Dr. Carl E.

Balita Review Center

CBRC Headquarters
2nd Flr., Carmen Building, 881 G. Tolentino St. corner España Blvd., Sampaloc,
Manila 1008

Academics and Services Department (ASD)

LET Review Program

ART APPRECIATION

PHILIPPINE ARTS AND CRAFTS: A CHRONOLOGY

According to the Philippine Art Period Timeline, the history of Philippine art is

described in detail.

Art History
1. Prehistoric Art ● relied on the use of natural pigments
(40,000-4,000 ● stone carvings to create representations of
BC) objects, animals, and rituals that governed a
civilization’s existence.
● Wall/cave paintings

? Stationary
Art Forms ? Portable Art

1. Lascaux Cave paintings in France

Example
-the Great Hall of the Bulls
Artworks
-The Chamber of Felines
-The Shaft of the Dead Man.
2. Venus of Willendorf, fertility sculpture
found in Willendorf Austria
3. Stonehenge (Post and Lintel), Salisbury
Plain Wiltshire,England

1. Angono Petroglyphs,
Philippine Prehistoric
● the oldest known artworks in the Philippines.
art
127 figural carvings engraved on the wall of a
shallow cave of volcanic tuff.
2. Manunggul Jar
● a secondary burial jar excavated from a
Neolithic burial site in the Manunggul cave of
the Tabon Caves at Lipuun Point in Palawan,
Philippines.
3. Maitum Jar
- are earthenware secondary burial vessels
- discovered in 1991 by the National Museum of
the Philippines' archaeological team in Ayub
Cave, Barangay Pinol, Maitum, Sarangani
Province, Mindanao, Philippines.
 2. Ancient Art ● Art was produced by advanced civilizations,
(4,000 B.C.– which in this case refers to those with an
A.D. 400) established written language.

a. Mesopotamia
b. Egypt
c. Greece
d. Rome
e. China
f. India
g. Persia
h. Palestine

i. Functions of ● to tell stories

● decorate utilitarian objects like bowls and
Arts
weapons
● display religious and symbolic imagery,
● demonstrate social status
● depict stories of rulers, gods, and goddesses.

Sample
Ancient
Artworks
Mesopotami
a 1. Code of Hammurabi. Created around 1792 B.C.,
the piece bears a Babylonian set of laws carved
in stone

Greece 1.Parthenon (Architecture)

▪ a temple in honor of the city’s patron
goddess Athena.
2.Venus de Milo (Sculpture)
▪ carved in 100 B.C. during the Hellenistic
Age by the little-known Alexandros of
Antioch
▪ discovered in 1820 on the island of Melos.
3.Kerch vases (Pottery)-nilalagyan flowers
▪ is an archaeological term describing vases
from the final phase of Attic red-figure
pottery production.
4.Krater or crater (pottery)
▪ (Greek: κρατήρ, kratēr, literally "mixing
vessel") was a large vase in Ancient Greece,
used for the dilution of wine with water.
5.Pelike (Pottery)
▪ It has two open handles that are vertical
on their lateral aspects and even at the side
with the edge of the belly, a narrow neck, a
flanged mouth, and a sagging, almost
spherical belly
3. Medieval Art ● often referred to as the “Dark Ages,”
(500–1400) ● marked a period of economic and cultural
deterioration following the fall of the Roman Empire
in 476 A.D.

Characteristics ● artwork produced reflects that darkness

● characterized by grotesque imagery and brutal
scenery.
● centered around the Church.
● more sophisticated and elaborately
decorated churches emerged
● windows and silhouettes were adorned with
biblical subjects
● scenes from classical mythology.
● emergence of the illuminated manuscript and
Gothic architecture style
Art forms
▪ Relief sculptures
● sculpture is any work which projects
from but which belongs to the wall,
● a sculpture with figures that protrude
from a background while still being
attached to it.
▪ Fresco paintings
● method of painting water-based pigments
on freshly applied plaster, usually on wall
surfaces
▪ Mosaics
● a pattern or image made of small regular
or irregular pieces of colored stone, glass
or ceramic, held in place by
plaster/mortar, and covering a surface
▪ Metal works
● useful and decorative objects fashioned
of various metals, including copper,
iron, silver, bronze, lead, gold, and
brass.
▪ Stained glass
● refers to glass that has been colored by
metallic oxides during the manufacturing
process
▪ Gothic architectures
● a European style of architecture that
values height and exhibits an intricate
and delicate aesthetic.
● Pointed arches
Art Period
● Large, stained window glass
● Rib vaults

1. Early Medieval Art

 2. Romanesque Art
3. Gothic Art.

▪ Rose window
▪ Mosaic of Jesus Christ in Istanbul, Turkey.
▪ Hagia Sophia in Constantinople
▪ Lindisfarne Gospels (illuminated manuscript)
▪ Byzantine mosaics at The Palatine Chapel in Sicily.
Sample Artworks and ▪ Notre-Dame Cathedral
architecture
4. Renaissance Art ● period of "rebirth" in arts, science, and culture, and
is
(1400–1600) typically thought to have originated in Italy
● capture the experience of the individual and the
beauty
and mystery of the natural world.

