Safety 

Moment
WELCOME TO

IADC WELL INTERVENTION 
COURSE   

(Coiled Tubing, Slickline, Wireline & Snubbing)
(Well servicing) 

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 Value Moment

SUGGESTED AGENDA

Start time 8:30

Lunch 11:30-12:30
End time 4:00

Breaks as needed!

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 AIMS & OBJECTIVES
By the end of this course, delegate must be able to:
• Define the difference between Workover & Well Intervention.

• List the necessary parameters to enable a safe operation of well kill WELL CONTROL

• List the well kill types, associated advantages & disadvantages.

• Select appropriate type of well kill required for a particular situation. COURSE INTRODUCTION

• List the necessary well kill equipment. 

• Prepare well kill solutions kill charts for each type of kill operation.

• Discuss Workover problems & distinguish well kill operations.

Oilfield Life Cycle
WELL INTERVENTION COURSE
Course content:
1. Completion Operation : ( Well Control, Risk Assessment, 
Formation Damage, Hydrated & Well Killing, Pressure Basic & 
Basis)

2. Completion Equipment ( Well Completion, Wellhead & Xmas 
Tree)

3. Well Interventions Drilling Production

Exploration Completions Abandonment
A‐ Coiled Tubing   B‐Wireline   C‐Snubbing

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 PHILOSOPHY & CONCEPT
TO MAXIMISE WELL CONTROL WITHOUT COMPROMISING SAFETY 
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARD”
WELL CONTROL EVENT/ INCIDENT
Three factors govern the Success of Well Control: Impact of a Well Control Incident: 
1. Human •Human Impact 
2. Equipment       3‐ Plans & Procedures( well plan, Backup plan,..) •Environmental  Impact 
•Asset impact 
1. HUMAN •Over regulations 
•Business disruptions 
• Fitness  (Physical & Mentally) EQUIPMENT .2 •Local and Public Image Impact 
• ASK  (Attitude, Skill & Knowledge)
Full Inventory •
Attending the Well Control course will help to: 
Independent Inspection •
• Team Effort •Deepen theoretical and practical understanding of how to manage well site operations and 
Function and/or Pressure Test • maintain well control at all times. 
• Democratic approach •Maintain trust of stack holders 
Back-up & Spares •
•Avoid over regulations 
• Communications & Coordination Preventive maintenance • •Raising the competence 
•Act as an induction for new recruited staff and giving them the information they need to work 
• Responsibility in the different positions.

PRESSURE
BASIC & BASIS Completion Operation

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 Hydrostatic Pressure Hydrostatic Pressure
Hydrostatic
Pressure
Hydro‐ means a fluid
‐Hydrostatic Pressure is the pressure exerted by a column of 
Static‐ means at rest
fluid at rest, and is calculated by multiplying the gradient of 
the fluid by the True Vertical Depth at which the pressure is 
being measured: Hydrostatic in 
Hyd. Pressure(psi) =Fluid gradient (psi/ft) x TVD  the wellbore is 
from the mud

Formation Fluid
Effect of Depth (TVD)

Fluid present in the pore space of the rock.
FORMATION PRESSURE 
You have to consider the vertical height or depth of the fluid 
The pressure of the formation fluids. column, the shape of the hole doesn’t matter.

5
 What is formation fluid 
Balance
pressure?

PSI

Mud Hydrostatic = Formation Pressure

Formation Pressure: is the fluid pressure in the pore 
spaces of the formation.

Underbalance
Overbalance

Mud Hydrostatic < 
Formation Pressure Mud Hydrostatic > 
Formation Pressure

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 What is a kick? Underbalance
It is an influx of formation fluid that causes the well to flow.

Mud Hydrostatic <Formation 
Pressure

How Do Kicks Happen? How Do Kicks Happen?
MUD HYDROSTATIC FALLS MUD HYDROSTATIC FALLS

FORMATION FORMATION
PRESSURE PRESSURE

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 How Do Kicks Happen? How Do Kicks Happen?
MUD HYDROSTATIC FALLS MUD HYDROSTATIC FALLS

FORMATION FORMATION
PRESSURE PRESSURE

OR OR

MUD MUD
HYDROSTATIC HYDROSTATIC

FORMATION PRESSURE RISES FORMATION PRESSURE RISES

Mud Hydrostatic and Formation Pressure

Always Remember that HP and FP are 
HP
What Causes Kicks? two opposite forces. 

FP

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 Primary Control Primary Control
Normally: Normally:

Mud Hydrostatic        =      Formation Pressure Mud Hydrostatic        ?      Formation Pressure

Equal / Greater / Less
Kicks Occur When:

Mud Hydrostatic    ?         Formation Pressure
Greater/Less

Primary Control
Normally:

Mud Hydrostatic        =      Formation Pressure
What causes a decrease in Mud 
Hydrostatic? Kicks Occur When:

Mud Hydrostatic    is Less than      Formation Pressure

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 CAUSES OF KICK

 •Wells inflow when the reservoir pressure exceeds the  PRESSURE  =  0.052 X MUD WT X TVD
wellbore (bottom hole) pressure. 

 •Some of the most common causes of kicks include:  Causes of Kicks (Reduction in 
 –Not keeping the hole full (Loss of Hydrostatic Pressure) 
Mud Weight)
–Lost circulation 
 –Swabbing 
 –Underbalanced pressures  Causes Of Kicks (Reduction In 
Mud Level)

Kick Indicators
Flow – Pump Off: Kick Indicators Decrease in Pump 
Pressure:

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Oil and gas shows  Kick Indicators Change in string  Kick Indicators
during circulation weight

What is a Blowout?
An uncontrolled exit of the formation fluids 
At the surface

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 • What impact can blowouts have?     
3Answers 
A. Blowouts can damage rig equipment. 
B. Blowouts identify where hydrocarbons exist. 
C. Blowouts are acceptable as society needs soil. 
D. Blowouts have no environmental impact as they are contained at the rig site.  
What do you know about bottom  E.  Blowouts have potential to kill and injure personnel. 
F. Blowouts can damage a company's reputation and result in lost contracts. 
hole pressure? • What are consequences of having a blow‐out? 5 Answers 
A. Environmental damage 
B. Competitors shall gain an advantage. 
C. Loss of human life. 
D. Loss of equipment 
E. The responsible person will be fired and will not find a job easily. 
F. Loss of reputation 
G. If the blow is controlled before it catches fire, no real consequences are expected.
H. Financial damages. 

Maximum Allowed Annular Surface Pressure - Bottom Hole Pressure

MAASP

MAASP: The applied surface pressure at which leak-off

It is the total pressure 
occurred that can be tolerated before the formation break at
the shoe fractures. exerted at the bottom of the 
MAASP= Formation breakdown pressure at shoe – well.
hydrostatic pressure of mud in use in the casing shoe.

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 Loss of Hydrostatic Pressure
Losses
•Lossof circulation leads to a drop of both the fluid level and Hydrostatic pressure is the number one defense against kicks.
hydrostatic pressure in a well
When tripping out of the hole, a volume (of steel) is being
Losses can occur in any formation zone. removed from the well.
Losses can occur in one zone while another zone is producing
As the steel is removed, the fluid level & hydrostatic pressure in
Three main causes of lost circulation are: the well drops.
1.Excessive pressure overbalance
−when wellbore pressures exceed the fracture pressure
If the hydrostatic pressure drops below the reservoir pressure, the
2.Excessive surge pressure exposed zone will flow. Therefore it is extremely important to fill
−increase in bottomhole pressure caused by the downward movement of the work
string
the hole with fluid while tripping out of the hole.
−minimized by monitoring trip speed and return fluid volumes while running in the
well
3.Poor formation integrity
The volume of fluid needed to fill the well should be equivalent to
−use of a bridging agent to plug off the troublesome formation the volume of steel (tubing) pulled out of the well.

PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS Swabbing

Swabbing is caused by the upward movement of pipe in a well
Conversion Factors and results in a decrease in bottomhole pressure
1 Bar = 14.5 psi
1 kPa = 0.1461 psi
1 Atmosphere = 14.7 psi
1 kg/sq m = 0.20 lb/sq ft
1 meter = 3.28 feet
1 foot = 0.30 meter
1 cu ft = 7.481 US Gallon
1 US Gallon = 231 cu ins 
1 US Barrel  = 5.6146 cu ft
1 US Barrel = 42 US Gallon

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 PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS
PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS
3 Fresh Water
Fresh water weighs the same per unit volume anywhere in the  1 Fundamentals of Fluids & Pressure
world that is why it’s called “Universal Fluid”& used as  Pressure is defined as Force per unit area exerted by fluid i.e.
STANDARD for comparison with other fluid.
Pressure       = Force        ÷ Area
Fresh Water Facts:
Using  concept, the formula can be changed:
• Density of 62.4 lbs/ft3 = Force (Density/ft3) ÷ Area (ins2) PG
Force = Pressure    × Area
= 7.48 gal/ft3 ÷ 144 ins2 = 0.052
• Density of 8.33 lbs/gal psi/ft Area = Force ÷ Pressure
• Density of 7.48 US gal/ft3 = 62.4 lb/ft3 ÷ 144 ins2 = 0.433
• PG of 0.433 psi/ft psi/ft 2 Basic laws of physics concerning fluids & gas
• SG of 1 Relationship between Density (ppg) & PG
• Liquids are not compressible
(psi/ft) is always the same  0.052 is used
• API 10º
as constant for any calculation between • Gases are compressible
Formula of Density (ppg) = Density (lb/ft3)  Density (US gal/ft3) them.
• Liquids & gases are both FLUIDS
 Density (ppg) = 62.4 ÷ 7.48 = 8.33 ppg • Pressure in a fluid is transmitted equally in all directions.
Formula of fresh water PG if density in ppg is given,

PG = Density (ppg) × Constant = 8.33 ppg ×

0.052 (constant) = 0.433 psi/ft

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 PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS

5 API Gravity 4 Specific Gravity (SG)
API gravity is another value used to express relative wt of fluids &  The ratio of the density of a substance compared to density of another 
was introduced by American Petroleum Institute to standardized the  substance which is used as the standard (Fresh Water). 
wt of fluids at base temperature of 60º F. Water as standard fluid  Many fluids in petroleum industry is expressed in SG as well as in wt ppg. It’s 
had been assigned the value of 10º API gravity. necessary to convert SG to PG to find HP.

To convert API gravity to SG, the following formula is used. To find SG of fluid simply divide fluid wt by fresh water wt.

SG     = 141.5    ÷ (131.5 + APIº) E.g.  Salt water wt is 10 ppg.
 Salt water SG  =     10 ppg ÷ 8.33 ppg =      1.2

E.g.        Find the SG of 30º API oil To find PG of fluid simply multiply fresh water PG by fluid SG

SG    =    141.5    ÷ (131.5 + 30º)
E.g.      Find the HP of brine at 5000 ft TVD with brine SG of 1.17.
=    141.5    ÷ 161.5 =     0.875 HP of brine  =      1.17    × 0.433 psi/ft    × 5000 ft     =
2533 psi

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 PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS
PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS
7 Gas Correction Factor 6 Hydrostatic Pressure (HP)
During prolong S/I in oil well, the gas will break out under static  HP is the pressure developed by column of fluid at given TVD. “Hydro” means 
conditions & form a “gas cap” in the tubing. The hydrostatic effects  fluid & “static” means stationary.  HP is pressure created by stationary column 
of this gas cap must be considered when calculating hydrostatic 
pressure further down the well.  of fluid.

