58 = Articles - Word Formation evn © Nouns are: abstract (love, freedom, etc), proper (Woe. Europe, ete), group (famiy, team. crowd, group, et.) or common (char, hat. boy, etc). © Most nouns which refer to jobs, social status, etc. hhave the same form for men and women e.g. doctor. teacher, etc Countable Weune/Unceunichle Wetns aS, @ Countable nouns are nouns which we can count. They have singular and plural forms. We usual form the plural by adding -s. (Look at Appendix 1). Irregular Plurals: man - men, woman - women, foot - feet, tooth - teeth, louse - lice, mouse - mice, child. - children. goose - geese. ox - oxen Some nouns have the same form in the singular ‘and the plural. These are: a) some kinds of animals (sheep, deer) and fish (rout, cod, salmon, ete.) 2.9.4 sheep was grazing in the field. Some sheep were grazing in the field b) the words aircraft, spacecraft, hovercraft, etc. e.g. One hovercraft was approaching the port Two hovercraft ware approaching the port ) some nouns ending in -s: crossroads, means, series, species, works, etc. e.g. Acar is a means of transport Cars are a means of transport Others have different forms: actor - actress king - queen (bride) groom - bride monk - nun duke - duchess prince - princess hero - heroine waiter - waitress host - hostess widower - widow, ete Scientists do a lot of research in forder to find cures for various diseases. A lot of money is spent ‘on equipment every year, but the information collected is inalvable. # Uncountable nouns are nouns which we cannot count. They do not have different plural forms. Uncountable nouns include: a) many types of food: four, yoghurt, butter, meat, cheese, spaghetti. rice, sugar, etc. +) liquids: coffee, lemonade, oil, petrol, wine, water, etc ‘) materials: crystal, wood, plastic, siver. china. gass, et. 4) abstract nouns: knowiedge, beauty. justice. help, Ireedom, education, ove. etc @) others: research, luggage, baggage. hair. weather, behaviour. advice. news. accommodation. information. fun, equipment, liter, rubbish, furniture, crockery cutlery, jewellery, machinery, money, etc. © We use the following nouns with uncountable ‘nouns to show quantity: a piece of cake/paperinews) advicelintormationituriture, a glass/bottle of water, a Jar of jam{honey. a rasher of bacon, a packet of rice! tea, a loafislice of bread, 2 pot of yoghurtihoney, @ poticup of tea, a kilo of meat, a tube of toothpaste, a bar of chocolatelsoap. a can of soda. a carton of milk ‘a bow! of sugar/soup, etc. ‘Some of the above nouns can also be used with plural countable nouns. 2.9. a kilo of tomatoes, a bow! of cherriesNouns - Articles - Word Fo: ‘Countable nouns: © can take singular or plural verbs. eg. The window is open, The windows are open. @ always go with a/anitheimy, etc. in the singular. eg. I paid the bill. This is my pen. can be used alone or with some/anyimanyitew in the plural. eg. Jove apples. ‘ bought some apples to make a pie ‘Some nouns can be used as countable or ‘uncountable, with a difference in meaning ‘© Would you lke a glass of lemonade? Tina can't see without her glasses. (spectacles) The vase is made of glass. (the material) + He went to tne newsagent’ to buy a paper. (newspaper) He wrote my phone number on a piece of paper. (the wating materia) Don’t forget to bring all the necessary papers. (documents) ‘© Susan has got short dark hal. (all the hair on her head) There is @ hair in my soup! ‘© Ve bought an iron as a wedding git for Tom and Jane. {for roning clothes) This chair is made of iron, (the material) ‘© You shouldn't eat too much chocolate. We gave her a box of chocolates. ‘+ Your room is a mess! We haven't got enough room to put you up. (space) * The table is made of wood. (the material) Alot of wolves live in the woods. (forest) ‘© MrDavis has a lot of experience in accounting. (length of time doing ) He had a few unpleasant experiences while living abroad. (events) ‘© snavent got any time to lose. How many times di Rick phone? (occasions) Uncountable nouns: © always take singular verbs. 