Famous Artist
1. Leonardo ▪ the ultimate “Renaissance man”
(1452-1519) ▪ epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal.
▪ Famous works
● “Mona Lisa” (1503-05)
● “The Virgin of the Rocks” (1485)
● “The Last Supper” (1495-98), Fresco
● Vitruvian Man
● allowed him to reproduce reality with a
remarkable degree of accuracy.

2. Michelangelo ▪ the dominant sculptor of the High Renaissance

Buonarroti ▪ Famous works
(1475-1564) ● Pietà in St. Peter’s Cathedral (1499)
● David in his native Florence (1501-04)
● Giant fresco covering the ceiling of the Sistine
Chapel, completed over four years (1508-12) and
depicting various scenes from Genesis.

3. Raphael Sanzio ▪ the youngest of the three great High Renaissance

masters,
▪ Sistine Madonna, Madonna of the Chair, The School
of
Athens

4. Filippo ▪ father of Renaissance architecture,

Brunelleschi ▪ Duomo of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence’s central
cathedral

5. Donatello ▪ one of the best-known sculptors of the Renaissance

(1386-1466) ▪ His most famous piece, the bronze David, was the
first
free-standing nude statue made since antiquity

6. Sandro ▪ Primavera’,
Botticelli (1445- ▪ The Adoration of the Magi
1510) ▪ ‘Venus and Mars’
 ▪ The Birth of Venus

▪ Portrait of Doge Loredano

7. Giovanni Bellini
(1430-1516)

5. Baroque (1600– ● over-the-top visual arts and architecture.

1750) ● characterized by grandeur and richness
 ● stylistically complex.

a. Michelangelo ▪ Realistic religious depictions, done on a grand scale,

Merisi ▪ Italian painter
Caravaggio ▪ Known for: dramatic use of lighting in Baroque
paintings
(1573-1610) ▪ Death of the Virgins

▪ Italian sculptor and architect

▪ Known for: creating the Baroque style of sculpture

b. Gian ▪ Portrait of Philip IV, Las Meninas

Lorenzo
Bernini
(1598-
1680)

c. Diego ▪ Flemish painter, draughtsman, and diplomat

Rodríguez
de Silva y ▪ Assumption of the Virgin, Judgement of Paris, The
Garden
Velázquez, of Love
(1599-
1660),
▪ Dutch Baroque painter and printmaker
d. Peter Paul ▪ one of the greatest storytellers in the history of art,
Rubens
(1577 – 1640) ▪ possessing an exceptional ability to render people in
their
various moods and dramatic guises.
▪ The Night Watch, Man with the Golden Helmet,
Descent
e. Rembrandt from the Cross
Harmenszo
on
van Rijn, (1606-
1669)

6. Rococo Art ● It is characterized by lightness, elegance, and an

(1700- 1800) exuberant use of curving natural forms in
ornamentation.
● The word Rococo is derived from the French word
rocaille, which denoted the shell-covered rock work
that was used to decorate artificial grottoes.

Jean ● The father of Rococo painting

Antoine ● who invented a new genre called fêtes galantes,
Watteau which were scenes of courtship parties.
● La Surprise
 (1684–
1721) ● was the predominant movement in European art
and architecture during the late 18th and early
19th centuries.
7. NEOCLASSIC ● Neoclassical works (paintings and sculptures)
were serious, unemotional, and sternly heroic.

● The Oath of the Horatii, The Death of Socrates,

The Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of his
Sons, The Death of Marat, Bonaparte Crossing
Jacques-Louis the Grand Saint- Bernard Pass, 20 May 1800
David (1748-
1825)
 Jean-Auguste- ● La Grande Odalisque, The Vow of Louis
Dominique XIII, The Apotheosis of Homer, The Turkish
Ingres Bath,
8. Romanticism ● The artists emphasized that sense and emotions -
not simply reason and order - were equally
important means of understanding and experiencing
the world.
● Romanticism celebrated the individual imagination
and intuition in the enduring search for individual
rights and liberty.