Refer to “Gas Correction Factor” table. To find the GCF of 0.6 gravity  Anon moving column of fluid in the well bore creating pressure at any given true 
at 7500 ft simply look down at 7500 ft column & move horizontal to  vertical depth .
0.6 gravity column & find the CGF.
To calculate HP of gas column simply multiply CITHP by GCF
To calculate HP in psi of any fluid simply multiply TVD in ft by PG of fluid.
E.g.      Calculate the HP of 0.8 gas gravity at 8500 ft with 500 psi  E.g.       Find HP in psi of fresh water at 500 ft TVD.
CITHP
HP     = 500 ft     × 0.433 psi/ft 
HP = CGF    × 500 psi
= 1.266   × 500 psi =       216.5 psi
= 633 psi To find BHA of 2 fluid column or more simply add the HP of the fluid column of 
the same unit of measurement together.

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Exercise 1 PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS
1. Find Density (ppg) of Brine & its PG is 0.495 psi/ft
Density = PG ÷ Constant 9 Volume
r
= 0.495 psi/ft ÷ 0.052 = 9.52 ppg
To calculate the volume of a cylinder, use the following formula;
2. Find Density (ppg) of Mud & its Density is 75.2 lbs/ft3 & 8.02 gal/ft3 Volume of a cylinder      = d2h ÷ 4    or r2h h

Density = Density (lbs/ft3) ÷ Density (gal/ft3)

= 75.2 lbs/ft3 ÷ 8.02 gal/ft3 = 9.38 ppg E.g. Find the volume of 8500 ft by 3½” tubing fluid.
1st standardized all unit of measurements d

3. Find Density (ppg) of Mud & its SG is 1.4 Volume =      3.14 × 0.29’ × 0.29’ × 8500’  ÷ 4

Density = Fluid SG  Water Density (ppg) =      561 ft3     ÷ 5.614    =     100 bbl
= 1.4  8.33 ppg = 11.66 ppg
To calculate the volume of an annulus, use the following formula;
4. What is the Area (ins2) of 3½” Tubing? Volume of annulus        = h(D2 – d2) ÷ 4 d h

Area = r2
E.g. Find the annulus volume of 2500 m by 9⅝” casing & 
= 3.14  1.75 ins  1.75 ins = 9.62 ins2 5½” tubing kill mud. D
Always standardized all unit of measurements
Volume  =   3.14 × 8200’ × (0.8’2 – 0.46’2)   ÷ 4
=   2757.6 ft3 × 5.614     =     491 bbl

Exercise 2 Exercise 1
6. Find SG of 59.5 lbs/ft3 density kerosene.
6. Find PG (psi/ft) of 0.75 SG Oil.
SG = Fluid Density (lbs/ft3) ÷ Water Density (lbs/ft3) PG = Fluid SG  Water PG (psi/ft)
7. = 59.5
Find SG lbsAPI oil.
of 37° /ft3 ÷ 62.4 lbs/ft3 = 0.95 = 0.75  0.433 psi/ft = 0.325 psi/ft
7. Find PG (psi/ft) of Completion Fluid Density 9.12 ppg.
8. WELL DATA:
SG = 141.5 ÷ (131.5 + ▪ 2⅞” Tubing, PG = Constant  Density
APIº)
= 141.5 ÷ (131.5 + 37º) = 0.84 ▪ 4½” casing = 0.052  9.12 ppg = 0.474 psi/ft
8. Find Volume of Fluid in Annulus above packer. 
▪ Packer @ 3000 m. 8. Find PG (psi/ft) of Oil where its HP is 850 psi & TVD of 5350 ft.
Annulus Volume =   Measured Depth (D2 – d2) ÷ 4 PG = HP (psi) ÷ TVD (ft)
= 3.14  9840 ft (0.375 ft2 – 0.239 ft2) ÷ 4 = 645 ft3 or 115 bbl = 850 psi ÷ 5350 ft = 0.159 psi/ft
9. Find Volume in Tubing at 2150 m TVD with pump capacity 0.045 bbl/ft.
9. Find TVD (ft) of Sea Water with PG of 0.52 psi/ft & 3900 psi HP.
Volume = Pump Capacity (bbl/ft)  MD (ft) TVD (ft) = HP (psi) ÷ PG (psi/ft)
= 3900 psi ÷ 0.52 psi/ft = 7500 ft
= 0.045 bbl/ft  7052 ft = 317 bbl
10. Find HP (psi) of Kill Fluid when its TVD is 10000 ft & PG of 0.453 psi/ft

HP (psi) = PG (psi/ft)  TVD (ft)

= 0.453 psi/ft  10000 ft = 4530 psi

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Exercise  2 10.   Calculate the Time taken to pump 250 bbl inhibitor with pump rate of 0.855 
bbl/min.
1. Find HP (psi) of Brine with 0.512 psi/ft PG at 2550 m sliding sleeve.
HP (psi) = PG (psi/ft)  TVD (ft) Time (min) = Volume (bbl) ÷ Pumping Rate
(bbl/min)
= 0.512 psi/ft  8364 ft = 4282 psi
2. Find HP (psi) of 8.97 ppg density Fluid in annulus at 8750 ft packer. = 250 bbl ÷ 0.855 bbl/min = 292 min
HP (psi) = Density (ppg)  Constant  TVD (ft)
= 8.97ppg  0.052  8750 ft = 4081 psi
11. How many Stroke is required to pump 100 bbl of sea water in a well with 
3. Find BHP (psi) of 2 column at 2000 m.  3.WELL DATA: pump displacement of 0.0759 bbl/strk?
BHP (psi) = Gas HP (psi) + Oil HP (psi)+ SITHP ▪ SITHP 250 psi
Gas HP (psi) = S.G x Dw x.052xTVD ▪ Fluid Level
= 0.07 8.33x0.052x3000 = 91 psi
3000’ Strokes = Volume (bbl) ÷ Pump Displacement (bbl/strk)
▪ Gas Gravity 0.07
Oil HP (psi) = PG (psi/ft)  TVD (ft) = 100 bbl ÷ 0.0759 bbl/strk = 1318 strokes
= 0.385 psi/ft  3560 ft = 1371 psi ▪ Oil PG 0.385
 BHP = 91 psi + 1371 psi + 250 = 1712psi
4. Find SG of 0.273 psi/ft PG oil.
SG = Fluid PG (psi/ft) ÷ Water PG (psi/ft) = 0.273 psi/ft ÷ 0.433 psi/ft = 0.63

5. Find SG of 10 ppg density mud.

SG = Fluid Density (ppg) ÷ Water Density (ppg)
= 10 ppg ÷ 8.33 ppg = 1.2

PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS
13 Well Pressure 12 Volume
Well  Data: Well Depth: 9150 ft MD (7900 ft TVD) Find annular volume above packer in bbl of the following well.
Formation PG: 0.570 psi/ft Tubing: 3½”, 9.2 ppf
Gas PG: 0.08 psi/ft Casing: 9⅝”, 47 ppf
Packer: 9750 ft MD (9120 ft TVD)
1 Find Well BHP:     
Casing ppf ft3/Lin.ft Lin.ft/ft3 Bbl/Lin.ft Lin.ft/Bbl
0.570  7900 = 4503 psi 3

2 Find Maximum Surface Pressure: 9⅝” 29.30 0.3607 2.7723 0.0642 15.5763

Formula: BHP  Gas
9⅝” 36.00 0.3468 2.8835 0.0618 16.1812
Gas HP = 0.08  7900 = 632 psi HP
9⅝” 43.50 0.3308 3.0229 0.0589 16.9779
Max Surface Pressure = 4503  632 = 3871 psi 9⅝” 47.00 0.3237 3.0892 0.0577 17.3310
3 Working Pressure for Wellhead Equipment:  
9⅝” 53.50 0.3100 3.2258 0.0552 18.1159

2000 psi or 3000 psi or 5000 psi Formula:

4 Find the Kill Fluid Density: Bbl/ft  x  MD = 0.0577 x 9750
Formula: Formation PG  Constant =
0.570  0.052 = 10.95 ppg ppg = 562.5 bbls

18
 14 Pumping
Given Data: Casing Capacity:
0.04049 bbl/ft
15 Pumping Time Tubing Displ. Cap: 0.00829 bbl/ft
Given Data: Tubing Depth: 8750 ft MD (8125 ft TVD) Tubing Capacity : 0.01190 bbl/ft
Tubing Capacity: 0.00387 bbl/ft Pump Displacement: 0.0899 bb/stroke
Annular Capacity: 0.00970 bbl/ft Tubing Shoe @: 9000 ft MD (7800 ft TVD)
Pump Rate: 1.25 bpm 1 How many strokes to displace Tubing String?

1 Calculate the time to pump bottoms up. Formula:  Volume (bbl)   Pump Displacement                                         Volume  

Formula: Annular Volume (bbl)  Pump Rate
Annular Volume = Annular Capacity  MD 0.00970  8750 = 84.88
Convert bbl into min = 84.88  1.25 = 67.9 minutes bbl
2 Calculate the time for complete circulation    (strokes)  Tbg Displacement Vol (strokes)
Formula: Annular Volume (bpm) + Tubing Volume (bpm)
Tubing Volume = Annular Capacity  MD
Convert bbl into min = 33.86  1.25 = 27.1 minutes
Time taken for complete circulation = 67.9 + 27.1 = 95 minutes
= Tubing Capacity   MD  0.01190   9000  = 107.1 bbl
 Convert bbl into strokes  = 107.1   0.0899  = 1191.3 strokes
2‐ How many strokes to displace the Entire Wellbore?              Formula:  Csg Vol
 Csg Vol = Csg Capacity   MD   0.04049   9000  = 364.41 bbl
Convert bbl into strokes  = 364.41   0.0899  = 4053.5 strokes
 Tbg Displ Vol = Tbg Displ Cap   MD    0.00829   9000  = 74.61 bbl
Convert bbl into strokes  = 74.61   0.0899  = 829.9 strokes
 Volume of Entire Wellbore (Strokes)  = 4053.5  829.9  = 3223.6 strokes

19
Well Control Cycle

PRIMARY
PREVENTION

Well Control Cycle Well Control Cycle

PRIMARY PRIMARY
PREVENTION PREVENTION

TAKE KICK TAKE KICK

SHUT IN WELL

SECONDARY

20
 Well Control Cycle Well Control Cycle

PRIMARY PRIMARY
PREVENTION PREVENTION

KILL WELL TAKE KICK KILL WELL TAKE KICK

SHUT IN WELL SHUT IN WELL

SECONDARY SECONDARY

BARRIER
What Kind of well service disaster could happen caused by Pressure?
Blow‐Out

What Causes Blow‐Out?
Barrier failure

What is the equipment used to control a well from blow‐out?
Barrier

What is Barrier ?

Barrier is any device, fluid or substance that prevents flow of 
wellbore fluids.

