WATER PARK

LITRETURE REVIEW
What is a water park?
A water park or waterpark is an amusement park that features water play areas,
such as swimming pools, water slides, splash pads, spray grounds (water
playgrounds), lazy rivers, or other recreational bathing, swimming, and barefooting
environments. Water parks in more current states of development may also be
equipped with some type of artificial surfing or body boarding environment such
as a wave pool or Flow Rider.

Amusement water parks generally feature a few water rides, such as the log
flume, bumper boats, and rowing boats. Such rides are usually gentler and shorter
than roller coasters and many are suitable for all ages. Water rides are especially
popular on hot days.

The Historical Development of water parks?

In ancient India, there was large use of water in the Tapovana, and different
Ashrams in the forests. Elephanta caves 1n the Maharashtra can be considered as
Water Park. Now the water park is the good idea of amusement. It is very good
assets created by human being to enjoy the natural scenery artificially, if situated
near by forest or hilly area.

How did water parks develop

The history of water parks is relatively
recent. In particular, it is after World War II
when they became popular. But they have
evolved rapidly in the last few decades from
simple places of amusement to complex
parks that compete for status symbols such as the 'largest water park' or
'tallest waterslide.'

WHERE WAS THE FIRST WATERSLIDE BUILT?

In the late 1940s, with the country recovering from World War II and
beginning to contemplate more fun as normal life resumed, the United States
began to look for new amusements. Many outdoor pools and lidos had existed
already, but only a few had diving boards. Even fewer had slides. However, by
the late 1940s, more pools began to integrate slides and even began to include
water being incorporated into the slide to ease movement down towards the
pool. Although this is often seen as the beginning of water parks, the
waterslide appears to have first developed in New Zealand during the 1906
International Exhibition (Figure 1). There could be earlier versions of such
slides, but New Zealand's slide was the first to attract major attention.

What was the first waterpark?

In 1994, the first significant indoor water park built in the United States was
in Wisconsin Dells at the Polynesian
Resort Hotel. The success of indoor water
parks made business investors realize
that water parks, incorporated within
hotels and indoor resorts, allowed places
to extend the tourist season. The Great
Wolf Resorts/Great Wolf Lodge developed as the first company to build hotels
around indoor water parks.

The first purpose-built water park.

PRIMARY GOALS OF WATER PARK

1) Safety

2) Customer Satisfaction
3) Innovation and Ingenuity

LAYOUT OF WATERPARKS
IMPORTANCE

Control Crowds
 Branching networks
 Multiple routes
 Large walkways in critical areas

Enhance Safety
 Think about accessibility
Ease of Maintenance
 If the ride has to be repaired, can maintenance close it easily?
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
ELEMENTS OF GOOD DESIGN

FIBERGLASS EFFECTS

At White Water, we offer a range of processes, colors, and

finish options to help you create attractions that stand out
and last. This could be through Translucent fiberglass,
renowned for its unparalleled clarity and strength, giving
guests a chance to see riders flying by overhead, or through
veil effects creating patterned layers to the fiberglass to
give the illusion of guests sliding down a giant snake or
swinging on a jungle vine.

THEMING

Commonplace in theme parks, theming is something that the

world’s best brands such as Disney and Universal embrace. A
well developed and executed theme transforms a space into a
retreat where guests want to stay, photograph, and share on
social. The good news is that you don’t need Disney’s budget or
resources to add theming. Our in-house team of architects and
designers are some of the best in the world and can work with
your existing brand or create one for you.
 SOUNDS & LIGHTS

A custom Sound and Light package can be created to

complement your ride’s slide path with multi-color LED lights
and sound effects to help brighten up the park during the darker
winter months and create a more welcoming and engaging
guest experience. White Water can also add lights to slides that
extend outside of your building to create a compelling roadside
attraction, piquing commuters’ interest.

COLOUR

Often relying on natural light, indoor water parks rely on color to help
brighten up the space and set the vibe of the venue. With 60+ color options,
White Water’s design services team can help to recommend different color
combinations to make the best aesthetic and visual impact for your park,
whether that’s with natural jungle hues or bright pastels.

LIGHTING

Enhance your park with strategically placed Aqua Lucent patterns to

heighten the guest’s ride experience. By adding colorful bursts of light to
enclosed tubes with translucent patterns, such as rings, polka dots, or your
logo, you can create moments of surprise to wow your guest and get them
re-riding the attraction to make sure they saw everything.
Guest Circulation

Before a layout can be made, water park designers need to give consideration to how they are

going to encourage guest circulation and keep visitors in the park as long as possible. While

active capacity in water parks refers to

the maximum number of guests that

can actively participate in water-based

activities at any given time, passive

capacity refers to those not on an

attraction but still in the park.

Passive Capacity

At White Water, we design our attractions, and the spaces around them, to encourage guests to

linger and watch other riders.

