ECE234 Electronics 2 Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design Week 10 13 MxE

TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VI0SAYAS
Capt. Sabi St., City of Talisay, Negros Occidental
College of Automation and Control

Office of the Dean
LEARNING MODULE
ECE 234: Electronics 2: Electronic

Circuit Analysis and Design
DEPARTMENT: MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
BY:
CHARISSE S. JERUTA, MECE
2022
This module is a property of Technological University of the Philippines Visayas and intended
for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY and is NOT FOR SALE NOR FOR REPRODUCTION.
VISION
The Technological University of the Philippines shall be the premier state university
with recognized excellence in engineering and technology at par with leading universities in
the ASEAN region.
MISSION
The University shall provide higher and advanced vocational, technical, industrial,
technological and professional education and training in industries and technology, and in
practical arts leading to certificates, diplomas and degrees.
It shall provide progressive leadership in applied research, developmental studies in
technical, industrial, and technological fields and production using indigenous materials;
effect technology transfer in the countryside; and assist in the development of small-and-
medium scale industries in identified growth center. (Reference: P.D. No. 1518, Section 2)
QUALITY POLICY
The Technological University of the Philippines shall commit to provide quality

higher and advanced technological education; conduct relevant research and extension
projects; continually improve its value to customers through enhancement of personnel
competence and effective quality management system compliant to statutory and regulatory
requirements; and adhere to its core values.
CORE VALUES
T - Transparent and participatory governance

U - Unity in the pursuit of TUP mission, goals, and objectives
P - Professionalism in the discharge of quality service
I - Integrity and commitment to maintain the good name of the University
A - Accountability for individual and organizational quality performance
N - Nationalism through tangible contribution to the rapid economic growth of the
country
S - Shared responsibility, hard work, and resourcefulness in compliance to the
mandates of the university
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page Numbers
TUP Vision, Mission, Quality Policy, and Core Values………………………i
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………..ii
Course Description……………………………………………………….iii
Learning Outcomes………………………………………………………v
General Guidelines/Class Rules………………………………………….v
Grading System…………………………………………………………..vi
Learning Guide (Week No. 10) ………………….……………………….1
Topic/s……………………………………………………………..1
Expected Competencies……………………………………………1
Content/Technical Information ……………………………………1
Progress Check…… ……………………………………………….24
References………………………………………………………….25
Learning Guide (Week No. 11-13)…………………………………………26
Topic/s………………………………………………………………26
Expected Competencies…………………………………………….26
Content/Technical Information…………………………………….26
Progress Check…….……………………………………………….44
References………………………………………………………….45
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This subject provides advance knowledge and understanding in electronics

amplifiers specially using BJT and FET. It also deals with frequency response of the system
and multi-stage amplifier, feedback system, differential amplifier and operational amplifier.
Course Requirement:
Students should:
1. Attend all lectures, practical activity and demonstrations.
2. Participate in all class discussions and laboratory experiment.
3. Complete all assignments, practical activity and submit all requirements on of before
due dates.
Note: Special Exam and quiz is given to those with medical certificate noted by the clinic
or letter of excuse signed by the parent or guardian.
Learning Plan:
Week Learning Methodologies & Assessment
Nos.
Content/ Topics
Outcomes Strategies Tools
TUP Vision and Mission, Goals, Lecture/Discussion
and Quality Policy Recitation of
TUPV
Mechatronics Engineering Mission and
(BSMxE) Program Educational Power point Vision
Objectives and Program presentation, Module
Outcomes
Course Overview using the Course

Syllabus
1-2 LO1
Course Outcomes and Learning
Outcomes
Introduction to electronic circuit

analysis and design. Lecture/Discussion Quiz,
Power point Laboratory
Basic BJT Amplifiers: biasing presentation, Module
schemes, load line concept, Activity
analyses and design of CC, CE, Activity
and CB configuration
Lecture/Demonstration
FET amplifiers: biasing of JFET Quiz,
Power point
and MOSFET, analyze and design Laboratory
3-4 LO1 presentation, Module
of common source, common drain Activity
and common gate amplifier
Activity
configuration
Written Exam
5 LO1 PRELIM EXAMINATION
Lecture/Demonstration
Power Amplifiers: Class A, B, C, Power point Quiz,
AB, D and S power amplifiers. presentation, Module Laboratory
6 LO2
Activity
Feedback System and Oscillators Activity
Frequency response amplifiers:

- low frequency response of Lecture/Demonstration
Quiz,
BJT and FET amplifiers Power point
Laboratory
LO3 - lower cut off frequency presentation, Module
Activity
7-8 - high frequency response of
BJT amplifiers Activity
- wide band amplifiers
Written Exam
9 LO2, LO3 MID-TERM EXAM
Differential Amplifiers Lecture/Demonstration