21
Barriers •
Sequence of Barrier Operation (Snubbing)

22
 WORLDWIDE PETROLEUM INDUSTRIAL
ACCEPTANCE. BARRIER CLASSIFICATION :
1. Primary Barrier ‐1st line of defense system

2. Secondary Barrier ‐2nd line of defense system

3. Tertiary Barrier‐ 3rd line of defense system when 1st & 2nd system failed 

or been compromised. Must have the ability to shear pipe/line

Barrier Requirement : Worldwide petroleum industrial acceptance
1. Drilling & Workover  – Double Barriers Protection

2. Well Intervention     – Triple Barriers Protection
• Note:A low pressure and high pressure leak test are normally performed for 
component that is to be or may be exposed to well pressure. (pressure drop) 
The acceptance criteria should be found in relevant documentation    
(well program, API, NORSOK, or manufacturer recommendations). 

WELL CONTROL THEORY

BARRIER ENVELOPES
Example of Barrier Envelope :

STUFFING BOX/LUBRICATOR Barrier envelope is a group of individual barrier 

elements. 
ENVELOPE
Examples:
Barrier elements include:
Stuffing Box is part of Lubricator Envelope.
BOP
Xmas Tree is part of Packer Tubing Envelope.
Lubricators
Casing is part of Production Casing Envelope &Etc
Stuffing Box

23
 Example of Barrier Envelope:
PRODUCTION CASING ENVELOPE
PACKER/TUBING ENVELOPE
Barrier elements include:
Barrier elements include:
• Production Casing
• Packer
• Side Outlets Valves
• Tubing
• Tubing Hanger
• Tubing Accessories
• Tubing Head
• Tubing Hanger
• Casing Head Housing
• Xmas Tree

BARRIER ELEMENT(WELL & ANNULUS)
PACKER/TUBING/DHSV ENVELOPE
Barrier elements include:

• Packer

• Tubing

• Tubing Accessories

• DHSV

24
 BARRIER TYPES
STUFFING BOX

Barrier Types: Must be “Tested From Direction of Flow”

1. Mechanical Barrier
Lubricator
Advantage: 1. Mechanical Barrier
Reduces formation potential -
damage & cost efficient.
BOP 1.1 Closed Type Closed through out operations & Must be “Leak Tight”
Disadvantage:
XMAS TREE
- Working under pressure. MUD
1.2 Closeable Type Close when required & API leakage criteria.
Tubing
2. Hydrostatic Barrier Casing

DHSV
Must be diligently monitored for a period of time to
Advantage: 2. Hydrostatic Barrier Ensure Thermal Expansion & Contraction
Effects Have Ceased.
Working in dead well.-
FORMATION FLUID  Liquids with circa 200 psi                                                                                        
Disadvantage:
- High potential of formation
PACKER  Must be observable from surface. (If possible, use a plug to segregate kill 
WL PLUG
damage. fluids from the formation.)

Example of Barriers:
Principles of Fluid barriers
MECHANICAL BARRIER
For a fluid to be suitable for use as a barrier, the following conditions must be
satisfied: CLOSED TYPE CLOSABLE TYPE

Stuffing Box BOP

•Correct specification
•Testing Grease Injection Head Annular Preventer
•Observation.
Stripper Xmas Tree
Correct specification means that the fluid has the correct specific gravity.
BHA Check Valve Subsurface Safety Valve

Testing refers to monitoring the specifications when the fluid is being weighed and HYDROSTATIC BARRIER
pumped.
Drilling Fluids Fresh Water
Observation means that the well should be monitored for a period in order to Completion Fluid Salt Water
satisfy ourselves that the pumped fluid is stabilizing it.
OTHER BARRIER EXAMPLES
Simply, we should select the correct kill fluid (weight and specifications) to WL Plugs Ice Plugs
minimize formation overpressure & ensure formation fluid compatibility
Bridge Plugs Overbalanced Fluid

25
 WELL CONTROL THEORY
Definition Barrier Theory
• Overbalance  : Greater pressure than formation pressure
Minimum Barrier Requirements
• Underbalance  : Less pressure than formation pressure
A.A minimum of two independent and tested barriers shall be available at all times to
• Barrier     :  Device, Fluid or Substance that prevent flow of hydrocarbon prevent flow to the environment.

B.As far as possible the barriers should be tested in the direction of flow of the well.
 Inflow Test         : Bleed pressure from ▲ & monitor build‐up
C.The barriers must be capable of being operated independently of each other.

 Positive Plug       :   Hold pressure from ▼ & ▲
 Formation Fracture Pressure : Maximum pressure applied to the 
formation       before it breaks.
 Double barrier principle  : There is must always be two barrier 
elements between the well and the external environment. One barrier  F.The owner of the well may accept deviation of the test from this requirement in certain
element is a back‐up for the other.
D.If one barrier fails it must be possible to put compensatory measures into effect
immediately. During this phase, efforts to re-establish the barrier and return the well to
double barrier protection, are the only type of work permitted.
E.In principle, tested and approved barriers shall not have a leak rate greater than 0,
before any work is conducted.
circumstances.

Testing Barriers Tubing Plugs

Documentation of leak and function testing Tubing plugs can be divided into four categories:
of well barriers
Plugs which hold pressure from below - pump through plug (check valves) •
•All well integrity tests shall be documented and
Plugs which hold pressure from above - test plug (standing valve) •
accepted by an authorized person.
Plugs which hold pressure from both directions (positive plug) •
•The chart and the test documentation should Plugs which hold pressure to set values - pump out plugs (shear plugs) •
contain:
You should
type of test,
test pressure, Check that the pressure ratting is correct. •
test fluid,
Check that the contingency exists if solids might settle on the plug •
system or components tested,
estimated volume of system pressurized, top.
volume pumped and bled back, Check that the plug is holding pressure after setting. •
time and date.

26
Who shuts in the well and is responsible for safe working if a problem occurs
during an intervention operation?
 The operator of the intervention equipment
For smooth and safe-running of a job;
• What items are required for barrier (BOP) 
Hold a pre-job safety meeting with all personnel involved tested verification documents :  (select 3 
Make sure that all personnel know what to do if a problem should arise
Only use tested, inspected and well-maintained equipment Answer)
If a well-control incident occurs;
The well-team, well foreman (operator’s representative) and foreman hold a
pre-job meeting to allocate roles and responsibilities for the shut-in and for
controlling the well if an incident should occur.
• 1‐ Pressure Rating .
For good kick-off (toolbox) meeting;
Get everyone involved to attend the meeting and go through plans, ask for feedback and
• 2‐ Sign Off.
comments, modify the plan if necessary and make sure that everyone understands in properly
If a problem has occurred with a well and it has been shut in; • 3‐ Kick of Depth.
State the problem on paper, give possible causes, and hold a meeting with all
parties involved. State the action to be taken (draw up a plan) if any, and then
• 4‐ Fluid Weight.
ask the onshore support team to comment on your conclusion or intended
action
• 5‐ Max BOP Hydraulic Pressure.
What are the reasons for holding meeting prior to any operation?
Define rules and responsibilities
• 6‐ Deviation Survey.
§Discuss well control incident detail
§Well control actions and the forward plan are fully discussed by all involved in
the operation

Well barriers: are envelopes of one or more dependent well barrier elements to
prevent fluids or gases from flowing unintentionally from a formation, into another
formation or back to surface.

Well Barrier Element: is defined as a component part of a well designed to

prevent fluids or gases from flowing unintentionally from a formation, into another
FORMATION DAMAGE formation or to escape at surface.
& Independent barriers: means each barrier shall be able to be closed and
WELL KILLING contain the well bore fluids by its own control system irrespective of any power
.
failure

A "Well Barrier Envelope" is defined as a combination of one or more Well

Barrier Elements that together constitute a method of containment of fluids within
a well that prevents uncontrolled flow of fluids into another formation, or, to
escape at surface.

27
 Effect Of Gas Expansion in Open Well
32

8 16 Gas behavior
4 Gas expands as it is circulated up the hole
Gas expansion reduces hydrostatic
2
Surface (back) pressure increases to compensate for 
reduction in hydrostatic

Pressure at any point above gas influx will be increasing.
1
Pressure at any point below gas influx will be constant.
0 0 0 0 0 0

FORMATION DAMAGE
Well Intervention most notably formation damages are;

 Exceeding formation fracture pressure.
• Pore or fracture plugging by circulating or kill fluid solids.

• Permeability reduction by circulating or kill fluid filtrate 
invasion.

• Permeability reduction due to insoluble precipitates formed 
during acid stimulation with hydrofluoric acid.

• Sand face/cement breakdown due to acid stimulation effects.

• Clay swelling from incompatible brine or water contamination.

• Pore or perforations plugging due to bull heading with scale or 
debris in the tubing.

28
 PREVENTION
Thorough planning is compulsory to minimize or eliminate 
Risk Assessment (All involved parties) formation, human & environment damages.
RA process involves: 1 Fluids Isolation 
Identifying and ranking risk events, developing mitigation options to • Always isolate fluids from formation by setting a mechanical 
minimize probability and severity of outcome, and providing barrier (only possible if no work to be done below it).
contingency procedures that can be implemented if the events occur. 2 Well Plug Recovery
• Use long neck fishing neck plugs for better recovery due to 
The risk events are then re-ranked assuming that mitigations and scale/debris accumulation.
contingencies (M &C) have been applied, which will show whether Human 4
the M&C have changed these risks to an acceptable level. 3 Fluids Cleanliness MSDS
• Filtration unit or Centrifuge PPE

Role of Risk Assessment 4 Fluids Selection

Procedures

Occurrence of well control events is an ever-present risk in oil industry. Environmental Control 5
In many cases, it is not possible to completely eliminate these risks, so • Compatible Legislative –
requirements
they must be managed to an acceptable level in terms of HSE impact and • Crystallization or Freezing Free fluids
Retain leakage or –
financial losses. • Maintain pH spillage
Close monitor & –
• Consider Inhibitors recorded.

INFORMATION REQUIRED WORKING FLUIDS

1.Fluid Levels In Tubing. Clear brine are used to prevent formation damage providing the 
following points are considered:
2.Wellhead Pressure Rating.
 Compatibility of the brine with the formation.
3.Formation Pressure.
 Weight required.
4.Formation Fracture Pressure.
 Preparation of the brine.
5.Casing & Tubing Strengths.
 Cleanliness.
6.Injectivity Pressure.
 Health & Safety aspects.
7.Maximum Allowable Surface Pressure(MASP).
 Pollution control measures.

29
 WELL KILLING
1 Bullhead:
• Fill CT below Quad BOP with kill fluids through Quad BOP 
Kill Port Well Intervention well Kill Method:
• Pump 1½ ‐ 2 volumes of seawater with high pumping rate 
(faster than freefall) to push hydrocarbon into formation  1. Bullhead: The Most preferable method in case of 
via Xmas Tree.
emergency.
• Followed by pumping kill fluids at high pumping rate (e.g. 
1000 lpm) & reduce pumping rate before the kill fluids 
reaches formation (e.g. 200 lpm)  2.Forward Circulation:   Minimize formation damage.
• Squeezed kill fluids into formation at given overpressure 
(lower than formation fracturing pressure).
• The pump is stopped & killing is completed when the rate  3.  Reverse Circulation:   Best Planned Kill method
of pressure reduction is lower than 1.5 bar/min.
• If the rate of pressure reduction is higher, continue  4.  Lubricate &  Bleed :     Last resort Alternative method.
squeezing & monitor pressure bleed off.

