ANAT.PT.

212
ANAT.212PT
Academic year: Spring 2023

Presentation title
Mirjam Nilsson
Dr. Mostafa Mahran
Lecturer of Anatomy and Embryology
Anatomy department
Digestive system
7th lecture
 The Digestive system
Parts of the digestive system

1) Mouth 5) Small and large intestine

2) Pharynx 6) Associated glands
a. Salivary gland
3) Oesophagus
b. Liver
4) Stomach c. Pancreas

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 Function of digestive system

Responsible for
intake

Breakdown

Absorption of food

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 The mouth (oral cavity)
It is divided into:
a- The vestibule: which is the
space between the lips and
cheeks externally and teeth
and gums internally.
b- The oral cavity proper:
which is the area contained by
the teeth.

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 The boundaries of the mouth cavity proper
• Anteriorly and on each side: teeth and gums.
• Posteriorly: it communicates with oropharynx.
• The roof: hard and soft palate separating it from the nasal cavity.
• The floor: anterior 2/3 of the tongue and by mucous membrane
• A fold of mucosa connects the tongue to the mucous membrane
called frenulum of the tongue.
On each side of the frenulum→ opens the duct of sub-mandibular
gland in a summit of small papilla.

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 Tongue
• It is a muscular organ concerned
with chewing, taste, swallowing,
speech, and oral cleaning.
• Its anterior part lies in the floor of
the mouth while its posterior part lies
in the oropharynx.
• Behind the tongue lies the epiglottis.

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 The teeth
• There are 2 sets of teeth in human, deciduous (milk) teeth and
permanent teeth.
• All teeth have a similar basic structure, a crown , a neck and a root
• The milk teeth erupt during the 1st 2 years of life starting at 6th
month of life.
• the permanent teeth erupt replacing the milk teeth at the 6th year

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 The Permanent teeth
32 (8 in each quadrant)
1 central incisor
1 lateral incisor
1 canine
1st premolar, 2nd premolar
1st molar, 2nd molar and 3rd molar.
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The Deciduous teeth
20 ( 5 in each quadrant)
1 central incisor
1 lateral incisor
1 canine
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1st molar and 2nd molar
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 Pharynx

It is a muscular tube. It has three parts:

1-The nasopharynx is present behind
the nose.
2-The oropharynx is present behind the
oral cavity
3-The laryngopharynx is present behind
the larynx

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 Esophagus
❖ It is a muscular tube about 25cm long.
❖ It extends between the pharynx and the stomach.
❖ It lies behind the trachea in the neck and upper
part of the thorax and behind the heart and
pericardium in the lower part.
❖ It conducts food by peristalsis to the stomach.
❖ Its cardiac sphincter is a physiological sphincter at
the end of the esophagus to prevent food and
fluid from going back up the esophagus

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 Stomach
❖ It is the most dilatable part of the digestive tube
❖ J shaped and Connects the esophagus to the duodenum
❖ It has 2 ends ( cardiac and pyloric ends) :
I. The cardiac end is guarded by a physiological sphincter
II. The pyloric end is guarded by a muscular sphincter
❖ It has 2 curvatures ( Greater and lesser curvatures)
❖ formed of 3 parts : Fundus, Body and pylorus
• The fundus: the part above the cardiac orifice.
• The body: the part follows the fundus, and it is the largest part.
• The pylorus: the part follows the body
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 The small intestine
❖ It is about 6 meters long
❖ Extends from the pyloric orifice to the ilio-caecal orifice where it joins
the large intestine
❖ It is divided into 3 parts:
I. Duodenum ( has 4 parts)
II. Jejunum (Upper 2/5 of small intestine)
III.Ileum (remaining 3/5 of small intestine)
❖ It is suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by a double fold of
peritoneum called the mesentery.

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 The large intestine
❖ It extends from the ileo-caecal junction to the anus
❖ It is about 1.5 meters.