Quiz,
- DC Bias Power point
Laboratory
- AC Input Circuit presentation, Module
Activity
10 LO4 - Common Mode
Activity
Project
Making
Operational Amplifier
- Ideal vs. Practical
- Configuration Quiz,
• inverting Lecture/Demonstration
Laboratory
Power point
• non-inverting Activity
11-13 LO4 presentation, Module
• voltage follower
- Basic Op-Amp Circuit Project
Activity
• Comparator Making
• Summing
• Integrator Differentiator
14 LO4 END-TERM EXAM Written Exam
LEARNING OUTCOMES
LO1. Explain the theory of operation of amplifier using BJT and FET.
LO2. Explain the relevance of both positive and negative feedback system and oscillators.
LO3. Analyze the frequency response of a system and multi-stage amplifier.
LO4. Analyze and design simple discrete amplifier circuits with BJT/FET/ Operational Amplifier.
GENERAL GUIDELINES/CLASS RULES
1. Make-up exams and quizzes will be given only with prior approval of the instructor
and under exceptional circumstances. For excused absences during the exam, the
university policy will be followed.
2. Students are not allowed to leave the classroom once the class has started, unless
extremely necessary. Students who leave the classroom without any valid reason will
be marked absent.
3. Students are expected to comply strictly with the university rule on dress code, class
tardiness and attendance.
4. Cell phones or any e-gadgets must be switched off or put in a silent mode during class
hours, except when allowed by the instructor for activities that require use of such
gadgets.
5. Homework’s or projects submitted later than the two-week allowance or more on

exceptional cases will not anymore be accepted. Students are expected to maintain
complete honesty and integrity in their academic work. Acts of academic dishonesty,
such as cheating, plagiarism, or inappropriately using the work of others to satisfy
course requirements, will not be tolerated and may result in failure of the affected
assignments and/or failure of this class.
Students with Special Needs:
A student with special medical needs is advised to inform the instructor as to

how he/she can best assist him/her. All information will be considered confidential.
GRADING SYSTEM
The student will be graded according to the following:
Preliminary examination - 30%

Midterm examination - 30%
Final examination - 40%
_____________
100%
Final Grade = Prelim Weighted Score + Midterm Weighted Score + Final Weighted Score
The passing grade for this course is 5.0.
LEARNING GUIDE
Week No.: __10__
TOPIC/S:
Differential Amplifiers
o DC Bias
o AC Input Circuit
o Common Mode
EXPECTED COMPETENCIES
After completing this learning guide, the students will be able to:
1. discuss the construction and biasing of differential amplifier;

2. explain the operation of differential amplifier with AC Input Circuit; and
3. explain the operation of common mode operational amplifier.
CONTENT/TECHNICAL INFORMATION
Definition of Terms
Common Mode Signal

It refers to an identical input voltage signals applied to the bases of transistors
Differential Amplifier
It is considered as the input stage of the Operational Amplifier
Differential Input
It is a connection where the two input terminals are connected to the input signals
Differential Output
It is a connection where the output signal is the result of the difference of the two
output terminal voltages. Neither of the terminals is grounded
Differentiating Operational Amplifier

It is an operational amplifier configuration that determines the rate of change of a
function, thus, simulating mathematical differentiation.
Integrating Operational Amplifier

It is an operational amplifier configuration that sums up the total area of the curve
of a function, thus, simulating mathematical integration.
Inverting Input
It is a connection where the inverting terminal is fed with input signal while the non-
inverting terminal is grounded
Non-inverting Input
It is a connection where the non-inverting terminal is fed with input signal while the
inverting terminal is grounded
It is an amplifier that performs mathematical operations
Single-Ended Input
It is a connection where the other input terminal is grounded
Single-Ended Output
It is a connection where one of the output terminals is grounded
Summing Operational Amplifier

It is an operational amplifier configuration that provides summing or adding
operations of voltages.
Discussion
DC Bias
Since capacitors are limited and impractical to be used in Integrated Circuits (IC) as
coupling component, differential amplifiers are used instead. Figure 10.1 shows the circuit of
a differential amplifier. Basically, differential amplifier is consists of two NPN BJTs
connected in parallel. The collectors of the BJT are connected to the positive terminal of the
DC source VCC through the resistors RC. The emitters are connected to negative VEE through
resistor RE.
Note:
In our analyses to follow, we assume that the

two BJTs are identical.
Figure 10.1
Differential Amplifier Circuit
source:electronicprinciplesbymalvino&bates
The essence of differential amplifier is that it produces a solid-rock tail current, IT. Thus,
using KVL,
IT = (VEE - VBE) / RE
Note:
If we ignore VBE which is 0.7 for silicon BJT, the

