1|Page

Cyclone Mocha that made landfall recently in Myanmar has been categorized as an Extremely Severe Cyclonic
Storm by the IMD (Indian Meteorological Department) and as a ‘Super Cyclone’ by global weather website
Zoom Earth.

*It became the strongest cyclone on earth so far in 2023 according to Typhoon Research Center in South Korea’s Jeju
National University.
*There have been 16 cyclones so far this year in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

What is Mocha?

Naming: Yemen suggested the name ‘Mocha', which is supposed to be pronounced as Mokha.
The cyclone has been named after a Red Sea port city known for its coffee production. The city also gave its name to
the popular beverage, café Mocha

Origin: It originated in the Bay of Bengal.

Intensity: With a recorded wind speed of 277 kmph, Mocha became the strongest cyclone for all seasons in both
Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal, since 1982, in the North Indian Ocean, tying with Cyclone Fani in terms of speed and
intensity.
Amphan, witnessed in 2020, was 268 kmph while Tauktae in 2021 it was 222 kmph and Gonu in 2007 recorded a
speed of 268 kmph.

What is a Cyclone?
About: Cyclones are rapid inward air circulation around a low-pressure area. The air circulates in an anticlockwise
direction in the Northern hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern hemisphere.
Cyclones are usually accompanied by violent storms and bad weather.
The word Cyclone is derived from the Greek word Cyclos meaning the coils of a snake. It was coined by Henry
Peddington because the tropical storms in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea appear like coiled serpents of the sea.

Types: Tropical Cyclones: The World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) uses the term 'Tropical Cyclone’ to cover
weather systems in which winds exceed ‘Gale Force’ (minimum of 63 km per hour).
Tropical cyclones develop in the region between the Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer.
Extra Tropical cyclones: They are also called Temperate cyclones or middle latitude cyclones or Frontal cyclones or
Wave Cyclones.
They occur in temperate zones and high latitude regions, though they are known to originate in the Polar Regions.

What are Tropical Cyclones?

About: A tropical cyclone is an intense circular storm that originates over warm tropical oceans and is characterized by
low atmospheric pressure, high winds, and heavy rain.
A characteristic feature of tropical cyclones is the eye, a central region of clear skies, warm temperatures, and low
atmospheric pressure.
Storms of this type are called hurricanes in the North Atlantic and eastern Pacific and typhoons in SouthEast Asia
and China. They are called tropical cyclones in the southwest Pacific and Indian Ocean region and Willy-willies in north-
western Australia.
Storms rotate counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere.
Conditions for Formation:
The conditions favourable for the formation and intensification of tropical storms are:
Large sea surface with temperature higher than 27° C.
Presence of the Coriolis force.
Small variations in the vertical wind speed.
A pre-existing weak low- pressure area or low-level-cyclonic circulation.
Upper divergence above the sea level system.
How are Low-Pressure Systems Classified based on their Intensity?
The IMD has developed criteria for classifying low-pressure systems in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea
based on their potential for causing damage which have been adopted by the WMO.

Note: 1 knot - 1.85 km per hour

How are Names of Cyclones Decided?

 Cyclones that form in every ocean basin across the world are named by the regional specialised
meteorological centres (RSMCs) and Tropical Cyclone Warning Centres (TCWCs).
o There are six RSMCs in the world, including the India Meteorological Department (IMD), and
five TCWCs.
 In 2000, a group of nations called WMO/ESCAP (World Meteorological Organisation/United Nations
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific), which comprised Bangladesh, India, the
Maldives, Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Thailand, decided to start naming cyclones in the
region.
 After each country sent in suggestions, the WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones (PTC)
finalised the list.
o The WMO/ESCAP expanded to include five more countries in 2018 — Iran, Qatar, Saudi
Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.

What is the Occurrence of Cyclones in India?

  India has a bi-annual cyclone season that occurs between March to May and October to December.
But on rare occasions, cyclones do occur in June and September months.
 Typically, tropical cyclones in the North Indian Ocean region (Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea)
develop during the pre-monsoon (April to June) and post-monsoon (October to December) periods.
 May-June and October-November are known to produce cyclones of severe intensity that affect the
Indian coasts.

======================================================================
===========================

Cyclone Biparjoy

Cyclone Biparjoy developed over the southeast Arabian Sea on 6th June 2023. Cyclone Biparjoy, the first
cyclone in the Arabian Sea in 2023, underwent rapid intensification on the 6th and 7th of June, escalating from
a cyclonic circulation to a very severe cyclonic storm.