Here’s a list of passive capacity spaces to remember during your planning:

- Areas where parents can sit

within an arm’s reach of their

children

- Places where spectators can

watch people on rides

- Locker & changing rooms

- Seating for All

 PROGRAM OF WATER PARK /Elements/

HELP CENTER
Function
 Assist guests in anything they need
 Disabled guests
 General park information
 Will‐Call Tickets
 Lost Children
Placement
 Outside of park and inside of park
 Two sided building recommended
 Guests need to be able to access both
before entering & while inside the park

WAVE POOL
Function
 Focal point of park
 Large area with lots of seating
 Meet‐up area
Placement
 Centrally located close to attraction exits
 Multiple paths to this area
Design Considerations
 Wave height
 Wave pool shape
 Wave pool depth
 Slope to wave pool depth
SWIMMING POOL
A swimming pool is a structure designed to hold water to enable swimming or other
leisure activities. Pools can be built into the ground or built above ground, and may be
found as a feature aboard ocean-liners and cruise ships .

CONSTRUCTION
The design and construction, as well as all equipment and materials, shall comply with
the following requirements :
1 . Structural Design-The pool structure shall be engineered and designed to
withstand the expected forces to which it will be subjected.
2. Wall Slopes-To a depth of 5 ft from the top, the wall slope shall not be more
than 1 ft horizontal in 5 ft vertical .
3. Floor Slopes-The slope of the floor in the shallow end shall not exceed 1 ft vertical
to 7 ft horizontal . The transition point between shallow and deep water shall not be less
than 4'/2 or more than 5 ft deep .
4. Lifeline Anchors- Provide recessed lifeline anchor in wall of pool at transition
point between shallow and deep area .

WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT

The potable water supply to any swimming pool shall be installed as required in AWWA
[ American Water Works Association ] Standards.
A. Unless on approved type of filling system is installed, such as is required by AWWA,
any source of water which may be used to fill the pool shall be equipped with backflow
protection .
B. No over the rim fill spout will be accepted unless located under a diving board or

installed in a manner approved by local authorities so as to remove any hazard .

WATER SLIDES
Function
 Main park attractions
 Ensure all ages are
accommodated
 Safe but exciting thrills that
are unique
Placement
 Try and space out to control
crowds
 Make sure people walk out to ride and slide back
Design Considerations
 Cost
 Height
 Target Audience  Slope  Accessibility

LAZY RIVER
 Function
 Allow multiple guests to enjoy the water
 Can have high speed/low speed branches
 Transport guests around the park to major attractions
Placement
 Try to keep the river going around the park
 Have multiple entrances and exits (but not too many)!
Design Considerations
 Length
 Capacity
 Width
 Accessibility

CONCESSIONS GIFTS SECURITY RESTROOMS

Functions
 Provide an assortment of foods and gifts
 Lost‐and‐found points
 Ensure proper changing booths and easy accessibility for guests using the
restrooms
Placement
Gifts – close to beginning of the park
 No one wants to carry souvenirs around the waterpark
 Sunscreen can be sold throughout
Food – close to meeting areas and front gate
 Adequate seating!
Security – at front of park
 Prevent issues/monitor incoming and outgoing guests
 Lost‐and‐found
Restrooms – at convenient areas
 Front gate
 Kiddie areas
 Exits of rides
 Near eating areas

PATHWAYS
Functions
 Ease of access around the park
 No dead ends!
 Multiple paths to get to places

Design Requirements
 “Branching” system Wide paths near front of the park where crowds are high 
Interconnect all areas of the park

RESTAURANTS
A restaurant is a business that prepares and serves food and drinks to customers. Meals are
generally served and eaten on the premises, but many restaurants also offer take-out and food
delivery services. Restaurants vary greatly in appearance and offerings, including a wide variety

of cuisines and service models ranging from inexpensive fast-food restaurants and cafeterias to

mid-priced family restaurants, to high-priced luxury establishments.
 Plann
e rs are
often
asked
to
make

estimates of space needs before having an

opportunity to make policies or detailed
plans for operations. Figures that will be
found useful in making such estimates are
given in Table
These figures pertain to average kitchen
areas found in different types of food
facilities . Their use is to be regarded as
tentative and to be measured carefully in terms of specific needs.
The square footage given is to be multiplied by the maximum number of meals estimated per hour of service, in
order to find the total space requirement.

PARKING LOTS
 Parking stalls should be built to accommodate the larger cars frequently used, although not
necessarily the very largest. Planning in hopes of just medium and small size cars invites
difficulties . The larger cars have an over-all length of 19 ft, over-all width 6 ft 8 in ., with a wide
open door projecting 3 ft 4 in . beyond the over-all width. The ramp angle must not exceed 7
deg.
AQUARIUMS

The Need and Concept

An aquarium built almost
anywhere will prove to be a
popular attraction. Nevertheless,
to be successful, whether
financially or in terms of
education or recreation, it must be
sited where a real need exists.
The concept of the aquarium,
what it will be and do, must be
determined early. Within the
funds available, what usual and
what special features will be
included must be decided. Upon.