formula becomes
IT = VEE / RE
Since the two BJTs are identical, IE1= IE2 = IE, thus
IE = I T / 2
IC ≈ I E
Example 1
With the circuit below in Figure 10.1A, determine the value of the tail current IT and IE1 and
IE2 using simplified approximation assuming the two BJTs are identical.
Figure 10.1A
IT
Solution:
Example 2
Using the simplified approximation, determine the currents IT and IE1 and IE2 and output
voltage VC2 (voltage taken at the collector of BJT in the right side as shown) of the circuit
depicted in the Figure 10.1B below:
Figure 10.1B
IC2 VC2
IT
Solution:
IT = (12 V – 0.7 V)/ 5 KΩ

IT = 11.3 V / 5 KΩ
IT = 2.26 mA
IE1 = IE2 = 2.26 mA / 2

IE1 = IE2 = 1.13 mA
IE1 = IE2 = IC1 = IC2

IC1 = IC2 = 1.13 mA
VC2 = VCC – IC2 RC

VC2 = 12 V – (1.13 mA) (3 KΩ)
VC2 = 8.61 V
AC Input Circuit
Differential amplifier with differential input and differential output is shown in Figure
10.2 a) and differential input and single-ended output in b). In a) it is seen that the input
terminals or the two bases are applied with input signals v1, and v2. The output signal, VO is
taken across the collector terminals c1 and c2.
Figure 10.2
Differential Amplifier a) Differential Input and Differential Output b) Differential
Input and Single-Ended Output
a) Differential Input and Differential Output
b) Differential Input and Single-Ended Output
In b), the bases are as well as connected to the input signals v1 and v2, however, the output
signal, Vout, is taken between one of the collectors and the ground.
Note:
For differential input and differential output, if

the input signals are identical, then the output
voltage vout is zero.
Non-inverting Input
Considering, single-ended input, thus the other terminal is fed with input signal, the
other is grounded and a single-ended output, non-inverting input, let us analyze the circuit as
shown in Figure 10.3. If a positive signal, is applied to the base of Q1, (the BJT in the left),
base current IB1 is produced. Since collector current IC1 is dependent upon the base current,
IC1 is equal to
IC1 = β1IB1
and
IE1 = IE2 = ≈ IC1 ≈ IC2
Since the two BJTs are in parallel, therefore,
IT = IC1+IC2
Figure 10.3
Single-Ended Input, Single-Ended Output with a Non-inverting Input
If IB1 increases, IC1 increases as well. Since IT is constant, IC2 decreases. If IB1 decreases, IC1
decreases as well, but IC2 increases.
IT = IC1 + IC2
From the circuit, using KVL, we have
vout = VCC –RC IC2
From the formula of the output voltage, vout, it is seen that decrease in IC2 leads to the
increase in vout. Oppositely, the decrease in current, IC2, will result to decrease in vout As a
whole, if the input signal, v1, changes, this is what happens as summarized in Table 10.1:
Table 10.1
Summary of the Changes in Values for Variation v1 Values
v1 increases decreases
IB1 increases decreases
IC1 increases decreases
IC2 decreases increases
vout increases decreases
From the table it is seen that, if the input signal v1, increases, the output voltage vout also
increases. And if the input signal decreases in value, same goes to the value of the output
signal. Therefore, we can say that v1 and vout are directly related, or in terms of phase, the
output voltage, vout is in phase with the input signal v1. So we say, that the input terminal is a
non-inverting input terminal.
Referring to the circuit in Figure 10.3, its AC equivalent circuits are shown in Figure 10.4:
Figure 10.4
Equivalent Circuits of Figure 10.3
(a) AC equivalent circuit
(b) AC equivalent circuit with RE removed
In Figure 10.4a, the emitter resistor, RE is connected in branch parallel to the re’ of Q2. In
most cases RE is greater than re’and therefore its effect can be ignored. Simplifying the ac
equivalent circuit, with RE removed is shown in Figure 10.4b. v1 is connected across the two
re’ in series so its value which is equal to vin is:
vin = ie re’ + ie re’

vin = 2 ie re’
and the output voltage vout is:
vout = icRC
Finally, voltage gain is:
Av = vout / vin
Av = icRC / 2 ie re’
since
ie = ic
then,
Av = icRC / 2 ie re’
Av = RC / 2 re’ - Single-ended output
For the differential output as shown in Figure 10.5, the output voltage, vout is the difference
between the two collector voltages, vc1 and vc2.
Figure 10.5
Equivalent Circuit of Non-inverting Input with Differential Output
vout = vc2 - vc1

vout = icRC – (-icRC)
vout = 2icRC
recall that vin = 2 ie re’, so, voltage gain is
Av = vout / vin
Av = 2icRC / 2 ie re’
ie = ic
Av = RC / re’ - Differential Output
Inverting Input
We have single-ended input, single-ended output, and inverting input terminal in