1- BULLHEAD
Bull Heading Limitations: Pump Kill fluid thru tubing and squeeze influx into formation, we use this method in EMERGENCY.
Must apply infectivity test.

Advantages:
Formation Fracture Pressure.‐ ‐ Quick & easy methods especially in smaller tubing.
Tubing burst Pressure.‐ ‐ No Hydrocarbons brought to surface.
‐ Lower cost & Easy to perform with less personal.
Max. Pressure of surface equipment .‐ ‐ No Casing pressure increase 

Formation damage.‐ • Disadvantage: 
Cannot Kill all well (especially tight ‐ •Scales or contaminants in the tubing are pumped into 
formations. 
formation and some gas well). •Low formation pressures may be exceeded causing 
accidental fractures. 
•Gas may slip up the tubing if the pump rate is not sufficient for larger tubing size. 

30
 WELL KILLING WELL KILLING
2 Forward Circulation
3‐ Reverse  Circulation • Prepare kill fluids with 200 psi overbalance.
Pump kill fluids through Casing & return thru the tubing. • Pump down kill fluids through CT & returns up the annulus
• The pump is stopped & killing is completed when the rate 
Advantages: of pressure reduction is lower than 1.5 bar/min.
1‐ small volume pumped (Tubing) • If the rate of pressure reduction is higher, continue 
2‐Low surface pressure pumping & monitor return pressure.
3‐Influx will not enter Annulus.
4‐Fast and PLANNED. Disadvantages:
5‐ can Kill all wells ( if  the mechanical condition of   1‐ Large Volume pumped (Tubing + Annulus).
2‐ High surface Pressure.
the tubing and casing is appropriate). 3‐ Influx will be beneath completion fluid.
6‐Formation may be protected from damage 4‐ Less safe as hydrocarbons will be brought to surface through 
hanger spool outlets and disposal may be more difficult.
5‐ Slow pump speed.   
Disadvantage:  6‐ No advantage over reverse circulation
•Slower than Bull heading method 

WELL KILLING
4‐ LUBRICATE & BLEED:
Pump a small amount of kill fluid & bleed a small amount
Of gas while keeping constant BHP until well is dead.
‐ It is the Alternative method of Bull Heading.

Advantages:
1‐The only method that can be used in certain circumstances.

Disadvantages:

1‐ Very slow

2‐Requires higher surface pressure than circulating methods.

3‐Pressures equalization across tubing is difficult to achieve. 

31
 OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES

Well Intervention Common Challenges are:
• Surge Pressure Deviation•
• Swab Pressure Hydrates•
• Blockages Equipment Failure and/or Defect•
Human Error•

1. Surge Pressure
Piston Power arises from running of tubing in hole & caused by:
• Small clearance (between CT OD / tubing ID) produces 
▲pressures Completion fluids produces ▲pressure than 
oil/gas).
• ▲speed produces ▲pressures.
• Longer OD tools produces ▲pressures.
• May activate pressure‐activated equipment downhole.

OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES

3. Blockages
• Formation sand 2. Swab Pressure
• Scale
Piston Effect occurs when downhole equipment is being pulled 
• Paraffin and wax from the well & caused by following conditions:
• Collapsed casing, liners or jammed valves  • Small clearance (between CT OD / tubing ID) produces 
▲pressures.
etc.
• Completion fluids produces ▲pressure than oil/gas).

Removing Blockages • ▲speed produces ▲pressures.
• Longer OD tools produces ▲pressures.
• Mechanical methods • Greater effect when downhole tools closer to reservoir & 
• Chemical methods causes hydrocarbon to be drawn out from reservoir.

32
 OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES

4. Deviation Sand Bailer

• Friction
• Helical effect
The Sand Bailer, often referred to as 
• Unable to reach desired depth the “Pump Bailer” can be used to 
remove sand or other similar debris 
Solution from the top of a sub surface device 
• Retry cautiously which may be preventing recovery of 
the device by regular slickline 
• Roller subs operations. 

• Tractors 
• Alternate well interventions method

OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES

5 Hydrates
6 Equipment Failure and/or Defect Crystalline water structures filled with small gas molecules. 1 m3 of 
hydrates contains approximately 0.8 m3 water & 180 m3 gas.
• Presence of free water
Equipment failures lead to disastrous tragedy.  • Presence of light gas molecules
• Relatively high pressure
Certified independent inspection body, pre‐job function & 
• Relatively low temperature
pressure tests, good equipment handling, effective 
Removing Hydrates
maintenance program, sufficient spares & back‐up 
• Reduce pressure 
equipment are essential in achieving maximum safety  (Risk: hydrate plug slips & gas above it, the plug may blow up). 
• Raise temperature
standard & high rate of operation success.
• Use inhibitor (glycol, methanol or salt).

33
 OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES

7 Human Error
WELL
Qualified, well trained competent personnel are essential in 
COMPLETION
achieving maximum safety standard & high rate of 
operation success.

Objective:
Two ways communication is vital to this dynamic WI 
Provide general knowledge of design philosophy,
types, functional requirements & accessories. operations. Well developed intra‐personnel relationship 
is essentially important.

WELL COMPLETION TYPE
1. PRODUCER Well  WELL COMPLETION
2. INJECTOR Well 
3. Observation Well  WC is the “hardware” of the outflow system & final stage of a drilled 
4. KILL Well  well. 

The design philosophy of WC is to “Maximize Profitability”.
The well is either Vertically & Horizontally completed.
– by maximizing well hydrocarbon recovery.
• Open Hole Completion – by considering the full hydrocarbon resource life cycle.
• Uncemented Liner Completion
Quality concepts for WC is;
• Gravel Pack / WWS Completion 
“A Quality Well is a well which contributes, over its life cycle, 
• Tubingless Completion
maximum monetary value, without compromising safety & 
• Cemented & Perforated Completion environmental standards”

• Single String or Multiple String Completion
• Conventional or Monobore Completion

34
 WELL COMPLETION

1. Conventional Completion   (Longer Duration) 
2. Mono‐bore Completion       (Shorter Duration) 
“Completion with fullbore access across the payzone without diameter 
restrictions”.
Conventional Same tubing ID Mono-bore

WRSV
TRSV
SSD

SPM

▪▪ No Restriction
◦◦◦◦

35
 Completion Functions
Completion Functions

2. Optimize Flow Install the tubing
Xmas Tree

Tubing
Hanger

Tubing

Producing
Fluids

Wireline
Nipple

Perforations

Completion Functions
Completion Functions

4. Contain the Reservoir
3. Protect the Casing

Hydraulic
Control Line
SCSSV
Corrosion
Inhibited
Section of Packer Fluid
corroded
casing

Locator Seal
Assembly
Packer
Tailpipe with
W/L Nipple
Formation

36
 Completion Functions Completion Functions

6. Enable Chemical Injection 5. Enable Tubing to Casing Circulation

< 2,000 ft

SPMWith
Chemical
9,740 ft Injection Sliding Side
9,770 ft Valve Door (SSD)

9,800 ft

10,000 ft

Completion Functions
2 Trip Completion

7. Enable Well Kill
Trip 1 : Packer
Trip 2 : Completion

Can be Annulus to Tubing
Or
Tubing to Annulus

Sliding Side
Door (SSD)

37
 WELL COMPLETION

1 INFLOW 2 OUTLOW 3 PRODUCING ZONE

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

ZONE 1 1 INFLOW 2 OUTFLOW 3 PRODUCING ZONES

ZONE 1

VERTICAL HORIZONTA
L

UNCEMENTED LINER

PERFORATED LINER
ZONE 2 ZONE 2

SEC RECOVERY
PRI RECOVERY
PERFORATED
OPENHOLE

MULTIPLE
CASING

SINGLE
PRODUCING PRODUCING
WELLBORE
ZONE ZONE ZONE 3
ZONE 3

Concentric String
High Rate Liner
Simple, Low Cost

Int Segregation
P//Pack Screen

Multiple String
High Pressure

Co-Mingling Int
Ext GP

Single String
Plunger Rod
Slotted Pipe

Tubing-less
Interface between Producing Interface between No of Zones

Internal GP

Sub-Pump
Standard

Standard
Gas Lift
Zones & Wellbore Wellbore & Surface

WWS

Rod
Facility

Inflow & Outflow System Vertical & Horizontal Well

1 Inflow System:
 Open‐Hole
VERTICAL
 WWS Hits few VERTICAL
formation HORIZONTAL
 Cased‐Hole & Perforated 

OUTFLOW
HORIZONTAL Gas Cap
GOC
2 Outflow System:
Oil Rim
Hits
 Tubing‐Less multiple Coning WOC Limited Drawdown
formations
 Mono‐Bore
 Single or Multiple Tubing
INFLOW

38
39
2. OUTFLOW – SEC RECOVERY

GAS LIFT
Compression

Manifold G as

Surge
Tank
Water Oil

Motorised
Flowline Valve
Continuous Intermittent
Gas Lift Gas Lift

Gas Supply
Unloading Unloading
Control And
Valves Valves
Metering System

Operating
Gas Lift
Valve (O GLV)

Standing Valve

3. Producing Zones – Multiple 3. PRODUCING ZONES – SINGLE

Single Single Single
Multiple Concentric Multiple Multiple Completion Selective Selective Single
Completion Completion Commingle Selective Interval Interval Commingle
Completion Completion

40
 WELL COMPLETION
Tubing Hanger

COMPLETION ACCESSORY: Control Line

Flow Coupling
1 Anchoring Device SCSSV Landing Nipple

 Landing Nipples
2 Circulation Device Top No-Go Nipple

 SSD SPM
 SPM
3 Isolation Device Top No-Go Nipple

 Packer SSD

 Tubing Seal Assembly, PBR Top Packer

SSD
4 Anti‐Erosion Device
 Blast Joint Producing Zone 2 Blast Joint

 Flow Coupling Btm Packer

5 Others Bottom No-Go Nipple

 WLEG WL Entry
Guide
 Perforated Joint Producing Zone 1 Perforated Joint

 Control Line 
 Tubing Hanger
PRODUCER COMPLETION SCHEMATIC

DHSV/ SSSV
Objective: 
Down hole device that isolate well pore pressure and fluids in case 
of Emergency. Set below crater depth & above CL hydraulic fluid 
hydrostatic head. 

41
 DHSV
DHSV
WRSV TRSV
PASSV
(Pressure Activated Subsurface Control Safety
Valve)
-Ambient Pressure
-Differential Pressure

SCSSV
(Surface Control Subsurface Safety Valve)

WRSV
TRSV
All Works by Pressure
Two Closure mechanism
-Ball Type - Flapper Type

42
Annulus safety valve When a Tubing retrievable DHSV is run into the well we need
to lock it open
Some countries require annulus safety valves to be installed in gas-lift wells on fixed
installations.
a.False
The idea is the same as for DHSVs, i.e. to prevent an uncontrolled reverse backflow of gas b.True
from the annulus, if any of the wellhead and/or Xmas tree equipment should be damaged.
Would it be an acceptable practice to lock open and set
an insert valve to reinstate production in a well with a
failed tubing retrievable DHSV?

a.No
b.Yes

What is the correct action to take to re-instate

production in a well with a failed tubing retrievable
DHSV?

a.Workover the well

b.Lock open DHSV
c.Lock open DHSV and install an insert valve

CIRCULATION DEVICE 2. •
Orienting Sleeve

2.1Sliding Side Door (SSD)
Profile
 Provide communication 
Seal Bore
between tubing & annulus.
 Incorporate nipple profile.  Inner Sleeve
inner sleeve with packing, &  3 Positions
seal bores.
Discriminator
Ports

2.2Side Pocket Mandrel
Receptacle

 Provide communication  Releasing
Shoulder
between tubing & annulus.
 Incorporate orienting sleeve, 
discriminator, receptacle with 
profile & seal bores for 1” or 
11/2” valves.