9. Gold is more expensive than silver. Milk comes from cows. @ do not go with alanioneitwo, ate. e.g. Water is good for you. © can be used alone or with some/anyimuchilittie! theimy, etc. e.g. Don't forget to buy (some) coftee. Note: We use a/an, oneitwo, etc. with uncountable nouns such as coffee, fea, soda, etc. when we order something in a restaurant, café, etc. 2.9. We'll have three coffees, please. © A couple of, several, (a) few, many, @ (good, larg great) number of and both are used with countable ‘nouns. e.g. a couple of friends. (Too) much, (a) litle, 2 greatigood deal of, a smallilarge amountiquantity of are used with uncountable nouns. e.g. 2 small amount of money. A lot of, lots of, (hardly) any, ‘some, no, plenty of are used with countable and uncountable nouns. e.g. plenty of iends/money CENRCCACINCune '@ Compound nouns are nouns that are made of two ‘or more parts and are formed as follo. 4) noun + noun. The plural is usually formed by ‘adding -s/-es to the second noun. €.g.ticket inspector ~+ ticket inspectors b) ing torm/adjective + noun. The plural is formed by adding -s/-es to the noun. ‘2.9. swimming pool -* swimming pools 9. greenhouse = greenhouses ©) noun + in-law. The plural is formed by adding -s to the noun. eg. sister-in-law ~ sisters-in-law d) noun + adverb. The plural is formed by adding +s to the noun. eg. runner-up ~ runners-up ) verb + adverb particle. The plural is formed by ‘adding -s to the word. ‘e.g. breakthrough —* breakthroughs 79tuctlen/Elttel Lctins ticles - Word Formation Vek srt WOUECRINCUINCIE cae @ a) nouns which refer to school subjects: economics, physics, mathematics (maths), poltics, etc. 'b) nouns which refer to sports: gymnastics, athletics, owls, etc. ©) nouns which refer to games: billards, dominoes, darts, draughts, et. 4) nouns which refer to ilnesses: meastes, mumps, ete, 2) the word news 2.9. think physics isa very interesting subject. The news isnt very encouraging, 'm afraid plural nouns when we talk about an amount of money, a time period, weight, distance, ete. .g. Five hundred thousand pounds was donated to build a new hospital wing. ‘group nouns such as jury, family, team, group, crew, crowd, class, audience, committee, council, army, club, press, government, company, etc. when we mean the group as a unit. But we use plural verbs when we mean the individuals who make up the group. ‘e.g. The jury is ready 10 give the verdict. (We mean the jury as a unit) The jury are all staying at the Park Hotel. (We ‘mean the individual members ofthe jury.) (Weruce plurauverss corme wit nouns such as: clothes, people, police, stairs, (good) looks, surroundings, outskirts, premises, arnings, wages, cattle, poultry, ete. 2g, Designer clothes are rather expensive. nouns which refer to objects that consist of two parts, such as: trousers, binoculars, shorts, shoes, gloves, pyjamas, tights, glasses, earrings, socks, ecleeare, ote We do not use We use the phrase pair of 9. Where are your gloves? was given a pair of gloves. Fill in the gaps with an appropriat of to indicate quantity. noun + carton/glass/jug of. orange juice cheese bread cottee Sa water 6a wine Ta chocolate Ba crisps aa honey 10 a meat a spaghet Ra fue eo Fill the gaps with 2, an, oF some where necessary. 1. a) We had ..scma...delicious food last night b) We had... delicious meal lastnight 2 a) Thereis beautiful furniture in that shop. b) There is ‘beaut table in that shop. 3 a) Im thirsty. (need rink ) Im thirsty. I need water. 4a) She's just bought expensive clothes, 'b) She's just bought expensive dress. 5 a} They Dookea room in aavance ) They booked ‘accommodation in advance. 