Francisco Goya ● Spanish painter and printmaker

(1746 -1828) ● The Black Duchess, The Nude Maja, The Third of
May, 1808, Saturn Devouring His Son,

Théodore ● French Painter

Géricault (1791- ● The Raft of the Medusa, Portrait of Mustapha,
1824)
● French Painter
Eugène Delacroix
(1798 -1863) ● widely regarded as the leader of the
Romantic movement in 19th-century
French art.
● Scenes from the Massacres of Chios, The
Death of Sardanapalus, Liberty Leading the
People, Apollo Slaying the Serpent

I. Art Appreciation, Art, creativity, imagination, and expression

Beauty ● Sensual qualities in a thing or idea which excites

one’s immediate admiration, pleasure or
satisfaction for itself rather than for its uses.

Sources of beauty 1. Nature

● “Mother of all arts”
2. Art
● Made by man, not imitative but creative

Art Definition ● The expression or application of human creative

skill and imagination
● The term ART derives from the old Latin, which
implies a “craft or specialized sort of expertise, as
carpentry or smithing or surgery” (Collingwood,
1938).
1. Art must be man-made
Essential 2. It must benefit and satisfy man
Requirements of Arts 3. It must be expressive through certain medium or
material
● refers to the main idea that is represented in the
 artwork
The subject in art ● The subject of art is VARIED.
● Usually anything that is represented in the artwork.
(Person, object, sense, or event.
 1. Representational Art or Objective Art
● arts which depict (represent) objects that
Two kinds of arts are commonly recognized by most people
as to subject ● Arts that have subjects (paintings, sculpture,
literature, graphic arts, theater arts)

2. Non-representational Art or Non-objective Art

● Arts that do not have subject (Music, Architecture,
and many of the Functional art)
● They do not present descriptions, stories, or
references to identifiable objects or symbols
● Appear directly to the senses primarily because of
the satisfying organization of their sensuous and
expressive
elements.
Kinds of subjects ● Landscapes, Seascapes, and Cityscapes
● Still Life
● Animals
● Portraits
● Figures
● Everyday Life
● History and Legend
● Religion and Mythology
● Dreams and Fantasies
Functions of Art 1. AESTETIC FUNCTION
● Through art, man becomes conscious of the
beauties of nature and the benefits he gets from
his own work and those done by his fellow man.
2. UTILITARIAN FUNCTION
● Art provides comfort and happiness
● Shelter, clothing, landscaping, etc.
3. CULTURAL FUNCTIONS
● Transmit and preserve skills and knowledge
from one generation to another
● Broadens one’s cultural background
4. SOCIAL FUNCTION
● Through civic and graphic arts, man
learns to cooperate, love and help each
other.
CLASSIFICATIO
N OF ART
1. Music
I. FINE OR ● Harmonious combination of sound
AESTHETIC ● Most dynamic, most emotional, most universal, and
ART most abstract of all fine arts
2. Painting
● Visual art which expresses either by line, form,
texture, or value of color
3. Sculpture
● Express by carving, shaping, or modeling
4. Architecture
● Most useful of all the fine arts
 ● Sometimes called as “frozen music” because it has
many rhythmic features such as windows,
ornaments, columns, and floorings.
5. Literature
● Includes the writing of poems, short-stories,
novels, plays, histories, biographies, essays, etc.
6. Dancing
● Based upon music or rhythmic sound
● Characterized by rhythm or repetition
● The only art having one medium – the
performer or dancer
7. Drama
● Includes acting, directing, stage setting, stage
lighting and public speaking

1.Industrial Art
II. PRCTICAL OR ● Changing raw material into some significant
USEFUL ART product or human consumption or use.
2.Applied or household art
● Refers mostly to household arts such as,
flower arrangement, interior decoration,
dressmaking, embroidery, make-up, etc.
3.Civic Art
● Refers to civic planning and beautification to
improve the standards of living
4.Commercial Art
● Involves business propaganda in the form of
advertisements in newspaper, magazines,
signages, billboards, and the likes
5.Graphic Art
● Anything printed from raised or sunken reliefs and
plain surfaces.