43
SPM ACCESSORIES
Dummy Valve
• Blank off the communication 
port

Gas Lift Valve
• Annulus injection pressure 
activated
• Production pressure activated

Latches
• Lock in receptacle profile

Locking & Releasing Mechanism

WELL COMPLETION

ISOLATION DEVICE 3.
Designed to provide seal between casing & tubing. 
It allows reservoir fluid to be contained within the tubing up to surface facility. 
This isolates production casing from being exposed to reservoir pressure & 
corrosion from well effluents or injection fluids 
PRODUCTION PACKER
Hold-Down Buttons
3.1Permanent Packer
• Integral casing part & run independently.
• Tubing run with connector & seal elements.
• Remove by milling.
Elements
• Electrically WL set.
3.2Retrievable Packer
• Integral part of tubing & run on production  Slips

tubing.
• Hydraulically set.
3.3Inflatable Packer
• Well Intervention applications

44
ANTI-EROSION DEVICE 4. Retrievable Hydraulic Packers

4.1 Blast Joint
• Designed to withstand external corrosion caused by formation 
fluids. 
• Short tubular with SS heavy wall. (3‐20 ft)
• Installed opposite perforations (non‐gravel
pack) where abrasive action & external cutting
occurs caused by formation fluids or sand. 
• High velocity & high pressures wells installed
both US & DS. 

4.2Flow Coupling

CN0534
9
• Designed to withstand  internal  abrasive action G‐77 RH PHL RDH BHD RHD HPH HGO
AHC
from flow turbulence. 
• Medium length (1‐6 ft) with Stainles steel S heavy‐wall. 
• Installed near flow restrictions . 

45
 OTHERS 5.
5.1Wireline Entry Guide (WLEG)
• Bottom most tubing accessories.
• Provide easy access for WL tools 
into tubing.

5.2Perforated Joint
• Eliminate flow restrictions.
• Provide true downhole flow 
readings.

5.3Control Line
• Transport hydraulic fluid to SCSSV
• Continuous length & securely 
clamped on tubing wall.

5.4Tubing Hanger
• Set in THS , suspend tubing 
weight & provide sealing    BPV 
Receptacle

Tubing
Medium to convey well fluids from wellbore to surface or vise versa.
• Prevent well effluents expose to casing.
• API & Premium connections
API: Tapered thread & rely on thread compound to effect seal
Premium:   Metal‐to‐Metal seal
• Tubing = Tubular range from 2⅜” to 4½” 
• Casing = Tubular range from >5”

Tubing selection governed by:
• Well peak production rate
• Well depth
• Use of WL tools
• Pressure & temperature
• Annulus differential pressure etc

46
 Tubing Hanger

Function:
• Suspend tubing string with 
threaded connection
• Isolate casing tubing annular 
• Receptacle for BPV
• Set in THS  and suspend tubing 
weight

TUBING HEAD

TUBING HANGER

Tubing Hanger in Tubing Head Spool

Tubing head spool
Uses of TGB head spool
Internal Needle Valve

Hanger place

Tubing Hanger Dual Tubing Hanger Access annulus A

Control Lines
Base for x‐mass tree
Control Line to 
Safety Valve

47
COMPLETION ACCESSORY DEPTH RATIONALIZATION
Double Studded 
1 DHSV
• HP of control line fluid
6 Adapter Flange 
1
• Earth crater depth
2
2 Landing Nipple Used as a cross over between 
• Below kick off point for deviation. 3 the
• Check well integrity 2 top of the THS and the base of
• Hanging depth for FCD. 4 X‐mass tree
5
3 SPM 4
• Hydrostatic head of hydrocarbon & communication
4 SSD
6
Example:
• Depth of required communication 5

2
11” X 7 1/16” 5K Double Studded Adapter Flange
5 Packer
• Determined by reservoir depths.
11” X 3 1/8” 3K (DSAF) with control line outlet

6 Anti‐Erosion Device
• Determined by reservoirs & flow characteristics

Wellhead
Provides the following functions:
WELLHEAD
 Anchor & connections for each individual casing
&
 Pressure isolation of individual casing
 Connection for Xmas tree
XMAS TREE
 Connections for completion string
 Isolation of production annulus
 Access to annulus for pressure monitoring  Objective:
Provide general knowledge of types, functional
and/or pumping. requirements & accessories.

Types of Wellheads:
 Compact Wellhead (sub‐sea)
 Conventional Wellhead

48
Type of Casing
1. Conductor Pipe
2. Surface Casing
3. Intermediate Casing
4. Production Casing
5. Liner

1 CONDUCTOR PIPE

 Prevents unconsolidated formations being eroded.
 Provides flow path for drilling fluids.
 Cemented in pre‐drilled hole or pile driven.
 Sizes ranging from 16” – 30” OD.
 Depth varies from surface to 40’ – 400’.

Intermediate Casing Surface Casing

Seals off problem zones, loss •
circulation zones, high pressure gas Protection in case of blowout & Acts 
pockets & soft formations as wellhead foundation.
encountered.

Protects production casing from • Isolates shallow consolidated & fresh 

corrosive fluids. water formations.
Cemented up to surface casing shoe. • Cemented along its whole length. 
Sizes ranging from 7” – 13 3/8” OD. •
Sizes ranging from 13 3/8” – 20” OD. 
Depth depends on total well depth & •
conditions encountered, shallow wells Setting depth up to 1 500’ below 
not necessary to set this. surface.

49
 Liner Production Casing
Shortened casing hangs from bottom of Set above or through 
previous casing through producing
formations. producing formations.

Used when geological & pressure

conditions make it hazardous to penetrate
Isolates reservoir from other 
the producing formation without the hole fluid bearing formations.
being protected by casing.

Cemented along its length. Cemented from intermediate 

casing shoe to its bottom.
Cost effective
Sizes ranging from 5” – 9 5/8” 
OD.

CONVENTIONAL WELLHEAD COMPACT WELLHEAD

It’s a built up of modules. During drilling BOP is installed  It’s positioned on the seabed. During drilling sub‐sea BOP is installed 
above it. above it.
It must be removed each time a new module to be 
installed & replaced the BOP on top of it before 
commence drilling.

Features:
1  Starter Spool (Conductor Pipe)
2 Surface Casing Head
3 Surface Casing Hanger
4 Production Casing Head
5 Production Casing Hanger
6 Tubing Head
7 Tubing Hanger

50
 XMAS TREE
Surface valves manifold to control flow of well fluids & access for well
intervention activities.
Features:
LMV
Manual, NOT working valve optimum conditions.
UMV
Emergency valve (Hyd/Pneu) & cut wire.
FWV
Permits passage of well fluids to CV.
CHOKE VALVE (CV)
Restrict, control or regulate flow of well fluids.
KWV
Permits entry of kill fluids into tubing or equalize.
SV/CV Permits entry of well interventions.

Xmas Tree Type

Solid Block or Mono Block •

Contains fewer components (for
high pressure wells)

51
 Xmas Tree Type Xmas Tree Type

• Horizontal Xmas Tree Composite Block •

Valves are located on
New concept used for separate block & joined by
sub-sea completion. API flange.

Flanges
Wellhead Connection Types;
Screwed type (low press <1 000psi).
Rated Working Flange Size Range API Flanged type (high press <5 000psi).
 Pressure Type 6B Type 6 BX API Flanged type are mostly used because 
it’s less susceptible & easier oriented.
2000 psi 2‐1/16''  ‐‐ 21‐1/4'' 26‐3/4'' ‐‐‐30''
3000 psi 2‐1/16''  ‐‐ 20‐3/4'' 26‐3/4'' ‐‐‐30'' Example of API Flange specification:
5000 psi 2‐1/16''  ‐‐ 11'' 13‐5/8''‐‐21‐1/4'' 9⅛” – 5000 psi API Flange.
10,000 psi ‐‐‐‐‐ 1‐13/16''‐‐21‐1/4''
15,000 psi ‐‐‐‐‐ 1‐13/16''‐‐18‐3/4'' 9⅛” is the ID of the flange & 5000 psi
is the working pressure.
20,000 psi ‐‐‐‐‐ 1‐13/16''‐‐13‐5/8''

52
 Ring Gasket Flanges

Marking:
According to API the following marking should be 
visible on the Flanges OD:
• Manufacture's name and mark
• API monogram
Type R Octagonal Type R Oval Type RX Type BX • Size
• Thread size
Marking: • End and outlet connection size
According to API the following marking should be visible on the ring 
gaskets OD: • Rated working pressure
• Manufacture's name and mark • Type and number(Example BX 159)
• API monogram
• Type and number(Example BX 159) • Ring gasket material( Example S 304)
• Ring gasket material( Example S 304)

Smart Wells
Smart wells offer the possibility to respond to changing conditions.
Smart wells combine existing state-of-the-art technologies such as wireless
technologies, remote sensing capabilities, remote control mechanism and
robotic tools.
Remote sensors can immediately show what is going on in the down hole.
Valves down the hole can be adjusted, controlling flow or shutting off production
at one level and increasing it from another.
Fluid processing can take place down the hole with gas and liquids being
separated by devices such as hydro-cyclones
Flange Connections
Flanges are API connections and can be one of two 
types:
• Type 6B for 2000, 3000 and 5000 psi. Type 6BX for 10000, 15000 and 
20000 psi.
• Type 6B flanges use either and R or RX ring gasket. The gaskets are 
interchangeable, the only difference being that the RX gasket is pressure 
energized. The flanges do not make face‐to‐face contact when made up.
• Type 6BX flanges use BX ring gaskets. The flanges make face‐to‐face 
contact when made up.
Summary
• Type  R ring Gasket (only for type 6B Flanges)
• API type RX pressure energized ring gasket ( only for type 6B flanges)
• API type BX pressure energized ring gasket ( only for type 6BX)

53
 WELL INTERVENTION

IADC Definition:

Well Intervention is a well service operation conducted on live

WELL
wells.
INTERVENTION
(Pressure Control) – 3 Barriers
No guarantee that Well Intervention may succeed to achieve the
objectives. (Coiled Tubing, Slickline, 
Wireline & Snubbing)
& (Well servicing) 

Workover is a well service operation conducted on dead wells.

High potential damage to the formation if kill fluids is not properly
calculated.
(Well Control) – 2 Barriers

WELL INTERVENTION WELL INTERVENTION

Well Mechanical Failure: Reasons for Well Intervention:

1. Remove flow obstructions e.g. sand bridge, wax, asphaltene, 
Some well conduit failures can be repaired by Well  scale, paraffin, hydrates etc.
Intervention techniques.  2. Eliminate excessive water or gas production.
3. Repair mechanical failure of completion accessories.
However Workover technique is required, if the failure is  4. Well Stimulation for production enhancement (acid wash, 
serious & required to pull tubing such as; matrix acidizing and fracturing).
• TRSV failure or leak. 5. Increase production by bring other productive zones on‐stream.
• Casing, Tubing & Packer leak.  6. Maintain control of oil, gas and water production from various 
• Casing, Tubing collapse. zones or layers in stratified reservoirs.
• Serious Cement failure. 7. Monitor reservoir characteristics by obtaining reservoir 
• Failure or insufficient system for artificial hydrocarbon recovery. pressure, temperature, electrical & chemical properties.
• Recovery of fish which is unable to be recovered by conventional  8. Isolating zones or wells.
method.