Figure 10.6. If a positive signal, is applied to the base of Q2, (the BJT in the right), base
current IB2 is produced. Since collector current IC2 is dependent upon the base current, IC2 is
equal to
IC2 = β2IB2
and
IE2 ≈ IC2 , so,
IT = IC1+IC2
Figure 10.6
Single-Ended Input, Single-Ended Output, Inverting Input
If IB2 increases, IC2 increases as well. Since IT is constant, IC1 decreases. If IB2 decreases, IC2
decreases as well, but IC1 increases.
IT = IC1 + IC2
From the circuit, using KVL, we have
vout = VCC –RC IC2
It is seen that decrease in IC2 leads to the increase in vout. Moreover, the decrease in current,
IC2, will result to decrease in vout If the input signal, v2, changes, this is what happens as
summarized in Table 10.2:
Table 10.2
Summary of the Changes in Values for Variation v2 Values
V2 increases decreases
IB2 increases decreases
IC2 increases decreases
IC1 decreases increases
vout decreases increases
From the table it is seen that, if the input signal v2, increases, the output voltage vout
decreases. And if the input signal decreases in value, oppositely, the value of the output
signal increases. Therefore, we can say that v2 and vout are inversely related, or in terms of
phase, the output voltage, vout is out of phase with the input signal v2. So we say, that the
input terminal is an inverting input terminal.
As with the voltage gain of inverting input with single ended output, Figure 10.6 is shown:
Figure 10.6
Single-Ended Input, Single-Ended Output, Inverting Input
In the figure, the inverting input v2 produces an amplified and inverted ac voltage at vout. The
re’ of each transistor is still part of a voltage divider in the ac-equivalent circuit, thus, the ac
voltage across RE is one-half of the inverting input voltage. Also, if a differential output is
used, the voltage gain will be twice as much also. Table 10.3 summarizes the formulas of
voltage gains with different input/output combinations.
Table 10.3
Summary of Input and Output Combinations and its Corresponding Voltage Gain
Input Output AV Vout

Differential Differential R C / re AV ( v1 – v2)
Differential Single-ended RC / 2re AV ( v1 – v2)
Single-ended Differential R C / re AV . v1 or - AV .v2
Single-ended Single-ended RC / 2re AV . v1 or - AV .v2
Note:
The input impedance, zin is
zin = 2 βre’
since there are two (2) emitter resistances re’ in its ac
equivalent circuit
Example 3
Given the circuit in Figure 10.6a, what input-output combination is the given circuit and
solve for its voltage gain (assume BJTs are identical).
Figure 10.6a
Circuit in Example 3
Solution:
The given circuit is a non-inverting single-ended input with a differential output
From Table 10.3,
Av = RC / re’
so
re’ = 25 mV / IE
IE1 = IE2 = ≈ IC1 ≈ IC2
IT = IE1+IE2
IT = 2 IE
IT = (VEE - VBE) / RE
IT = (15 – 0.70) / 7.5 KΩ
IT = 1.91 mA
IE = IT / 2
IE = 1.91 mA / 2
IE = 0.96 mA
re’ = 25 mV / IE
re’ = 25 mV / 0.96 mA
re’ = 26.04 Ω
Av = RC / re’
Av = 5 KΩ / 26.04 Ω
Av = 192
Meaning, the output voltage signal is 192 times greater than the input voltage signal, thus, if
V1 = 1 mV, then the output voltage vout = 192 mV.
Common Mode
If the same input signals are applied to the bases of the two transistors, and the
differential amplifier is symmetrical, then the output voltage, vout, is zero since v1 = v2. If the
differential amplifier is not symmetrical, an output voltage, vout, of a small amount will be
generated. Typically, this type of input connection is not used. However, interferences or
unwanted signals are considered common mode signals which can be picked up by the input
terminals. What’s good about differential amplifier is that it gets rid of these signals.
Figure 10.7
Differential Amplifier with Common Mode Input Signal with Single-Ended Output
To compute for the common-mode gain, an equivalent circuit is drawn in Figure 10.8:
Figure 10.8
Differential Amplifier with Common Mode Input Signal with Single-Ended Output Equivalent
Circuit
There is no current through the wire between emitters since the two input voltages are equal.
In effect, we can just remove the connecting wire which leads to a simplified circuit in Figure
10.9
Figure 10.9
Simplified Circuit of Figure 10.8
And the common-mode voltage gain, Av(CM) is:
Av(CM) = RC/ 2RE
Note:
The value of Av(CM) is less than 1, therefore, electromagnetic
interferences are not amplified.
The common-mode rejection ratio, CMRR is the voltage gain divided by common-mode
voltage gain:
CMRR = Av / Av(CM)
It can be expressed in logarithmic value:
CMRRdB = 20 log CMRR
Example 4
If the voltage gain of a differential amplifier is 150 and common-mode voltage gain is 0.75,
determine the value of common-mode rejection ratio and its logarithmic value.
Solution:
CMRR = Av / Av(CM)
CMRR = 150 / 0.75
CMRR = 200
CMRRdB = 20 log CMRR
CMRRdB = 20 log 200
CMRRdB = 46 dB
PROGRESS CHECK (Use extra sheet/s of paper to answer)
Name: ___________________________________________ Date: ____________________
I. Essay. (30 pints)