 The cyclone moved nearly northward till the 14th morning, and then moved north-northeast wards, crossed
Saurashtra and Kutch and adjoining Pakistan coasts between Mandvi (Gujarat) and Karachi (Pakistan) and made
its landfall near Jakhau Port (Kutch) on 15th June. The storm brought heavy rains and flash flooding to coastal
areas of both countries. It then moved to Rajasthan after making landfall in Gujarat.
 Cyclone Biparjoy generated wind speeds of 125-135 kmph with gusts reaching up to 150 kmph by the time it
reached land. 
 The IMD data shows that cyclone Biparjoy is on course to become the longest-lifespan cyclone in the Arabian
Sea. The cyclone has sustained its strength for a longer than normal duration, which is attributed to an unusually
warm Arabian Sea.
 The longer a cyclonic storm remains over the sea, the more it is likely to accumulate more energy and moisture
increasing its chances to become more severe leading to enhanced destruction after landfall. 
 Property was destroyed as a result of the cyclone in the affected areas of Rajasthan and Gujarat. Trees were also
uprooted because of the strong winds. Around five people died and around 20 were injured.
 In Gujarat, 94,000 individuals were evacuated from the coastal areas to safety.
 Between two anticyclonic systems was Biparjoy. While the other seemed to be dragging it back, one of them
actually helped it travel northward. It all combined to make it travel fairly slowly.
 Additionally, the anticyclonic system’s impact caused its course to sway.
 It is known as the cyclone with recurving tracks. Such cyclones frequently shift course as they move through the
sky.
 Recurring cyclones present a particularly difficult prediction problem with an additional element of uncertainty.

Issues with Cyclone Biparjoy:

Cyclone Biparjoy had various characteristics that not only made it difficult to forecast its path but also made the
cyclone potentially more hazardous.

 Cyclone Biparjoy was once expected to move towards Pakistan’s Karachi.

 The landfall of most cyclones of this intensity takes three to four hours. It took roughly five hours for Biparjoy.
Due to its slow speed, the cyclone was able to maintain itself by drawing moisture from the sea long after it
touched down on land.
 Longer landfalls have a higher chance of wreaking havoc. The Odisha superstorm of 1999, the deadliest cyclone
to strike India in recent memory, made the most dramatic landing. It had been going on for about 30 hours.

===============================================================================
Many climate models have forecasted an El Nino in May 2023.

 A record three-year La Nina event ended in March 2023 and currently, the equatorial Pacific
Ocean is at normal temperatures, known as the neutral phase.

What is El Nino?

 El Nino was first recognized by Peruvian fishermen off the coast of Peru as the appearance of
unusually warm water.
o The Spanish immigrants called it El Nino, meaning “the little boy” in Spanish.
 The El Nino is the warmer-than-normal phase of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
phenomenon, during which there are generally warmer temperatures and less rainfall than normal in
many regions of the world, including India.
 During an El Nino event, the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) in the equatorial Pacific Ocean off the
northern coast of South America became at least 0.5 degrees Celsius warmer than the long-term average.
o In the case of a strong El Nino event as occurred in 2015-2016, anomalies can reach as high as
3°C, which is a record.
 The El Nino event is not a regular cycle, they are not predictable and occur irregularly at two- to
seven-year intervals.
o Climatologists determined that El Nino occurs simultaneously with the Southern Oscillation.
 The Southern Oscillation is a change in air pressure over the tropical Pacific Ocean.

What do the Climate Models Say About Upcoming El Nino?

 Impact on India:
o Weak Monsoon for India: The development of an El Nino in May or June 2023 may cause
weakening of the southwest monsoon season, which brings around 70% of the total rainfall
India receives and on which most of its farmers still depend.
 However, sub-seasonal factors such as the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and
monsoon low-pressure systems can temporarily enhance rainfall in some parts as
witnessed in the year 2015.
o Hot Temperatures: It may also cause heatwaves and droughts in India and other regions
around the world such as South Africa, Australia, Indonesia and the Pacific Islands.
 Heavier Rainfall in the West: It brings heavy rainfall and flooding to other regions such as California
in the United States and could cause bleaching and death of coral reefs.
 Rising Global Average Temp: The El Nino in 2023 and going into 2024 may push the global average
temperature towards 1.5°C warmer than the preindustrial average.
o The warming of the oceans is also one of the major impacts of an El Nino event.
 This is when ocean heat content is already at a record high, according to the World
Meteorological Organization (WMO).
 Previous Such Occurrences – Impacts:
o In the 2015-2016, there were widespread heatwaves in India that killed around 2,500 people
in each of the years.
 Coral reefs around the world also suffered from bleaching and the sea level rose by 7
millimetres due to thermal expansion.
o The El Nino, along with global warming, had made 2016 the warmest year on record.
o El Nino events of 1982-83 and 1997-98 were the most intense of the 20th century.
 During the 1982-83 event, sea surface temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific
were 9-18°C above normal.
What is MJO?

 The MJO is made up of two parts: an enhanced rainfall phase and a suppressed rainfall phase.
o During the enhanced phase, surface winds converge, causing air to rise and create more rainfall.
In the suppressed phase, winds converge at the top of the atmosphere, causing air to sink and
leading to less rainfall.
o This dipole structure moves west to east in the Tropics, creating more cloudiness and rainfall in
the enhanced phase, and more sunshine and dryness in the suppressed phase.

How does ENSO Affect India?

 The influence of ENSO on India's climate is most pronounced during the monsoon season. During an El
Niño event, India experiences below-average rainfall.
o The El Niño also leads to a rise in temperatures, exacerbating heat waves and causing heat-
related health issues.
 On the other hand, during a La Niña event, India experiences above-average rainfall.
o This can lead to flooding and landslides, damaging crops and infrastructure. However, La Niña
also brings cooler temperatures, which can provide relief from heat waves.