6 a) The band playea lovely song, ’) The band played lovely music 7 a) Wenad heatwave last week b) We had hhot weather last week 8 a) Icantt do this job alone. | need assistant b) can't do this job alone. | need help. 9 a) He has got heavy luggage to carty bb) He has got heavy suitcase to carry 10 2} Ineed Cutlery 0 eat this food with ) Ineed knife and fork to eat this food with 11 a) She has got Important job to do, ») She has got important work to do. 12 a) He found coin on the ground, »b) He found money on the ground. ‘Complete the sentences using the noun brackets in the singular or plural form and alan where necessary. & 1 He gave me a box of my favounte ...chocolates. (chocolate) 2. His favourite food is (chocolate) 3. She bought fon her way to work (paper) 4. He placed all the important ins briefcase. (paper) 5 Ineed some fn. (paper) towrite this message 6 Hurry up! We don't nave much (time) 7. She has visited us several this month, fain) 8 He has no but he is keen to learn (expenence) 9 She had a lot of exciting during her travels. experience)Nouns - Articles - Word Fo 10. We went fora walkin the ater lunch (wood) 11 His desk is made of (wood) 12 Jane isin her reading a book. (room) 13. We have got plenty of for a party inhhere, room) 14 Lam going to have my cut tomorrow. (halt) 15. There was inmy soup. (hair) 16 Im thisty. I need 17 Susan only wears her reads. (glass) 48 This ornament is made of coloured (glass) 19 Helen bought electrical store. (iron) 20 The old gate was made of & 1 There ae several, many, Souet, plenty of, Toot things you ean do to help. 2. He nas met @ couple of, @ few. very litle, plenty of, too much teresting people. 23. She earns few, hardly any plenty of, sever deal of money 4. Weave got ne, many, ots of, a work to do. 5 Dont wory, there's a litle, plenty of, @ couple of, many, alot of ime 6 Both, Several, A large quantity of, Plenty of, Too ‘much students apple forthe course 7 He's got no, hardly any, a litle, some, a small amount of eintiations She's got hardly any, several, a lite, a few, a lot of experience in dealing with customers 9 There is too much, a lot of, hardly any, few, several salt inthis soup, 10 There isa ite, many, too mu some trafic onthe roads today of water. (glass) when she in the sale at the (ion) Cross out the expressions which cannot be Used with the nouns, as In the example. great eat deal of, afew What do we call the following things or people? A person who drives a bus is ..a bus driver. The screen of a computer is, Ihe Juice trom an orange 1s Astick for walking with is ‘Acurtain around the shower is Someone who cleans windows is ‘Your husband's mother is vour ‘A chair which rocks is AA brush for your hair is Someone who passes by a place or incident is 11. The keys to your house are @- 10 " Q wem ee 1 10 " 2 a DP OPFOR BR BH SR arerarararay ine the correct word. | have a Physics exam tomorrow. (Oh dear. Physics is/are a very difficult subject. My office is three miles from my house, Thvee miles is/are a long way to walk to work ‘My litle brother has got measles. ‘Oh dear. Measies is/are quite a serious illness. Jane looked nice today, didn't she? Yes. Her clothes were/was very smart. ve got ie pounds, Ft yoy to buy & CO. ‘Two pounds is/are not enough to buy a CD. The classroom was empty when I walked past. Yes, The class wasiwere all on a schoo! outing Have you just cleaned the stairs? Yes. s0 be careful. They is/are very slippery. Did you ask John to fx your car? Yes. His advice wasiwere that | take ito a garage. Did you enjoy your holiday? Yes, thank you. The weather wasiwere wonderful These trousers isiare very old You should buy a new pair How is/are the company doing lately? Great. We opened up two more branches, {1am going to travel or two years when I tnisn schoo! ‘Two years islare a long lime to be away from home. 13 n the example. You need a lot of experience to do this job. Alot of experience is needed to do thio job. They gave us some interesting information. The information ‘She likes Maths more than any other subject. Maths We had mid weather this winter. ‘The weather We called the police immediately The police old them some exciting news. He was iritated because of the bad traffic He was initated because the | stayed in very luxurious accommodation, The accommodation Ine caver took the luggage out ot the car. The luggage She gave me very sensible advice. The advice she gave me These shorts are too bia for me. This pair of shorts The hotels in magnificent surroundings. ‘The hotel surroundings ‘She's got long blonde hair Her hair él62 = Articles - Word Formation tthe Uke lie SATAY We use aian: ‘+ with singular countable nouns when we talk about them in general 24g, | want fo buy a cress, (ary dress) + with the verbs to be and have (got 2.9. Mary has (got) a dog. I's a German Shepherd + before MrifMrs/MissiMs when we refer to an unknown person. 