Parts of large intestine

Caecum→ Ascending colon→ Right

colic flexure ( hepatic flexure)→
Transverse colon →Left colic
flexure (splenic
flexure)→Descending colon →
Sigmoid colon ( pelvic colon)→
Rectum → Anal canal

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 The Caecum and Appendix
✓ It lies in the right iliac fossa.
✓ It is about 6 cm long
✓ opens upward into the ascending colon.
✓ The ileum opens into the caecum at the
ilio-caecal junction.
✓ The appendix Is a narrow blind tube that
opens into the posteromedial aspect of
the ceacum
✓ It is about 9 cm and usually lies in most
people behind the caecum (retro-caecal
type)
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 Colon ( large intestine)
1. Ascending colon ( 15 cm long): connects caecum and right
colic flexure
2. Right colic flexure (hepatic flexure): ( connects between the
ascending colon and transverse colon)
3. Transverse colon (30-35cm): present between the right and
left colic flexures and is suspended from posterior abdominal
wall by transverse mesocolon.
4. Left colic flexure (splenic flexure): (connects between the
transverse colon and descending colon)

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 Colon (large intestine)
5.Descending colon (25cm)→connects
between the left colic flexure and sigmoid
colon
6.Pelvic colon (sigmoid colon) (40 cm)→
freely movable and is suspended by pelvic
mesocolon
7. Rectum (12 cm long): It extends from the
middle of the sacrum to end below the
coccyx where it opens into the anal canal.

8. The anal canal (4 cm long): It ends below in

the perineum by the anal opening (anus) which
is controlled by internal and external
sphincters.
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 Glands associated with alimentary canal
❖ There are 3 pairs of salivary glands
❖ They secrete the saliva into the oral cavity.
1. The parotid gland→ Each gland has a duct opens into the vestibule of
the mouth opposite to the 2nd molar tooth.
2. The submandibular gland→ Their ducts open under the tongue on the
sublingual papillae.

3. The sublingual gland → It is located directly under the tongue→ opens

by 8-20 ducts directly in the sublingual fold.

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 The pancreas
• It extends transversely on the posterior abdominal wall in front
the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae.
• It is 15 cm long. It has a head, neck, body and tail.
• Its head lies in the concavity of the duodenum and its tail is
connected to the hilum of the spleen
• The pancreas serves both endocrine and exocrine functions:
✓ Exocrine function: the pancreatic acini produce pancreatic
secretion that travels through the pancreatic ducts , that opens
into 2nd part of the duodenum
✓ Endocrine function: it contains islets of Langerhans, which
produces insulin hormone that regulates glucose levels in
blood.
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 The liver
• It is wedge-shaped with its base directed to the right and its
apex to the left.
• It is divided by fissures into 4 lobes, large right lobe, smaller left
lobe and 2 small lobes : the quadrate lobe and caudate lobe
• The porta hepatis is an opening in the inferior surface of the
liver through which the following structures pass:
I. Right and left hepatic ducts
II. Hepatic artery
III. Portal vein
IV. Common bile duct

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 The Gall Bladder
❖ It is a pear-shaped organ which is formed of 3 main parts; fundus,
body and neck (the narrowest part and is continuous with the
cystic duct).
❖ It is present on the visceral surface of the liver to the right of the
midline.
❖ Its capacity is 30-50 ml
❖ responsible for concentrating biliary salts that are involved in the
digestion of fat and absorption of fatty acids

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 The Biliary apparatus
• It consists of the gall bladder that concentrates the bile and the
ducts that transport biliary salts
• The bile is transported from the liver by the right and left
hepatic ducts, one from each lobe then they unite to form the
common hepatic duct.
• The common hepatic duct joins the cystic duct (3-4 cm) which
comes from the gall bladder to form the common bile duct

The common bile duct joins the pancreatic duct and they open in
the postero-medial part of the middle of the 2nd part of the
duodenum.

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