Draw and discuss the inverting and the non- inverting terminals of the differential amplifier.
REFERENCES
Textbook/s :
Boylestad, R and Nashelsky, L (2018). Electronic Circuit and Devices, 11th Edition.
Pearson Education Limited
Floyd, T. (2018). Electronic Devices Conventional Current Version, 10th Edition.

Malvino, A. (2016). Electronic Principles, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Education
LEARNING GUIDE
Week No.: __11-13__
TOPIC/S:
- Ideal vs. Practical
- Configuration
inverting
non-inverting
- Basic Op-Amp Circuit
Comparator
Summing
Integrator Differentiator
EXPECTED COMPETENCIES
After completing this learning guide, the students will be able to:
1. distinguish the difference between an ideal and practical op-amp;

2. explain the different modes of op-amp operation; and
3. describe the basic op-amp characteristics and specifications.
CONTENT/TECHNICAL INFORMATION
Definition of Terms
Common Mode Rejection Ratio

It is defined as the voltage gain divided by common-mode voltage gain.
Input Bias Current

It is defined as the average of the DC base currents (two BJTs).
Input Offset Current

It is defined as the difference of the DC base currents (two BJTs).
Inverting Operational Amplifier

It is a configuration of operational amplifier where the output signal, vo, is
amplified, but, 180° phase shifted as compared to the input signal, vi.
Input Offset Voltage

It is defined as the input voltage which will produce output error voltage.
Non-Inverting Operational Amplifier
It is a configuration of operational amplifier where the output signal, vo,
is amplified, and in with the input signal, vi.
Open-loop Gain
It is defined as the gain of an operational amplifier when there is no
feedback used in the circuit.
It is an amplifier circuit that performs mathematical operations on
input signals.
Discussion
Introduction
Operational amplifier, commonly known as op-amp, as shown in Figure 11.1.
Basically, it has five (5) main terminals. It has two inputs with + and – symbols. It has
differential input: the non-inverting and inverting inputs. It has a single-ended output. It has
two supply terminals, +VCC and -VEE. Since its input stage is the differential amplifier, this
determines the input characteristics of the op-amp.
Figure 11.1
Schematic Symbol of Basic Operational Amplifier
+VCC
Inverting input
-
Output
Op-Amp
+
Non-inverting
-VEE
Theory of Operation
An ideal operational amplifier has an infinite voltage gain and input impedance.
Oppositely, it has zero output impedance. It acts as a perfect voltage amplifier referred to as
voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS). Figure 11.2 shows the equivalent circuit of op -
amp: a) practical and b) ideal. In a) an input impedance Ri is seen which is typically equal to
a very high value. At the output side, output voltage is given to be the product of op-amp’s
gain and input signal through the output impedance Ro that is usually very low in value.
Ideally, we can consider b) with an open circuit at the input for the input impedance, that is
infinite Ri, and a shorted path as replacement for the output impedance, Ro, which is ideally
zero.
Figure 11.2
Equivalent Circuit of Op-Amp: a) Practical and b) Ideal
A summary of the typical operational amplifier ideal characteristics is shown in

Table 11.1.
Table 11.1
Ideal Characteristics of a Typical Operational Amplifier
Characteristic Quantity
Open-loop Voltage Gain, AVOL Infinite

Unity-gain Frequency, funity Infinite
Input Impedance, Ri Infinite
Output Impedance, Ro Zero
Input bias current, In(bias) Zero
Input offset current, In(off) Zero
Input offset voltage, Vin(off) Zero
Common Mode Rejection Ratio ,CMRR Infinite
Configurations
Inverting Operational Amplifier

In Figure 11.3, the basic circuit connection of an inverting amplifier is shown. The
input signal, Vi, is applied to the inverting input terminal through R1 producing an amplified,
but, of 180° out of phase output voltage, VO. The non-inverting terminal is grounded. A
resistor Rf is connected between the input terminal and output terminal. This Rf acts as
feedback resistor, thus, infinite open-loop gain can be ignored and closed-loop gain can be
considered instead. Almost all operational amplifier configurations are with feedback resistor
to make the circuit stable.
Figure 11.3
Basic Circuit Connection of an Inverting Operational Amplifier
Rf
Vi R1
Vo
Note:
Feedback is path that connects the output to the input.