9. AMrs Jones called you ths morning. (A person that we dont know.) + to show: a) price in relation to weight (two pounds a kil), b) distance in relation to speed (80m an hour) and ¢) frequency (twice a week We do not use aian: ‘+ with uncountable nouns or plural countable nouns. We use some instead of a/an. 9, We need some milk and some flour They bought some flowers + before an adjective if itis not followed by a noun. 9. Ths ring is expensive. But: This is an expensive ring WICKS '® We use a/an to refer to an unspecified thing with the meaning ‘any one’. We use one when we are counting, to put emphasis on number. e.g. He bought a tie, (We are not talking about a spect tie) eg. He bought one tie. (He didn't buy two tes.) ‘# We use one with the words day, week, month, year, winter, morning, night, etc. or with a specific day or ‘month to say when something happened, usually in Fill in a, an, one or ones. 1m making «8 2 There was only had been eaten, sandwich. Would you like ? sandwich lef. All the others 3 Wesaw irate and alligator at the 200. 4 Thoce bicevite are nicer than the | nermatly buy 5. She pad thousand pounds for her car. 6 day, | will buy a house of my own. 7 Vdlove car like that over there. Auta A An = (One/Or 10 n 2 4 16 narration, 9. One summer, the family decided to go to Tahiti (One Tuesday, Kate was walking home from work ‘We can use one day to refer to the future. 9. One day, you will regret this. We use one or one of ... when we mean one ersonithing out of many. It usually contrasts with another/other(s).. e.g. One bus was full but the others were empty. One of my colleagues is from Italy We use a/an or one with no difference in meaning when counting or measuring distance, weight, time, ete. 2g. | paid a/one hundred pounds for this bracelet. We bought alone carton of milk They spent alone month cruising down the Nile. (One/Ones We use one in the singular andones in the plural to avoid repeating the noun when it is clear what we ‘mean. 9. My house is the one withthe red front door. We use ajan with one when there is an adjective before one. e.g. | want to buy a jacket. want a leather one. ‘BUT: I want to buy a jacket. | want one with a fur collar. We use one/ones with thisithat. ‘e.g. I don't like this pair of shoes, but | ike that one. We use which one(s) in questions. e.g. lke the yellow blouse best. Which one do you ke? of my brothers is policeman, ¥'m looking for dress. I'd like a blue heard “amusing joke yesterday. Ike these three pars of trousers. Which 0 you like best? ‘Simon enjoys swimming. He goes to his local poo! three times. week Mr Green came to see you. He's waiting in your office. We had exciting holiday. It was better than the we had last yearCE iWeruserirres © with nouns when we are talking about something ‘specific, that is, when the noun is mentioned for a ‘second time or is already known. In other words, ‘when we can answer the question Who?’ or Which?” eg. !boughta shir and a dress. The dress is blue and the shir is green. ‘© with nouns which are unique. ‘e.g. the sun, the Eifel Tower ® with the names of cinemas the Rex), hotels (the Canton), theatres (the Globe), museums (the Briish Museum), newspapersimagazines (the Times but: Time magazine), ships (the Mary Rose), organisations (the EU), galleries (the Tate Gallory) © with the names of rivers (the Nile). seas (the Caspian ‘Sea), groups of islands (the Canary islands), mountain, ranges (the Alps), deserts (the Sahara Deser), oceans (the Atlantic). canals (the Panama Canal). countries when they include words such as state, Kingdom, republic, etc. (the United Kingdom) and names or nouns with ‘of (the Leaning Tower of Pisa) NOTE: the equator, the