54
 WELL INTERVENTION

METHOD
1. Snubbing :   Tripping pipe into well against pressure.
COILED 2. Coiled Tubing :  Technique using continuous thin‐walled   tube
Into pressurized well by means of a mechanically driven belt.
3. Wireline : Convey tools using wire or cable.
TUBING

Objective:

Provide general knowledge of CT

operations, CT equipment& its functional
requirements, operational parameters
& well control requirements.

CT STRING MANUFACTURING AND CONSTRUCTION

COILED TUBING

The three main manufacturers are:   Well Intervention technique using continuous length of thin‐walled tube into 
pressurized well by means of a mechanically driven belt. 
QT (Quality Tubing) •
GT (Global Tubing)  • Coiled Tubing provides a broad spectrum of well interventions services that 
Tenaris • substantially reduce costs for many work over, remedial & specialized drilling 
operations formerly requiring a rig. 

CT is manufactured from flat metal strips, called skelps.
String construction and manufacturing processes depend on:
Type of assembly weld (butt weld, bias weld) •
Wall thickness configuration (non‐tapered, tapered, true taper) •
Special purpose strings (weld bead removal, coated CT) •
Common size range from 1” ‐ 1¾” due to current economical changes & CT 
advance technology larger size range from 2” ‐ 3½”.
It can be easily transported, rigged – up & unrigged in a shortest period of 
time. (Offshore ‐ 3 hrs & Onshore – 2 hrs)
Currently max working depth 25K ft @ 250 ft/min. CT is cheaper & quicker 
alternative to perform downhole works compare to conventional methods.

55
 COILED TUBING

CT WELD
COILED TUBING ‐ History
90s QUALITY TUBING
1965 – 90s SOUTHWESTERN
REPUBLIC 90s QT-70 QT-700
TUBING MANNESMAN

Strip length

Joined strips formed

into tubing

250 ft 1000 1700 3500

ft ft ft

COILED TUBING
COILED TUBING IS MANUFACTURED FROM CARBON STEEL

COILED TUBING – Manufacturing Process

Strips are bias welded end‐to‐
end to form a continuous roll
Begins with long flat strips  Flat coil passes through 
of carbon steel rollers

Inspected throughout
Spooled onto service reel or  Edges are pressed & 
transport drum welded together
Precisely heated and cooled 
throughout

56
 COILED TUBING
APPLICATION:
• Casing Cutting, Sand Washing
• Well Unloading
• Washing Perforations
• Through Tubing Operations
• Tubing De‐scaling
• Cementing. Logging, Fishing
• Nitrogen Lifting, Perforating
• Drilling or Milling
• Slim‐well 2” ‐ 4¾” CT Completion
• Mono‐bore Completion Services
Coiled Tubing Manufacturing
LIMITATIONS:
Life Limits – primarily •
bending stresses.
Pressure & Tension •
Limits – Monitor & record
tension & compression at
various pressures.
Diameter & Overall Limits •
– Record usage, physical
conditions & dimensions.
Helicoidal Buckling affect •
horizontal well.

CT EQUIPMENT
CT EQUIPMENT

CT components are modular, lightweight, skid  CT components are modular, lightweight, skid mounted 
mounted design for ease of lifting & positioning.  design for ease of lifting & positioning. Basic skid units  6
Basic skid units that make a standard CT Package: 4
that make a standard CT Package:
1. Control Cabin 5
• Control Cabin 1
4

1
6
• CT Reel 7
2. Power Pack 
3 2 • Power Pack 2 3

3. CT Reel 7 • Injector Head 5

8 • BOP system
4. Goose Neck
5. Injector Head The additional equipment list required for CT operations  5

6. Strippers are:    
XMAS TREE
6. Goose Neck
7. BOP
7. Strippers
8. Kill Line WELLHEAD
8. Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA)

57
 COMPONENTS OF A COILED TUBING UNIT

Reference A Coiled Tubing Unit

Gooseneck
CTU, 95K, 2.0”, QT900,
(0.175in) 19000ft
Control console Injector
2” 0.175”
Service reel BOP

Coiled  Maximum  Tubing OD Tubing  Wall  Maximum  Power pack

Tubing  injector  yield  thickness,  length of 
Unit pull strength  so ID is  tubing 
(95,000lbs) (90,000psi) 1.825”  available

CT EQUIPMENT
1 Control Cabin
• Elevated Location ‐ to provide full view of all activities.
• Control Panel – control valves & gauges (Eye Level)

• Combined Control Cabin & Power Pack to reduce footprint.

58
Coiled Tubing Unit
Various configuration & design: 
•Independent  or truck mounted unit 
•Elevated Location ‐ to provide full view of all 
activities. 

Instrument & Control System: 
•Primary control: Weight Indicator, Circulating
& Wellhead Pressure 
•Secondary control: Depth/Speed, Stripper
Pressure & Chain Tensioner 
•Support control: Engine RPM, Drive System,
Air & BOP Pressures 

Standby pumps as back‐up to operate PCE in 
maintaining  maximum well security in the
event of major equipment  failure. 

Gauges are located at operator’s eye level. 

CT EQUIPMENT
2 CT Reel

59
 CT EQUIPMENT
3 Power Pack Able to bend CT here
SERVICE REEL
Maintains tension here

Hydraulic motor

Service reel rotation controlled by hydraulic motor

 can be mounted for direct drive on the reel shaft

 operated by a chain-and sprocket drive assembly
 Maintains constant pull on the tubing

CT EQUIPMENT

4 Gooseneck
• Sets of Rollers: guide CT from Reel & leads into 
IH in vertical plane. 
• Recommended Radius: 72” for 1¼” OD CT 

Main
Drive
5 Injector Head
Hydraulic
Cylinders
• Profile Gripper Blocks: hydraulic adjustable  Skate Profile
friction grips CT without slippage & crimp CT. 
• Hydraulic Drive Chains: 2 hydraulic unison  Chain
motors drive chains & disk brakes to hold CT  Tension
Sprocket
weight in stationary position.
Idler Sprocket
• Face‐to‐face Gripper Block backed by hydraulic 
force Skate Profile grip CT in motion or  Accumulator
stationary position.
• Accumulator compensate CT OD 
abnormalities.

60
 CT EQUIPMENT
6 Stripper
INJECTOR V95HP INJECTOR
• Pressure containment device – Primary Barrier in well 
control system. Protective Crash 
Hydraulic  Frame
• Installed above BOP & below IH. 
Motors & 
• Dual assembly used for extreme well conditions. Gearboxes
• Hydraulic activation from Control Cabin.
Inner Frame
• Can be redressed during operation with pressure 
Chain Lube 
isolated Oil Tank
1. Conventional Stripper
2. Tandem Stripper Outer Frame
3. Side Door Stripper
4. Radial Stripper Hydraulic 
Bulkhead
Load Pins

SIDE DOOR STRIPPER CONVENTIONAL STRIPPER

• Mounted closer to IH • Hydraulic pressure applied through Pack 
Port moves Lower Bushing ▲ & energize 
• Easy & safer access for Seals  stripping element. De‐energize 
inspection. is achieve through Retract Port.
• Extended Bushing improve guides & 
minimizing Seals wear. • Well pressure will further energize 
stripper.
• Hydraulic pressure applied Closing 
Port moves Upper Bushing ▼& 
energize stripping element. • Seal can be redressed from top of 
Stripper within IH frame provided the
• Well pressure provide gives no impact  well pressure is isolated.
in energizing element.

• CT range from 1” ‐ 1¾”
• 45 min – 1 hr redressing period.

• 5 – 10 min redressing period. • CT range from 1” ‐ 1½|.

61
 TANDEM STRIPPER
RADIAL STRIPPER

• Used in conjunction with fixed Stripper.
• Easy & safer access for Seals 
• Similar in principle with Side Stripper
inspection.
• Back up Stripper system.
• Generally used for high 
• Allow operation to continue without 
pressure well & back‐up 
delay.
system.
• Primary Stripper should be redressed  at 
• CT range from 1” ‐ 1¾”
the earliest practical opportunity.
• 45 min period redress

CT EQUIPMENT CT EQUIPMENT
8 Shear & Seal BOP
BOP 7
• It‘s serve to provide a Tertiary Barrier. It is mounted directly above the 
It‘s serve to provide a mean of securing the CT & isolate well •
Xmas Tree.  pressure during Normal, Unusual or Emergency operating
• Always function test the ram before executing the CT operation & the  situations.
blade/cutter is only good for one‐time use.
It’s a Mechanical Closable Type of Secondary Barrier. •
9 Coiled Tubing Function & pressure test is compulsory before used. •
• Raw long flat metal strips rolled & folded into long spiral tube & welded.
CT BOP configurations & side-port facility allows well control •
• The individual length again is welded together to form continuous length.  operations to be conducted under variety of conditions.
• Continuously milled tubing has now been introduce but it’s expensive.
Rams are hydraulically & mechanically activated only during CT •
• Alloy grade ‘A606’ is the common material use for ductility & combat  in stationary position.
bending stresses.
• 2 types – Normal operation constant OD & ID. Abnormal operation  CT BOP available in various configurations: SINGLE, COMBI, •
constant OD & variation ID. TRIPLE COMBI & QUAD BOP.

• Limitations – Bending Stresses, Internal Pressure Pump & Axial (tension). Advantage of COMBI BOP assemblies reduces height & weight. •

62
 BLOW OUT PREVENTERS
• Secondary Well Control
• Controlled from operator’s station in CT cab
• Most have handles to lock in once closed
• Accumulator backup

Blinds
Shear/Cutters
Slips
Tubing Rams

Flow Cross

Safety(Tubing rams)/ Shear

Seal.

63
 BOP Stack

QUAD BOP

Solid block equipped with 4 sets of rams.
It’s a Secondary Barrier in well control system.
1. Blind Ram
- Seal when no CT in place.
2. Shear Ram
- Cut through CT but no seal.
3. Slip Ram

Hold full CT weight without damage & no seal. -

CAUTION: It might induce & premature crack on CT.

4. Pipe Ram

- Close & seal around CT when in place.

