7) how to deal with such
situations. (to show reference)
Eg – Immovable property (land and buildings) can be offered as security.
(to insert a parenthesis)

101
Apostrophe

Contractions
 I can‟t find the file.
 You shouldn‟t be breaking the rules of
the organization.
o He‟s been unwell since last Monday
Possession
 The Director‟s secretary has been jailed.
 The manager‟s file has been stolen.
 Keats’ books (single syllable name)
 Dickens’ book (multi-syllable name)

102
Apostrophe

Plurals
 The department was set up in the 90‟s.
 The trainee got two A‟s in
Communication Skills.

Incorrect or no usage of apostrophe

 I wont be able to meet that deadline.
 Gary computer contains some sensitive
information
 The company was established in the
80s.
 She got four Bs in her assessment.

103
CAPITALIZATION:
Capitals are used for:-
1. Names of persons, places, rivers, oceans,
mountains, organizations and designations
Example – Delhi, Mahesh, Ganga, Bureau of
Statistics, Himalaya
2. Names of days and months
Example – Monday, January
3. Holidays and religious days
Example – New Year, Diwali, Christmas
4. Adjectives of nationality
Example – French, Indian, German

104
CAPITALIZATION:
Name of trains, aero planes and ships
Example – Shatabdi, Deccan Queen, Sagar
Samrat
6. Abbreviations of degrees, eras and
organizations
Example – B.E., A.D., UNESCO
7. Names and pronouns referring to god
Example – Our Father in Heaven
8. 9. At the beginning of a direct
quotation and a sentence
Example – Hari said, “You have done a 105
ABBREVIATIONS & NUMERALS

Abbreviations are commonly used

for:-
 Days of the week & months of the
year –
Example - Mon, Tue, Jan, Feb
 Titles before names –
Example - Mr. Smt. Dr. Prof. Maj., Capt.,
 Measurements & weights
Example – cms., kg, mm, gms.
 Miscellaneous – Example - RSVP, etc.,106
Some more forms of verbs
The Present Infinitive: This is one of the
non-finite forms of verbs.
The usual rule while constructing a sentence
with the „Present Infinitive‟ is to put a „to‟
before it when it comes after another verb
or verbs.
Eg- I was waiting to cross the road.
She tried to start the car.
They went to meet their grandmother in
the hospital.
We all like to watch television.

107
Active and Passive Voice
 In sentences that have a subject and an object one
needs to have a transitive verb as the action of the
subject travels to or affects the object.
Example - The dog bit the man – the dog (subject) is
the doer and the man (object) is the receiver of the
action being done by the dog (i.e. biting)
 But sometimes by shifting the words around in the
sentence one can make it such that the subject is no
longer the doer of the action as in this example –
The man was bitten by the dog.
 In the above sentence the man who was actually the
object in the original version of this sentence now
becomes the subject of the sentence

108
Active and Passive Voice
 The Passive voice can only be made from
sentences which have transitive verbs.
 A transitive verbs ensures that an action
is travelling from the subject to the
object.
 If there is no receiver of an action the
passive voice cannot be created
 The purpose of passive voice is in cases
where the receiver of the action (object)
is more important than the doer of the
action (subject)

109
Places where Passive Voice is
used

 When the Subject is unknown

 When the Object is more important
than the Subject
 Eg – The dog (subject) bit the man
(obj)
 The man (obj) was bitten by the
dog (sub)
 The xxx robbed the jewelry store
 The jewelry store was robbed
110
Constructing the Passive Voice

Simple Present –
- Babies drink milk (Active)

- Milk is drunk by babies (Passive)

Object + present tense of the „to be‟

verb + Past Participle = Passive
voice (Simple Present)

111
Constructing the Passive Voice

Simple Past –
- Meena & Ratan made a sand castle
(Active)
- A sand castle was made by Meena
and Ratan (Passive)
Object + past tense of the „to be‟
verb + Past Participle = Passive
voice (Simple Past)

112
Constructing the Passive Voice

Simple Future –
- Meena & Ratan will make a sand
castle (Active)
- A sand castle will be made by
Meena and Ratan (Passive)
Object + will + be + Past Participle =
Passive voice (Simple Future)

113
Constructing the Passive Voice
Present / Past Continuous –
- Meena & Ratan are making a sand
castle (Active)
- A sand castle is being made by
Meena and Ratan (Passive)
Object + Present / Past tense of „to
be‟ verb + being + Past Participle =
Passive voice (Present / Past
Continuous)

114
Constructing the Passive Voice

Present / Past Perfect –

- Meena & Ratan have made a sand castle
(Active)
- A sand castle has been made by Meena and
Ratan (Passive)
Object + have / has / had + been + Past
Participle = Passive voice (Present / Past
Continuous)

115
Active & Passive Voice
 Examples – Tigers eat deer. Deer are eaten
by tigers – (Simple Present)
 Ravi completed the project within 10 days
– The project was completed (by Ravi)
within 10 days. (Simple Past)
 The Police will arrest the thief by
tomorrow – The thief will be arrested by
tomorrow - (Simple Future)
 The cats have eaten all the fish bones. All
the fish bones have been eaten by the cats.
(Present Perfect)

116
Active & Passive Voice
 Sunil had broken the window last week.
The window had been broken by Sunil last
week. (Past Perfect)
 The office is expecting the director to
reach by 10 am . The director is expected
to reach by 10 am – (Present Continuous).
 The thieves were robbing the house,
when the burglar alarm rang . The house
was being robbed, when the burglar alarm
rang. (Past Continuous)

117
Keeping Time in English
 Half Past two
 Quarter past three
 Quarter to four
 Five thirty
 Six fifteen
 Ten to six
 Twenty to eight
 Five past two
 Ten past seven
 Twelve noon
 Twelve mid-night

118
SOME EXAMPLES
 My mother shouted ---- me
 We came ----- foot
 I stopped ---- the café
 She sliced ----- the cake with a knife
 The cake was ---- an airtight box
 The vultures hovered ----- the dead body
 I go to school ----- my bicycle
 She is angry ------ me
 The children laughed ------ her
 He was born ----- Mumbai

119
 Punctuation

Some punctuation marks

Comma - (,) Eg – Hari, the son of Ramesh
Anil said, “This must be completed today.”
Semicolon - (;) Eg – Health means happiness;
illness means misery
Colon - (:) Eg – Please send the following: 21
pins, 36 boxes of paper

120
Punctuation
Full Stop - (.) Eg - B.E. / M.B.B.S. / Mr. Mrs.
Prof. (abbreviations)
Eg - The meeting will be held at 7 p.m.
(Note: only one period for both the
abbreviation and end of the sentence)
Question Mark - (?) Eg - What‟s the time?
Eg – The report written in August 1986 (?)
has not been processed yet. (used within
brackets to indicate doubt)

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 THE END

THANK YOU

122