North/South Pole, the north of England, the southiwestinortieast ‘© with the names of musical instruments and dances. eg. the piano, the tango names of families (the Windsors). and ss ending in -sh, -ch oF -ese (the French, the Scottish, the Japanese, etc). Other plural nationalities are used with or without the (the ‘Americans, the Greeks, etc) © with titles (the King, the Prince of Wales, the President) BUT: ‘The’ is omitted before titles with proper names. Queen Victoria © with adjactivesiadverhs in tha supatlative form eg. He's the most respected man in the firm BUT: When ‘most’ is followed by a noun, it does not, take ‘the’ 9. Most children lke cartoons. © with the words morning, afternoon, evening and night. ‘e.g. We eat dinner in the evening. but: at night, at ‘noon, at midnight, by dayinight, at 4 o'clock, etc. '¥ witn nistorical pertoasievents. tne miaare ages, tne (Crimean War (but: World War I) © with the words only, las, first (used as adjectives). e.g. He was the first person to arrive. Nouns - Articles - Word Fo es swWerdornauuce tres © with uncountable and pl (e.g. Fish live in water with proper nouns. e.g. Mark lives in Brighton. ° ‘® with the names of sports, games, activities, days, months, celebrations, colours, drinks, meals and languages (when they are not followed by the word. anguage). e.g. often play chess. We speak German. but: The German language is diticut to learn. © with the names of countries (lta, but: the ‘Netherlands, the Lebanon, the Sudan, the Vatican Ci) cities (Pars), streets (Oxford Street, but: the High ‘Steet, the Strand, the Mal, the London road, the 19, the M6 motorway), squares (Trafalgar Square), bridges (Tower Bridge but: the Bridge of Sighs, the Humber Bridge). parks (Hyde Park). rallway stations (Victoria Station), mountains (Ben Nevis), individual islands (Tahit), lakes (Lake Geneva), continents (Atica) © with possessive adjectives or the possessive case. e.g, That is my car. ‘© with two-word names when the first word is the ‘name of a person or place Gatwick Airport, Windsor Castle BUT: the White House (because ‘White’ is not the name of a person or place) ‘© with names of pubs, restaurants, shops, banks and, hotels named after the people who started them and end in -s or ~'s. (Lloyds Bank, Harrods, Dave's Pub but: the Red Lion (pub) (because ‘Red’ is not the name of a person or place) @ with the words bed, church, college, court, hospital, prison, school, university when we refer to the purpose for which they exist. €.0. Sarah went fo school. (She is a student.) BUT: Her father went to the school 1o see her teacher yesterday. (He went 10 the school as a visitor) © with the word work (= place of work) 9. He is at work. © with the words home, Father/Mother when we talk about our own home/parents. e.g. Father is at home. ‘© with by + means of transport: by bus/caritrain/ plane, etc. €.9. She travelled by bus. BUT: She loft on the 8 o'clock bus this morning. © with the names of illnesses. .9. He's got malaria. but: fluthe flu, measlesithe measles, mumpsithe mumps fal countable nouns when talking about something in general, that is, when we cannot answer the question ‘Who?’ or ‘Which? 63NoTE: © Wo usa the with the words haach, station, cinema, theatre, coast, country(side), ground, jungle, ‘seaside, weather, world, shop, library, city, sea (BUT to be at sea = to be sailing), ete. eg. Let's goo the beach. We spent the weekend in the countryside. The weather is awful today. © Wo usually don't use the with the word television 24g. ke watching television inthe evenings. BUT: Turn on tne television, prease. ine terewsion set) © The is optional with seasons. ‘eg. My favourite season is (the) spring. © We use tne + adjective to refer to a group of people usually with the adjectives: poor, rich, sick, injured, elderly, unemployed, homeless, disabled, young, old, dead, blind, deaf, handicapped, ‘mentaly i 2g. The young are usually impatient. # When we refer to 2 group of people, animals or things we use: 1 alan or the with singular countable nouns. @.9.A/The dolphin isa clever creature. 