Quad Stacks

Quad Stacks

Blind Rams Blind Ram

Kill line flange  Shear Ram

Seal the well at surface when well outlet between
control is lost shear and slip Slip Ram
rams
Pipe Ram
Valve rated to 
MAWP of the Flow Cross:
BOP stack 2 Manual Valves 
mounted on kill 2 Rotac Valves 
line flange
Additional  Single Pipe Ram
through-bore HP For safety
isolation valve
included

64
 Quad Stacks Quad Stacks

Slip Rams Cutter/Shear Rams

Equipped with bi-directional teeth. Shear the tubing if it gets stuck, or to

Designed to support the tubing or cut the pipe to remove surface
prevent it from being blown upward. equipment

TRIPLE COMBI BOP

Quad Stacks

Solid block equipped with 3 sets of rams. Pipe Rams

It’s a Secondary Barrier in well control system.
▐ Equipped with pre-formed seals
1. Blind Ram that suit the OD of the tubing
▐ Isolate wellbore annulus
2. Shear Ram or Slip Ram pressure

3. Pipe Ram

• Pressure Sensor

• Equalizing Valve

• Side Kill Port

65
 SINGLE RAM BOP COMBI BOP
Shear & Seal BOP or Safety BOP (Spacer Spool)

Solid block equipped with 2 sets of rams.
Single Ram generally fitted with rams capable of shearing CT or toolstring 
It’s a Secondary Barrier in well control system.
&
sealing to provide well pressure isolation.
1. Blind Ram
It’s a Tertiary Barrier in well control system
2. Slip Ram or Pipe Ram

• Pressure Sensor

• Equalizing Valve

• Side Kill Port

Advantage:
Less Height
Less procedure steps

ANNULAR BOP SHEAR & SEAL ACTUATOR

Additional BOP for different OD & long BHA
• Close & seal any size
• Close & seal w/o tubing

66
LOW PRESSURE CT STACKS HIGH PRESSURE CT STACKS
1
1
1. Goose Neck
1. Goose Neck
2. Injector Head 2
2
2. Injector Head
3. Stripper
3. Dual Stripper System
3
4. Hydraulic Connector  3 4. Hydraulic Connector 4
4
5. Flow line
5
5. Quad BOP System 5
6. Combi BOP System
6 6. Flow line 6

7. Annular BOP
7 7. Annular BOP 7
8. Shear & Seal BOP
8. Shear & Seal BOP
8 8
9. Xmas Tree
9. Xmas Tree

9 9

67
 CT PCE CONNECTIONS CT BARRIERS
High Pressure Well: Stripper
• Flange type or Hydraulic Connectors Primary Barrier

Low Pressure Well: BOP
• Screw Type 
SLUICE LENGTH

Connections between Stripper & BOP is preferable to use 
Hydraulic Connector making it possible to reconfigure  Blind Ram

Sluice Length. Shear Ram

Secondary Barrier
Slips Ram
Sluice Length is BHA Length Riser or
Spacer Spool Pipe Ram
• Length from Stripper to Shear & Seal BOP

• Deployment system – installing Annular BOP or 
Spacer Spool (extra Safety BOP)

Shear & Seal Tertiary Barrier Shear & Seal Ram

BOP

Bias Welds Butt Welds

 Fixed angle flat strips are welded and when milled the bias weld is distributed along a helix in   A high percentage of failures occur in the HAZ of the weld bead. 
the finished tube.  The material in this area fatigues much more rapidly than the parent material, especially in 
a sour gas environment. 

Figure 6. Butt‐welded CT string showing the HAZ.

Butt weld profile
HAZ (Heat Affected Zone): approximately 3/8” from the 
weld

68
 10 . ACCESSORIES AND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT
CT EQUIPMENT
Pumping or Nitrogen services equipment.
Pumps, tanks, hoppers, filtration unit & inter connecting piping into Swivel Inlet. • 10 CT Auxiliary Equipment
Additional safety barriers such as wood & trays beneath nitrogen tank if spillage occur &  • • Pumping or Nitrogen services equipment.
water wash down station for deck cleaning.
• Pumps, tanks, hoppers, filtration unit & inter connecting piping into Swivel 
Inlet.
Hydraulic Crane Liquid Pump Tanks & CT Drilling • Additional safety barriers such as wood & trays beneath nitrogen tank if 
Mixing/Storing Equipment spillage occur & water wash down station for deck cleaning.
▐ A means of ▐ Sends fluid to ▐ Contain fluid for ▐ Similar to
lifting the the tubing circulating equipment 11 CT Tooling
injector to the found on a
Xmas tree drilling rig BHA  =  Standard Tooling + Specialist Tooling
▐ Provides
support and Standard Tooling:
stability Specialist Tooling:
• Tubing Connector.
Downhole Motors•
• Check Valves (Dual Valves)
Jetting Nozzles•
• Release Sub
Bull Nose•
• Circulating Sub  Bridge Plugs•
• Swivels Optional
Tooling Perforating Guns•
Logging Tools•

FLUID PUMP
CT Tooling 11
Standard Tooling + Specialist Tooling =  BHA 
Delivers fluids through CT or down ▐
well
Standard Tooling: Specialist Tooling:
Downhole Motors• Capable of pressures up to 20,000 psi ▐
Tubing Connector. •
Check Valves (Dual Valves) • Jetting Nozzles•
Release Sub • Bull Nose•
Circulating Sub  Optional
• Bridge Plugs•
Swivels Tooling
•
Perforating Guns•
Logging Tools•

69
 CT PCE TESTING - INSURANCE
OPERATION AND RIG‐UP 
Compulsory to Pressure Test PCE before opening Xmas Tree or before RIH.
DIAGRAM
Circulation Fluid Flow
Hydraulic Power Flow GOOSENECK
• Dual Check Valves to be “on the stump” pressure tested before installing on the BHA. RETURN TANK 
&
GAS BUSTER INJECTOR
• Pressure test BHA
CHOKE
To return tank BOP
• Pressure test BOP system

• Pressure test connections & flanges from bottom upwards.
CAB REEL
POWER PACK To Injector
Kill fluids & Kill Pills & pumps must be ready in hand before RIH.

Extreme care must be taken during RIH with CT while passing trough Xmas Tree & DHSV &  Input from cab
To BOP’s and stripper

To Reel
other completion accessories.
PUMP
To coiled tubing

To well

CT BHA CT BHA
CONNECTOR ‐ Standard 1
CT BHA configuration:
1. Roll‐On Connector 
The easiest type & use when no 1. Coiled Tubing
rotation required (tubing splice) &
same OD w/CT.
2. Grapple Connector 2
2. Connector
Lager OD than CT & can be used
for rotating.
3. Pinned Connector 3. Check Valve
3
Standard
Better torque effect than Grapple
4. Electricline Connector
type but weak due holes drilled. 4. Optional BHA
This type of connector grips from
outside CT with conductor wireline 5. Specialist Tooling 4
running inside CT. Deploying
electronic logging tools in horizontal
wells. Designs differ from company to
company & quite complicated.

CRIMPING TOOL 5

4 3 2 1
Crimping Wheel Profile

70
CT BHA CT BHA
OPTIONAL TOOL CHECK VALVE ‐ Standard 3 2 1

Release Sub, Jar, Accelerator, Swivel etc 1. Ball Check Valve 
Metal-to-metal seal & use when no
requirement for ball activated
tools.
RELEASE SUB – Optional 2. Dart Check Valve
Similar to Ball type.
1. Ball Operated Release Sub  3. Flapper Check Valve
Surface pressure activated. Calculate volume of CT
on reel & launch ball by free fall until it seat (CT
Full bore design & enables
under slight compression) then pressure up to
launching of balls.
release sub. 4. Spring Return Check Valve
2. Pressure Activated Release Sub
All time close valve & can be 5 4
Similar to Ball type but pressure differential in CT pump through..
can activate sub. 5. Pressure Retaining Check Valve
3. Tension Activated Release Sub
Requires over pull from surface to shear screw & Similar to Spring Return type &
release sub. adjustable by adding or
subtracting washers.
3 2 1

CT BHA CT BHA
SPECIALIST TOOLING SPECIALIST TOOLING

5. Drill Bits 6
1. Reverse Circulation Bullnose
3

6. Blind Box 2. Multiple Small Diameter Ports
8 7
7. Casing Cutter 3. Mule Shoe & Angle Jet
1
8. Undereamer 4. Drill Motor

5 4
2

71
 CT OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS CT OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS

c) Working Deck: All procedures to be tailored to site condition.
1. Sufficient hoisting system to support CT operations.  a) Operational Considerations:
2. Main access & emergency exits should not be restricted. 1. Gas Well  - Caused undue wear to Stripper Seals therefore additional Stripper required.
- Require thorough checks, pressure rating, back up equipment
d) PCE Considerations: 2. High Wellhead Pressure etc
- Effective RU e.g. Riser length, IH pick-up height, PCE stick-up height
1. Type of Stripper. 3. Toolstring Length
- Extra long TCP may require WL assistance.
2. Additional Stripper means additional stack‐up height. 4. Toolstring Deployment System
3. COMBI unit reduces height & weight.
b) Working Location:
e) Hydraulic Hoses: - Require Heavy Duty Lifting Frame installed between block & Xmas
1. Different rig requires different lengths. 1. Semi‐Sub Rig
Tree to support IH & BOP.
2. Hoses extensions. 2. Drilling Rig - Rig Frame height can be restrictive to IH.

f) Support Stand: 3. Workover Rig - The V-door tend to be smaller than conventional Rig to accommodate IH.
1. Adjustable stand with PRV to accommodate riser contraction during well 
production operation with cold liquids.
4. Land Operation - Require adjustable stand to support IH holding back against CT pull.

CT EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
Procedures are dependent on combination of toolstring position & wellhead 
c) Leak between Xmas Tree & Stripper: pressure.

1. Stop CT. a) Platform Shut Down:
2. Inform Company man. 1. Stop CT.
(suspend CT operation & well made safe)
2. Stop pumping fluids.
3. Depending on the severity of the leak, a decision 
3. Close Slips Rams.
should be taken as to close the shear/Seal rams.
4. Close Pipe rams.
5. Await further instruction.
d) CT Pinhole Leak: 6. A decision should be made to close Shear/Seal above wellhead.
1. Stop CT.
2. Inform Company Man. b) Stripper Leaks:
3. Depressurize CT. Stripper element should sufficiently energized to contain well pressure BUT not to 
restrict CT.
4. If the pressure drops & Check Valves are holding, 1. Stop CT.
5. POOH & spool the pinhole CT onto reel. 2. Close Pipe Rams.
3. Inform Company Man.
4. Form a remedial plan

72
f) CT Parted Downhole: e) CT Ruptures: (assuming CT rupture at Gooseneck)
1. Stop CT.
1. Stop CT.
2. Inform Company Man.
2. Inform Company man.
3. Establish the depth of parted CT.
3. Depressurize CT.
4. No need to consider of killing the well.
4. If the pressure drops & Check Valves are holding,
5. POOH the parted CT slowly to pre‐determine depth.
5. Pull rupture to deck level & splice CT.
6. Close Xmas Tree SW slowly & cautiously – count the 
6. If it appears that Check Valves are not holding pressure,
turns to establish CT is above Xmas Tree.
7. The Shear & Seal rams should be closed & the well 
7. Once CT is above SV, close Xmas Tree UMV & LMV.
secured.
8. Depressurize the riser & pull the end of parted CT to 
8. Prepare to fish CT.
surface.
9. Prepare to fish the lost CT.

CT Parted
g) Cut CT Using Quad BOP:
1. Apply tension on CT.
2. Close slip ram.
3. Close pipe ram.
4. Closing shear ram to cut CT
5. Pull CT above the Quad BOP
6. Close blind ram

73
 RUNAWAY COILED TUBING

Power Pack Failure

Runaway CT can quickly become very 
dangerous. Immediate response is required 
to attempt to slow down the speed of the 
pipe by applying whatever braking loads 
are available. Safety Clamp
Close Pipe rams

Close Slip rams
Although coiled tubing is often “light” 
Engage the Reel brake
when starting in a live well, it soon  Circulation

becomes heavy and tries to fall in the hole. Repair/replace power pack

74
 RUNAWAY TUBING - DOWNHOLE RUNAWAY TUBING - DOWNHOLE

Increase traction pressure Close and secure pipe rams 
once tubing has stopped.