II. ASSUMPTIONS OF ARTS

1. Art Is Universal
• Timeless, transcending generations and nations through and through.
• Misconception: Artistic created long time ago.
• Age is not a factor in determining art.
• Literature has contributed crucial terms of art.
• lliad and the Odyssey are the two Greek Epics that one’s being taught in school.
• The Sanskrit compositions Mahabharata and Ramanaya are also classics in
this domain.
2. Nature Is Not Art, and Art Is Not Nature
• In the absence of a depiction of reality, art may be thought of
as a perspective of reality.
• In the Philippines, it is fairly uncommon for some viewers of local films to
express their dissatisfaction with the films' realism by stating that they are unrealistic.
They argue that local movies are based on a set of formulas that are detrimental to the
content and fidelity to reality of the films they produce
• 'Well and Grinding' is a painting by French artist Paul Cezanne that
depicts a situation from reality.
• The Chateau Noir's Forest has a wheel, and it is located there.
 3. Art is a result of personal experience
• It is not a comprehensive guide, but rather an experience. The actual
act of accomplishing something.
• For others, reaching this point without having a good definition of art might
seem bizarre and bizarre. For most people, art does not need a comprehensive
definition. Art is nothing more than a sensory experience.

III. Visual Arts

I. ELEMENTS OS - The elements of art are the basic components of

ARTS art- marking.
- They are the building blocks of composition in arts

- Refers to the contour, profile, or outline of an

1. Lines object.
- It determines the shape or form of the object

Type of lines
a. Straight lines
- horizontal lines
- vertical lines
- diagonal or slanting lines
- zigzag lines
b. Curved Lines
- Spiral
- Wave
- Concave
- Convex

- It is an enclosed line
2. Shapes - a two-dimensional area that is defined by a
change in value or some other form of contrast.
- An element of art that is two-dimensional,
flat, or limited to
- height and width.

Types of Shapes
a. Geometric shapes
- Can be described using mathematical terms
- They are very regular or precise
- They are more often found in man-made
things because
- they are easier to reproduce and make
things with
- Types of geometric shapes
Circle, square, triangle, rectangle, etc
b. Free-form or organic shapes
- shapes that seem to follow no rules
- shapes that are irregular or asymmetrical
in appearance and tend to have a curvy
flow to them
- Nearly all shapes found in nature are
organic in appearance. Examples are
leaves, flowers etc.
 - It connotes something that is three-
dimensional and encloses volume, having
length, width, and height.
3. For a. Geometric forms
m - are forms that are mathematical, precise,
and can be named
- sphere, cubes, cone, pyramid
b. Organic forms
- are those that are free-flowing, curvy,
sinewy, and are not symmetrical
- They most often occur in nature, as in the
shapes of flowers, branches, leaves,
puddles, clouds, animals, the human figure,
etc.
- It originates from a light source, that is either view
directly or as reflected light.
- Color is one of the most expressive elements
4. Col because its quality affects our emotions directly
or and immediately
Categories of Color
1. Properties of colors
a. Primary colors
- Independent colors
- Red, yellow and blue
b. Secondary Colors
- Mixture of two equal amount of primary colors
- Green, violet, orange
c. Tertiary or intermediate colors
- Mixture of two equal amount of primary
and secondary colors
- Yellow green, yellow orange, blue green,
blue violet, red orange, red violet
2. Hue
- The actual color, or the identity of a color
- Red, yellow, blue, pink, orange
3. Intensity
- is the brightness or dullness of color
- is a color’s strength, saturation, purity
4. Temperature of colors
a. Warm colors
- Cheerful, exciting, aggressive colors
- Red, yellow, orange
b. Cool colors
- Calm, restful and depressing
- Blue, green, violet
5. Color Harmony
- a pleasing combination of colors
- Harmonious combination of colors
a. Monochromatic Colors
- This scheme may be achieved using tints
and shades of one hue
- Mono means one or single
- Chroma means color
 b. Analogous colors
- One or more adjacent colors in the color wheel.
c. Complementary Colors
- Combination of any two opposite colors in
the color wheel
d. Triad Colors
- Combination of three colors which form
an equilateral triangle in the color
wheel

- The lightness or darkness of a color

- Adding black will darken a hue or lower its value.
This is called a SHADE.
- Adding white will lighten a hue or raise its value.
This is called a TINT.

5. Value - It is the perceived surface

- quality of a work of art.

- the roughness or smoothness of the material from
which it is made.
Types of Texture
6. Texture a. Physical Texture
- Experience texture trough touch
b. Implied Texture
- An artist may use his/her skillful painting
technique to create the illusion of texture.

- The distance around, between, above, below,

and within an object.