2 plural countable nouns without a/an or the. 2.9, Dolphins are clever creatures. (NOT. Fhelofphie-oroctover oroatires) the list adding ‘the’ where necessary. Use each word twice. prison, school. bed, sea, hospital y Fl In the gaps with one of the words from 1. The minute we reached the beach, the children can into ..the 6a... to swim, 2 My brother is in the navy. He is at for months sometimes 3 lusually go to {900d night's sleep. 4 The catis siting on 5 The Prme Minister vsited and talked to the prisoners, {6 The men who robbed the bank are in 7 The ambulance took the injured people to 8 I must goto to visit my aunt, She's had 9 We saw the children in their classrooms as we walked past 40. I want to go to university when | leave at about 11 pm to get a yesterday les - Word Formation CQ) coece ne corset atomstne 1 Catherine loves eatsithe cats 2 Look at catsithe cats! They are chasing a bird 3 I don't lke coffeeithe coffee. but | like teaithe tea 4 You cut the cake/cake andl pour coffee'the coffee 5 Life/The lite will be very different in the future, 6 Life/The lite of a mayfly is extremely shor 7. enjoy swimmingithe swimming in the sea 8 Children/The children usually lke playing games. © Childron/The children have gone to tho park. 10. All people'the people in this room are my relates 111. Allpeopleithe people should have freedom of speech 12 Villages/The villages in this part of the country are very beautiful 13. Breakrast/The breakfast is tne most important meal ot dayithe day 14. Paul was onlyithe only person who remembered me 45. In Stone Ageithe Stone Age. people lived in caves. 16 | would like to travel to Spainithe Spain. 17 We travelled to London by trainithe train 18 He is learning to play lute/the flute Gy rin s.an ore wnorenecessany. 1 Shall we go to ..Che.. cinema tonight? Yes. It's a long time since | saw fil Have you ever been to Copenhagen? Yes. think it's prettiest city in Europe. Did you see all sights in Paris? Yes. but Eifel Tower and were my favourites. What did you have for lunch today? had sandwich in office canteen Do you buy newspaper every day? Yes. | usually buy Independent and my wile reads Times, Danny playe {golf very well, dosen't he? Yes, he practises every weekend with his frends. Which station are you meeting John at? Waterloo Station. It's hope | find him easily [Are you going on holiday this summer? Yes. We've booked holiday for three weeks in Canary Islands, What did you see on your tour today? Buckingham Palace and (f Pariament Duponts. who live next door to us. are 2 eraror Lowe g2or Beer big place a> a> Houses 10 > French, French are very friendly people, aren’ they? 8 Bin ‘summer sale at... Harrods, actualy A 5 12 A. Whois going o open new shopping centre? 1 heard that ‘Queen is going to do tt.3, an or the wher necessary. A 1)... The. football team who have won 2) World Cup 3) ‘most times is 4) Brazil They have won §) ‘competition four times. 6) team also hold 7) record for 8) greatest number of 8) ‘goals scored overall and have played in every one of 10) tournament's finals - ee Bt) tallest man in 2) world was born in 3) USA in 1918, His name was 4) Robert Wadlow and 5) last time he was | measured. in 1040, he hadveached aight o2 720m, Henangs were 24cm ttn)» wett07) La acl tinge tone L Bein ee (EW Bad was wating a2)... King’s Cross Staion He was about to avel 08)... Newcastle \ bya) nn tain for 6)... JOD interview. However, } gyno tamn was late and he had been sang 8 Sh) lation for ver 8) hour gn tveranute mak fom my \ rouse to 6) bbus-stop. 7) journey 1 Sahoo! takes about 8)... quarter 9) RO is Bridgeford E 1)... Queenis going to vist 2) next week to open 3) ‘new hospital which has been builtin 4)... town. twill be 6)... exciting local people will tend. event which all 6) DP) Start as got 2) CO, soe has 10 \ stay in 3) bed. His mother has made him 8) bowl of soup and he has gol 8)... box O16). Bssues on fs 7)». bedside Ladle. He wil probably spend most ot 8). day seeping Read the following proverbs and fill in 2, an, the oF 1... =. Rome wasn't builtin actions speak louder than apni. ‘day keeps, day words. 