Water Quality
The chemical condition of the water in which fishes and aquatic animals without backbones
(invertebrates) are kept is vital to their health. Anything suspended or dissolved in the water
comes into the most intimate contact with these animals, mostly through their gills, and there is
little they can do to keep harmful substances from entering their bloodstream or body. For
example, only two parts of copper dissolved in a hundred million parts of water can kill some
fishes within 24 hours, while acutely toxic concentrations of pesticides like Endrin need have a
strength of less than one part per billion. The invertebrates are even more sensitive than fishes.
Water Systems

The water system includes, in whole or part, the incoming line, a clarifying or sterilizing unit if
required, storage reservoirs, the pipelines furnishing types and temperatures of water serving the
display tanks, the display tanks, inflow and outflow and drainage, and filters .

STANDARDS

SMALL

MEDIUM
LARGE
ZOOS
INTRODUCTION
A zoo is a place where animals
live in captivity and are put on
display for people to view. The
word “zoo” is short for “zoological
park."

GROUNDS
Specific features of the grounds, features which are not considered as part of the animal exhibits
or maintenance structures, are discussed here.
A . Parking Areas
Adequate parking facilities should be planned
to accommodate the average periods of
maximum visitation. Various indices are
available to planning engineers by which the
estimated number of parking spaces needed to
accommodate such periods can be determined.
B . Entrance
Generally, a combination entrance and exit for
the public is most practical and preferable.
Obviously, the fewer entrances and exits, the
better the grounds security and visitor control. A single entrance-exit centrally located is
optimum. Turnstiles with counters afford actual attendance checks which are always of interest
in measuring the popularity of the zoo, evaluating peak loads, etc. Dog proof turnstiles are
available and have special value since pet animals of any kind should be prohibited from zoos for
reasons of animal health and safety. A separate entrance and exit for service vehicles should be
available and as removed from the visitor entrance as possible.
C . Landscaping
Proper horticultural treatment of the zoo grounds adds tremendously to the naturalistic and
esthetic setting. Selection of plants of course is generally a function of local conditions of soil,
climate, topography, as well as available irrigation facilities . As discussed above, continental
plantings can be imaginatively incorporated into continentally oriented exhibits plans. Floral
displays add color to the grounds and especially fragrant plantings provide a pleasant atmosphere
If plant species are labeled, then the zoo functions as a botanical exhibit as well.
4, Animal Sculpture
Zoos are ideal settings for sculpture gardens, especially animal sculpture. Many zoos locale
specific pieces of animal art in association with live exhibits of the same animal . Correlation of
the arts with zoo display is another example of the modern multipurpose zoo.

Design Factors to Be Considered

In order to properly design an animal exhibit which will satisfy the three basic needs cited
above, the following factors should be considered
1. Exhibit Size Largely determined by the size arid activity of the animal . As a general rule,
with many exceptions, however, the larger the quarters, the greater will be the husbandry success
of the species.
2. Exhibit Shape Also determined largely by the specific kind of animal involved . In any case,
acute corners are to be avoided since animals very often will panic when driven into a tight
place.
3. Exhibit Orientation Where large areas are involved, the greatest dimension should parallel
the public viewing area so as to keep the viewing distance between the visitor and the animal to a
minimum. Orientation of the exhibit to the sun, especially during the summer season, should also
be evaluated for special requirements or problems .
4. Materials Should be selected for ease of maintenance (nonporous, long wearability, low
upkeep, permanence), naturalistic appearance, nontoxicity, readily available construction items
in standard sizes, shapes, and specifications, etc .
The selection of exhibit construction materials used in a zoo require special investigation.
Nontoxic paints should always be specified where animal contact is possible.
METHODS OF CONSERVING ENERGY
Water Conservation

In outdoor water parks, aeration in the water slide turns into humidity which gets blown
away by the wind. However, in indoor parks, the humidity caused by aeration sticks to the walls
and can create corrosion as well as challenges for a park’s HVAC system. To minimize aeration
White Water uses proprietary simulations to identify the optimal positioning for nozzles and
the right range of water flow needed so no additional water is used.

Sealing Environments

Taking big, iconic features outside of the building can help safe space, but it can also
introduce cold air inside of the building if not constructed correctly. The key for developers is to
ensure that the sealing is done properly so the environments do not mix with each other.
‘Pucks’ can be added to the open area of the water slides to help limit the airflow through the
ride and limit the heat loss when the slide is not in operations.

Energy Conservation

As technology gets smarter and smarter, so too can your operations. Variable Frequency
Drives (VFDs) can help a water park use, on average, 27% less power by enabling the operator
to change the speed of the motor, so parts wear out slower and you save on power. VFDs are
retrofittable on nearly every product from every supplier