This is obtained by connected a component between
the two terminals.
Figure 11. 4 shows the equivalent circuit of an inverting operational amplifier. The negative
in product of AV and Vi indicates the 180° phase shift. We will use superposition in our
analysis to follow.
Figure 11.4
Equivalent Circuit of Inverting Operational Amplifier
Note:
Superposition theorem states that “The current
through, or voltage across an element in a linear
bilateral network equal to the algebraic sum of
currents or voltages produced independently by each
source.”
Using the ideal equivalent circuit of the inverting op-amp shown in Figure 11.5,
likewise its simplified redrawn circuit in Figure 11.6, We can compute for the gain based on
the given biasing resistors R1 and Rf.
Figure 11.5
Ideal Equivalent Circuit of an Inverting Operational Amplifier
Figure 11.6
Simplified and Redrawn Ideal Equivalent Circuit of an Inverting Op-Amp
Using superposition, we “kill” first or set –AvVi to zero (shorting it out), to

solve for Vi1, as shown in the circuit of Figure 11.7
Figure 11.7
Setting –AvVi to Zero, Solving for Vi1
Vi1 = V1 [ Rf / (R1+Rf) ] – (equation1) -Voltage Divider Formula
This time we set V1 to zero and we solve for Vi2
Figure 11.8
Setting V1 to Zero, Solving for Vi2
Vi2 = –AvVi [ R1 / (R1+Rf) ] – (equation2) -Voltage Divider Formula
For the total voltage Vi, we have:
Vi = Vi1 + Vi2 (adding equation 1 & 2)
Vi = V1 [ Rf / (R1+Rf) ] + {– AvVi [ R1 / (R1+Rf) ]}

Vi + AvVi [ R1 / (R1+Rf) = V1 [ Rf / (R1+Rf) ]
Vi [1+ (Av R1)/ (R1+Rf)] = V1 [ Rf / (R1+Rf) ]

Vi = V1 [ Rf / (R1+Rf) ] / [1+ (Av R1)/ (R1+Rf)]
(R1+Rf) is cancelled out,
Vi = V1 · Rf / [R1 ( Av +1) + Rf]
Since usually Av>>1, and AvR1>>Rf, then,
Vi = V1 · Rf / Av R1
for Inverting Op-Amp,
Av = - VO / Vi
Note:
The indicated negative sign defines the 180° phase shift.
Substituting this to our equation,
Vi = V1 · Rf / Av R1
Vi = V1 · Rf / (- VO / Vi) R1
Vi · (- VO / Vi) = V1 · Rf / R1
Vi is cancelled out, and

- V1 · Rf / R1 = V1 · Rf / R1
and finally, the ratio of the output voltage VO and input voltage V1 (AV) is
VO / V1 = - Rf / R1
Note:
It is shown that the ratio of the resistors Rf and R1 define the

closed loop-voltage gain, (AV)
Example:
1. For an inverting operational amplifier, what is the value of the input voltage if it provides a
voltage gain AV of 10, 000 and an output voltage of – 25 V.
Answer:
Given:
AV = 10, 000
VO= –25V
Required:
Vi
Solution:
AV = - VO / Vi
Vi = - VO / AV
Vi = - (– 25 V) / 10, 000
Vi = 2.5 mV
2. For the given inverting operational amplifier in Figure 11.9, a) what is the value of the
voltage gain AV, b) what is the value of VO, if Vi is 100 mV?
Figure 11.9
Circuit for Example 2
Answer:
Given:
Rf = 1MΩ
R1=10KΩ
Vi = 100 mV
Required:
a) AV b) VO
Solution:
a) AV = - Rf / R1
AV=- 1MΩ/10KΩ
AV=- 100
b) VO = AV* Vi
VO = - 100* 100 mV
VO= - 10V
Non-Inverting Operational Amplifier
Figure 11.10 shows the basic circuit connection of a non-inverting amplifier. The input
signal, Vi, is applied to the non-inverting input terminal producing an amplified and in phase
output voltage, VO. The inverting terminal is grounded. A resistor Rf is connected between the
inverting terminal through R1 and output terminal.
Figure 11.10
Basic Circuit Connection of a Non- Inverting Operational Amplifier
V1
R1 Vo
Rf
Note:
Rf acts as feedback resistor, thus, infinite open-loop
gain can be ignored and closed-loop gain can be
considered instead.
Figure 11.11 shows the circuit of a non-inverting operational amplifier with
indicated branch currents. The voltage gain of such is positive which become easy to
understand in the discussions to follow. We consider Nodal Analysis:
Figure 11.11
Circuit of Non- inverting Operational Amplifier with Indicated Branch Currents
Using KCL at point ‘X’