Momentum of tubing, due to weight/depth

In the diagram below (figure WC27), Which valves need to be opened to pressure test the
stripper in the direction of flow?

WELL All valves are closed to at the start of the test

INTERVENTION

(Coiled Tubing, Slickline, Wireline & Snubbing)
(Well servicing) 

A. 10. B. 3,4,5,6,7. C. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7. D. 1,2,4,5,8,9,10.

75
 WELL INTERVENTION WELL INTERVENTION
IADC Definition:
Reasons for Well Intervention:

1. Remove flow obstructions e.g. sand bridge, wax,  Well Intervention is a well service operation conducted on live

asphaltene, scale, paraffin, hydrates etc.
2. Eliminate excessive water or gas production. wells.
3. Repair mechanical failure of completion accessories. (Pressure Control) – 3 Barriers
4. Well Stimulation for production enhancement (acid wash,  No guarantee that Well Intervention may succeed to achieve the
matrix acidizing and fracturing). objectives.
5. Increase production by bring other productive zones on‐
stream. &
6. Maintain control of oil, gas and water production from 
various zones or layers in stratified reservoirs. Workover is a well service operation conducted on dead wells.
7. Monitor reservoir characteristics by obtaining reservoir  High potential damage to the formation if kill fluids is not properly
pressure, temperature, electrical & chemical properties. calculated.
8. Isolating zones or wells. (Well Control) – 2 Barriers

WELL INTERVENTION WELL INTERVENTION

METHOD Well Mechanical Failure:
1. Snubbing :   Tripping pipe into well against pressure.
2. Coiled Tubing :  Technique using continuous thin‐walled   tube
Into pressurized well by means of a mechanically driven belt. Some well conduit failures can be repaired by Well 
3. Wireline : Convey tools using wire or cable. Intervention techniques. 

However Workover technique is required, if the failure is 
serious & required to pull tubing such as;
• TRSV failure or leak.
• Casing, Tubing & Packer leak. 
• Casing, Tubing collapse.
• Serious Cement failure.
• Failure or insufficient system for artificial hydrocarbon recovery.
• Recovery of fish which is unable to be recovered by conventional 
method.

76
 WIRELINE
Well Intervention technique of conveying tools & instrument downhole.
The most efficient & Practical method to diagnose well problems.
Easily junk wells if not properly manage.
Wire line operation can be carried out in dead or live wells. However,     
it has its limitation on highly deviated wells.
Wireline Category:
1. Slickline or Solidline or Pianoline or Measuring line. WIRELINE
2. Braidedline
3. Electricline

SLICKLINE
Single strand wire with wire OD range from 0.105”, 0.108”, 0.125” & 0.190 (0.092”, 0.082”, 0.072” & 
0.066”).
• Wire selection depends on the severity of the operation load.
• It’s robust & versatile in service

Slickline Categories:
1‐ Carbon Steel: 
It has high ultimate tensile strength, good ductility, and relatively 
low cost.
To Protect the wire from the corrosive effect of H2S, it has to be 
inhibited with approved chemical.
For IPS wire used in H2s service well the maximum concentration 
should not be more than 30 ppm with small percentage of Co2.
2‐Stainless Steel
Due to the high H2S content of some wells special material such as 
0.108’’ Nitronic 50 of stainless are used.
Although these are not as strong as IPS carbon steel they have an 
excellent resistance to H2S corrosion.

77
Mechanical application;
• Removal of well obstruction
• Repair mechanical failure
• Bringing other zones in‐line
• Setting downhole FCD

Advance application by running;
• Recorded Real Time Data 
Acquisition Instrument 
• Recorded Tubing Caliper 
• Perforators 
• Tubing Cutter 
• Chemical Deployment Tools 
• Explosive Jar etc

ELECTRICLINE BRAIDEDLINE
Multi‐strands wire cable OD range from 3⁄16”,  7⁄32”, ¼” & 5 ⁄16”. 
• Wire selection depends on the severity of the operation load required.

Multi‐strands wire cable range from 3⁄16”, 7⁄32”, ¼” & 5 ⁄16”, 7⁄16”  Application:

& ¾” OD with single or multiple conductors. • Retrieval of downhole tools with slickline failure.

• Fishing job   &   Swabbing

Application by running;
• Pressure & Temperature Recorder
• Electronic Logging Instrument for open hole & cased hole.

• Coring Services

• Packer setting

• Perforations etc.

78
 Cable or Line Sizes

SURFACE EQUIPMENT WIRELINE EQUIPMENT

1.1       Wireline Unit 1 Surface Equipment

• Single Drum or Dual Drum 1.1 WL Unit
• Skid Mounted / Containerized / Helicopter Unit 1.2 Power Pack
Component 1.3 Hoisting Unit

Operating Panel – Direction Lever, Brake, Hydraulic Valve, Gauges  2 PCE Optional PCE

etc 2.1 Quick Union Tool Trap 2.6
• Measuring Device 2.2 Stuffing Box / GIH Tool Catcher 2.7
• Weighing Device 2.3 Lubricator Injection Sub 2.8
• Level Wind 2.4 BOP
1.2 Power Pack 2.5 Tree Adapter
Diesel or Electrical Powered 3 Subsurface Equipment (SSE)
3.6 Shifting Tool
3.1 Primary Tools (Tool string)
3.7 Kick Over Tool
3.2 Service Tools 3.8 Overshot
3.3 Tubing Conditioning Tools 3.9 Spear
3.4 Running Tools 3.5 Pulling Tools 3.10 Flow Control Device

79
SURFACE WIRE LINE RIG UP SURFACE EQUIPMENT

1.3 Hoisting Unit
Hoisting Unit
• Pedestal Crane
• Mast
• ‘A’ Frame
• Derrick
• Gin Pole
• Rig

Operational Considerations:
• Length of Lubricators, Risers & Stack Up.
• Height of Hoisting Unit
• Fishing Job
• Toolstring Length

80
 SURFACE SLICK LINE RIG UP
WEIGHT INDICATOR

PRESSURE CONTROL EQUIPMENT

2.1 Quick Union
2.2 Stuffing Box / GIH

2.3 Lubricator

2.4 WL Valve or BOP

2.5 Optional: Tool Trap, 

Injection Sub, SCU etc

2.6 Tree Adapter   

81
 LUBRICATORS PCE – QUICK UNION

‐Thread Connection:
5 ¾ ‐ 4 ACME Thread 

. Hand Tight No Wrench.
. O‐Ring Seal.
.To be kept clean at all time.
.Check thread & O‐ring before 
Make‐Up.

Manual & Hydraulic Stuffing Box Stuffing Box
‐ The stuffing box is used to provide
a seal around the slickline as it moves
into and out of the well.
‐ A packing nut compresses, the packing
within the stuffing box to effect the seal.
‐ A sheave is used to effect a 180 deg bend 
and guide the wire into the stuffing box packing.

82
 WIRE LINE VALVE (BOP)

BRAIDEDLINE PCE

GIH
Contaminated
Grease Tank

SCU

Flow Hand Pump

Tube, Flow Lubricator
Flow
Cable & Tube &
Tube
Grease Cable

Safety Check Grease Injection Skid

Union BOP

BRAIDEDLINE GREASE SYSTEM

83
Safety check union/sub •
The safety check union/sub is intended to retain the pressure if the wireline breaks or is •
pulled out of the wireline head. 

It is installed just below the injection head and is a check valve in the form of a ball •
which is pressed against a non‐extrusion ring/seating. 

Before installation and use, the valve should be checked, and if any damage is found the •
ball and its brass seating should be replaced. 

The use of SCU is compulsory during W/L operations in sour gas & oil wells.•

SCU must be installed between upper section of lubricator & injection Nipple•

84
Shear Valves (Tree/Stand-Alone) •
During W/L operations it may become necessary to cut the wire.  •

Some Xmas Tree valves are designed to do this without damaging the valve. In some cases, •
e.g. when fishing with heavy duty wire, it may not be advisable to do so. 

In such case, it may be necessary to include a purpose designed shear valve, mounted just •
above the tree. 

It is a ram type shear/seal BOP as it has superior cut capacity. •

The valve should cut the wire or the BHA. It has the additional advantage of sealing at the •
bottom of the riser. 

Shear valves should be considered when: •
The DHSV is locked permanently open using a sleeve. This means that it can’t be used as a  •
barrier with W/L out of the well. 
The lubricator is not long enough to contain the whole tool string. If X/T valves leak, the  •
lubricator could not be isolated. 
•An extra barrier is required due to the nature of the operation, or the equipment  •
configuration. 

85
 WIRELINE PARAMETERS
TOOLSTRING CONFIGURATIONS
Chapter 8

Five considerations required serious 
attention prior wireline operations. Rope Socket
3 ft
3 ft
Roller Stem

Swivel Joint

1. Job Planning 4 ft

Accelerator 3 ft 3 ft
6 ft
Knuckle Joint

2. Rig‐up & Rig‐down Stem 4 ft
3 ft 3 ft

3. Pressure Testing Knuckle Joint

6 ft

4 ft 2½ ft 2½ ft
Upstroke Jar

2½ ft 2½ ft 2½ ft
4. RIH Considerations Spang Jar
2½ ft

SSSV 10°-20° Angle 20°-30° Angle 30°-50° Angle 50° Angle & Above
5. Emergency Response

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 WIRELINE PARAMETERS WIRELINE PARAMETERS

2. Rig Up & Rig Down: 1. Job Planning:
• Effective Communication 
• Obtain Well Information 1 Husband & 4
Wives

• Working Location
• Study Well History
• Weather Condition
• Tools & Equipment Inventory 
• Hazardous Environment for Material Selection

• Pre‐Run Checks on Tools & Equipment • Pre‐Run Checks on Tools & Equipment
• Back Up & Spares for Tools & Consumables • Personnel Knowledge & Skills

• Safety Devices & Equipment

WIRELINE PARAMETERS WIRELINE PARAMETERS

RIH Considerations .4
Pressure Testing
Max CITHP + Safety Factor (500 psi) & apply in stages.

(This would prevents “Emulsion” formation in oil wells or

“Hydrates” if it would be discharged into wells)

De-Pressurize
Bleed off through production process venting system.
If not possible, bleed off with extreme care, no personnel & source of
ignition down wind.
De-pressurizing must be a Controlled Operation.
PATIENCE is the virtue of this case & NO ACCELERATION is
permitted. Ensure that equipment is earthed to prevent ignition by
static electricity.
Wireline Philosophy:
“Achieve WL Objective with Minimum Run”

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5 Emergency Response
5.1    During emergency if toolstring in lubricator
• Close SW on Xmas Tree
• Shut down Power Pack
• Secure wire with Wire Clamp

Thank You •
•
Secure work area & make safe
Refer to Company Man for further instruction.

5.2    During emergency if toolstring is suspended in the well

• Close Blind Ram WL BOP
• Shut down Power Pack
• Secure wire with Wire Clamp
• Secure work area & make safe
• Refer to Company Man for further instruction.

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