3 foctoe nwny Nouns - Articles - Word Fo 4 When in Rome, do as Romans do, 5 Where there's will there's way. © You can't teach eld dos ew treks, 7 You cant get blood out of stone, 8 You cannot make ‘omelette without breaking eggs. 9 more you get. more you want 10 more mere. 1" home is where hear is. 12 Fire's (good servant but bbad master. ay encore tne conet aerate 1. Historian/A historian is a person who studies history) the history. Panda/The panda is a large mammal which Ives in Chinaithe China. Pandas/The pandas have black and white fur and eat bambooithe bamboo shoots. We visited wildlife parkia wildlife park last week. was Interesting experienceian interesting experience Sali’s going to buy the new car’a new car next month She wants one which runs on lead-free petrolithe lead- free petrol We stayed at hotelia hotel by the sea/sea. Room/The room was very comfortable and a view/the view was fantastic. ‘Simon was lastithe last person to arnve at partylthe party. He had been waiting forthe taxila taxi for an hour. Susari doesn't beiewe in ghosts/tre ghosts. Sie thinks that the superaturalia supernatural is @ product! product of people'sithe people's imagination ‘Clothes;The clothes | bought yesterday were very cheap. There was sale/a sale in one of department stores.the department stores in a city centreithe city centre, 2 1A: Have you got... car? B: Yes, | bought ...... second-hand one last winter. 2 & Haw aftan da you take, holiday? B: 1 g0 to my house in country about twice year. 3A: Lean fing shoes | wanted to wear for my party, 8. Have you looked in... cupboard in hae 4 & Did you have fun at theatre lastnight? B: Yes, it was ‘enjoyable evening and play was great 5 A: That's interesting painting B: I know. | found itn atic 6 A. Did you stay in hotel when you went to London? 8: Yes. We had beautiful room in king hotel 6966 Word Formation ticles - Word Formation ps © Proftes are syllables which we add before certain words to form new words. The meaning of the new ‘word depends on the pretix that has been used ante = against e.g. antisocial be wo eg. biannual 0 wth eg. co-criver ox provinus, farmer 99 axshushanet Inter» = between 9. international mis done wrongly oF badly e.g. misbenave mono- = one 9, monorail ‘mult = many 2.9, multinational non = not 8.9. nontction out- = more, better e.g. outnumber fevers = (done) to a great ‘extent e.g. ovenvock Post. = after eg. postoate pre- before e.g. prehistoric ro in favour of e.g, pro-government re = again 0 redecorate semi. = half e.g. seminal sub- = under, less eg. submarine ‘super = big. more 9. superhuman trans- = (travel) trom one side, group etc to another e.g, transcontinental lunder- = not enough eg undercooked ‘© The prefixes below are used to express opposite meanings. de &.g-detrost, decompose dis e.g. dishonest, disike In eg indirect, independent BUT: Ik (belore l) eg illogical lim (before m, p) 9. Immoral, impractical lire (botore f) eg. responsible but: unreliable, unreasonable non e.g, non-smoker, non-stop un- eg unacceptable, unemployed © Sutixes ore syllables which we add to the end of certain words to form new words. © Nouns referring to people © verb + er/or/ar e.g. teach - teacher. sail- sailor, beg - beggar + nouniverbjadjective + Ist ‘9. motor- motorist, tour tourist, national - nationalist verb + antjent 49, contest - contestant, study - student ‘© noun + anvlan 9. republic - republican, library «librarian verb + @8 (passive meaning). eg. train trainee 9. pack - package e.g. reluse «refusal eg. accept - acceptance 2.9: realize «realisation e.g. dill - difference eg. revise - revision €g. enjoy - enjoyment 9. comprehend ‘comprehension (verbs ending in -at) e.g. hypnotise - hypnosis ‘249. prescribe - prescrption figgitd gt Nouns formed from adjectives ance e.g. important. importance “ty eg. vacant - vacaney cence eg. competent. competence lon @9, desolate - desolation ness €g lonely loneliness sity eg. formal -tormalty ay eg loyal leyaty *¥ eg. modest - modesty © Adjectives formed from nouns ous eg fame - famous i €.g. adhition -adchtional 4e 2. hero - heroic ave 9. expense - expensive ful (with) eg. care - careful Jose winouy 6. care - caress 4 eg .health - healthy vy eg thend- renaly © Adjectives formed from verbs sable 69. ike iheable ble eg. defend - defensible ve eg. conclude - conclusive © verus tormed trom agjecves “on tse eg. light lighten eg. legal - legalise‘Add the correct prefixes to the words in bold, 1. Kate is now doing a ..post... graduate degree, 2 Mr Bellis an teacher. He retited ten years ago. 3. This is an ......national company. tt has offices all, over the world 4 Sharon is ......weight for her age and height. She eats very itl, 5 Johnis very Social. He is often rude to people. 6 The......-finals of the championship are next week 7 You Cf .....B80K a vegetarian meal on this fight. 8 The men tied to code the secret message. 9 The restaurant... charged us by £20 for our meal but we refused to pay until they had checked the bil 10 When you've finished reading, please .....place the books on the shelves. ‘Add the correct p: to form the ‘opposite of the words in bol 1. He's an ..un.. interesting person. In fact, he's rather boring 2 Driving a car without a licence is... Jegal 3 Tmalraid|.....agree with what you just said 4 can't do this puzzle. W's ....possible! 5 The cake was ......resistible, co she ate three pieces. 6 The waiting room isa .... smoking area 7 Hes... iterate, He can't read or writ. 8 1am .....decisive about where to go on holiday. 9 The telephone company ......connected the phone when he failed to pay the bi 10 His comment was ...relevant to our discussion, Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets. ‘A. Sophie can be very 1) ..carcless... (care) at times. Although she tries to be 2) (help) andi always willng to otfer her 3) (assist), more often than rot her 4) (clumsy) causes’ great 5) (frustrate) to her family and friends. B The 1) (organise) of the firework display had ‘been a dificult job, but now the children were shrieking wth 2) (excite) as each 3) (colour) 4) (explode) it up the sky. In the warm glow of the bonfire we could see that every child wore an 5) express) of great 6) (nappy. © We are having an 1) (extend) built to our house. The 2) (build) have been working on its 3) (construct) for two weeks and now it looks quite 4) (impress), The extra space will bbe vory 8) (uso) Both my brother-in-laws work in a bank, Both my brothers-inclaw work in a bank. ¥ Iwo aircrafts are flying in the sky. x Two aircraft are tying inthe sky. My favourite TV series are ‘Eastenders’ x My favourite TV series is ‘Eastenders’. 7 Could you help me carry my luggages? x Could you help me carry my luggage? What are the latest news? x What i the latest news? v Two kilometres are a long way to go on foot. x ‘Two kilometres is along way to go on foot. v The police Is after the escaped prisoners, x ‘The police are ater the escaped prisoners. ¥ ‘The most of my friends live nearby. x ‘Most of my tends ive nearby. 7 He goes to work by the train. He goes to work by train. v ‘The robbers were taken to the court. x ‘The robbers were taken to court. v (49)p corset ne mistakes We lost our luggages at the airport. We went to Bath by the car. The police is searching forthe stolen painting Twenty kilometres are too far to travel to school. ‘Avery reliable means of transport are the train, The criminal was sentenced to ten years in the prison. Two novercratts almost collided at sea yesterday. Inave three sisterin-laws, ‘The most people enjoy listening to music. ‘The news are on TV at six o'clock every evening, (20) cross ou the unnecessary wort She tikes all the kinds of films. There is a great fim on the TV tonight. Millions of people were kiled in the World War I | spent a week looking for an accommodation ‘Jason is at the work. He'll be back at six o'clock. | want a new car. I want one car with a sunroot. ‘Alot of children learn the English nowadays. ‘She is seriously il She's got the malaria, The most people enjoy spending their holidays by the seaside. 67