i2 - i1 = 0
then substituting currents in terms of the ratio or node voltages and resistance
[(VO -Vi)/Rf ] - (Vi - 0)/R1 = 0
Simplifying the equation and have it equated in terms of the closed loop gain A V
(VO -Vi) / Rf = Vi / R1
(VO -Vi) / Vi = Rf / R1
V /Vi – Vi/Vi = Rf / R1
O
V /Vi – 1 = Rf / R1
O
Since Vi = V1
VO/V1 = 1 + (Rf / R1)
Av = 1 + ( Rf / R1 )
Note:
It is shown that the sum of 1 and the ratio of
the resistors Rf and R1 define the closed loop-voltage
gain, (AV). Its values is positive.
Example:
1. For a non-inverting operational amplifier, what is the value of the input voltage if it
provides a voltage gain AV of 20, 000 and an output voltage of 15 V.
Answer:
Given:
AV = 20, 000
VO= 15V
Required:
Vi
Solution:
AV = VO / Vi
Vi = VO / AV
Vi = 15 V / 20, 000
Vi = 0.75 mV
Note:
The values of Vi and VO are positive.
2. For the given inverting operational amplifier in Figure 11.12, a) what is the value of the
voltage gain AV, b) what is the value of Vi, if VO is 120 Vp-p?
Figure 11.12
Circuit for Example 2
Answer:
Given:
Rf = 1MΩ
R1=10KΩ
VO = 120 Vp-p
Required:
b) AV b) VO
Solution:
a) AV = 1+ Rf / R1
AV=1+1MΩ/10KΩ
AV = 101
b) AV = VO / Vi
Vi = VO / AV
Vi = 120 Vp-p / 101
Vi = 1.19 Vp-p
Basic Op-Amp Circuit
Other than the two configurations discussed, inverting, and non-inverting, there are
others to be considered in the following discussions. Such include: summing, differencing,
differential, and integrator.
Summing Operational Amplifier
In Figure 11.13, the basic summing operational amplifier circuit is given. Input
signals are connected to the inverting terminal. The non-inverting terminal is grounded. It is
not limited to three input signals only. Thus, the more inputs used, the more additional
components to the output. Input signals are individually added to the output multiplied by
each constant multiplier. If more inputs are used, they each add an additional component to
the output.
Figure 11.13
Basic Summing Operational Amplifier Circuit
Rf
V1 R1
V2 R2
R3 Vo
V3
The formula of the output voltage, VO, of such configuration is:
VO = - [(Rf/R1)V1 + (Rf/R2)V2 + (Rf/R3)V3]
Examples:
1. Solve for the output voltage VO of the summing operational amplifier given below in
Figure 11.14.
Figure 11.14
Circuit of Example 1
V1=2V Rf
R1 12.5kΩ
2.2MΩ
V2=3V R2 22.0kΩ
V3=4V R3 33kΩ Vo
Answer:
Given:
R1 = 12.5 R2 =22KΩ R3 =33KΩ
Rf KΩ = 2.2 V1 = 2V V2 = 3V
V3 MΩ = 4V
Required:
VO
Solution:
VO = - [(Rf/R1)V1 + (Rf/R2)V2 + (Rf/R3)V3] VO = - [(2.2 MΩ/12.5

KΩ)2V + (2.2 MΩ/22 KΩ)3V + (2.2 MΩ/33 KΩ)4V]
VO = - 918.67 V
2. Determine the value of the output voltage, VO, of a summing op-amp, with the following
values:
V1=-1V V2=3V V3=4V R1 = 330 kΩ
R2=1MΩ R3 = 2.2 MΩ Rf = 2.2 MΩ
Answer:
Given:
V1=-1V V2=3V V3=4V
R2=1MΩ R3 = 2.2 MΩ Rf = 2.2 MΩ
R1 = 330 kΩ
Required:
VO
Solution:
VO = - [(Rf/R1)V1 + (Rf/R2)V2 + (Rf/R3)V3] VO = - [(2.2 MΩ/330 KΩ)-1V + (2.2 MΩ/ 1

MΩ)3V + (2.2 MΩ/ 2.2MΩ)4V]
VO = 17.27 V
Differentiator
Although not often used op-amp, this configuration performs mathematical

differentiation by determining the rate of change of a curve or function. The basic circuit of a
differentiating op-amp is shown in Figure 11.15. It has a feedback resistor Rf, like the
inverting op-amp except for the capacitor C, that connects the input voltage V1(t) and the
inverting input terminal.
Figure 11.15
Basic Differentiator Operational Amplifier Circuit
Rf
v1(t) C
vo(t)
The formula of determining the output voltage vO(t) is :
vo(t) = -RC dv1(t)/dt
Integrator
The integrator, as shown in Figure 11.16, performs mathematical integration.