7. Space

II. Principles of - Harmonious arrangement of elements of arts

Design
- Order or unity
1. Harmony - It is the quality which unifies every part
of an arrangement

- Equal distribution of VISUAL weight on either

2. Balance side of a composition’s center
- Used to create a sense of stability
- Types of Balance
a. Symmetrical balance
b. Asymmetrical balance
c. Radial balance
- The regular, uniform, or related movement made
3. Rhythm through the repetition of a unit or motif
 - Rhythms can be broadly categorized as random,
regular, alternating, flowing, and progressive
4. Proportions
- is the relationship of sizes between different
parts of a work.
- Ratio, harmony of size, beautiful sizes, law of
space relationships
5. Emphasis
- The dominance and subordination, center of
interest, dominant interest.
6. Variety
- Contrast, variation
7. Movements
- Using art elements to direct a viewer's eye along a
path through the artwork, and/or to show
movement, action and direction

ASIAN ART

Asian art is diverse and rich as a result of thousands of years and the contributions

of numerous nations. It is also well renowned for its calligraphy, which is regarded

as the highest form of art in East Asian art, along with ritual bronzes, exquisite

ceramic sculptures, jades, textiles, poetic painted landscapes, garden design,

amazing temples, shrines, pagodas, and stupas. Fan Kuan's Travelers amid

Mountains and Stream, Katsushika Hokusai's series of 36 views of Mount Fuji, and

Basawan's Akbar Restraining the Enraged Elephant Hawai'i are just a few instances

of artworks that have stood the test of time (Akbar Restraining the Enraged

Elephant Hawaii). In recent years, Asia has significantly influenced modern art.

Asian modern art has gained popularity recently. The number of regional biennials

and triennials, the opening of new contemporary art museums, and the international

acclaim of artists like Cai Guo-Qiang (born in China), Miwa Yanagi (born in Japan),

Suh DoHo (from Korea), and Rirkrit Tiravanija (from Thailand), among others, have

all contributed to the exponential growth of Asian contemporary art in recent years.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN ART
 The Classical, Medieval, Byzantine, Romanesque (including Baroque and

Rococo), Renaissance (including Baroque and Rococo), Neolassicism (including

Neoclassicism), Romanticism (including Realism), Impressionism (including

Impressionism), Modernism (including Modernism and Postmodernism), and

Postmodernism are among the successive periods and or movements that are

distinguished in the history of Western art (including Postmodernism).

A GREEK CHANT (GREGORIAN CHANT)

One of the most well-liked styles of music during the Middle Ages was this

one, which featured a single line of vocal melody that was unaccompanied and in

free rhythm. This is not at all surprising given the importance of the Catholic church

throughout this time period. The Mass, which commemorates and celebrates the

Last Supper of Jesus Christ, has always been and will always be a ceremonial event

using predefined words (liturgy), which were both spoken and sung throughout the

service.

MUSICAL POLYPHONIC DEVELOPMENT

Composers began experimenting with new methods as the Medieval Period went on, and as a result,
polyphonic genres were born.

ORGANUM

Organum was a crucial early strategy that made it possible to investigate polyphonic texture. It had two
lines of voices and a selection of different heterophonic textures. The three major kinds of organum are as
follows:

A type of organum that coexists alongside another organum is called a parallel organum, also referred to
as a "strict organum."
One voice sings the melody while the other sings at a set interval, giving the impression that the two
voices are moving parallel to one another. For a better understanding, listen to this synthesised example of
a parallel organum.
 melismatic organum (melismatic organ)

The other accompaniment component wanders around above the pitch on which one section of the
accompaniment stays fixed. Listen to this synthesized sample and observe how the second voice stays on
the same note while the first voice sings the melody, as well as how the second voice stays on the same
note while the first voice sings the melody.

NUEMES The direction in which the pitch was shifting was indicated by these

symbols engraved above chants.

The flute is a type of musical instrument constructed of wood. Medieval flutes

resembled modern recorders more in appearance since they had finger apertures

rather than keyholes.

Dulcimer The Middle Ages' dulcimers were originally plucked, but as technology

advanced, hammers were used to strike them.

Lyra The lyra, which dates back to antiquity, is frequently recognized as one of the

earliest known bowed instruments.

Two more medieval instruments that can be found are the recorder and the

lute. Traveling singers and performers called troubadours and trouvères were also

common around this time.

MIDDLE EASTERN MUSIC HAS ITS OWN SPECIAL STYLES

Ars Nova, which is Latin for "new art," was a brand-new kind of music that

evolved in the 14th century and had its roots in France and Italy.

The phrase comes from a work written by Philippe de Vitry and published in

France in 1320.

In writing, the style was characterized by a wider variety of rhythms, the

usage of double time, and a higher level of freedom and autonomy. These

experimental initiatives
laid some of the groundwork for later musical development throughout the

Renaissance. During the Art Nova era, the chanson was the most popular secular

genre.

THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF BAROQUE MUSIC THROUGHOUT HISTORY

Baroque music was a style of Western art music that was composed in the

Western world from roughly 1600 and 1750. The Classical era came next, coming

after this era, which occurred after the Renaissance. The name "baroque," which is

derived from the Portuguese word barroco and means literally "misshapen pearl,"

was used pejoratively to describe the complex and ornately embellished music of

this era. Later, the phrase began to be used to describe the same era's architecture

as well.

As a large portion of the "classical music" canon, baroque music is still

frequently studied, performed, and heard today.

Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, Alessandro Scarlatti, Domenico Scarlatti, Antonio

Vivaldi, Henry Purcell, Georg Philipp Telemann,

 Jean-Baptiste Lully, Arcangelo Corelli, Tomaso Albinoni, François Couperin,

Denis Gaultier, Claudio Monteverdi, Heinrich Schütz, Jean-Philippe Rameau, Jan

Dismas Zelenka, and Johann Pachelbel

CLASSICAL MUSIC

The history of classical music is a long one (1750-1810)

The term "classical," with a capital "C," designates anything of the

greatest level and is frequently linked to the ancient Greeks and

Romans. The letter "C" stands for it and designates a certain

composer's style. Any non- contemporary music is incorrectly

referred to as traditional music while discussing classical music. This

type of music is actually referred to as "art music" by composers

from the era.

The most important composers to remember and admire are

those who have been designated with an asterisk.

Galant is a name in fashion. This early classical style is also

referred to as "galant," which is a French word that means "galant"

or "galant-like."

This early classical design also has a very courtly aspect.

Instead of trying to provoke thought, it was meant to make the

listener feel good. The most well-known composers that utilized this

technique were Johann Christian Bach and C.P.E. Bach.

THE ORCHESTRA IS ON THE WAY

The size of the Orchestra began to grow. The use of the

harpsichord continuo gradually decreased in the repertory. Horns in

particular were more important in tying the texture together than

other wind instruments.

In spite of this, the main instrument was still the string section, to

which two horns, one or more flutes, or a pair of oboes could be

added. Gradually, as needed, composers started adding one or two

bassoons, along with a pair of trumpets or a pair of kettle drums.

Clarinets were initially made available in the latter part of the 18th

century. Due to his compositions, Mozart is credited with making the

clarinet more well known.

Simple broken chords repeated in the left hand make up the

Alberti Bass, which drives the beat and defines the harmony. One of

the first composers for the piano, C.P.E. Bach began his work around

1750. J.C. The first piano recital by Bach took place in London. Many

pieces of music were published for harpsichord or piano, although

harpsichord use steadily declined.

SONATA

A sonata is a piece of music with one or more movements for one or

more instruments. It is a trio with three instruments, a quartet with

four, and a quintet with five.

SYMPHONY

A symphony is an orchestral sonata. The Symphony evolved

from the Italian Overture, however it features three movements

rather than three sections.

First movement: Usually fast, and in sonata form.

 Second movement.. Usually slower and more song-like. It could

be in sonata form or ternary form, and perhaps with variations.

Third movement: Haydn and Mozart wrote a minute in trio at

this point. Beethoven later turned this into a Scherzo (A direct
translation is joke.)

Fourth movement: Fast, often light hearted, perhaps in Rondo

form, or sonata form, or with variations. Haydn wrote numerous
sonatas, including the Surprise Symphony, the Drum Roll Symphony
and the London Symphony. Trios and quartets were also in four
movements. Sonatas might have three or four movements. The
Classical Concerto did not include the minuet, so only had three
movements.Sonata Form Sonata form is a way of building up an
individual movement, not a piece. It consists of three sections:
1. The Exposition: The composer exposes his musical ideas. The main
ideas are called subjects. The first subject is in the tonic, which
modulates (changes key) near the end to a bridge (transition)
passage, which leads to the second subject. The second subject is in
a new, but related, key, often the dominant (Sta) or relative major
(If the first subject is m a minor key). The second subject is usually
more tuneful.

2. Development: Here the ideas are developed. It creates a feeling of

tension and conflict. The climax may be in this section.
3. Recapitulation: The music is repeated from the beginning, but the
second subject is now in the tonic. Finally, the music may have a
coda (A direct translation is tail), which rounds off the music.
THE CONCERTO

It contains a solo instrument and an orchestra. There are three movements (slow, fast,

slow). The first movement has a double-exposition. The first is for the orchestra alone,

followed by the soloist. The second, with the second subject group in the related key.

Then comes the development and the recapitulation, for both the orchestra and the

soloist. Towards the end, the orchestra pauses, and the soloist plays a cadenza (a short

passage,'based on themes heard earlier, which displays the brilliance of the player.)

When the soloist finishes, the soloist ends with a trill, which signifies the orchestra

should come in and finish off the piece. The orchestra plays the coda to end.

OPERA

Classical composers wrote much vocal music, especially opera. Gluck was an

important opera composer. Orfeo ed Euridice is one of his works. He made the actions

more important in the opera. At the start of the opera, the overture prepared the

audience for what was to come, Mozart wrote operas including The Marriage of

Figaro, The Magic Flute and Don Giovanni. The Magic Flute is an example of

singspiel (an opera in which singing is mixed up with dialogue). The orchestra mirrors

the mood and drama of the action. Don Giovani is an example of 'opera buffa' (comic

opera).
 others, understanding culture, and

LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN (1770-1827) embodying tolerance and peace. It

Beethoven composed to please himself. He wrote 32 opens the door to a plethora of different

piano sonatas, nine symphonies. The 9th Symphony intelligences and expressions.

is the Choral Symphony. He wrote one opera, called

Fidelio. Towards the end of his life he became deaf. SOUL-MAKING is the process of
He could still composer, and hear the sounds in his
creating and deriving meaning through
head, but had great difficulty in conducting his
art. For a person to make sense of
works.
language and draw meaning from

words, it is necessary to take into

Beethoven modified Classical music. His music is
consideration semantic and
weightier, and on a larger scale. There is more
grammatical principles.
emotion in his music, and his last movements are

usually the most important. He uses more discords,

ART FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF
more dynamic contrast and more contrast in pitch. PHILOSOPHY
He increased the size of the orchestra, for example, Art as a kind of emulation
he often added a 3rd horn and a piccolo, and also
Plato's The Republic portrays artists as
added a choir in his 9th symphony.
mimics, and art as nothing more than a

collection of imitations. He believes that

the things that exist in this world are

SOULMAKING
Soul-making is a nontraditional method of
simply copies of the original, the eternal,
getting to know oneself and delving
and that authentic beings can only be
into the depths and true significance of
discovered in the World of Forms,
what we do in our daily lives. It
according to his metaphysics or
encourages the development of our inner
perspective of reality. Art is nothing
artist while
more than a copy of another's work. In
also assisting us in communicating with
the World of Forms, a painting is just a
copy of nature, which in turn is an
imitation of reality in the actual world.
Art as a means of communication
In agreement with Plato, Aristotle, on the
other hand, saw art as a tool to help
philosophy in the pursuit of the truth.
Art is a representation of a version of
reality. Aristotelian philosophy holds that
art has two distinct purposes: it allows
for the enjoyment of pleasure, and it has
the power to be instructional, teaching
its audience valuable lessons about life
and its surroundings.
Art as a kind of unbiased evaluation
Kant's Critique of Judgment asserted that
the judgment of beauty, which
regarded to be the foundation of art, was
something universal, despite the fact
that it was susceptible to
subjectivity. In his understanding
of beauty, he
acknowledged that it is subjective.
The Subjects of Art and the Method
of Presenting Them
Subject of Art
- The matter to be described or to
be portrayed by the artist.
- Person, object, scene, event.
2 kinds of art as to subject
1. Representational Art or
Objective Art
- Uses “form” and is concerned with “what” is
to be depicted in the artwork.
a) Still Life
- Depicting mostly inanimate object matter,
typically commonplace objects which may
be either natural (food flower, plants, rocks,
shells) or man-made (drinking glasses,
books, vases, coins, pipes, etc.) in an
artificial setting.
b)
Portraiture
he
- Portrait
- Painting, photograph, sculpture, or other
artistic representation of a person, in
which the face and expression is
predominant.
 c) Landscapes,
Seascapes, and Cityscapes

2. Non –
Representational Art or
Non- Objective Art
- Uses “content” and
concerned with “how” the artwork is
depicted.

Methods of Presenting Art

Subjects
➢ Realism
- Began in France 1850s
- Believed in the ideology of objective
reality and revolted against
exaggerated emotionalism
- Depict what the eyes can see, what
the ear can hear, an what the sense
faculty may receive.
- Gustave Courbet and Honore
Domier

➢ Abstraction
- In abstract art, the artist does not
show the subject at all as an
objective reality, but only his ideas
or his feeling about it (exaggerated
emotionalism).
- Wassily Kandivinsky

a. Distortion
- Subject is in misshapen
condition, irregular shape,
twisted out
- Form of emphasizing
detail to the point that
something in no longer
“correctly” depicted.
 - The old guitarist – Pablo Picasso. a piece of
fractured
glass.

e. Abstract Expressionism
- Modern art
movement in
America (WWII)
b. Elongated - Depart
- Being lengthen completely from
- Protraction or extension. the subject
matter from the
studied precision
and from any
kind of
preconceived
design.
- (parang
batik batik
lang kagaya
kay JC Intal)

➢ Symbolism
- Systematically uses
symbols to concentrate
or intensify meaning,
c. Mangling making the work of art
- Not commonly used to portray more subjective (rather
abstract art. than objective) and
- Cut, lacerated, mutilated, torn, conventional.
hacked, or disfigured. - Spolarium

➢ Fauvism
- Les Fauves “the wild beast”
- Emphasized spontaneity
and use of extremely
bright colors.
- A color red tree.
- Henri Matisse

➢ Dadaism
- Dada “hobby – horse”
d. Cubism - System of art which is
- Early 1900s per se “non-
- Combination of basic geometric essential”
shapes – sometimes showing - Strives to have no
multiple meaning at all.
viewpoints of a - Post – WW cultural
particular image. movement against the
- Looking like barbarism.
 - Fake urinal turned into fountain

➢ Futurism
- Modernist movement
celebrating the
technological, future
era.
- A love of speed,
technology, and
violence.
 ➢ Surrealism
- Offshoot or child of dada.
- Also known as “super realism”
- Dream like
- Fantasy

a. Veristic Surrealism
- Allowed images of the subconscious to be undisturbed so that
the meaning could be understood through analysis.
- They follow images if the subconscious until consciousness can
understand the meaning.
- Rene Magritte, Salvador Dali.

b. Automatism or Abstract Surrealism

- Images of the subconscious should not be burdened by meaning, so
they are represented in an abstract form.
- Focused more on the feelings and less analytical
- Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud

Surrealistic Techniques
i. Scale – changing an objects scale or size.
ii. Levitation – floating objects that don’t normally float.
iii. Juxtaposition – joining 2 images together in impossible combinations.
iv. Dislocation – taking an object away from its usual environment and placing it
in an unfamiliar one.
v. Transparency – making objects (that are not transparent) transparent.
vi. Transformation – changing objects in unusual way; dahon na may bitak
na parang puzzle piece tas naging butterfly.

➢ Impressionism
- Optical realism
- Focused on directly describing the visual sensation derived from
nature.
- Devotees impressionism were not concerned with the actual
depiction of the object they painted; they were concerned with the
visual impressions aroused by those objects.
 Art as a means of conveying emotional content
Tolstoy believed that art has a significant function in communicating feelings that the
creator has previously experienced to an audience via communication. Emotions are
communicated via art

PSYCHOLOGY OF
COLORS oRED
(PHYSICAL)

Positive:
Physical courage, strength, warmth, energy, basic survival, 'fight or flight’, stimulation,
masculinity, excitement

Negative:
Defiance, aggression, strain
o BLUE
(INTELLECTUAL)
Positive:
Intelligence, communication, trust, efficiency, serenity, duty, logic, coolness,
reflection, calm

Negative:
Coldness, aloofness,
lack of emotion, unfriendliness.
o YELLOW
(EMOTIONAL)
Positive:
Optimism, confidence, self-esteem, extraversion, emotional strength,
friendliness, creativity

Negative:
Irrationality, fear, emotional fragility, depression, anxiety, suicide
o GREEN

(BALANCE) Positive:

Harmony, balance, refreshment, universal love, rest, restoration, reassurance,

environmental awareness, equilibrium, peace

Negative:
Boredom, stagnation, blandness, enervation
 o VIOLET

Positive:
Spiritual awareness, containment, vision, luxury, authenticity, truth, quality

Negative:
Introversion, decadence, suppression, inferiority.

o ORANGE

Positive:
Physical comfort, food, warmth, security, sensuality, passion, abundance, fun

Negative:
Deprivation, frustration, frivolity, immaturity

o PINK

Positive:
Physical tranquility, nurture, warmth, femininity, love, sexuality, survival of the species.

Negative:
Inhibition, emotional claustrophobia, emasculation, physical weakness

o GRAY

Positive:
Psychological neutrality.

Negative:
Lack of confidence, dampness, depression, hibernation, lack of energy.
 o BLACK

Positive: Sophistication, glamour, security, emotional safety,

efficiency, substance.

Negative: Oppression, coldness, menace, heaviness.

o WHITE
Positive: Hygiene, sterility, clarity, purity, cleanliness, simplicity,
sophistication, efficiency.

Negative: Sterility, coldness, barriers, unfriendliness, elitism.

o BROWN

Positive: Seriousness, warmth, nature, earthiness, reliability, support.

Negative: Lack of humor, heaviness, lack of sophistication.