Specifically, it adds up to get the total area of a function’s curve. As seen in the figure, its
circuit is the same for the differentiator except that resistors and capacitors are interchanged.
The feedback component of an integrator is a capacitor C, and a resistor R1 connects the
inverting terminal to the input voltage v1(t). The capacitor forms RC circuit.
Note:
Recall that the capacitor voltage in a simple RC
circuit with a constant input voltage is not linear but is
exponential.
Figure 11.16
Basic Circuit of an Integrator
v1(t) R1
vo(t)
Mathematically, vO(t) can be determined using the formula:
vo(t) = - 1/RC ∫ v1(t) dt
PROGRESS CHECK (Use extra sheet/s of paper to answer)
Name: __________________________________________ Date: ____________________
I. Complete the Table: (45 points)
Op-Amp Basic Circuit Output Voltage Use/s

Formula
Summing
Differentiator
Integrator
II. Solving. Use whole numbers in your answers. Show your complete solution
and enclosed your final answer in a box. (35 points)
A. What should be the value of the feedback resistor given the circuit and
values in Figure 11.17 (15 points)
V1 = - 123 mV
R1
Vo = - 10 V
100kΩ
Rf
B. Design an inverting operational amplifier with R1 and Rf values producing a

closed loop gain AV of – 150, 000. Draw your final circuit. (20 points)
REFERENCES
Textbook/s :
Boylestad, R and Nashelsky, L (2018). Electronic Circuit and Devices, 11th

Edition. Pearson Education Limited
Floyd, T. (2018). Electronic Devices Conventional Current Version, 10th Edition.

Malvino, A. (2016). Electronic Principles, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Education

ECE234 Electronics 2 Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design Week 10 13 MxE

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TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VI0SAYAS

Capt. Sabi St., City of Talisay, Negros Occidental

College of Automation and Control

ECE 234: Electronics 2: Electronic

DEPARTMENT: MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING

CHARISSE S. JERUTA, MECE

The Technological University of the Philippines shall commit to provide quality

T - Transparent and participatory governance

This subject provides advance knowledge and understanding in electronics

Course Overview using the Course

Introduction to electronic circuit

Frequency response amplifiers:

Differential Amplifiers Lecture/Demonstration

LO3. Analyze the frequency response of a system and multi-stage amplifier.

5. Homework’s or projects submitted later than the two-week allowance or more on

Students with Special Needs:

A student with special medical needs is advised to inform the instructor as to

Preliminary examination - 30%

The passing grade for this course is 5.0.

Week No.: __10__

1. discuss the construction and biasing of differential amplifier;

Common Mode Signal

Differentiating Operational Amplifier

Integrating Operational Amplifier

Summing Operational Amplifier

In our analyses to follow, we assume that the

If we ignore VBE which is 0.7 for silicon BJT, the

IT = (12 V – 0.7 V)/ 5 KΩ

IE1 = IE2 = 2.26 mA / 2

IE1 = IE2 = IC1 = IC2

VC2 = VCC – IC2 RC

a) Differential Input and Differential Output

b) Differential Input and Single-Ended Output

For differential input and differential output, if

IE1 = IE2 = ≈ IC1 ≈ IC2

Since the two BJTs are in parallel, therefore,

From the circuit, using KVL, we have

vout = VCC –RC IC2

IB1 increases decreases

IC1 increases decreases

IC2 decreases increases

vout increases decreases

(a) AC equivalent circuit

(b) AC equivalent circuit with RE removed

vin = ie re’ + ie re’

and the output voltage vout is:

vout = vc2 - vc1

recall that vin = 2 ie re’, so, voltage gain is

Av = RC / re’ - Differential Output

We have single-ended input, single-ended output, and inverting input terminal in

From the circuit, using KVL, we have

vout = VCC –RC IC2

IB2 increases decreases

IC2 increases decreases

IC1 decreases increases

vout decreases increases

Input Output AV Vout

Differential Single-ended RC / 2re AV ( v1 – v2)

Single-ended Differential R C / re AV . v1 or - AV .v2

Single-ended Single-ended RC / 2re AV . v1 or - AV .v2

The input impedance, zin is

The given circuit is a non-inverting single-ended input with a differential output

From Table 10.3,

Week No.: 10

Name: _______________________ Date:

Week No.: 11-13

Name: ______________________ Date: