E Magazine 137

tuojh&fnlacj] 2022
07
ou vulq/akku
bZ&if=dk
ck¡lkkad
f o ' k s "
ou vuqlaèkku laLFkku
Mkd?kj& U;w Q‚jsLV] nsgjknwu & 248006 ¼mÙkjk[kaM½] Hkkjr
laj{kd
MkW- jsuw flag
funs'kd
ou vuqla/kku laLFkku] nsgjknwu
mi&laj{kd
,l-ds- FkkWel
dqylfpo
laiknd eaMy
eq[; laiknd
M‚- oh-ds- ok".ksZ;
oSKkfud&th
jlk;u foKku ,oa tSo iwoZs{k.k izHkkx
laiknd ,oa leUo;d
Jh jkechj Çlg
oSKkfud&bZ
foLrkj çHkkx
lgk;d laiknd
Jh 'kadj 'kekZ
lgk;d funs’kd ¼jk-Hkk-½
Çgnh vuqHkkx
jpuk ,oa vfHkU;kl

veksy jkÅr
rduhdh; vkfVZLV
oxhZdj.k ouLifr 'kk[kk
çdk'ku
Çgnh vuqHkkx
ou vuqlaèkku laLFkku
Mkd?kj& U;w Q‚jsLV] nsgjknwu & 248006 ¼mÙkjk[kaM½] Hkkjr
¼if=dk esa O;Dr rF;] vk¡dMa+s vkSj fopkj jpukdkjksa ds vius gSa] lEiknd eaMy dk buls lger gksuk vfuok;Z ugha gSA½
funs’kd dh dye ls ----
vR;ar g"kZ dk fo"k; gS fd ou vuqla/kku bZ&if=dk ds lHkh
vadksa dk izdk'ku fganh Hkk"kk esa fd;k tk jgk gSA gekjs ns'k esa cgqr lh
Hkk"kk,a ,oa cksfy;ka tgka ekr`Hkk"kk ds :Ik esa ns'kokfl;ksa }kjk O;ogkj esa
iz;ksx dh tkrh gaS ogh fganh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx laidZ ds :Ik esa lokZf/kd
yksxksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA laLFkku esa oSKkfudksa }kjk okfudh ,oa
d`f"kokfudh ij vusd vuqla/kku dk;Z fd, x, gS ,oa Hkfo"; esa Hkh
fd, tkrs jgsaxsA ysfdu 'kks/k laca/kh tkudkfj;ka lhfer nk;js esa lesV
MkW- jsuw flag dj ugha j[kh tkuh pkfg, vfirq bldk foLrkj d`"kdksa] f'k{kk {ks= ls
funs'kd tqM+s O;fDr;ksa rFkk lkekU; tu rd fd;k tkuk vko';d gSA 'kks/k
ou vuqla/kku laLFkku] nsgjknwu dk;ksZa dk lS)kafrd ,oa O;kogkfjd ykHk izR;sd O;fDr dks izkIr gks
lds] bl mn~ns'; dks iwjk djus esa ;g if=dk vR;ar egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkk jgh gSA
o`{kksRiknu ,oa ouhdj.k ds {ks= O;olk; ,oa vkthfodk ds
izeq[k lk/kuksa ds :Ik esa mHkjs gS i;kZoj.k lqj{kk ds ewyHkwr lzksr gksus ds
dkj.k ou&o`{kksa dk mfpr laj{k.k] lao/kZu ,oa mfpr izca/ku oSKkfud
'kks/k dk fo"k; jgk gSA ou vuqla/kku laLFkku rFkk Hkkjrh; okfudh
vuqla/kku ,oa f’k{kk ifj"kn~ ds varxZr laLFkkuksa ds 'kks/kdk;ksZa dk
izpkj&izlkj bl if=dk ds ek/;e ls vklku gks jgk gSA
eq>s vk'kk gS fd bl vad esa izdkf'kr ys[k ikBdoxZ ds fy,
mi;ksxh lkfcr gksaxsA eSa if=dk ds mTToy Hkfo"; dh Hkh dkeuk
djrh gw¡A rFkk if=dk ds lQy izdk’ku ds fy, laiknd eaMy dks
'kqHkdkeuk,sa iznku djrh gw¡A
MkW- jsuw flag

funs'kd
dqylfpo dh dye ls ----
ou vuqla/kku bZ&if=dk Çgnh esa izdkf'kr ,sls 'kks/k
ys[kksa dk ladyu gS tks okfudh ds lq/kkj ,oa fodkl gsrq
cgqr mi;ksxh lkfcr gksaxsA bl if=dk esa oSKkfudksa
'kks/kdrkZvksa ,oa 'kks/kkÆFk;ksa ds mR—"V ys[kksa dks LFkku fn;k
tkrk gSA Çgnh gekjs ns'k dh jktHkk"kk gS rFkk vf/kdka'k izns'kksa
esa fyf[k ,oa cksyh tkrh gSA vr% Çgnh esa if=dk dk izdk'ku
,l-ds- FkkWel fd;k tkuk vf/kdkf/kd yksxksa rd blds 'kks/k ijd jpukvksa
dqylfpo ls ifjp; djkus ds mÌs'; ls Hkh if=dk dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
gSA
;g if=dk ou vuqla/kku laLFkku nsgjknwu rFkk
Hkkjrh; okfudh vuqla/kku ,oa f'k{kk ifj"kn dh osclkbV ij
miyC/k gSA if=dk ds vkxkeh vadksa dk izdk'ku Hkh egRoiw.kZ
dk;Z gSA blfy, if=dk esa izdk'ku gsrq Hkkjrh; okfudh
vuqla/kku ,oa f'k{kk ifj"kn ds leLr
vf/kdkfj;ksa@deZpkfj;ksa rFkk 'kks/kdrkZvksa ds vf/kd ls
vf/kd ys[k izsf"kr fd, tkus vko';d gSaA eSa if=dk ls tqM+s
lHkh vf/kdkfj;ksa] dkÆedksa] 'kks/kkÆFk;ksa dk vkHkkj O;ä djrk
gw¡ rFkk if=dk ds fujarj izdk'ku esa muds blh rjg lg;ksx
djrs jgus dh vk'kk djrk gw¡A
,l-ds- FkkWel
dqylfpo
eq[; laiknd dh dye ls ----
çc)q ikBdkas ds le{k ou vul q /akku b& Z if=dk ds ckl
a ij bl
fo'k"skkd a dks çLrrq djrs g,q e> q s gkfnd Z çlUurk gks jgh gAS ?kkl çtkfr
dk ckl a ik,sl s h ifjokj eas lkekftd&vkfFkd Z rFkk i;koZj.kh; egRo dk
,d cgm q í'skh; ikni gAS bl vd a eas ckl a ls lEcfa/kr fofHkUu vk;kekas ij
11 l# q fpi.wkZ y[sk lfEefyr fd, x, gAaS ckl a &çjkgs ds [kk| ,oa vk"Sk/kh;
mi;kx s kas & buds çlLadj.k rFkk eYw;o/kuZ dk o.kuZ djrs g,q bu ij
vk/kkfjr m|kx s k]as xkzeh.k {k=
s kas eas vFkOZ;oLFkk rFkk fu;krZ dks c<k+ok nuss dh
lHakkoukvkas ij çdk'k Mkyk x;k gS ¼i"`B l-a 1 rFkk 4½A ckl a dh
O;kolkf;d :i ls egRoi.wkZ mRiknu grsq fofHkUu rduhdkas ;Fkk cht }kjk
¼i"`B l-a 7½] dYe 'kk[kk }kjk ¼i"`B l-a 10½ oK S kfud tkudkjh ljy Hkk"kk
eas crkbZ xbZ gAaS MMaskªd s yS e
s l gfSeYVku s kbZ dk mnkgj.k nrss g,q ;g crk;k
x;k gS fd ckl a dh mPp vkuoqfa'kd fofo/krk okyh vkckfn;kas dks fpfàr
dj mudks ljaf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gS ¼i"`B l-a 16½A ckl a ds fofHkUu
mi;kx s kas dh tkudkjh çnku djrs g,q fdlkukas ds vkfFkd Z l'kfädj.k dh
O;kid lHakkoukvkas ds vraxrZ ckl a dh [krsh ds rjhdkas dh tkudkjh çnku
dh x;h gS ¼i"`B l-a 18½A ckl a eas mifLFkr jlk;ukas dh tkudkjh nrss g,q
bu jlk;ukas dk mi;kx s dj fofo/k mRiknkas ;Fkk nok,]a j'sk]sa ck;ks
IykfLVDl] yx q nh ,oa dkxt ds mRiknu ds ckjs eas fy[kk x;k gS ¼i"`B l-a
23½A i"`B l-a 25 ij fn, x, y[sk eas ckl a dh çe[qk fouk'kdkjh dhV
çtkfr;kas rFkk muls gkuss okys ud q lku dks crkrs g,q ckl a dh mRikndrk
cuk;s j[kus grsq muds çc/aku dh vko';drk ij tkjs fn;k x;k gAS
okfudh vkjS ckxokuh Qly mRiknu grsq ckl a vk/kkfjr gkbMkªiskfsuDl
rduhd dh tkudkjh nrsk vky[sk ¼i"`B l-a 28½ ckl a ds ,d u, mi;kx s
ls :c: djkrk gAS vra eas lLaFkku }kjk vof/k tuojh&fnlcaj 2022 ds
nkjSku vk;kfstr fd, x, fofHkUu dk;Ø Z ekas dh Hkh tkudkjh çnku dh xbZ
gAS
e>
q s ;g fo'okl gS fd ckl a ij vk/kkfjr ;g fo'k"skkd a lHkh ikBdkas
ds fy, cgrq mi;kx s h gkxs k rFkk ckl a ds çpkj ,oa çlkj eas egRoi.wkZ
Hkfwedk vnk djx s kA
M‚- oh-ds- ok".ksZ;

oSKkfud&th
ou vuqla/kku bZ&if=dk
tuojh&fnlacj] 2022
fo"k; lwph
Ø-lafo"k; ys[kd i`"B
funs'kd dh dye ls
dqylfpo dh dye ls
eq[; laiknd dh dye ls
Ø-lafo"k; ys[kd i`"B
1 cEScw 'kVw vFkok ck¡l çjkgs% [kk| ,oa vk"Skfèk dk vd
a jq T;kfsr lbdh;k] çnhi deqkj 1
lHakkfor lkzrs gtkfjdk ,oa viowZ deqkj 'kekZ
2 iowkÙZskj Hkkjr eas ck¡l çjkgs ¼'kVw½ dk mi;kx
s MkW- euh"k deqkj Çlg] futke xk;jh 4
,oa T;kfsrf'erk xkxs kÃs
3 cht }kjk ck¡l dk çlkj % leL;k,a vkjS euh"k deqkj fot; ,oa M‚ ufurk cjsh 7
lek/kku
4 O;kolkf;d :i ls egRoi.wkZ ck¡l çtkfr;kas MkW- iezkns deqkj] ,oa ed
q ’sk deqkj 10
ccal
w k VYwMk vkjS ccal
w k U;Vwkl
a dk dYe&'kk[kk lkusdj
}kjk dkf;d çtuu
5 ck¡l mRiknu ls fdlkuksa dk vkfFkd
Z MkW- çfrek iVy
s 13
l'kfDrdj.k
6 ck¡l eas tul[a;k vkuoqfa'kd fo'y"sk.k dk jktæas deqkj eh.kk] fi;zd
a k d';i] 16
egRo% MM as ªkd
s y
s esl gfSeYVkuskb vfnfr 'kek]Z euh"k Çlg HkM a kjh
(Dendrocalamus hamiltonii) dh dl s LVMh ,oa jek dkUr
7 ck¡l & vkthfodk dk nh?kd
Z kfyd lkèku jkt'sk deqkj feJk 18
8 Ck¡kl ,d cgeqYw; dk"B jfo 'kd
a j il
z kn 21
9 ck¡l rFkk mldh mi;kfsxrk lkusdÜsoj 'kekZ 23
ck¡l {k=
s k eas jlk;u foKku dh Hkfwedk
10 o"kkZ ou vul
q /akku lLaFkku] tkjsgkV ds Jherh fcteqkush dfyrk nŸkk 24
cEScfwlVe dh iez[qk fouk'kdkjh dhV&it z kfr;k¡
11 okfudh vkjS ckxokuh Qly mRiknu ds fy, vt; Bkdjq] fi;zda k Bkdjq] euh"k 28
ck¡l vk/kkfjr gkbMªkiskfsuDl JhokLro] jkfxuh Hkkj}kt
ou vuqla/kku
bZ&if=dk tuojh&fnlacj] 2022
07
cSEcw 'kwV vFkok ck¡l çjksg% [kk| ,oa vkS"kfèk dk laHkkfor lzksr
vadqj T;ksfr lbdh;k] rduhdh lgk;d] çnhi dqekj gtkfjdk ,oa viwoZ dqekj 'kekZ
o"kkZ ou vuqlaèkku laLFkku] tksjgkV] vle
ifjp;% egk}hi ns'k

ckl¡ ik;slsh ¼Poaceae½ iknidyq ¼Family½ ds vraxrZ mÙkjh l;aäq
,d ycas dn+ dk o{`kku: q i ?kkl gS tkfsd vius vk| S kfsxd vkjS vefsjdk jkT;
?kjy s q mi;kx s kas ds fy, oreZku cgrq ykd s fç; gAS ofSÜod Lrj vefsjdk
ij bls blds fof'k"V thou :i] ikfjfLFkfrd egRo rFkk
lHakkfor eYw;oèkuZ }kjk mi;kfsxrk foLrkj ds vkèkkj ij egÙkk ,f'k;k HkVwku
çkIr gÃq gAS vukfndky ls ;g ?kkl xkzeh.k ykd s &thou]
ijiajk ,oa lLa—fr ls vfHkUu :i ls tM q k+ gvq k gAS lHakor%
blh dkj.ko'k bls ^n ØM s y Vw dk¶sQ + h+u IykVa ¼The cradle phu
to coffin plant½ & ikyus ls rkcr w rd ds fy, mi;kx s eas
vkus okyk ikni*] ^nfjæ tu dk dk"B*] ^tu&cèak*q] ^xhzu
xl S kys hu ¼Green gasoline½* vkjS Þn xhzu xkYsM ¼The green
gold½ & gjk lku s kÞ vkfn ukekas ls l'qkkfsHkr fd;k x;k gAS
fofHkUu nLrkot s kas eas ckl ¡ ds dy q 1500 ls vfèkd ikjiafjd
mi;kx s kas dk o.kuZ gAS bldk mi;kx s Hkkt s u] vkJ;] nok]
QuÊpj] gLrf'kYi] od S fYid dk"B vkjS dkxt yx q nh m|kx s
eas fd;k tkrk gAS dN q ,d ckl ¡ çtkfr ,oa fdLekas dk mi;kx s
Hkkjr
?kjkas vkjS cxhpkas dks l'qkkfsHkr djus ds fy, ltkoVh ikèSkkas ds
:i eas fd;k tkrk gAaS foÜo dh bl lokfZèkd cMh+ ?kkl ds
fof'k"V of`) LoHkko] fo'k"skdj blds ijLij tM q s+ g,q çdnakas
vkjS tMk+as dh ç.kkyh ds dkj.k en`k vijnu fu;= a .k] ty
lja{k.k] Hkfwe iuqokl Z vkjS ok;eqM a yh; dkcuZ iF`kôj.k tl S s
ikfjfLFkfrd lèqkkj O;oLFkkvkas ds dk;kUZou eas mi;kx s ds
vR;fèkd lHakkouk,a gAaS [kk| m|kx s eas Hkh ckl ¡ ds çjkgs@'kVw
dk dPps eky ds :i eas mi;kx s gkrsk gAS
ck¡l çtkfr;ksa ds 'kwV ¼çjksg½%
lHakor%] ckl ¡ ds lkFk lgokl ls gh ekuo blds çjkgskas dk
[kk| inkFkZ ds :i eas mi;kx s eas ykus yxkA fofHkUu egk}hikas
rFkk dN q n'skkas eas [kk| ds mi;kx s eas yk;h xÃ ckl ¡ çtkfr;kas
dks rkfydk ¼d½ eas lp w hc) fd;k x;k gAS [kk| ik"sk.k eYw;
ij vè;;u dj 'kkèskdrkv Z kas us fofHkUu ckl ¡ çtkfr;kas ds çjkgskas
dks dy S kjsh eas de] Qkbcj eas mPp vkjS fofHkUu ik"skd rRokas ls
Hkjijw ik;k gAaS bu çjkgskas eas e[q; ik"skd rRo ds :i eas çkVshu] tkiku
dkckgZskbMVsª] ¼Vk;jkfslu lfgr½ fofHkUu vehuks ,flM]
fyfiM] 'kdjZk] Qkbcj] dN q foVkfeu ¼Fkk;feu] fu;kflu]
foVkfeu ,] foVkfeu ch6 o foVkfeu Ã½] dN q [kfut
¼ikVsfs'k;e] dfSY'k;e] ex aS uht] tLrk] Økfse;e] rkcak] ykgsk] uisky
QkLQkjsl o ly s fsu;e½ vkjS vdkcfZud yo.k ik, tkrs gAS
vU; lfCt;kas dh ry q uk eas ckl ¡ çjkgskas ds fyfiM ¼0-26 ls
0-94½ ,oa 'kdjZk ¼2-5 ij vkl S r½ dh ek=k de gkrsh g]S FkkÃyM
aS
ijraq ikuh dh ek=k 90 ;k mlls vfèkd gAS
rkfydk ¼d½% fofHkUu n'skkas eas [kir gkuss okys O;kolkf;d
:i ls egRoi.wkZ [kk| ckl ¡ dh lp w h
1
ou vuqla/kku
07
v‚LVfsªy;k v‚LVfsªy;k ifÙk;kas ds vkoj.k dks j[kk tkrk gAaS bl çdkj dkVus ds ckn]
çjkgskas dks 1 ls 2 ?kVas ds fy, ikuh eas fHkxk;sk tkrk gS ;k ikuh
eas vkèks ?kVas ds fy, mckyk tkrk gS vEyrk njw djus ds fy,A
;fn dkÃs dMo+kgV ekt S nw ugÈ g]S rks mUgas lhèks bLresky
lykn ds :i eas ;k vU; ryh lfCt;kas dh rjg fd;k tk
ldrk gAS bu çjkgskas dks 'khr ljaf{kr] yo.k mipkfjr]
futfZyr vFkok vkpkj cukdj [kk;k tkrk gAS
ck¡l çjksg&}kjk çLrqr [kk| lkexzh% [k½ fdf.or çjksg ¼QjesaVsM 'kwV½% rkts dVs g,q çjkgskas dks
ijaijkxr% ckl ¡ 'kVw }kjk çLrrq rktk ,oa fdf.or Nhydj ikuh ls lkQ fd;k tkrk gS vkjS NkVss Vd q Mk+s eas dkV
ikjiafjd [kk| Hkh tulegw }kjk lek–r g]aS [kkldj iorZh; yrss gAS feêh ds ik= ;k ckl ¡ dh cuh Vkd s fj;kas dk ç;kx s
,oa rVh; {k= s kas eAas ;g ikjiafjd ykd s O;t a ukas dh çLrfqr ioZ fd.ou ds fy, ik= ds :i eas mi;kx s fd;k tkrk gAaS tc
dk ,d vfHkUu vx a gAaS bl çlx a eas ge ,f'k;k egk}hi ds ckl ¡ dh Vkd s fj;kas dk mi;kx s fd;k tkrk g]S fd.ou çfØ;k
,d n'sk Hkkjr ds dN q iowkÙZskj jkT;kas ij ppkZ dj ldrs gAaS ds nkjSku ikuh dks fudkyus ds fy, Hkhrjh lrg dy s s ds iÙkkas
ef.kijq dk ,d ykd s fç; fdf.or [kk|&lkbsce MMaskªd s ykel ;k fNfær IykfLVd 'khV ds lkFk Lrfjr fd;k tkrk gAS
gfSeYVukÃ] MMaskªd s ykel tkÃxVasl] cEcl q k VYqMk] cEcl q k iRFkjkas ;k ydMh+ ds yëkas tl S s Hkkj ds rys çjkgskas dks ncko eas
ckydv w k vkjS cEcl q k iYyhMk ds çjkgskas ls çLrrq fd;k tkrk j[kk tkrk gAS dVs g,q ckl ¡ çjkgskas dks dldj ik= eas Mky]
gAaS rU[ky q tutkfr LFkkuh; ckl a dh fdLe dk mi;kx s dj nckdj dy s s ds iÙks ;k i‚fyFkhu ls <dk tkrk gAaS ;fn ?kMs+
l[wks lkbsce r;Skj djrs gAaS v#.kkpy çn'sk dh fuf'k dk ç;kx s djrs g]aS rks mUgsa èkiw eas l[qkkdj dldj çjkgskas ls
tutkfr ds ykx s ,dx a uked lkbsce ds leku ckl a 'kVw ls Hkjdj <d nrss gAS çjkgskas dks bl fLFkfr eas 6 ls 12 eghus rd
mRikfnr ,d fdf.or lkexhz dk losu djrs gASa vkirkfu j[kk tkrk gAS bl i)fr eas fdlh ifjj{kd dk mi;kx s ugÈ
tutkfr MMaskªd s ykel tkÃxVasl bR;kfn çtkfr;kas ds 'kVw fd;k tkrk vkjS i.wkZ fd.ou ds ckn] çjkgskas dks foi.ku ls
}kjk çLrrq gk;Çjx uked fdf.or [kk| lkekxhz dk ç;kx s igys 1 ls 2 o"kZ rd lx a gzhr fd;k tk ldrk gAS
eNyh ;k lfCt;kas ds lkFk djrs gAS vle eas ckl ¡ 'kVw }kjk x½ fMCckcan çjksg ¼dSUM 'kwV½% rktk çjkgs Lokn eas vfèkd
çLrrq l[wks ^[kkjshlk* uked [kk| inkFkZ dks ô‚Çdx dVsfQ'k cgsrj gkrss g]aS fdUrq ;g çkjskgs vkerkjS ij fMCckcna :i eas
¼Dykfj;l c=kdl½* ds lkFk feykdj çLrrq idoku dks miyCèk gkrss gAaS dVs g;qs çjkgs ds Vd q Mk+s dks yxHkx 4 ?kVas ;k
ijiajkxr rkjS ij pp s d&xLzr O;fä;kas dks Hkkx s yxkrs gAaS 120 C ij 40 ls 60 feuV rd mckyus ds ckn] yxHkx 5 ls
0
vkS|ksfxd% ckl ¡ ds çjkgs 3 :ikas eas miyCèk g%aS rktk 10 NaCl ;k vfèkd uedhu ?kky s o 1 lkbfVd ª ,flM eas
¼Ý'sk½] fdf.or ¼QjeVasM s ½ vkjS fMCckcna ¼dUSM½A rkts çjkgs Mcqk;sk tkrk gAS bl çdkj ll a kfèkr mRikn dks fMCcs ;k
?kjk]as çlLa—r Hkkt s u fuekrZkvkas vkjS 5&flrkjk gkVsy o fo'k"sk ikmp eas cp s k tkrk gAS
jLsrjka eas mi;kx s fd, tkrs gAaS blds vfrfjä] egk}hih; xSj ikSf"Vd miknku%
vkjS çkP; O;t a u çLrrq djus okys jLsrjka eas fMCckcna ckl ¡
çjkgskas dk mi;kx s gkrsk gAS gkykfad] fdf.or çjkgskas dks mudh cEScw 'kVw eas ik, x;s ,d lk;ukt s us Xykbdkl s kbM &
rh[kh xèak ds dkj.k de ilna fd;k tkrk g]S dosy 'kkd S hu VDSlhQk+Ãfyu ij&XykbdkfslMt s + ds çHkko ls gkfudkjd
O;t a u&vujqkfx;kas dks NkM s d
+ j buds 'kkd S hu de gkrss gAS gkbMkªt s u lkbukbM dk mRiknu gkrsk gAaS vr,o] çjkgskas dks
[kkus ;kXs; cuk;s tkus ds fy, buds gkfudkjd gkbMkªt s u
lkbukbM dks gVk nusk pkfg,A fofHkUu rduhdkas ds bLresky
ls ;g lHako Hkh gAaS bu 'kVwkas dks yxHkx 1000C ij 48 ?kVakas ds
fy, idkus ls 97 rd lkbukbM de gks ldrk gAaS blds
vfrfjä ,d mik; gS & dkesy çjkgskas dks irys Vd q Mk+s eas
dkVuk] bUgas l[qkkuk vkjS ued ikuh eas mckyus ds ckn Nku
yuskA
vkS"kfèk çLrqrdj.k esa ck¡l çjksg dk mi;ksx%
fp=% 1&2 ck¡l izjksg
vè;;u }kjk bl ckr dh ifq"V gÃq gS fd ckl ¡ çjkgs
LokLF; ykHk eas lgk;d ik"skd rRokas dk çk—frd vkèkkj gAaS
d½ rktk çjksg ¼Ýs'k 'kwV½% feêh dh lrg ls mHkjrs g,q xr 2000 o"kk±s ls Hkh vfèkd dky bldk mi;kx s i{kk?kkr]
çjkgskas dks ,df=r djuk] blds çLrrqdj.k dk igyk pj.k Lons loz.k rFkk mPp jäpki ds bykt ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gAS losu grs]q çjkgs ds fuEuk'ak dk dfBu j'sknskj Hkkx dkV jgk gAaS vkèkfqud 'kkèsk }kjk ;g lR;kfir gv q k gS fd bu ckl ¡
fn;k tkrk gS vkjS ckgjh dBkjs iÙkkas ds vkoj.k gVk fn, tkrs ds çjkgs eas ,faV&dkÆlukt s fsud ?kVd ik;s tkrs gS tks fd bls
gAaS dosy çjkgs 'kh"kZ ds dkesy vkjS Lokn ls Hkjijw dkesy nfSud vkgkj dk ,d vfHkUu vx a cukrh gAaS bues ik;s x,A
2
ou vuqla/kku
07
ikVsfs'k;e ¼K½ dh ek=k ds dkj.k] ckl ¡ 'kVw dks *gkVZ çkVsfsDVo 4- ukxas MeS] ih- ,oa fVdæas] yh- 2014- n U;Vwhª'kuy QDSVl ~
ofstVcsy & fny dh j{kk djus okyh ouLifr* Hkh dgk x;k v‚Q cEScw 'kVwl ~ ,M a n;sj ;l w t
s ,ts bEikVsUZsV VfsªM'kuy
gAaS ;g dCt dk Hkh fuokj.k djrk gS rFkk fyfiM dks de QMw l~ v‚Q u‚FkÃZLV bfaM;k- bVaju'skuy Ld‚yjyh fjlpZ
djus eas lgk;d gkrsk gAS ukfsVl http://doi-org@10-1155@2014@679073-
cEScw 'kVw eas ik;k tkus okyk flfydk] ftls vkerkjS ij
*ckl ¡ eUuk* ds :i eas tkuk tkrk g]S fpfdRlk eas lgk;d ,d
æO; gAaS bM a k&s Qk+jlh vkjS frCcrh fpfdRlk i)fr e]as bls
*rck'khj@rok'khj* dgk tkrk g]S tcfd Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk
dh ikjiafjd ç.kkyh eas bls *cl a ykp s u* dgk tkrk gAS bl
*cl a ykp s u* dk mi;kx s gekjs vk;oqnZs dh foÜo dks vuiqe nus
& P;ouçk'k ds çLrfqr eas gkrsk gAS ckl ¡ dh Vgfu;kas ls cuk
dk<k+ ex S ‚V lØ a fer ?kkok]as vYlj dks lkQ djus vkjS ihfy;k
dks Bhd djus ds fy, mi;kx s fd;k tkrk gAS QkbVkLsVjs‚y
rFkk Qkbcj ls ;ä q vkjS jkx s k.kjqkèskh x.qkkas ds dkj.k ckl ¡ 'kVw
U;VwkªL;fqVdYl ds :i eas Hkh ;kXs; gks ldrs gAaS
milagkj%
ckl¡ &çjkgs vkèkkfjr m|kx s dÃ ,f'k;kÃ n'skkas eas rt s h ls vadqj T;ksfr lbdh;k
foLrkfjr gks jgh g]S e[q;r% phu] tkiku] dkfsj;k] fQyhiÈl rduhdh lgk;d
vkjS FkkÃyM aS tgka ij [kk| çjkgs mRiknu ds fy, ckl ¡ dh
[krsh lOq;ofLFkr gS rFkk ;g mRikndkas dks vPNh vk; çnku
djrh gAS phu ds >fst;kx a çkra eas yxHkx 90 vkjS FkkÃyM aS ds
çkphu cjqh çkra eas 25 ,l s s fMCckcna çjkgs çLrrqdkjh diafu;k
gAS fMCckcna çjkgskas ds ofSÜod O;kikj eas FkkÃyM aS dk egRoi.wkZ
LFkku gS lkykuk yxHkx 30 fefy;u vefsjdh M‚yj dk
fu;krZ gkrsk gAS bl ifjç{s; e]as og`r ckl ¡ vkuoqfa'kd ll a kèkuksa
l
a s i"qV Hkkjr eas ckl ¡ çjkgs dh [krsh lhfer ek= ij gh gkrsh
gAS tkiku] Musekd]Z v‚LVfsªy;k] fQyhiÈl] eyfs'k;k vkjS
Çlxkijq vkfn n'skks eas ckl ¡ çjkgs ds fy, lHakkouki.wkZ cktk+j
gAS tkiku çfro"kZ 0-13 fefy;u Vu fMCckcna çjkgs vkjS 3400
Vu rktk çjkgs dk vk;kr djrk g]S tcfd v‚LVfsªy;k
yxHkx 6 ls 12000 Vu dk okÆ"kd vk;kr djrk gAS Hkkjr eas
ikfS"Vd x.qkkas ls i"qV [kk| ckl ¡ çtkfr;kas ds çjkgskas dh [krsh
grsq dkQh xt aq kb'k gAS ;fn ckl ¡ çjkgskas dks Hkkt s u ds :i eas
ykd s fç; fd;k tkrk gS rFkk cMs+ ieSkus ij budk O;kolkf;d
mRiknu fd;k tkrk gS rks ;g xkzeh.k {k= s kas eas vFkOZ;oLFkk dks
vkjS fu;krZ vk; dks c<k+ok nx s kA
lanHkZ%
1- ckleqrkjh] ,-] feMè~kk] ,l-d-s] m"kk] Vh-] ckleqrkjh] ,-d-s]
cã z k] ch-d-s ,oa xk;sy] ,-d-s 2017- cEScw 'kVwl ~ ,t+ , U;fw=fVo
cuw Q‚j u‚FkÃZLV bfaM;k% ,u vkosoÊm- 3 ck;kVsd s 7¼3½%169-
https://doi.org/10-1007/s13205-017-0796-4
2- pæaeky S h] ,l- ,oa foÜoukFk] ,l- 2012- cEScw 'kVwl ~ – ,u
bekÉtx fum ,t gYSFk QM w - QkjsLsVhª cy
q fsVu] 12¼2½% 21&28
3- pkx as Fke] ,u-] fc"V] ,e-,l- ,oa gkjskx as cke] ,l- 2011-
U;fw='kuy s ç‚iVÊt v‚Q cEScw 'kVwl ~ % ikVsfsU'k,y ,M a
çkLsiDsVl ~ Q‚j Ãmfryk;t'sku ,t+ , gYSFk QM w - dkEsçhgfaslo
fjfomt bu QM w lkbUl ,M a QM w lQ s fV 10% 153&168A
https://doi-org@10-1111@j-1541&4337-2011-00147-
3
ou vuqla/kku
07
iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa ck¡l çjksg ¼'kwV½ dk mi;ksx

MkW- euh"k dqekj Çlg] oSKkfud&Mh] futke xk;jh ,oa T;ksfrf'erk xksxksÃ
ifjp;% rkfydk 1% iwoksZÙkj {ks= ds [kk|&ck¡l dh lwph ¼pkSgku

,oa vU; 2016½A
dÃ n'skkas dh lLa—fr eas ckl¡ dk fo'k"skr% Hkkt
s u ds :i eas
oa'k ¼thul½ çtkfr;k¡
vR;ra egÙo gAS rhoz of`) vkjS Rofjr ifjiDork ds
lkFk&lkFk y?kq mRiknu pØ] mPp ck;keskl mRikndrk vkjS ccal
q k ch ckYdkv s k( ch ckl ¡ ( ch cefZudk( ch
O;kid vud q yw u {kerk] bls [kk| inkFkk±s ds mRiknu lkexhz Çdfx;kuk( ch ukuk( ch urwu( ch iYyhMk(
ch i‚yhekQ s k(Z ch VYqMk
grsq ,d eYw;oku ikèSkk cukrh gAS ckl ¡ ds çjkgs dPp]s
fMCckcna] mcy]s elkynskj] fdf.or] tes g,q] rjy vkjS fpekuskcskEclq k lh- d‚ykl s k
vk"Skèkh; :ikas eas [kk, tkrs gAaS gkykfad] vfèkdk'ak n'skkas eas ckl ¡ MMas kªd
s ykel Mh- ,Lij( Mh ckzfaMfl( Mh dy S kLsVkfp;l(
ds çjkgs dh [kir dk vd a yu ikjiafjd] xjS&ekudh—r] Mh- ¶yx S fsyQj( Mh- fxxVasl( Mh gfSeYVu(
ekl S eh vkjS {k= s &fof'k"V gS tks T;knkrj dPps :i eas gkrsk gS Mh gdw jsh( Mh- yfSV¶ykjsl( Mh y‚fUxliFSkl(
¼pkèSkjh ,oa vU;] 2012½A iowkÙZskj Hkkjr dk dy q Hkkx S kfsyd Mh- flfôefasll( Mh fLVDªVl
{k=s Qy 2]62]179 oxZ fdeh g]S ftleas ls yxHkx 53538 oxZ fxxVaskDsykvs k th- vYckfslfy;kVk( th ,il( th- jkLsVVsªk
fd-eh- eas ckl ¡ ik;k tkrk gS ¼vkÃ,l,Qvkj&2019½A bl {k= s eys kd
s USuk ,e- cd S hQjsk
eas oreZku eas 99 çtkfr;kas dh lp w uk çkIr gS ¼uFSkkuh] 2020½A
gkykfad ijws iowkÙZskj Hkkjr eas ckl ¡ dh dÃ çtkfr;kas dh [krsh] QkbykLsVfSpl ih eUuh( QVsjlkbDyk oj- I;cwl s hl
çlLadj.k vkjS fofHkUu :ikas eas [kir dh tk jgh gAS iowkÙZskj IybsCykLVl ih- flekush
Hkkjr ds ckl ¡ T;knkrj {k= s fof'k"V vkjS ikjiafjd gAS ;g fLdtk+LsVPS;ew ,l cM s Mkesh( ,l- My q v
w k
y[sk iowkÙZskj Hkkjr ds [kk| ckl ¡ çjkgs] mudh mi;kfsxrk vkjS
eYw; J[a`kyk dks c<k+us grsq cktkj dh {kerk ij dfasær gAS fluk#faMufj;k ,l- ,fyxl as
iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr ds [kk| ds :i esa mi;ksx gksus okyh ck¡l ge jkT;okj [kk| çtkfr;ksa dh [kir dks rkfydk&2 esa
dh çtkfr;ka% ns[k ldrs gS&
nfqu;k Hkj eas lkykuk 20 yk[k Vu [kk|&ckl ¡ ds çjkgs rkfydk 2% ¼pkSgku vkSj vU;] 2016½
dh [kir gkrsh g]S ftueas ls vfèkdk'akr% ,f'k;k eas gkrsh gAS vle cEcl q k cefZudk] ch- iYyhMk] ch- VYqMk]
iowkÙZskj Hkkjr e]as okÆ"kd vkl S r [kir ds ekeys eas e?skky; 'kh"kZ MM as kªd s y S kel gd w jsh] Mh- fxxVasl] Mh-
ij gAS blds ckn] ef.kijq] v#.kkpy çn'sk] ukxkyM aS ] flfôefsUll] fxxVaskDsykv s k jkLsVVsªk] th-
fetkjse vkjS f=ijqk dk LFkku gS tks Øe'k% 4418] 2188] 1978] ,YckfslyhVk] ey s kds uSk cl S hQjsk]
442] 433 vkjS 201 Vu dh ek=k ds lkFk okÆ"kd vkl S r [kir QkbykLsVfSpl cEcl w kbMl ~ ] f'ktk+LsVkP;e
eas 'kh"kZ LFkku ij gS ¼fuekpks ,oa vU;] 2010½A bl {k= s eas My q vw k
v#faMufj;k] cEcl q k] lQ s ykLsVkP;e w ] fpeku s kcskEcl q k] v#.kkpy çn'sk cEcl q k urwu] ch- iYyhMk] fpekuskcskEcl q k
MMaskªds yS kel] fMukDsykv s k] fxxVaskDsykv s k] ey s kds u S k] d‚ykl s k] MM as kªd
s y S kel fxxVasl] Mh- gfSeYVu]
fLdt+ k s L VkP;w e ] v‚DlhVs u s a F ks j k] Qkbyks L VS f pl] fxxVaskDsykv s k ,YckfslyhVk] fIy;kCsykLVl
fIy;ks C ykLVl] fluk#a f Mufj;k] fluks c kEcq l k] flekush vkjS fluk#faMufj;k ,fyxl as
FkkEukd s y
S kel vkjS Fkk;jkLsVfSpl dh çtkfr;ka ikÃ tkrh gAaS e?skky; MM as kªd s ykel gfSeYVu] Mh- dy S kLsVfSp;l-
;|fi] ckl ¡ dh ;s lHkh çtkfr;ka cEcl q k vkjS MMas kªd
s ykel dh gdw jsh] Mh- flfôefsUll] fxxVaskDsykv s k
[kk| çtkfr;ka gaS tks mPp ik"skd eYw; vkjS Lokfn"Vrk ds ,YckfslyhVk vkjS th- ,-,l-] th- jkLsVVsªk]
dkj.k ilna dh tkrh gAaS bl {k= s eas [kk|&ckl ¡ çtkfr;kas dh f'ktk+LsVkP;eq My q v
w k] ey s kd s uSk cd S hQjsk
lp w h rkfydk&1 eas nh xÃ gAS fetkjse ey s kd s uSk cl s hQjsk vkjS QkbykLsVfSpl eUuh]
cEcl q k y‚fUxlfidy q kVk] cEcl q k iYyhMk]
ch- VYqMk] fpekuskcskEcl q k d‚ykl s k]
MM as kªd s y S kel dy S kLsVfSpll] Mh- gfSeYVu]
Mh- gd q jsh] Mh- flfdefasll-
ef.kijq fpekuskcskEcl q k d‚ykl s k] MM as kªd
s yS kel ,Lij]
Mh-gfSeYVkfsu] Mh- y‚fUxliFSkl] Mh-
4 fLVDªVl] Mh- fxxVasl] Mh- ¶yx S fsyQj+]
ey s kd s uSk cl s hQjsk] cEcl q k cEckl s ] ch- urwu]
,YckfslyhVk vkjS th- ,-,l-] th- jkLsVVsªk]
f'ktk+LsVkP;eq My q vw k] ey s kd
s uSk cd S hQjsk
fetkjse ou vuqla/kku
ey
cEcl
s kd s uSk cl
q k y‚fUxlfidy
s hQjsk vkjS QkbykLsVfSpl eUuh]
q kVk] cEcl q k iYyhMk]
bZ&if=dk ch- VYqMk] fpekuskcskEcl

MM as kªd
Mh- gd
s y S kel dy S kLsVf
q jsh] Mh- flfdefasll-
q k d‚ykl
tuojh&fnla
S pll] Mh- gfSc
s k] 07
j] 2022
eYVu]
ef.kijq fpekuskcskEcl q k d‚ykl s k] MM as kªd

s yS kel ,Lij]
Mh-gfSeYVkfsu] Mh- y‚fUxliFSkl] Mh-
fLVDªVl] Mh- fxxVasl] Mh- ¶yx S fsyQj+] erSh dh ,d vlkèkkj.k Lokfn"Vrk g]S ftls fdf.or eNyh ds
ey s kd s uSk cl s hQjsk] cEcl q k cEckl s ] ch- urwu] lkFk vpkj vkjS djh ds :i eas fy;k tkrk gAS ef.kijq eas ,d
ch- Çdfx;kuk] ch- ukuk] QkbykLsVfSpl vkjS fdf.or ckl ¡ 'kVw mRikn g&S ^lkbsM‚u*] bls ifjiDo ckl¡
gVsjlkbDyk ojs- I;CwlUsl] ih-cEScl w kbMl ~ ] ds çjkgs dh ukds @'kh"kZ Hkkx ls r;Skj fd;k tkrk gS vkjS bls
fLdtk+LsVP;ew cM s Mkesh djh vkjS vpkj nkuskas ds :i eas [kk;k tkrk gAS jkT; eas ,d
ukxkyM
aS cEcl q k iYyhMk] ch VYqMk] fpekuskcskEcl q k vU; çdkj dk fdf.or mRikn ^lkbsfte* g]S ftls tyeXu
d‚ykl s k] MM as kªd
s ykel dy S kLsVkP;l q ] Mh- fd.ou }kjk fodflr fd;k tkrk gAS e?skky; eas LFkkuh;
fxxVasl] Mh-gfSeYVkfsu] Mh- gd q jsh] Mh- tutkfr;ka ^bjkEsck* dk losu djrh g]aS tks eNyh vkjS vU;
flfdefasll] fluk#faMufj;k ,fyxl as lfCt;kas ds lkFk fdf.or ckl ¡ ds çjkgs }kjk r;Skj dh tkrh gS
flfôe MM as kªd s ykel gfSeYVu vkjS Mh- flôhefasll ¼vxgzkj&e# q x
a dj vkjS lCqcyq {eh] 2006½A
f=ijqk cEcl q k iYyhMk] ch- VYqMk] ch- i‚yhekQ s k]Z
MM as kªd s y S kel gfSeYVu] Mh- y‚fUxliFSkl vkjS
eys kd s uSk cd S hQjsk iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa ewY; Jà[kyk c<+kus dh laHkkouk%
bldh mPp vfHkxE;rk vkjS og`n mi;kfsxrk ds dkj.k]
iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa [kk| inkFkZ ds :i esa ck¡l çjksg dk bl {k= s dh [kk| ckl ¡ çtkfr;kas eas [krsh] çlLadj.k vkjS
mi;kx s % id
S Çstx ds ekè;e ls m|e'khyrk vkjS lkenqkf;d Lrj ij
,d ikjiafjd tx a yh ouLifr ds :i eas blds miHkkTs; eYw; oÆèkr vkÆFkd xfrfofèk;kas dh vikj lHakkouk,a gAaS
dk ycak bfrgkl gkuss ds dkj.k] ckl ¡ &çjkgs u dosy #fpdj
vkjS Lokfn"V gkrss g]aS cfYd fofHkUu vU; ik"skd rRokas ls Hkh i.wkZ
gkrss gaS ¼fueyZ k vkjS vU; 2011½A bleas mPp ek=k eas çkVshu] [kk| ck¡l çtkfr;ksa dh [ksrh%
dkckgZskbMVsª] foVkfeu vkjS [kfut gkrss gaS rFkk bleas olk vkjS ykx s kas us ckl¡ çjkgs m|kx s kas dh ekxa dks ijwk djus ds fy,
dky s LsVª‚y ds fuEu Lrj gkrss g]aS tks bls lcls 'kVw mRiknu ds fy, ckl ¡ jkis.k 'k: q rks dj fn;k g]S yfsdu
okfaNr@ykd s fç; LokLF;inz [kkn;~ lkexz h cukrs gAaS mfpr [krsh vkjS çcèaku O;oLFkk dk ikyu ugÈ fd;k tk jgk
gAS Mh- ,Lij] Mh- gfSeYVfu vkjS ch- ckydv w k ( çjkgs
mRiknu grsq yxkÃ tkus okyh ilnahnk çtkfr;ka gAaS çjkgs dh
rktk vkSj lw[ks ck¡l dk 'kVw% [krsh ds fy, lkekU; :i ls vPNh ty fudklh okyh feêh]
iowkÙZskj {k=s eas rkts ckl ¡ ds çjkgs dk fofHkUu :ikas eas losu ikuh vkjS çdk'k dh fLFkfr vkjS vfèkd xgu çcèaku dh
fd;k tkrk gAS ckl ¡ ds çjkgs dks mckyus ds i'pkr~ vko';drk gkrsh gAS Hkfwe dk <yku iowkÙZskj] mÙkj ;k
rktk&rktk [kk;k tkrk gAS ef.kijq eas ckl ¡ dh rktk çjkgs dks if'pekÙskj dh vkjs gkusk pkfg,A ;g l> q ko fn;k tkrk gS fd
l[wkh eNyh ds lkFk [kk;k tkrk gAS m'kkÃs ,d rktk ckl ¡ ckcal q k ckydkv s k] ch-cEcl q ] ch-uVwkl a ] MMaskªd
s yS kel ,Lij]
'kVw fM'k gS tks v#.kkpy çn'sk eas ef.kifqj;kas vkjS vkik Mh- fLVDªVl] Mh- LVkDWlh vkjS xv q kMv q k ,t a fqLVQkfsy;k dk
rkfu;kas ds chp ykd s fç; gAS ,d xjS&fdf.or ckl ¡ çjkgs mi;kx s m".kdfVcèakh; vkæZ ifjfLFkfr;kas eas [kk| çjkgs grsq
djh uker% ^rek* flfôe ds ykx s kas ds chp cgrq ifjfpr gAS fd;k tk ldrk g]S tl S s iowkÙZskj {k= s eAas vkÃMCY;,wlVh]
vle eas eNyh] ex q Ê vkjS lvw j ds ekl a ds lkFk fofHkUu O;t a u cx aS ykjs }kjk fd, x, QhYM ijh{k.kkas ls irk pyrk gS fd
r;Skj djus grsq ckl ¡ ds çjkgs dk mi;kx s fd;k tkrk gAS MMaskªds yS e s l ,Lij dks ijwd ÇlpkÃ ds lkFk ijws o"kZ [kk|
blds vykok ^vkosk eosÃ* uked ;oqk ckl ¡ ds çjkgs dks vle çjkgs ds fy, bLresky fd;k tk ldrk gS vkjS ;g ,d
ds ckMs ks ykx s kas ds lt a krh; ¼bFkfud½ O;t a ukas eas 'kkfey fd;k ykHknk;d O;kolkf;d m|e gks ldrk gAS okf.kfT;d Lrj
tkrk gS tks pkoy ikmMj djh ds lkFk vfèkekur% r;Skj fd;k ij ckl ¡ ds çjkgs ds cMs+ ieSkus ij mRiknu grsq iowkÙZskj Hkkjr
tkrk gAS blds vykok ycas le; rd mi;kx s djus grsq bl {k= s eas ,l s h çtkfr;kas dh [krsh djus dh O;kid lHakkouk,a gAS
{k=
s ds ykx s çjkgs dh ueh dks gVkdj bls l[wks :i eas ljaf{kr
djrs gAaS
ck¡l&çjksg çlaLdj.k vkSj ewY;oèkZu%
nh?kZ vofèk l]s iowkÙZskj Hkkjr {k=s ds ykxs kas ds ikl ckl
¡ dks
fdf.or ¼Q+jesaVsM½ ck¡l dk 'kwV% Hkkt
s u vkjS ¶yosÇjx ,tVas ds :i eas mi;kx s djus dh vPNh
fofoèk fdf.or ¼Qj+eVasM s ½ ckl ¡ 'kVw dk mRikn vkjS rjg ls LFkkfir çfØ;k,]a dk'Sky vkjS ikjiafjd Kku gS ¼ekvks
ikjiafjd :i ls r;Skj djus dh rdudh iowkÙZskj Hkkjr {k= s eas vkjS vkMs îvw ks 2007½ A gkykfad] ckl ¡ ds çjkgs dk çlLadj.k]
lcls ykd s fç; [kk| inkFkZ gAaS êl
s *q dk mi;kx
s vpkj ds :i fd.ou] çjkgskas ls [kk| lkexhz r;Skj djuk vkjS ycah vofèk ds
eas vkjS djh eas vkèkkj ds :i eas nkÆtÇyx igkfM;+kas vkjS mi;kx s ds fy, çjkgskas dk HkM a kj.k bl {k=s eas ge'skk ,d ?kjy
s w
flfôe ds uiskfy;k]as HkfwV;k vkjS yispk ds chp ,d ikjiafjd O;olk; jgk gAS o"kZ 2002 eas ckl ¡ çjkgs dk foÜo O;kikj
O;t a u gAS fdf.or ckl ¡ çjkgs lkexhz ^lkbsce*] ef.kijq dh yxHkx 34]000 fefy;u #i;s dk FkkA ckl ¡ ds çjkgs dPps
5
ou vuqla/kku
07
ckl¡ ij mPpre lhek ¼16-67 x.qkk½ eYw;oèkuZ dk volj ikzIr

gkrsk gAS ckl
¡ ds çjkgs ds eYw;oèkuZ }kjk iowkÙZskj {k=
s eas eYw;
J[a`kyk dks c<k+u]s ckl
¡ çjkgs çlLadj.k m|kx s dh LFkkiuk
djds vk; vkjS jkt s xkj lt
` u nkuskas eas of`) djus dh vikj
{kerk gAS
çjksg çlaLdj.k rduhd

dæash; [kk| çk| S kfsxdh vul q èakku lLaFkku ¼lh ,Q Vh vkj
vkÃ½] el S jw us ckl ¡ ds çjkgs ls fuEufyf[kr eYw; oÆèkr
çlLa—r mRiknkas dk ekudhdj.k fd;k gAS fp=% 10 iztkfr% fp=% 11 iztkfr% fp=% 12 iztkfr%
1- fdf.or ckl ¡ çjkgs cacwlk ckydqvk cacwlk U;wVul cacwlk VwYMk
2- fMCckcna ckl ¡ çjkgs lanHkZ %
3- fMgkbMVsªM s ckl ¡ çjkgs 1- vxgzkj&e# q x
a dj] Mh vkjS lCqcy q {eh] th ¼2006½ çisj'sku
Vds fuDl ,M a U;fwVVªho oYS;w v‚Q QjeVasM s QM w l~ Ý‚e n
4- vpkj [kklh Vkªbc v‚Q e?skky;] bdk-s QM w U;Vw-ª 45%27&38
iowkÙZskj {k= s eas oreZku eas dosy 3&4 çlLadj.k m|kx s gh py 2- pkgSku] vk-sih-] mUuh] ,y-,e-] dkyisYyh] lh-] idkyifr]
jgs gAaS ukxkyM aS ds nhekijq eas ckl ¡ çjkgs dÇSux ds fy, ,d ,l-vkj-] vkjS c=k] ,p-oh- ¼2016½A cEScw 'kVwl ~ % diakfst'ku]
bdkÃ LFkkfir dh tk jgh gAS id S dk vkdkj 400 xkze] 800 U;Vwhª'kuy oYS;]w FkjSkI;fwVd jky s ,M a çkM s DV MosyieVas Q‚j
xkze vkjS 3 fdykx s kze gAS ckl ¡ çjkgs ds ,d Hkkx dks 1 fdyks oYS;w ,fM'kuA bVay-~ ts QM w - QeV±s Vd s u‚y- 6¼1½] 1&12
ds id S vkdkj eas oDS;ew id S Çstx dk mi;kx s djds uk;y‚u
vkèkkfjr yphys ikmp eas id S fd;k tkrk gAS tkjsgkV] vle 3- ba f M;k LVs V v‚Q+ Q+ ‚ js L V fjiks V Z ¼2019½A
vkjS vkbtky s ] fetkjse eas ckl ¡ çjkgs ds oDS;ew çlLadj.k vkjS http:@@www-fsi-nic.in@A ¼vkdyu 6 tu w 2021½A
fMCckcnah ckl ¡ çjkgs dh ,d bdkÃ ekt S nw gAS ckl ¡ çjkgskas dh 4- ekvk]s ,-,-] vkjS vkM s îv w k]s ,u- ¼2007½A VfsªM'kuy QeV±sM s
ekx a eas of`) vkjS Je dh miyCèkrk ¼ftleas efgyk&i: q "k QM w l~ v‚Q n ukxk VkªÃCl v‚Q ukFkbZLVuZ bfaM;kA bfaM;u
dke dj ldrs g½aS] iowkÙZskj {k= s vkjS vU; {k= s kas eas NkVss ieSkus tuy Z v‚Q VfsªM'kuy u‚yt s ] 6¼1½] 37&41A
dh vk| S kfsxd bdkb;kas ds fodkl dks lfquf'pr djrk gAS
5- uFSkkuh] ,p-ch- ¼2020½ ¶ykfsjfLVd Mk;ojflVh v‚Q
ewY; oÆèkr mRikn% ukFkbZLVuZ bfaM;kA o"kkZ ou vul q èakku lLaFkku] Hkkjrh;
ckl¡ çjkgs( fMCckcna ¶yosMZ çjkgs] çjkgs l‚l] rktk [kês okfudh vul q èakku ,oa f'k{kk ifj"knA
ckl¡ çjkgs] uedhu ,oa ryh gÃq ckl ¡ çjkgs] ckl ¡ dM aS h] pVuh] 6- fuekpk]s th-] jkor] t-s,l-] vkjS nkÃ] vk-s ¼2010½A
vpkj] fMCckcna pk'kuh ;Dqr ckl ¡ vkfn eas ll a kfèkr fd;k tk çkLsiDsVl~ v‚Q ccaw 'kVw çkl s Çslx bu ukFkbZLV bfaM;k] Curr
ldrk gAS o"kkZ ou vul q èakku lLaFkku] tkjsgkV }kjk ckl ¡ çjkgs Sci]98] 288&289A
ls r;Skj fd, x, dN q eYw; oÆèkr mRikn dks uhps fp= eas
7- fuey Z k] lh-] fc"V] ,e-] vkjS gkjskx as cke] ,l- ¼2011½A
fn[kk;k x;k gAS
U;Vwhª'kuy çkisVÊt v‚Q ccaw 'kVw% ikVsfas'k;y ,M a çkLsiDsVl~
Q‚j ;VwhykÃt'sku ,t , gYsFk QM w A d‚Eçhgusf'ko fjO;w bu
QM w lkbl a ,M a QMw l¶SVh] 10] 153&168- http:@@doi-
org@10-1111@j-1541&4337- 2011-00147-Û-
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9 MkW- euh"k dqekj Çlg

fp=% 1&9 ck¡l çjksg ls rS;kj fd, x, fofHkUu ewY;oÆèkr mRikn
oSKkfud&Mh
6
ou vuqla/kku
07
cht }kjk ck¡l dk çlkj % leL;k,a vkSj lek/kku

euh"k dqekj fot;] oSKkfud&ch ,oa M‚ ufurk csjh] oSKkfud&,Q
m".kdfVca/kh; ou vuqla/kku laLFkku] Tkcyiqj] e/;çns'k
ifjp; 1-06 fefy;u gDSV;sj dh deh vkbZ gAS cEcl q k ckydkv s k]

cEcl q k cEckl s ] cEcl q k VYqMk] MMaskªd s y
S kel gfSeYVu] vkjS
Xykcsy okfexZa vkjS tyok;q ifjoruZ ds bl ;xq e]as MMaskªd
s y S kel fLVDªVl Hkkjr dh e[q; vkfFkd Z :i ls egRoi.wkZ
ekuork ds fy, ekuo fuferZ vkinkvkas dks de djus ds fy, ckl ¡ çtkfr;k¡ gAaS Hkkjr e]as ckl ¡ yxHkx 7-5 fefy;u ckl ¡
xHakhj mik; [kkt s us dh vR;ra vko’;drk gAS tc rd ou dkjhxjkas ds fy, ,d egRoi.wkZ vkfFkd Z ll a k/ku gAS oukas dh
{k= s kas ds ckgj o{`kkas ds vkoj.k dks fodflr djus ds fy, mfpr dVkb]Z vk| S kxs hdj.k vkjS ckl ¡ dh vo/Sk fudklh tl S h
egRo ugha fn;k tkrk g]S rc rd Xykcsy okfex Za vkjS tyok;q ekuoh; xfrfof/k;kas ds ifj.kkeLo:i çk—frd ckl ¡ ll a k/kukas
ifjoruZ dh dBkjs okLrfodrkvkas dk lkeuk djuk lHako ugha dk ud q lku gv q k gAS jk"Vhª; ckl ¡ fe'ku ¼Hkkjr½ eas 1-76 yk[k
gAaS xhzu doj c<k+us dh rRdky vko';drk dks /;ku eas j[krs gDSV;sj ls vf/kd {k= s dks ckl ¡ ds o{`kkjkis.k ds ek/;e ls doj
g,q] dN q jkT; ou foHkkx futh Hkfwe ij o{`k ikdZ vkjS djus dh ifjdYiuk dh xbZ gAS blds fy, ckl ¡ ds ckxkukas
v‚Dlhtu ikdZ LFkkfir dj o{`kkjkis.k ds fy, mik; dj jgs dks mxkus ds fy, 70 fefy;u ls vf/kd {k= s eas jkisus ;kXs;
gASa lhekra Hkfwe eas rhoz of`) rFkk lfg".kq ckl ¡ ds o{`kkjkis.k ls ik/Skkas dh vko';drk gkx s hA jk"Vhª; ckl ¡ fe'ku dk tkjs ou
dkcuZ iF`kDdj.k vkjS tyok;q ifjoruZ 'keu gks ldrk gAS vkjS xjS&ou nkuskas {k= s kas ds fy, {k= s vk/kkfjr {k= s h; :i ls
121 tusjsk vkjS 1662 çtkfr;kas ¼duSou ,oa vU;] 2016½ ds foHkfsnr j.kuhfr ij gAS Qly ds ckn mfpr HkM a kj.k vkjS
lkFk] e[q; :i ls oreZku vkfFkd Z ] ikfjfLFkfrd vkjS ekuo mipkj lfqo/kkvk]as foi.ku vkjS fu;krZ dks lfquf'pr djus ds
vko';d t:jrkas dks ijwk djus ds lnaHkZ eas ;g ekuo thou eas vykok] jk"Vhª; ckl ¡ fe'ku ¼Hkkjr½ mRikndkas dks mfpr fjVuZ
,d egRoi.wkZ Hkfwedk fuHkkrk gAS nfqu;k eas yxHkx 80 ifzr'kr lfquf'pr djus ds fy, çfrc) gAS
ckl ¡ ou Hkfwe vkjS çtkfr;ka ,f'k;kbZ ç'kkra {k= s eas ik;h tkrh
gAaS ,d oreZku fjikVsZ ¼xM aSz O;w fjlp]Z 2020½ eas dgk x;k gS ck¡l dk çlkj%
fd ckl ¡ dh ofS'od ekx a 2025 rd 5 ifzr’kr dh okf"kd Z of`) ey w :i ls ckl ¡ dks Qy S kus ds e[q; rhu rjhds g]aS ftleas
nj ¼lh,thvkj½ ds lkFk 98-3 fcfy;u vejhdh Mkyj ds jkbtkesVsl tMk+as ls dfVx a yusk] ;oqk dYEl ¼ru½s ls dfVx a
jktLo rd igp aq us dh mEehn gAS ckl ¡ dh dYe fuek.Zk ds yusk vkjS lh/ks cht ls mxkuk 'kkfey gaS ¼fp= 1½A
fy, lkexhz] epku] Quhp Z j] gLrf'kYi] dy s k ç‚Il] fQ'kius]
—f"k midj.k vkjS xkfM;+k]a lx a hr ok|;= a ] uko vkmVfjxj]
yx q nh vkjS dkxt fuek.Zk] f[kykuS]s vk| S kfsxd mRikn tl S s
ckl ¡ dh Vkbyas vkjS IykboZM q bR;kfn ds fy, ,d vkn'kZ lkzrs
gAS ;g vkerkjS ij unh ds fdukjs vkjS tyekxZ ds fdukjs
feêh dks idMu+s vkjS feêh ds dVko dks jkd s us ds fy, yxk;k
tkrk gAS dN q çtkfr;kas ds ;oqk vd a jq ¼Mckx as ;k VESck½s rktk
;k fMCckcna Hkkt s u ds fy, vkn'kZ gkrss gAaS
Hkkjr esa ck¡l lalk/kuksa dh orZeku fLFkfr
¼vkbZ,l,Qvkj] 2021½%
Hkkjr eas ckl¡ d'ehj {k= s dks NkM s d+ j yxHkx ijws n'sk eas
çk—frd :i ls ik;k tkrk gAS Hkkjr eas 23 tusjk ds ckl ¡ dh
yxHkx 125 n'skh vkjS 11 fon'skh çtkfr;ka gAaS n'sk ds mÙkj
iowhZ {k= s vkjS if'pe cx a ky eas n'sk ds ckl ¡ ll a k/kukas dk 50
ifzr’kr ls vf/kd fgLlk gAS n'sk ds vU; ckl ¡ le) ` {k= s
vM a eku vkjS fudkcskj }hi legw] NÙkhlx<]+ e/; çn'sk vkjS ¡
if'peh ?kkV gAaS n'sk dk dy q ckl¡ {k= s 15-0 fefy;u gDsV;sj

okuLifrd lk/kuksa }kjk ckal dk çpkj%
vueqkfur fd;k x;k gAS e/; çn'sk eas 1-84 fefy;u gDsV;sj
dk vf/kdre ckl ¡ {k=
s g]S blds ckn v#.kkpy çn'sk ¼1-57 xkzeh.k ykx s vkerkjS ij bl ik/Sks dh [krsh v‚QlVs vkjS
fefy;u gDSV;sj½] egkjk"Vª ¼1-35 fefy;u gDSV;sj½ vkjS jkbtkes }kjk djrs gAaS ç—fr e]as ckl ¡ ds çlkj vkjS
vkfsM'kk ¼1-12 fefy;u gDSV;sj½ gAaS vkb,Zl,Qvkj 2021 ds uohuhdj.k dk lcls çHkkoh rjhdk Hkfwexr foLrkj gAS nl w js
vul aq kj n'sk eas dy q ckl
¡ {k= s eas 2019 ds vueqku dh ry q uk eas 'kCnkas e]as tMas+ QyS rh g]aS vkjS tl
S &
s tl
S s os ,l
s k djrh g]aS os
7
ou vuqla/kku
07
yxkrkj u, vd a jq inSk djrh gaS tks tYnh ls cMs+ dYekas eas chtkas dks bdëk djuk cgrq t:jh gAS fQj vxyh lnh ds
fodflr gkrss gAaS ;g foLrkj nks rjhdkas ls gkrsk gaS ¼ jfux a ckl ¡ fy, chtkas ds HkM a kj.k vkjS mu ij utj j[kus dh puqkrSh gAS
vkjS Dyfaix a ckl ¡ ½A jfux a ckl ¡ eas ycas çdna gkrss gaS tks e[q; ;fn vki fdlh ,l s s ik/Sks ls cht ,d= dj jgs gaS tks gj 50 ;k
ik/Sks ls njw tehu ds lekukraj vkjS ckgj dh vkjs c<r+s gAaS 100 o"kkZas eas ,d ckj Qy w rk g]S rks vkidks mUgas lx a gzhr djus
tl S & s tl S s os foLrkj djrs g]aS tMas+ jkbtkes ds ukM s l ~ ls ckgj vkjS O;ofLFkr djus ds fy, ,d cgrq vPNh ç.kkyh dh
fudy vkjS vrar% jkbtkes Åij dh vkjs c<r+s g,q u, vd a jq vko';drk gAS n'kdkas ls vkjS ihf<;+kas ds chp] Vd Sª fjdkM s Z
cukrs gAsaS nl w jh vkjs] Dyfaix a ckl ¡ eas d‚EiDSV :V flLVe [kkusk vklku gAS ,d ckl ¡ dh çtkfr dks mlds cht ls
gkrss g]aS ftleas jkbtkes Åij dh vkjs >d q rs gaS vkjS e[q; ik/Sks igpkuuk vlHako g]S blfy, lVhdrk ,d vkjS dfBu eíqk
ds Bhd cxy eas ,d lkFk u, vd a jq inSk djrs gAaS Dyfaix a gAS dN q çtkfr;kas e]as tl S s cEcl q k ckydkv s k] ik/Sks mitkÅ]
ckl ¡ dh ry q uk eas jfux a ckl ¡ dk Qy S uk cgrq vklku gkrsk gAS thfor cht ugha inSk djrs g]aS mUgas bdëk djuk cd s kj gAS
çlkj lkexhz ds vi;kIZr Kku] jkis.k lkexhz dh deh vkjS ckl¡ ds chtkas dh deh vkjS mUgas bdëk djus eas dfBukbZ dks
vf/kd ifjogu ykxr ds dkj.k cMs+ ieSkus ij o{`kkjkis.k ds n[skrs g,q] vkifwrd Z rkZ Hkkjh dher oly w ldrs gaS ;g Hkh ckl ¡
fy, ;s fof/k;k¡ vkfFkd Z :i ls ykHknk;h ugha gAaS vU; ds cht vk/kkfjr il z kj dks iHzkfor djrk gAaS
okuLifrd rjhdk]as tl S s fd dYe lx s eVas] ckzpa dfVx a ] xkzmM a lek/kku%
vkjS ,;j y;sfjx a ] vkfn eas Hkh vkifs{kr lQyrk ugha ikzIr gbqZ
gAS lkekU; i"qiu ds vykok] ckl ¡ dHkh&dHkh pj.kc) i"qiu
ls xt q j ldrk gAS vkmV&v‚Q&Qt s Qy w igpku ;kXs; g]S
cht çlkj esa leL;k;%as D;kfasd ;g dosy NkVss {k= s kas eas ;k dN q xPqNkas eas gkrsk gAS ;g
dN q çtkfr;k]a tl S s cEcl q k ckYdkv s k vkjS cEcl q k egRoi.wkZ gS D;kfasd ;g lkekU; ckuss ds pØkas ds chp cht
oYxfjl] cht dk mRiknu ugha djrh g]aS vkjS tks 30 ls 70 miyC/k djkrk gAS ijqkus cht ls mRiUu gkuss okys ik/Skkas dks
o"kkZas rd ds ycas vrajky ij Qy w mueas f[kyrs gaS tl S s cEcl q k fdLeas dgk tk ldrk gAS bu fdLekas ls vi{skk dh tkrh gS fd
cEckl s ] ch i‚yhekQ s k]Z MMaskªd s yS kel fLVDªVl] ey s kds u S os çtkfr;kas ds leku cht ckuss ds pØ dks cuk, j[kas yfsdu
cd S hQh vkjS QkbykLsVpShA dN q çtkfr;ka xPqNkas eas Qy w rh vyx&vyx le; ij Qy w Aas ,l s h fdLekas ds vxys Qy w vkus
¼xhzxfsj;l Qykosfjx a ½ gaS vkjS fQj vius lHkh ey w ik/Skkas ds ij bl ifjdYiuk dh ifq"V dh tk ldrh gAS fdLeas 'kkjhfjd
lkFk ej tkrh g]aS tcfd vU; ekrk&firk dh eR`;q ds lkFk ;k ;k vkuoqfa'kd :i ls fodflr gks ldrh gAaS ;fn lHkh ijqkuh
fcuk fNViVq :i ls Qy w rs g]aS vkjS fQj Hkh vU; nkuskas dks fdLekas dks ,d= djds ,d gh LFkku ij jkfsir fd;k tkrk g]S
feykrs gaS ¼tl S s ch- VYqMk] ch- y‚fUxlfidVqkVk½A dosy dN q rks de ls de ckl a dh dN q çtkfr;kas ds fy, cht gj lky
eas gh Qy w vkjS cht mRiknu dh mPp vkof`Ùk gkrsh gS ;k FkkM s s+ vrajky ds ckn miyC/k gks ldrk gAS cht&mRiknd
¼vkd s yUsMk it z kfr½A bu Qy w kas ds iVSuZ ds dkj.k] cht 'kk;n dæaskas ds fuek.Zk eas vrajk"ZVhª; vkjS {k= s h; lg;kx s dh
gh dHkh miyC/k gkrsk g]S tc çpkj dh vko';drk gkrsh gAS vko';drk gS vkjS bls vrajk"ZVhª; ^^fdLekâs^ ds cht fofue;
blds vykok] ckl a ds chtkas dh 'kYsQ ykbQ de gkrsh gS vkjS vkjS fu;fer oK S kfud lp a kj ds ek/;e ls çkIr fd;k tk
ifj"—r fu;fa=r l[qkkus vkjS lhfyx a ds fcuk gefZsVd dVausjkas ldrk gAS vd a jqkas ds tYnh Qy w us ls lkekU;&Qy w kas ds iVSuZ
eas LVkjs djuk efq'dy gkrsk g]S tks fd ,l s h çfØ;k,a gaS tks dh çtkfr;kas ds lkFk ld a j.k ds fy, lkexhz fey ldrh gAS
oreZku eas miyC/k ugha gAaS 3&6 eghus dh NkVsh cht O;ofLFkr miou ls cMh+ ek=k eas cht ik;k tk ldrk gAS
thou{kerk vof/k] xhzxfsj;l Qykosfjx a ] ik/Sks dh ekuskd s kfid Z
ç—fr] [kjkc cht lVs vkjS dhVkas }kjk cMs+ ieSkus ij cht dh
[kir ,l s s lHkh dkjd gaS tks çlkj ds ,d fo'oluh; ll a k/ku
ds :i eas chtkas ds mi;kx s dks çfrcfa/kr djrs gAaS muds
y{k.kkas ds vyxko ds dkj.k] cht vk/kkfjr lrakukas dh ¡
vkuoqfa'kd le:irk Hkh lokykas ds ?kjss eas gAS ckl ¡ ds chtkas dh
leL;k Qy w vkus ds le; ls gh 'k: q gks tkrh gAS vf/kdk'ak
okf"kd Z ik/Skkas ds foijhr] ckl ¡ dh tfSod ?kMh+ cgrq vyx xfr
ls pyrh gAS çtkfr;kas ds vk/kkj ij] dN q ckl ¡ dks Qy w vkus
eas dN q n'kd yx ldrs gAaS thul QkbykLsVfsd;kl ds dN q
lnL;] tl S s ekl s ks vkjS eM S d s ckl ¡ ] okLro eas Qy w us ds fy, ¡
,d lnh ls vf/kd le; yrss gAaS dbZ ekeykas e]as nh xbZ
çtkfr;kas ds lHkh lnL; ,d gh le; eas f[kyx as ]s ftls
flØ a kusl ;k xx sz jh; Qy w dgk tkrk gAS T;knkrj ekeykas e]as
ckl ¡ Qy w ds ckn ej tkrk g]S ftl rjg okf"kd Z ik/Sks vkjS Qy w
djrs gAaS vxj ;g lkefwgd :i ls Qy w rk g]S rks bldk
eryc gS fd lHkh ik/Sks ,d gh ckj eas ej tk,x a As blfy, mu
¡
8
ou vuqla/kku
07
cht of`) çk| S kfsxfd;k]a tl S s fd iow& Z coqkb]Z iow&

Z HkM
a kj.k vkjS fjyhl Xykcsy& ckl
a cktkj-
e/;&HkM a kj.k mipkj] ikjiafjd –f"Vdk.sk gaS tks oreZku eas 3- ,pVhVhih,l@@ ,Q,l vkb-Z ,uvkbl
Z h-bu@vkbZ ,l
cht foKku vkjS çk| S kfsxdh eas O;kid :i ls mi;kx s fd, ,Q vkj &2021@ pkISVj 8- ihMh,Q
tkrs gAaS lIqrkoLFkk dks rkM s u+]s vd
a jq.k eas l/qkkj vkjS chtkas dh
lVhd coqkbZ ds fy, coqkbZ iowZ mipkj fd;k tkrk gAS HkM a kj.k
ds nkjSku chtkas dh O;ogk;rZk vkjS 'kfä dks c<k+us ;k cuk,
j[kus ds fy, iow& Z HkM
a kj.k vkjS e/;&HkM a kj.k mipkj vke rkjS
ij ykxw gkrss gAaS ¼fp= 3½A bu çk| S kfsxfd;kas ds vuçq;kx s ls
ckl
a ds cht dh thou{kerk vkjS HkM a kj.k {kerk dks c<k+;k tk
ldrk gAS
euh"k dqekj fot;

oSKkfud&ch
fp=% 3
fu"d"kZ
ckl ¡ eas vul q /akku ,oa fodkl ds fy, vf/kd ls vf/kd /ku
vkjS ll a k/kukas dh t:jr gAS ckl ¡ &cht dh ny q HZkrk ij dkcw
ikus ds fy, vkmV&v‚Q&Qt s lhfMx a fdLekas dk lx a gz ,d
lHakkfor lk/ku gAS bl lca/ak eas {k= s h; lg;kx s vko';d gS
rkfd çR;d s n'sk eas ckl a ds fy, cht&mRiknu dæaskas dk
fuek.Zk fd;k tk ldAs lkFk gh cht of`) çk| S kfsxfd;k]a tl S s
fd iow& Z coqkb]Z iow& Z HkM
a kj.k vkjS e/;&HkM a kj.k mipkj tl s h
rduhfd;kas eas vf/kd ls vf/kd vul q /akku }kjk cht thou
{kerk vkjS HkM a kj.k tl s h leL;kvks dks njw dj cht vk/kkfjr
ilz kj.k dks c<k+ok fn;k tkuk lHako gkx s kA
lnaHkZ
1- duoku] ,l] fjpMl Z u] Mh- ,e] ohljs] oh] jkDSl] t-s t-s]
okjskRaslkosk ,e ,l] foYlu t-svkj ¼2016½- ckl a dk ofS'od
forj.k% ifjp; vkjS vkØe.k ds lglca/akkas dk vkdyu djuk-
,vkcsh ikni] 9 % 78-
2- xM aSz O;w fjlpZ ¼2020½ 2025 rd 98-3 vjc ds ckl a cktkj
dk vkdkj - lh,thvkj % 5-0% v‚uykbu miyC/k %
,pVhVhih,l//MCyw MCyw MCy-w xkzM a O;w fjlp-Z d‚e çl S
9
ou vuqla/kku
07
O;kolkf;d :i ls egRoiw.kZ ck¡l çtkfr;ksa cacwlk VwYMk vkSj

cacwlk U;wVkal dk dYe&'kk[kk }kjk dkf;d çtuu
MkW- izeksn dqekj] oSKkfud&Mh ,oa eqds’k dqekj lksudj] rduhdh vf/kdkjh]
m".kdfVca/kh; ou vuqla/kku laLFkku] Tkcyiqj
Hkkjr ds fofHkUu Hkkxkas eas ckl¡ dh dyq 24 çtkfr;k¡ vkjS fujraj c<+ jgh O;kolkf;d ekx a muds rt s h ls fodkl] dYe
yxHkx 130 mi çtkfr;k¡ ikÃ tkrh gaS ftueas ls dN q ekVskÃ] Qkbcj ycakÃ vkjS ck;keskl ds dkj.k gAS vr% Hkkjr
çtkfr;k¡ [kk| vkjS vk"Skèkh; x.qkkas ls ;ä q gAaS n'sk dh ds fofHkUu fgLlkas eas O;kolkf;d o{`kkjkis.k grsq bu çtkfr;kas
vFkOZ;oLFkk eas ckl ¡ dh ,d egRoi.wkZ Hkfwedk gAS ckl ¡ dh dh ilna ml {k= s eas miyCèk ckl ¡ dh ikjiafjd çtkfr;kas ls
mi;kfsxrk u dosy nfSud thou eas gS cfYd yk[kkas xkzeh.k vfèkd gAS dkxt+ m|kx s eas mi;kfsxrk ds vfrfjä] ccal w k
vkfnoklh ifjokjkas dh vk; dk ,d lkzrs Hkh gAS mÙkj vkjS VYwMk fuek.Zk dk;k±s ds fy, mi;ä q gS vkjS ccalw k U;Vwkla ds
nf{k.k Hkkjr ds m".kdfVcèakh; ue i.kiZkrh ou vkjS mÙkj&iowZ bVaukMZs dh yEckÃ vfèkd gkuss ls vxjcÙkh m|kx s ds fy, ,d
Hkkjr ds i.kiZkrh vkjS vèk& Z lnkcgkj ou {k= s ckl ¡ dh cgsrj fodYi gAS nkuskas çtkfr;kas eas vfèkdre dYe mRiknu
fofoèkrk eas le) ` gAaS ckl a ds çk—frd ll a kèkukas ds fu;fer ty q kÃ ls flrcaj ekg rd o"kkZ _rq eas gkrsk gS vkjS 'kk[kkvkas
fonkgsu ls LFkkuh; Lrj ij vko';drkvkas dks ijwk djus vkjS dk fodkl lcls igys dYe ds eè;&Åijh Hkkx ds ukM s l~ ls
ckl a vkèkkfjr m|kx s kas ds fy, fu;fer vkiÆwr eas deh vk;h gAS 'k:
q gkrsk gAS ccalw k VYwMk eas i"qiu pØ yxHkx 48 o"kZ vkjS
ckl a lcls rt s h ls c<u+s okyk ¼60 lesh@fnu rd½ ,d ccalw k U;Vwkl
a eas yxHkx 32 o"kZ gS vr% cht dh ly q Hk
dk"Bh; ?kkl ikèSkk gAS ckl ¡ dh rhoz of`) ls feêh ds HkkfSrd] miyCèkrk u gkuss ds dkj.k bu çtkfr;kas ds ikèSks Kkr lkzrs ds
jklk;fud vkjS tfSod x.qkkas eas lèqkkj gkrsk g]S de le;kofèk eas mPp of`) {kerk okys ckl ¡ kas dh 'kk[kk dÇVXl ds }kjk vklkuh
[kjkc Hkfwe dk iuq:)kj gkrsk gAS voØfer LFky ij ckl ¡ ds ls r;Skj fd;s tk ldrs gAaS
jkis.k ls feêh dh x.qkoÙkk eas lèqkkj gkrsk gS vkjS feêh eas dkcuZ
dk iF`kôj.k gkrsk gAS
ckl¡ ds thoupØ eas dosy ,d ckj gh i"qiu gkrsk gS vkjS
cht çkIr gkrss gAaS i"qiu pØ dÃ o"kk±s ds ckn gkuss ls cht dh
miyCèkrk fujraj ugÈ jgrh gS vr% lkekU;r% dkf;d çtuu
fofèk ls ckl ¡ ds ikèSks r;Skj dj jkis.k fd;k tkrk gAS ,dy
ckl a ¼dYe½ vkjS mldh 'kk[kk dÇVx dk mi;kx s dj vklkuh
ls ikèSks r;Skj fd;s tk ldrs gaS vkjS eØ S kçskfsyQj'sku rduhd
}kjk r;Skj ikèSkkas dk x.qku fd;k tk ldrk gAS lkekU;r% ,d]
;k nks ukM s y [kM a kas okyh dYe@'kk[kk dÇVx {kfSrt vFkok
ÅèokèZkj jkis.k ds fy, mi;kx s dh tkrh gAaS jkbtkes] v‚QlVs
,oa dYe }kjk ckl ¡ dk dkf;d çtuu de O;kogkfjd gS ,oa
vkÆFkd :i ls fdQk;rh Hkh ugÈ gAS mPp ck;keskl mRiknu
vkjS vfèkd vkÆFkd ykHk ds fy, okN a uh; y{k.kkas dh fl)
vkuoqkfa'kdrk ds lkFk nkrk ckl ¡ dk p;u vR;ra egRoi.wkZ gAS fp=% 01 cacwlk VwYMk fp=% 02 cacwlk U;wVkal
ifjiDo voLFkk ds ckl ¡ ¼ifd;k½ dh ry q uk eas eè; voLFkk ds ccalw k VYwMk vkSj ccal w k U;Vwkl a dk dYe 'kk[kk }kjk
ckl ¡ ¼ekfsgyk½ ds dkf;d çtuu ls vfèkd lQyrk lHako fofHkUu ekSleksa esa dkf;d çtuu%
gAS eè; Hkkjr eas O;kolkf;d :i ls egRoi.wkZ ckl ¡ dh
çtkfr;kas eas dYe&'kk[kk dÇVx dk O;kid :i ls mi;kx s dkf;d çtuu ç;kx s grsq nkuskas çtkfr;kas ds yxHkx 6 o"kZ
dj eØ S kçskisxs 'sku dk;Z fd;k tkrk gAS dYe&'kk[kk dÇVx vk;q ds mPp of`) dks nÆ'kr dj jgs ikp a &ikp a ckl¡ legwkas
dk mi;kx s fuEu pkj igyv q kas ij vkèkkfjr gS ¼i½ ry q ukRed ¼clumps½ dk p;u fd;k x;k vkjS nl w js o"kZ vkjS rhljs o"kZ
:i ls ckl ¡ dk de vkÆFkd egÙo dk Hkkx ¼ii½ vifs{kr l[a;k ds rhu ck¡lksa ¼culms½ ds fupys&eè; Hkkx ls
eas 'kk[kk dyekas dk miyCèk gkusk ¼iii½ muds NkVss vkdkj vkjS 'kk[kkvk@
as mi&'kk[kkvkas ls vyx&vyx O;kl ox]Z iryh ¼≤
gYds otu ds dkj.k vklku j[kj[kko ¼iv½ lhfer LFkku eas 2-0 lesh½ ,oa ekVsh ¼2-0 lesh½] dh ,dy ukM s 'kk[kk dÇVXl
vfèkd l[a;k eas dÇVx yxkdj dkf;d çtuuA r;Skj dh x;ÈA r;Skj 'kk[kk dÇVXl dks ckfofLVu ds 2
?kky
s ls lrg o‚'k }kjk dhVk.kjqfgr fd;k x;kA ç;kx s
ckl
¡ dh çtkfr;kas ccal w k VYwMk vkjS ccal w k U;Vwkl a dh fofHkUu ekl S ek]as clra&xhz"e _rq ¼ekp& Z eÃ½] o"kkZ _rq
10
ou vuqla/kku
07
¼ty q kÃ&flrcaj½ ,oa 'kjn&'khr _rq ¼vDVcwj&fnlcaj½ ds

nkjSku fd;k x;kA ccal w k VYwMk dh ,dy ukM s dÇVXl dks
200 fexkz-@yhVj bM a kys &3&C;fwVfjd ,flM ¼vkÃ-ch-,-½ vkjS
ccal w k U;Vwkl
a dh ,dy ukM s dÇVXl dks 200 fexkz-@yhVj
1&u¶sFkyhu ,flfVd ,flM ¼,u-,-,-½ ds ?kky s eas 24 ?kVas ds
fy, mipkfjr fd;k x;kA mipkj ds ckn çR;d s _rq ds
igys lIrkg ds nkjSku nkuskas çtkfr;kas dh nkuskas O;kl oxZ eas 30
dÇVXl dks feLV pEScj eas vkærZk ¼≈80½ dks fu;fa=r j[krs
g,q Vsª ds vUnj jrs eas {kfSrt :i ls yxk;k x;kA
vyx&vyx _rq eas çk—frd rkieku ds yxHkx leku
rkieku èkèaqk d{k ds vnaj cuk, j[kk x;k ;kuh clra&xhz"e
_rq ¼32 ls 36 fMxhz lfsYl;l½( o"kkZ _rq ¼28 ls 32 fMxhz
lfsYl;l½ vkjS 'kjn&'khr _rq ¼24 ls 28 fMxhz lfsYl;l½A fp=% 6 'kk[kk dÇVXl esa vadqj.k
nkuskas O;kl oxZ vkjS çtkfr;kas ds fy, dÇVXl dks rhu
jfsIyd'sku eas yxk;k x;kA ç;kx s dks rhukas _rvq kas eas jkis.k ds
60 fnukas ckn rd voykd s u eas j[kk x;k rRi'pkr dÇVXl
dk ueuwk fy;k x;kA nkuskas çtkfr ds nkuskas O;kl oxZ ds fy,
vd a jqkas dh l[a;k] vd
a jq dh ycakÃ] çkFkfed vkdfLed tMk+as
¼adventitious root½s dh l[a;k] lcls vfèkd ycah tM+ dh
ycakÃ vkjS tM+ okys dyekas dh l[a;k ¼:ÇVx½ dk fjd‚MZ
ntZ fd;k x;k vkjS mldk fo'y"sk.k fd;k x;kA
fp=% 7 'kk[kk dÇVXl esa vkdfLed tM+ mRifÙk

çk;ksfxd ifj.kke ,oa fo'ys"k.k%
çk;kfsxd ifj.kke eas n[skk x;k fd vd a jq ,oa vd a jq dh
ycakÃ clra&xhz"e _rq eas lcls vfèkd gS mlds ckn o"kkZ
_rq vkjS 'kjn&'khr _rq eAas nkuskas O;kl oxk±s eas vd a jq dh
ycakÃ yxHkx leku Fkh yfsdu o"kkZ _rq vkjS 'kjn&'khr
_rq ds nkjSku rkieku eas fxjkoV ds dkj.k vd a jq of`)
çHkkfor gkrsh gAS vyx&vyx _rv q kas eas vkjS nkuskas çtkfr;kas
ds O;kl oxk±s eas çfr dÇVx vd a jqkas dh l[a;k eas lkfa[a;dh;
fp=% 3&4 'kk[kk dÇVXl dk mipkj.k fHkUurk ugÈ Fkh] tcfd vd a jq dh ycakÃ fofHkUu _rv q kas ds
rkieku vkjS O;kl oxZ eas egRoi.wkZ :i ls çHkkfor gÃqA
ccal
w k VYwMk dh ekVsh dÇVx vkjS ccal w k U;Vwkl a dh iryh
dÇVx eas tM+ y{k.k tl S s çkFkfed vkdfLed tMk+as dh l[a;k]
tM+ ycakÃ vkjS :ÇVx çfr'kr vfèkdre ik, x,A ccal w k
VYwMk ds irys vkjS ekVss O;kl oxZ eas clra&xhz"e _rq eas
Øe'k% 63-4 vkjS 72-7] o"kkZ _rq eas Øe'k% 46-6 vkjS 55-
8 ,oa 'kjn&'khr _rq eas Øe'k% 28-4 vkjS 30-1 tM+
mRiUu djus dh {kerk ik;h x;hA ccal w k U;Vwkl a ds irys
vkjS ekVss O;kl oxZ eas clra&xhz"e _rq eas Øe'k% 73-6 vkjS
69-0] o"kkZ _rq eas Øe'k% 52-4 vkjS 60-4 ,oa 'kjn&'khr
_rq eas Øe'k% 36-3 vkjS 42-1 tM+ mRiUu djus dh {kerk
ik;h x;hA clra&xhz"e _rq ls 'kjn&'khr _rq eas ?kVrs
rkieku ds lkFk tM+ {kerk èkhj& s èkhjs de gkrsh tkrh gAS
ccalw k VYwMk eas nks O;kl oxZ ds chp tMk+as dks mRiUu djus dh
fp=% 5 'kk[kk dÇVXl dk jsr esa {kSfrt jksi.k
11
ou vuqla/kku
07
{kerk lkfa[a;dh; :i ls fHkUu ugÈ Fkh tcfd ccal w k U;Vwkl

a ekl S e ,d egRoi.wkZ dkjd gS tks ikèSkkas ds okÆ"kd fodkl pØ
dh > 2-0 lesh ekVskÃ dh 'kk[kk dÇVx dh tM+ mRifÙk dh ds fofHkUu pj.kkas dks fuèkkfZjr ,oa çHkkfor djrk gAS eè; Hkkjr
{kerk ,oa çkFkfed tMk+as ds fuek.Zk ,oa fodkl dh {kerk eas ekpZ ekg eas ckla dh ijqkuh ifÙk;kas dk fxjuk 'k: q gks tkrk
dkQh vfèkd FkhA vU; ekl S ekas dh ry
q uk eas clra&xhz"e _rq gS vkjS xhz"e _rq dh 'k# q vkr eas fodkl vkjS mPp iuqtuZu
eas nkuskas çtkfr;kas dh iryh vkjS ekVsh dÇVx eas çkFkfed tMk+as {kerk okyh b"Vre xfrfofèk;kas ds dkj.k ukM s l ~ ls u, vd a jq
dh l[a;k vkjS lcls ycah tM+ dh ycakÃ ry q ukRed :i ls çLQfqVr gkrss gAaS clra&xhz"e _rq ds c<r+s rkieku ds nkjSku
vfèkd FkhA nkuskas çtkfr;kas eas vfèkd l[a;k eas vd a jq vkjS mudk fodkl
gkrsk gAS bl le; gkbMkªy s kbÇtx ,t a kbekas dh xfrfofèk;ka
rt s gks tkrh gaS tks lx a gzhr [kk| lkexhz dks :ÇVx dkQ s DS+VlZ
ds lkFk u, LçkmVl ~ dks tVqkus eas enn djrh gAS ikèSkkas ds
lfØ; iuqtuZu pj.k ds nkjSku rkieku vkjS vkærZk dk
i;kIZr lray q u fofHkUu ,t a kbe çfØ;kvkas dks rt s + djrk gS vkjS
vkdfLed tMk+as dh mRifÙk grsq efsjLVefsVd dkfs'kdkvkas dks
foHkkftr djus vkjS fodflr djus ds fy, dkckgZskbMVsª vkjS
vU; lgk;d inkFkk±s dks lfØ; djrk gAS
fu"d"kZ%
ekl
S e ds vul q kj rkieku fHkUurk nkuskas çtkfr;kas ccal w k
VYwMk vkjS ccalw k U;Vwkl a eas vkdfLed tM+ mRifÙk {kerk dks
çHkkfor djrh gAS ckl ¡ dh bu nkuskas O;kolkf;d çtkfr;kas ds
fp=% 8 irys vkSj eksVs O;kl oxZ dh 'kk[kk ikèSks dkf;d çtuu }kjk r;Skj djus ds fy, clra&xhz"e
dÇVXl esa vkdfLed tM+ mRifÙk _rq lcls mi;ä q le; gAS dYe&'kk[kk dÇVx dk mi;kx s
xjS&fouk'kdkjh] fdQk;rh vkjS ckl a dk jkis.k LV‚d r;Skj
djus grsq vklku ,oa O;ogkfjd gS vkjS dYEl@Dyia dks
O;kolkf;d :i ls dkÃs gkfu igp aq k, fcuk jkis.k lkexhz ds
mRiknu ds fy, ,d cgsrj fodYi gAS
fp=% 9 dYe&'kk[kk }kjk rS;kj cacwlk VwYMk ,oa

cacwlk U;wVkal ds ikSèks
ckl
¡ ds dYe] dYe&'kk[kk vkjS mi&'kk[kk ds çR;d s ukM
s
eas ,d vraÆufgr dfydk gkrsh gS ftleas u, vd a jq vkjS tMk+as
dks mRiUu djus dh {kerk fufgr gkrsh gAS vyx&vyx M‚- çeksn dqekj
ukM s l
~ dh vkVaskts fsud mez fHkUu gkrsh gS vkjS mudh tM+ oSKkfud&Mh
{kerk eas Hkh fHkUurk gkrsh gAS vfèkd O;kl oxZ dh dÇVx eas
dkckgZskbMVsª çpjq ek=k eas gkrss gaS vkjS fodflr gks jgs
LçkmVl ~ ds fy, vkjS :V bfuf'k;Yl vkjS muds fodkl ds
fy, cgsrj ik"skd rRo dh miyCèkrk çnku djrs gAaS
'kk[kk@mi&'kk[kk dyekas }kjk fodflr ikèSkkas eas njs ls çdna
xBu ds dkj.k ikèSkkas ds LFkkf;Ro ds fy, vfèkd le; dh
vko';drk gkrsh gS tks fd jkis.k {k= s eas ikèSkkas dh LFkkiuk vkjS
muds fodkl dks lfquf'pr djrk gAS ckl a dh dÇVXl dk
{kfSrt jkis.k mUgas ty vo'kk"sk.k ,oa ueh ds fy, vfèkd lrg
{k=s miyCèk djrk gS tks tM+ mRiUu djus ds fy, vfèkd
çHkkoh gAS cfgtkrZ gkekuZs mipkj dkfs'kdkvkas ds foHkktu vkjS
muds fodkl dks c<k+rk gAS
12
ou vuqla/kku
07
ck¡l mRiknu ls fdlkukas dk vkfFkZd l'kfDrdj.k

MkW- çfrek iVsy] oSKkfud&bZ
ou vuqla/kku laLFkku le fo’ofo|ky;] nsgjknwu
[k'qkgkyh dk irzhd] c<qk+is dh ykBh vkjS gjk lkusk ds urwu] ccal w k cEckl s ] ccal
w k i‚yhekjsQk] ccal
w k ifyMk]
uke ls ifzl) ckl ¡ dks mUufr dk iM s + dgk tkrk gAS ;g ?kkl v‚DlhVu s Faskjsk LV‚fDl] MMaskªd
s kyel fxxVasl] MMaskªd
s ykel
çtkfr dk lnkcgkj ikèSkk gkrsk g]S tks fd lcls vfèkd rt s h ckzfaMfl vkjS vkpsyMaSkª VkªoudkfsjdkA
ls c<u+s okyk ikèSkk Hkh dgykrk gAS ckl ¡ dh dN q fdLeas ,l s h gS
ftlds ikèSks ,d fnu eas rdjhcu 90 l-seh- rd c<+ tkrs gAS
ckl ¡ dk ikèSkk ok;eqM a y eas 35 çfr'kr rd v‚Dlhtu dk ck¡l dh [ksrh fuEufyf[kr pkj pj.kksa eas gksrh gS%
mRltuZ djrk gS rFkk dkcuZ MkÃ v‚DlkbM dh ek=k dks de 1- ckl ¡ ds ikèSkkas dh r;Skjh ckl ¡ ds chtks dh jkiskÃ ikèSk ds :i
djrk gAS Hkkjr dks ckl ¡ mRiknu ds ekeys eas fo'o eas nl w jk eas dh tkrh gAS blds fy, uljZh eas chtks dks r;Skj dj fy;k
LFkku çkIr g]S ijws fo'o eas ckl a dh rdj+hcu 1400 ls vfèkd tkrk gAS uljZh eas ikèSk r;Skj djus ds fy, 12x15 ehVj ij
çtkfr;kas dks mxk;k tkrk gAS D;kfj;kas dks r;Skj dj fy;k tkrk gAS blds ckn 30 l-seh- dh
n'sk ds og fdlku tks ct a j Hkfwe ;k tyok;q ifjoruZ ls xgjh [knqkÃ dj xÔkas eas xkcsj dh [kkn dks Hkj fn;k tkrk g]S
ij'skku gkd s j fdlh rjg dh [krsh djus eas vleFkZ g]S og ckl ¡ vkjS xÔkas dh ÇlpkÃ dj nh tkrh gAS cht jkiskÃ ls iowZ chtks
dh [krsh dj vPNh dekÃ dj ldrs gAS dæas ljdkj }kjk dks rdj+hcu 8 ?kVas rd ikuh eas fHkxkd s j j[kuk gkrsk gAS bl
pykÃ tk jgÈ jk"Vhª; ckl ¡ fe'ku eas fdlkuks dks ckl a dh [krsh nkjSku tks cht Åij ikuh ij rjSrk fn[kkÃ ns mls fudky
djus ij lfClMh Hkh çnku dh tk jgÈ gAS bleas NkVss fdlkuks dj Qd as n]as vkjS lrg ij cBSs chtkas dh jkiskÃ D;kfj;kas eas dj
dks ljdkj çfr ckl ¡ ds ikèSks ij 120 :i, rd dh lgk;rk nAs 12x15 ehVj dh D;kjh eas rdj+hcu 500 xkze chtksa dh
Hkh çnku dj jgh gAS oreZku le; eas ckl ¡ dh 136 fdLekas dks t:jr gkrsh gAS chtks dks D;kfj;kas eas yxkus ls igys mUgas ch-
mxk;k tk jgk g]S ftleas ls 125 Lon'skh rFkk 11 fon'skh fdLeas ,p-lh- jlk;u ds p.wkZ ls mipkfjr dj fy;k tkrk gAS pgwkas
ekt S nw gAS —f"k e= a ky; ds vul q kj Hkkjr eas çfr o"kZ 13-96 ls chtkas dks cpkus ds fy, xeSDslhu dk bLresky fd;k tkrk
fefy;u Vu ckl ¡ dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk gAS ijws Hkkjr eas gAS chtkas ds vd a jq.k rd ueh cuk;s j[kus dh t:jr gkrsh gAS
ckl a lfClMh miyCèk gAS xt q jkr] egkjk"Vª vkjS mÙkj çn'sk tc chtkas ls çdUn fodflr gks tk;s rks mUgas i‚yhfFku eas
dN q ,l s s jkT; g]aS ftUgkuass lfClMh dk vPNk mi;kx s fd;k gAS yxkdj le;≤ ij ÇlpkÃ djrs jguk gkrsk gS vkjS ikèSk
blds vfrfjä rfeyukM]q djsy] vkèakz çn’sk] dukVZd] r;Skj gkuss ij mUgas [krs eas yxk fn;k tkrk gAS
mÙkjk[kM a ] >kj[kM a vkt ckl ¡ mRikndkas ds :i eas rt s h ls 2- ck¡l ds ikSèkksa dh jksikÃ%& ckl ¡ ds ikèSkkas dh jkiskÃ [kkyh
fodflr gks jgs gAaS iMh+ Hkfwe ;k fQj [krs fdukjs ckM+ eas dh tkrh gAS blds ikèSkkas
ck¡l dh [ksrh ds fy, feêh tyok;q vkSj rkieku dh jkiskÃ 5 ehVj dh njwh ij r;Skj 0-3 ehVj xgjs xÔs eas dh
tkrh gAS bu xÔkas eas r;Skj çdnaks dh jkiskÃ dj nh tkrh gS A
ckl
¡ dh [krsh ds fy, fdlh [kkl rjg dh feêh dh
t:jr ugÈ gkrsh g]S bls fdlh Hkh l[wkh feêh eas mxk ldrs gS 3- ck¡l ds ikSèkksa dh ÇlpkÃ ,oa [kjirokj fu;a=.k%&
fdUrq jrshyh nkesV feêh eas ckl ¡ ds ikèSks vfèkd rt s h ls ckl ¡ ds ikèSkkas dks vfèkd ÇlpkÃ dh vko';drk ugÈ gkrsh gAS
fodflr gkrss gAS bldh [krsh eas Hkfwe 4-5 ls 6 PH eku okyh blds ikèSkkas dks dosy vkjEHk eas gh ueh dh vko';drk gkrsh
gkush pkfg,A ckl ¡ ds ikèSks Å".k 'khrk"s.k vkjS Å".kdfVcèakh; gAS de o"kkZ okys {k= s ;k 'k"qd {k=s kas eas eÇYpx feêh ikuh dks
tyok;q eas vPNs ls fodkl djrs gAS ,l s k dgk tkrk gS fd ok"ih—r gkuss ls jkd s rh gAS feêh eas ueh cuk;s j[kus ds fy,
bl tyok;q eas ckl ¡ ds ikèSks çfr fnu 3 bp a rd c<+ tkrs gAS l[wks dkcfZud inkFkkZs ;k l[wks iÙkks dks xhyk dj ?kkl a dh rjg
blds ikèSkkas ij tyok;q ifjoruZ dk dkÃs [kkl vlj n[skus ikèSks ds pkjks vkjS Qy S k fn;k tkrk gAS ftlls vd a jqkas dks tUe
dks ugÈ feyrk gAS vfèkd B.M rFkk ny&ny eas Hkh ikèSks Bhd yuss eas vklkuh gkrsh gAS ckl ¡ ds ikèSkkas dks [kjirokj ls cpkuk
ls of`) dj yrss gAS gkrsk g]S D;kfsd [kjirokj ckl ¡ dh of`) dks ijwh rjg ls jkd s
nrsk gAS blds fy, le;≤ ij ikèSkkas ds ikl [kjirokj
ck¡l dh mUur fdLesa% fn[kkÃ nuss ij fujkb& Z xM
q k+Ã dj [kj dks fudky nAas
lkekU; rkjS ij ckl ¡ dh vud s ks fdLekas dks mxk;k tkrk
gAS fdUrq Hkkjr eas O;kikfjd rkjS ij mxkÃ tkus okyh dN q
çtkfr;ka tks bl çdkj g%S& ccal w k ckydkv s k] cEcl w k VYwMk]
MMaskªd s ykel l[r] ey s kd
s Uuk cEcl w kbsMl~ ] FkkzLsVfSpl
vkfsyofsj] MMaskªd s kyel gfSeYVu] ccal w k oYxfsjl] cEcl w k
13
ou vuqla/kku
07
4- ckl ¡ ds iM s k+as dh dVkÃ vkjS inSkokj%& ckl ¡ ds ikèSkas lkekU;

rkjS ij 5 o"kZ eas dVkÃ ds fy, r;Skj gks tkrs gASa gkykfad dN q
fdLekas ds rgr bldh dVkÃ rhljs ;k pkFSks o"kZ ls 'k: q dh tk
ldrh gAS ;g vu'qkl a k dh tkrh gS fd vki 7 lky rd
dVkÃ u djAas bldh dN q fdLeas dVkÃ ds i'pkr vius vki
fQj ls of`) dj yrsh gAS blds iM s k+as dh dVkÃ ifqy;kas dk
p;u dj dh tkrh gAS ckl ¡ dh dVkÃ eè; Çcnq ls dh tkrh
g]S ftlls u;h ifqy;ks dh of`) ckgj dh vkjs gks ldAs blds
vykok ijqkus >jqeVq dks dæas eas gh NkM s + nrss gAS dVkÃ ds
i'pkr~ 10 dh ,d iy q h cuk y]s bl iy q h dk vkl S ru otu
15&20 fd-xkz- gkrsk gAS ,d ,dM+ dh Hkfwe eas 200 ckl ¡ rd
fey tkrs g]S tks mRiknu eas rdj+hcu 13-5 Vu rd gkrss gAS
pf¡wd ckl ¡ ds ikèSksa ,d ckj yx tkus ds ckn 40 o"kZ rd
inSkokj ns nrss g]aS rFkk ikèSkkas dks r;Skj gkuss eas Hkh vfèkd le;
yx tkrk gAS
ck¡l dh [ksrh esa ykxr vkSj equkQk
ckl ¡ dh [krsh eas çfr gDsV;sj djhc 1]500 ikèSkas yxrs gAaS
ckl ¡ dh Qly djhc 3 lky eas r;Skj gks tkrh gS vkjS bl
nkjSku çfr ikèSks ij yxHkx 250 #i;s dk [kpZ vkrk gAS bleas
vkèkk rks ljdkj dh rjQ ls lfClMh fey tkrh gAS ;gka rd
fd ljdkj us ckl ¡ dh [krsh ds fy, ,d u'skuy ccaSw fe'ku
pyk j[kk gAS ;kuh vkidk djhc 2 yk[k #i;s dk [kpkZ
gkx s kA ogÈ 3 lky ds ckn 1 gDsV;sj ls vkidks djhc 3 ls 3-5
yk[k #i;s dh dekÃ gkx s hA blds ckn Hkh vkidh dekÃ
tkjh jgx s hA [krsh ds nkjSku fdlku [kkyh iMh+ Hkfwe eas
vraj&Qly }kjk vU; df`"k Qlykas dk mRiknu dj ckl ¡ dh
Qly r;Skj gkuss rd vPNh [kklh dekÃ dj ldrs gAS
fdlkuks dks ckl ¡ dh ,d ckj dh Qly ls vPNk ykHk çkIr
gks tkrk gAS
ckl ¡ dh [krsh eas lcls vPNh ckr ;s gS fd ckl ¡ dh Qly
40 lky rd pyrh jgrh gAS ;kuh vxj vki 25&30 dh mez
eas ckl ¡ dh [krsh dj jgs gaS rks 65&70 lky dh mez rd mlh
ckl ¡ ls dekÃ djrs jgx as As ;kuh cl ,d ckj ckl ¡ dh [krsh ij
il
S s yxk,a vkjS ijwh Çtnxh dekÃ djrs jgAas ckl ¡ dh Qly
dks cgrq vfèkd j[k&j[kko dh t:jr Hkh ugÈ gkrsh gS rks
vki cBS& s cBSs gh ekVsh dekÃ dj ldrs gAaS ,l s s [krsh djx as s rks
dekÃ c<+ tk,xh] vxj vki vfèkd egsur ugÈ djuk pkgrs
gaS rks ckl ¡a dh [krsh ls gkuss okyh dekÃ ls [k'qk jg]as yfsdu
vxj vki egsur dj ldrs gaS rks ckl ¡ ds iM s k+as ds chp txgkas
eas nl w jh Qlykas dh [krsh dj ldrs gAaS bleas vki vnjd]
gYnh tl S h phtkas dh [krsh dj ldrs gAaS ckl ¡ ds [krskas eas vki
ml gj pht dh [krsh dj ldrs g]aS tks Nk;knkj txg ij Hkh
vPNh inSkokj nrss gAaS
ck¡l dk mi;ksx%
ckl
¡ dh lnaqjrk dks n[skrs g,q blls cuus okys fMtkbuj
lkeku dh ekx
a rt s h ls c<+ jgh gAS nfqu;k eas dÃ VDsuky
s ‚th
fp=% 1]2]3]4] Ckk¡l mRiknu ds fofHkUu pj.k ,l
s h vk xÃ gaS tks ckl
¡ ls rjg&rjg ds fMtkbuj mRikn
14
ou vuqla/kku
07
cukrh gaS ydMh+ ls lkt&lTts ds lkeku] ?kj] VkV] fpyeu] vkfFkZd lq/kkj dh O;kid laHkkouk,¡%
NIij] QuÊpj vkjS fdpu eas mi;kx s gkuss okys lkeku cuk, ckl
¡ mu dN q mRiknkas eas ls ,d gS ftudh fujraj ekx a cuh
tkrs gaS Hkkjr eas mÙkj&iowÊ jkT;kas eas ckl ¡ dk mRiknu lcls jgrh gAS dkxt fuekrZkvkas ds vykok ckl ¡ dk mi;kx s
T;knk gkrsk g]S bUgÈ bykdkas eas çkl s Çslx ls ckl ¡ ds dÃ mRikn dkcfZud diMs+ cukus ds fy, djrs gaS tks dikl dh ry q uk eas
r;Skj fd, tkrs gaS blls ykx s kas dh vkthfodk pyrh gS mÙkj vfèkd fVdkÅ gkrss gaS vkjS fQj toS bè±ku Hkh ckl a ls mRikfnr
iowÊ bykdkas eas ckl¡ dh [krsh gkrsh gS vkjS ckl ¡ ls cus lkekukas fd;k tk ldrk gAS vxj ckl a dh ekx a dh ckr djas rks uk
dks vPNs nkekas ij cp s k tkrk gAS flQZ xkoa eas ykx s ?kj ;k QuÊpj cukus ds fy, bldk
ck¡l ds vkS"kèkh; xq.k% bLresky djrs g]aS cfYd cM& s+ cMs+ 'kgjkas eas Hkh ckl ¡ ls cuh
vk;oqnZs ds fo'k"skK crkrs gaS ckl ¡ ls 'kfäoèkd Z nok,a ,oa phtkas dh rxMh+ ekx a gAS ckl¡ ls cus QuÊpj dks ykx s ?kjkas eas
oVh cukÃ tkrh gAS ckl ¡ dh dkiasy dk dk<k+ ân; jkx s ] nek] j[krs gAaS ogÈ ckl ¡ ls ltkoV ds lkeku] fxykl] yiaS tl S h
efLr"d o lkl a dh chekfj;kas eas ykHkdkjh g]S ckl ¡ [kkus ls reke phtas curh gAaS rks vxj fdlku vius ckl ¡ dks lhèks ,l s s
eèkeqgs dks fu;fa=r djus eas enn feyrh g]S ckl ¡ ds iÙkkas ls egxa s çkMs DV cukus okyh diafu;kas dks cp s rs gaS rks ckl ¡ ls
fudys æo ls r;Skj tl w eas ,fDVo diakusVas gkrss g]aS ckl ¡ dk euqkQs dh mEehn vPNh dh tk ldrh gAS ,l s s eas diauh dks
[kVaw ¼igyh ckj fudyk ruk½ ls jäpki o dky s LsVkªy
s ?kVkus Qk;nk gkx s k mUgas vPNh DokfyVh dk vkjS eupkgk ckl ¡
dh nok curh g]S ckl ¡ dks [kk| inkFkZ ds :i eas mi;kx s djus feyx s k] ogÈ fdlkuks dks vPNs il S s feyx
as As ckl a s ds 1500 ls
ls ¶yoSkuskbsMl] fQuky s ,flM] buj bLVl]Z ikyh ld S jskbM] T;knk mi;kx s ntZ gS ¼ikyuk >y w k ls yd s j rkcrw rd½ rFkk
,feuks ,flM] iIsVkbM] eXaSuht] Çtd vkfn dh iÆwr “kjhj eas blls jkt s xkj] vk; lt ` u vkjS fdlkukas ds vkfFkd Z Lrj eas
ik'skd rRokas ds :i eas gkrsh gAS l/qkkj dh mikj lEHkkouk,a ekt S nw gS vkjS ckl ¡ dk mRiknu
muds fy, ojnku lkfcr gkx s kA
MkW- çfrek iVsy

oSKkfud&bZ
ou vuqla/kku
07
ck¡l esa tula[;k vkuqoaf'kd fo'ys"k.k dk egRo%

MsaMªksdsysel gSfeYVksukb (Dendrocalamus hamiltonii) dh dsl LVMh
jktsaæ dqekj eh.kk] oSKkfud&Mh] fiz;adk d';i] twfu;j izkstsDV QSyks]
vfnfr 'kekZ] twfu;j izkstsDV QSyks] euh"k Çlg HkaMkjh] oSKkfud&Mh] ,oa jek dkUr] oSKkfud&Mh
ifjp;% vko';drk gAS ikni it z kfr;kas ds vnaj vkuoqfa'kd fHkUUkrk

mUgas i;koZj.k vkjS vU; dkjdkas ds dkj.k mRiUUk gks jgs ncko
vkuoqfa'kd fofo/krk ,d it z kfr ds lnL;kas ds chp eas ik;s ds vu: q i <yus dh {kerk inzku djrh gAS blfy,] lHkh
tkus okyh vkuoqfa'kd fofHkUUkrkvkas dks n'kkrZh g]S tks ml miyC/k vkuoqfa'kd ll a k/kukas ds lja{k.k dks mPp ikzFkfedrk nuss
it z kfr ds Øekxr mUUkfr vkjS vud q y w u Nerk ds e[q; lkzrs dh vko';drk gAS blds vykok] vkuoqfa'kd fofo/krk fdlh
ds :i eas dke djrh gAS ou ikfjfLFkfrdh r= a eas lexz Hkh it z kfr;kas ds ycas le; rd thfor jgus eas ,d egRoi.wkZ
itz kfr;kas dh fofo/krk dN q e[q; o{`k vkjS vU; iez[qk Hkfwedk fuHkkrh g]S vkjS ;g Hkfo"; eas it z uu vkjS l/qkkj
ouLifr;k]as tks ip z jw ek=k esa ik;s tkrs gaS mudh vkuoqfa'kd dk;Ø Z ekas ds fy, ,d ll a k/ku ds :i eas dk;Zs djrh gAS
fofo/krk ij fuHkjZ djrh gAS fdlh ,d it z kfr dh vkuoqfa'kd blfy,] vkuoqfa'kd fofo/krk vkjS tul[a;k ljapuk ds
fofo/krk eas fxjkoV] Hkfo"; es mlds vkjS vU; lcafa/kr vk/kkjHkrw Kku dks fodflr djus dh vko';drk g]S rkfd
itz kfr;kas ds vfLrRo dks iHzkkfor dj ldrh gAS dUo'asku vkuW mudk lja{k.k] icz/aku vkjS vkuoqfa'kd l/qkkj gks lds ¼ikFskZ vkjS
ck;ky s kfWtdy Mk;oÆlVh ¼lhchMh½ ds ofS'od <kp a s ds ,y-dlkch] 2014½A Mh ,u , ij vk/kkfjr vkf.od ekdjZ
vul q kj] toS fofo/krk dks e[q;r% rhu Lrjkas tl S s fd rduhdks dk mi;kx s fu;fer :i ls ckl ¡ vkjS o{`kks ds
ikfjfLFkfrdh r= a ] it z kfr;kas vkjS vkuoqkfa'kdh ij ekik tk teIZykTe dk vkuoqfa'kd o.kuZ djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gAS
ldrk gS vkjS lja{k.k ds fy, fn'kkfun'Zsk rhukas dks cuk, j[kus ljy vuØ q e nkgsjko ¼,l ,l vkj½ ekdjZ IykVa
ds fy, dfasær gAaS thukVskbÇix ds fy, ilnahnk rduhdks es ls ,d gaS D;kfasd os
Hkkjr esa ck¡l dk egRo% thukes eas ip z jq ek=k eas g]aS vR;f/kd lp w ukRed g]S
dk& s MkfseuVas vkjS cg& q ;Xqed vkuoqfa'kd ekdjZ gAaS
nfqu;k Hkj e]as ckl ¡ dh dy q 1662 it z kfr;kas dks 121 tusjsk
ds rgr ntZ fd;k x;k gS ¼duSou o vU;] 2017½] ftuesa ls MMaskªd
s y s es l gfSeYVku s kb es v a kuqoaf'kd fofo/krk%
Hkkjr 136 it z kfr;kas ds lkFk phu ds ckn nl w js LFkku ij gS MsaMªksdsysel gSfeYVksukb ¼Dendrocalamus hamiltonii½
¼vkbZ ,l ,Q vkj] 2019½A Hkkjr dh dy q ckl ¡ dh it z kfr;kas Hkkjr dh ,d O;kolkf;d :i ls egRoi.wkZ ckl ¡ dh it z kfr g]S
es ls yxHkx 50 ifzr'kr n'sk ds mŸkj&iowhZ jkT;ksa ftldh iowkŸZskj fgeky; eas forfjr vkcknh ikz—frd oukas ls
eas ikz—frd vFkok [krshgj :i es ikbZ tkrh gAs blds ckn dh tk jgh dVku dh otg ls ncko esa gAS vr% bldh mUUkhl
yxHkx 23 ifzr'kr ckl ¡ dh it z kfr;k¡ ikz;}hih; Hkkjr ¼iowhZ vkckfn;kas tks fd Hkkjr ds iowkŸZskj fgeky; eas ikz—frd :i ls
vkjS if'Pkeh ?kkV½ esa ikbZ tkrh gAaS ckl ¡ dh 'k"sk toS fofo/krk forfjr g]S dk ,l ,l vkj ekdjZ }kjk vkuoqfa'kd fofo/krk
mŸkjh vkjS e/; Hkkjr ds enSkukas vkjS vM a eku&fudkcskj }hi vkjS tul[a;k vkuoqfa'kd ljapuk leÖkus ds fy, v/;;u
legw es fleVh gbqZ gAS fd;k x;k gAS bl v/;;u ds foLrr` oK S kfud fu"d"kZ vx a t
sz h
ckl¡ ,d cgiq;kx s h] iez[qk vdk"B ou mRikn ¼,uV,Qih½ Hkk"kk dh if=dk 3&ck;kVsd s eas gky gh es id z kf'kr fd, x;s gaS
gkuss vkjS ydMh+ ds fodYi ds rkjS ij mi;kx s es vkus ds ¼eh.kk o vU;] 2019½] ftlds lfa{kIr ifj.kke fgUnh ikBdkas ds
dkj.k] ikz—frd oukas vkjS futh ckxku esa ls v/akk/k/aqk dVkbZ gks fy, fuEu id z kj ls g%S
jgh gAS ftlds QyLo:i mudh vkuoqfa'kd fofo/krk dk Û ckl ¡ dh D-hamiltonii it z kfr dh fofHkUUk {k= s kas esa forfjr
gkªl gv q k gAS ckl ¡ mxkus okys {k= s kas es vke dbZ ?kVd vkjS vkckfn;kas eas vkuoqfa'kd fofo/krk dk eYw;kd a u djus ds fy,]
dkjd tl S s ou {kj.k] —f"k ds fy, vfrØe.k] oukfXu] ekuo tul[a;k vkuoqfa'kdh ds dbZ ekinM a kas dh x.kuk dh xbAZ
iHzkko] pjkb]Z LFkkukrafjr [krsh] vkfn dk Hkh ckl ¡ vkuoqfa'kd ftuesa nks ekinM a tl s s Shannon*s Information Indices ¼I½
ll a k/kukas ds {kj.k eas vge ;kx s nku gAaS vkjS expected heterozygosity ¼He½ e[q; :i ls fofo/krk
ck¡l eas laj{k.k dk egRo% dks n'kkuZs ds fy, i;zkx s es yk;s tkrs gAS
vkuoqfa'kd l/qkkj vkjS lja{k.k ,d nl w js ds ijwd gAaS ckl ¡ Û bu lp w dkd a kas ds vul q kj] v/;u dh xbZ it z kfr esa
vkuoqfa'kd ll a k/kukas dks ljaf{kr djus ds fy, n'sk eas LoLFkkuh vkuoqfa'kd fofo/krk dk vkl S r Lrj vi{skk—r de ¼I ¾ 0-291
vkjS ckgjh nkuskas rjg ds lja{k.k mik;kas dks viukus dh vkjS He ¾ 0-490½ feyk gS yfsdu ;g ckl ¡ dh vU; it z kfr;kas
ds ry q uh; gAS
16
ou vuqla/kku
07
Û mUUkhl {k= s kas esa forfjr vkckfn;kas ds chp] lcls T;knk :i eas LoLFkkus lja{k.k ds fy, vu'qkfalr fd;k tk ldrk gAS
vkuoqfa'kd fofo/krk vkcknh Mh,p&01] tks fd fetk+jse jkT; blds vykok iRz;d s Hkkx S kfsyd {k=
s ds fy, mPp vkuoqfa'kd
eas fLFkr g]Sa ds fy, ntZ dh xbZ rFkk lcls de Mh,p16] tks fofo/krk okyh vkckfn;kas dks ikzFkfedrk nh tk ldrh gS tl S s
fd v#.kkpy inz'sk jkT; es fLFkr g]S ds fy, ntZ dh xbAZ fd fetkjse ds fy, vkcknh DH01 vkjS DH02] vle vkjS
Û blh id z kj ls fofHkUUk Hkkx S kfsyd {k= s kas e]as fetkjse jkT; ds ukxkyM aS ds fy, DH09 vkjS DH10] v#.kkpy inz'sk ds fy,
vnaj forfjr vkckfn;kas eas lcls vf/kd vkjS v#.kkpy inz'sk DH18 vkjS e?skky; ds fy, DH19 dks e[ q ; :i ls
dh vkckfn;kas eas lcls de vkuoqfa'kd fofo/krk ntZ dh xbAZ vu'qkfalr fd;k tkrk gAs
Û it z kfr dh dy q vkuoqfa'kd fofo/krk dk cMk+ fgLlk ¼82- lanHkZ
51½ {k= s fo'k"sk dh vkcknh ds Hkhrj ik;k x;k tcfd 1- duSou] ,l-] fjpMl Z u] Mh- ,e-] folj] oh-] vkjS vU;
fofHkUUk {k= s kas dh vkckfn;kas ds chp dosy 16-53 fofo/krk ¼2017½ ckl ¡ dk ofS'od forj.k% ifjp; vkjS vkØe.k ds
ntZ dh xbAZ lglca/akkas dk vkdyuA ,vkcsh ifj;kt s uk 9% plw 078
Û tul[a;k fopyu dk ekud fu/kkjZ.k lp w dkd
a ¼FST½ ds 2- vkbZ ,l ,Q vkj ¼2019½ bfaM;k LVVs vkQ W QkjWLsV fjikVs]Z
vul q kj vkcknh ds chp vkuoqfa'kd HknsHkko ;k fopyu e/;e lky s goka lLadj.kA [kM a 1] Hkkjrh; ou lo{Zsk.k] i;koZj.k ou
Lrj dk ntZ fd;k x;k] tkfsd Hkkx S kfsyd fofHkUUkrkvkas ds vkjS tyok;q ifjoruZ e= a ky;] ngsjknuw] HkkjrA
dkj.k vkifs{kr FkkA blh otg ls vkckfn;kas dk vkuoqfa'kd 3- ikFsk]Z vkb-Z] ,y&dlkch] okb-Z ,- ¼2014½ vk.kfod ekdjZkas
lca/ak muds Hkkx S kfsyd forj.k ds vul q kj ik;k x;kA vFkkrZ dk mi;kx s djds ou o{`k vkcknh eas vkuoqfa'kd fofo/krk dk
vf/kdk'ak vkckfn;ka tks Hkkx S kfsyd :i ls vkl&ikl fLFkr gs vkdyuA fofo/krk 6%283&295-
vkjS leku Hkkx S kfsyd {k= s eas forfjr g]S og UPGM gAS
MM as kªx
s kze ds ,dy legw eas oxh— Z r gks xbZ ftldh fl)kra 4- ehuk] vkj- d-s] HkM a kjh] ,e- ,l-] cFkoZky] ,l-] fxuoky
leUo; fo'y"sk.k] ljapuk fo'y"sk.k vkjS eVasy ijh{k.k ds }kjk ,p- ,l- ¼2019½ vkuoqfa'kd fofo/krk vkjS MMaskªd s ykel
Hkh ifq"V dh xbZ FkhA eVasy ijh{k.k ds vul q kj vkckfn;kas ds gfSeYVku s kb dh ljapuk ikz—frd :id% iowkŸZskj fgeky; dh
chp dh HkkfSrd njwh;kas vkjS vkuoqfa'kd nfwj;kas ds chp ,d ,d O;kolkf;d :i ls egRoi.wkZ ckl ¡ dh it z kfrA 3
jfS[kd lca/ak n[skk x;k gAS ck;kVsds A 2019
Û ljapuk fo'y"sk.k ls irk pyk fd ,d fo'k"sk Hkkx S kfsyd
{k=s eas LFkkuh;—r vkckfn;ka ,d lkFk oxh— Z r gks jgh gS vkjS
leku irSd ` thu iy w lkÖkk djrh gAS
laj{k.k fufgrkFkZ%
lja{k.k dk e[q; y{; tul[a;k ds fujraj vfLrRo dks
lfquf'Pkr djuk vkjS vkuoqfa’kd fofo/krk ds ikz—frd Lrjkas
dks ljaf{kr djds mudh fodkl {kerk dks cuk, j[kuk gkrsk
gAS tul[a;k ;k vkcknh;kas dh vkuoqfa’kd fofo/krk ds fuEu
Lrj vkjS it z kfr;kas }kjk lkeuk fd, tkus okys [krjkas dks
/;ku eas j[krs g,q] ekt S nwk vkckfn;kas ds lja{k.k ds fy, cgrq jktsaæ dqekj eh.kk
i;zkl dh vko';drk gAS lHkh vkckfn;kas dk vkdkj mlds oSKkfud&Mh
U;uwre Lrj ls Åij j[kuk vko';d gS ftlls vkuoqfa’kd
fofo/krk ds mPp Lrj dks dk;e j[kk tk ldAs vkckfn;kas dk
vkdkj mlds U;uwre Lrj ls uhps gkuss ij mudk vkuoqfa'kd
{kj.k Hkh rt s h ls gks ldrk gS vkjS it z kfr;kas ds foyIqr gkuss dk
tkfs[ke c<+ ldrk gAS vR;f/kd fofo/krk okyh vkcknh;kas dk
lokŸZske lHako mi;kx s djus ds fy,] mUgas in-situ ¼Lo&LFkku½
vkjS ex-situ ¼ij&LFkku½ :i eas ljaf{kr djuk egRoi.wkZ gkx s k
vkjS de fofo/k vkckfn;kas eas fofo/krk dk lp a kj djus ds fy,
vko';d dne mBkus dh t:jr gAS fofHkUUk {k= s dh
vkckfn;kas eas vkuoqfa'kd fHkUUkrk dks /;ku eas j[krs g,q] vdy s s
fdlh ,d tul[a;k dk lja{k.k mÌ's; dh iÆwr ugha djx s kA
ljapuk fo'y"sk.k ds vul q kj] nks vkcknh] Mh,p03 ¼Fkustky s ]
fetkjse½ vkjS Mh,p13 ¼fVih] v#.kkpy inz'sk½ eas egRoi.wkZ
vkuoqfa'kd feJ.k ik;k x;k gS ftUgas ikz—frd thu cd aS ds
17
ou vuqla/kku
07
ck¡l & vkthfodk dk nh?kZdkfyd lkèku

jkts'k dqekj feJk] lgk;d eq[; rduhdh vfèkdkjh] lax.kd ,oa lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh vuqHkkx
m".kdfVcaèkh; ou vuqlaèkku laLFkku] tcyiqj
ckl¡ ,d fpjLFkk;h cgeq[qkh çk—frd llakèku gS rFkk ;g rks fetkjse eas ckl ¡ ds lcls cMs+ tx a y gAaS
Hkkjrh; lLa—fr dk ,d vfoHkkT; vx a gAS ckl ¡ dh fo'kky ckl¡ ,d ,l s h ouLifr gS ftlds cgrq ls mi;kx s gAaS
fofoèkrk ds dkj.k ;g vud s rjg ds okrkoj.k ds vud q y
w blds djhc 1]500 mi;kx s gaS ftueas [kk| inkFkZ ds :i eas
Lo;a dks <ky ldrk gAS ckl ¡ dh blh {kerk ds vkèkkj ij ;g ydMh+ ds fodYi ds :i e]as fuek.Zk vkjS Hkou lkexhz ds :i
yxHkx lHkh çdkj dh feêh ,oa i.kiZkrh] v)l Z nkcgkj] vkæ]Z e]as gLrkf'kYi oLrv q kas ds fy, dPps eky dh rjg vkjS yx q nh
mik"s.k m".kdfVcèakh; rFkk 'khrk"s.k tyok;q okys {k= s kas eas ik;k rFkk dkxt tl S s mi;kx s cMs+ vke gAaS nfqu;k ds 80 çfr'kr
tkrk gAS Hkkjrh; fdlku ckl ¡ vius ?kjkas ds bn& Z fxnZ [krskas ckl ¡ ds tx a y ,f'k;k eas gaS vkjS Hkkjr] phu rFkk E;keakj eas dy q
dh eM s k+as ij viuh thfodk vtuZ ds mí's; ls çkphu le; ls feykdj 1-98 djkM s + gDsV;sj {k= s eas ckl ¡ ds ou gAaS Hkkjr
gh yxk jgs gAaS ckl ¡ ?kkl ifjokj ik,slh ls lEcUèk j[krk gAS nfqu;k ds lcls le) ` ckl ¡ lEink okys n'skkas eas ls ,d gS vkjS
foÜo Hkj eas ckl ¡ dh yxHkx 155 o'ak vkjS 1]300 çtkfr;ka gAaS blds mRiknu eas phu ds ckn nl w js LFkku ij gAS n'sk eas ckl ¡
Hkkjr eas ckl ¡ dh 23 ,oa 58 çtkfr;ka ikÃ tkrh g]S ftleas dk okÆ"kd mRiknu djhc 32-3 djkM s + Vu gAS Hkkjr ckl ¡
vfèkdrj iowkrZsj {k= s eas ikÃ tkrh gAaS e[q; :i ls mxkus eas nfqu;k eas nl w js LFkku ij gAS
MUsMkªd s yS l s e
S fLVDªVl ~ ¼45
çfr'kr½] cEScl w k cESckl s ¼13 —f"k okfudh eas ckl ¡ dks
çfr'kr½ vkjS MUsMkªd s yS ls eS e[q;r% [krs dh lhek] [krs ds
gSfeyVksukÃ ¼7 çfr'kr½ chp drkjkas eas ;k Cy‚d
çtkfr;k¡ Hkkjr eas ikÃ tkrh Iyka V Vs ' ku fofèk }kjk
gAaS ckl ¡ o{`kkjkis.k grsq ikèSk lek;kfstr dj ldrs gAaS ckl ¡
e[q;r% cht çdnak]as vd a fqjr vkèkkfjr —f"kokfudh es a
ckl ¡ ruk]as ijr fofèk rus dh yxHkx lHkh rjg dh Qlyas
dye] Ård loaèkuZ }kjk mxkÃ tk ldrh g]S tl S s fd
r;Skj dh tk ldrh gAS mMn + ] exa w ] fry] ex
a w Qyh] xgs]aw
puk vkfnA ckl ¡ eas j'sknskj
n'sk ds 1-4 djkM s + gDsV;sj tMk+as ds dkj.k bleas en`k
{k= s eas ckl ¡ dh 23 tusjsk dh lja{k.k dh {kerk jgrh gS rFkk
136 çtkfr;kas dh inSkokj fp=% 1 ck¡l ;g ok;q vojkèsku dk dk;Z
gkrsh gAS fQj Hkh foÜo eas ckl ¡ djrk gAS blds vfrfjä ckl ¡ ds cgrq ls cgeqYw; mRiknkas ds
ds O;kikj vkjS okf.kT; eas Hkkjr dk fgLlk flQZ pkj çfr'kr dkj.k ;g —f"kokfudh ds fy, cgrq gh mi;kx s h gAS ckl ¡ dks
gh gAS o"kZ 2015&16 vkjS 2016&17 eas Hkkjr ls ckl ¡ vkjS ckl ¡ fofHkUu —f"kokfudh i)fr;kas tl S s dh —f"kou] pjkxkg] —f"k
ls cus mRiknkas dk fu;krZ Øe'k% 0-11 djkM s + #i, vkjS 0-32 ou pjkxkg] —f"k ou m|kfudh vkfn ds }kjk lek;kfstr
djkM s + #i, dk FkkA fd;k tk ldrk gAS
n'sk ds 1-4 djkM s + gDSV;sj {k= s eas ckl¡ dh 23 tusjsk dh —f"kokfudh ds ekè;e ls çkIr fd;k x;k ckl ¡ ck;ks ,utÊ
136 çtkfr;kas dh inSkokj gkrsh gAS fQj Hkh foÜo eas ckl ¡ ds ds :i eas mi;kx s fd;k tk ldrk gAS ,d fdyks ckl ¡ ls ,d
O;kikj vkjS okf.kT; eas Hkkjr dk fgLlk flQZ pkj çfr'kr gh ?kVas eas xl S hQk;j ds }kjk yxHkx 1500 okV fctyh inSk dh
gAS o"kZ 2015&16 vkjS 2016&17 eas Hkkjr ls ckl ¡ vkjS ckl ¡ ls tk ldrh gAS blds vfrfjä ckl ¡ ds bLresky ls ydMh+ ds
cus mRiknkas dk fu;krZ Øe'k% 0-11 djkM s + #i, vkjS 0-32 ç;kx s eas deh ykÃ tk ldrh g]S ftlls fd gekjs c'skdherh
djkM s + #i, dk FkkA ckl ¡ mRiknu ds {k= s ds foLrkj dh oukas dks cpk;k tk ldrk gAS ckl ¡ ] v‚Dlhtu mRltuZ ds
O;kid lEHkkouk,a gAaS ekeys eas lcls vkxs gaS vkjS Hkfwe {kj.k dks jkd s rs gAaS ckl ¡
ckl ¡ dh 50 çfr'kr ls vfèkd çtkfr;k¡ iowÊ Hkkjr eas ikÃ vkèkkfjr —f"kokfudh ds ekè;e ls çkIr ckl ¡ dks vk| S kfsxd
tkrh gS ftueas v#.kkpy çn'sk] vle] ef.kijq] e?skky;] ç{k= s ea s tlS s dkxt m|kx s ] pkjdky s ] ckl ¡ }kjk fuÆer ?kj]
ukxkyM aS ] flfôe] f=ijqk] if'pe cx a ky vkjS fetkjse Hkh ckl ¡ ds QuÊpj bR;kfn eas ç;kx s fd;k tk ldrk gAS ,lkp s eS
'kkfey gAS bl {k= s eas ckl ¡ ds cus cruZ] eNyh idMu+s ds ds erq kfcd ckl
¡ dks ydMh + ds fodYi ds :i ea s bLre s ky
tky] ercZku] xy q nLrs vkjS Vkd s fj;ka cukus dh mR—"V fd;k tk;s rks Hkkjr ljdkj ds yxHkx 7]000 djkM s + :i;s
lkLa—frd ijEijk jgh gAS Hkkx S kfsyd {k= s Qy dh ry q uk djas cpk, tk ldrs gAaS
18
ou vuqla/kku
07
ckl ¡ yxHkx 5 djkM s + ls vfèkd ykx s kas dks jkt s xkj ns ldrk gAS dkcuZ&MkÃ&v‚DlkbM dk vo'kk"sk.k c<k+dj ok;eqMa y dh
fo'k"skdj mu djhc ykx s kas ds fy, ftudk thou oukas ij x.qkoÙkk eas ukVdh; lèqkkj yk;k tk ldrk gS A
vkfJr gAS xjhc fdlku ds fy, [kk|kUu ds lkFk&lkFk
thfodkisktuZ ds fy, ckl ¡ vkèkkfjr —f"kokfudh lokÙZske gAS
ckl ¡ ds vkpkj ds lkFk&lkFk vc ckl ¡ ls uM w Yl] dM aS h vkjS
ikiM+ Hkh cuk, tk ldrs gAaS bueas ekt S nw çkVshu] dfSYl;e o
Qkbcj ds dkj.k ;s mRikn lgsr ds fy, cgsn ykHkdkjh gAS
ckl ¡ dks Hkkjh feêh rFkk ty lkzrs ds fdukjs yxkus ls
mldh of`) vPNh gkrsh gAS rt s c<u+s dh ç—fr ds dkj.k bls
vfèkd ty ,oa ik"skd rRo dh vko';drk gkrsh gAS i.kiZkrh
gkuss dh otg ls ;g ik"skd rRokas dk ifjpØ.k vkjS ueh fp=% 2 ck¡l ls cus QuhZpj
lja{k.k ,oa mi;kx s HkyhHkkfar djrk gAS O;oklkf;d dk'r ds
fy, bls eM s + ij 4 ehVj dh njwh ij yxkuk pkfg,A gekjs n'sk eas rt s h ls gks jgs lkekftd&vkÆFkd cnyko ls
—f"kokfudh ds vraxrZ [krs eas 10 ehVj dh njwh jkis.k dPps eky ds :i eas ckl ¡ dk egRo u dosy dVqhj m|kx s kas eas
nh?kd Z ky rd QlykRsiknu vkjS ckl ¡ dh inSkokj yh tk c<k+ g]S cfYd cMs+ m|kx s kas eas Hkh blds egRo eas of`) gÃq gAS
ldrh gAS —f"kokfudh eas Qly dks nh tkus okyh ÇlpkÃ dk ckl a ij vkèkkfjr djhc 25]000 m|kx s 2 djkM s + ykxs kas dks
ykHk ckl ¡ dks Hkh feyrk gAS çR;{kr% vYi Çlfpr n'kk eas ckl ¡ jkt s xkj ds volj çnku dj jgs gaS tcfd 20 yk[k ykx s ckl ¡
dh c<o+kj Çlfpr n'kk dh vi{skk de gkrsh gAS rFkkfi x.qk ij vkèkkfjr nLrdkjh eas yxs gAaS ckl ¡ ds iM s + ds vkd"kd Z
èkeZ ds vul q kj vU; o{`kkas dh vi{skk ckl ¡ ls vfèkd toSit aq dk vkdkj vkjS etcrwh ds dkj.k fuek.Zk vkjS <kp a s cukus okyh
mRiknu feyrk gAS mik"s.k tyok;q n'kkvkas eas bldk jkis.k lkexhz ds :i eas blds mi;kx s dh O;kid lEHkkouk,a gaS A
ty w kÃ&vxLr ¼ekuluw½ eas djuk pkfg,A jkis.k grsq ikèSks cht] ckl ¡ dh nLrdkjh vkjS ckl ¡ ij vkèkkfjr ll a kèkukas dk mi;kx s
'kk[kk dye vFkok jkbtkes ls r;Skj fd;s tkrs gAaS r;Skj ikèSkkas djus okykas eas yx q nh vkjS dkxt m|kx s vx.zkh gAaS n'sk ds
dks fuÆn"V LFkku ij 50  50  50 l-as eh- ds xïkas eas 4&5 fofHkUu {k= s kas eas ckl ¡ dh [kir ls ld a rs feyrk gS fd 24
fdxkz- lMh+ xkcsj dh [kkn rFkk 100 xkze ,evkish çfr xïs eas çfr'kr ckl ¡ dk mi;kx s <kp a k [kMk+ djus okyh lkexhz ds :i
feykdj jkis.k djuk pkfg,A jkis.k mijkra ÇlpkÃ vko';d eas gkrsk gAS 20 çfr'kr dk mi;kx s yx q nh vkjS dkxt m|kx s
gAS ikèSkkas ij feêh vo'; p<k+uh pkfg,A blls u;s dYykas dk e]as 19 çfr'kr gLrf'kYi cukus eas vkjS 15 çfr'kr vU; fofoèk
fodkl vPNk gkrsk gAS pkj o"kZ i'pkr ckl ¡ ds dYys dkVus :ikas eas bLresky fd;k tkrk gS A
;kXs; gks tkrs gAaS budh dVku p;fur dYykas dh dVku ds yfsdu vud s eYw;&loaÆèkr mRiknkas dk fofuek.Zk tl S s
vkèkkj ij dh tkrh gS A yfSeuVsM s ckzMa ] ckl ¡ ds j'sks ds mRiknu] ckl ¡ ds j'sks ds Qkbcj
ckl¡ gekjs thou vkjS lLa—fr dk vfHkUu vx a gS vkjS lheVas ckM s Z cuku]s ckl ¡ dh Q'kZ cuku]s nok,]a [kk| inkFk]Z
bldk bLresky èkkÆed vu"qBkuk]as dyk vkjS lx a hr eas Hkh ydMh+ ds fodYi] jkt s xkj ds volj inSk dju]s vkenuh
fd;k tkrk gAS ;g ,d ,l s k vuk[skk iM s + gS tks gekjs nfSud c<k+us ds lkFk&lkFk miyCèk ll a kèkukas dk fpjLFkkÃ mi;kx s
thou eas lek;k gv q k gAS tutkrh; ykx s kas vkjS ouokfl;kas dk lfquf'pr djus eas fd;k tkrk gAS ckl ¡ ij vkèkkfjr
rks vc Hkh ;gh vkn'kZ okD; g%S jkt s h&jkVsh ds fy, ckl ¡ vkjS VDsuky s ‚th us cgrq ls m|fe;kas dk è;ku viuh vkjs vkdÆ"kr
ftUnxh ds fy, ckl a ! jkt s xkj ds vlj c<k+u]s vkenuh eas fd;k gS vkjS n'sk eas ckl ¡ &vkèkkfjr dN q m|kx s igys gh
of`) vkjS xkzeh.k ykx s kas ds Hkkt s u dh ikfS"Vdrk ds Lrj eas LFkkfir fd, tk pd q s gaS A ckl ¡ ds mi;kx s dÃ çdkj ls fd;k
lèqkkj ds fy, ckl ¡ cfqu;knh vko';drk gAS ;g NkVss vkjS tk ldrk gS blfy, ;g eYw;&loaèkuZ xfrfofèk;kas ds fy,
e>ky s s m|ekas ds {k= s ds foLrkj dk Hkh vkèkkj cu ldrk gAS mi;ä q gS A blls eYw;&loaÆèkr oLr,qa cukdj xkzeh.k {k= s kas eas
;g xkzeh.k xjhch dks de djus vkjS vkthfodk ljq{kk eas jkt s xkj ds dÃ volj inSk fd, tk ldrs gAaS xkzeh.k jkt s xkj
dkjxj Hkfwedk fuHkk ldrk gAS ckl ¡ dk iM s + 4&5 lky eas c<k+us eas bldh Hkfwedk dk vueqku bl ckr ls yxk;k tk
ifjiDo gks tkrk gS tcfd Bkl s ydMh+ okys fdlh iM s + dks ldrk gS fd ckl ¡a yxkus eas gh gj lky çfr gDsV;sj djhc
ifjiDo gkuss eas djhc 60 lky yxrs gAaS yfsdu id z k"B okys 160 fngkfM;+kas dk jkt s xkj inSk gkrsk gAS ,d Vu ckl ¡ dh
iMs k+as ls vyx gVdj ckl ¡ dh i;koZj.k ij cjqk vlj Mkys dVkÃ eas vkl S ru 8&10 fngkfM;+kas ds cjkcj jkt s xkj ds
cxjS dVkÃ dh tk ldrh gAS ckl ¡ dk iM s + Hkkjh o"kkZ ;k de volj inSk gkrss gAaS blh rjg] blds ifjogu vkjS
o"kk]Z nkuskas gh rjg dh tyok;q eas iui ldrk gAS gj lky yknu& s mrkjus eas 5 fngkfM;+kas dk jkt s xkj feyrk gAS ckl ¡ ls
blds ,d iM s + ls 8&10 'kk[kk,a fudyrh gAaS vU; iM s k+as dh mi;kx s h lkeku cukus e]as bLresky ls igys bldk çlLadj.k
ry q uk eas ckl ¡ dk iM s + 35 çfr'kr vfèkd v‚Dlhtu ok;eqM a y djus eas 80 fngkfM;+kas dk jkt s xkj inSk gkrsk gS A dVqhj m|kx s kas
eas NkM s r+k gS vkjS 20 çfr'kr dkcuZ&MkÃ&v‚DlkbM eas ,d Vu ckl ¡ ds çLadj.k eas çfr Vu 600 fngkfM;+kas dk
vo'kkfs"kr djrk gS A ckl ¡ dh oK S kfud rjhds ls [krsh djus ls jkt s xkj feyrk gAS ckl ¡ &vkèkkfjr vFkOZ;oLFkk dh jkt s xkj
ok;qeaMy esa v‚Dlhtu dk mRltZu vkSj {kerk gj lky 516-33 fngkfM;+kas dk jkt s xkj inSk djus dh
19
ou vuqla/kku
07
gAS mÙkj&iowÊ jkT;kas dh gkFk dh ckl ¡ dh cuh pkd S kjs lÈdkas dk

ckl ¡ dh {kerkvkas dh cMh+ mi{skk gÃq gS ftldh otg ls vxjcÙkh cukus eas mi;kx s fd;k tkrk FkkA yfsdu tc
;g {k= s lx a fBr :i ls fodflr ugÈ gks ik;k gS vkjS blds VDsukys ‚th cnyh vkjS e'khukas dk mi;kx s gkuss yxk rks xky s
fy, cktkj lEidZ dh lfqoèkk Hkh n;uh; gAS m|kx s vkjS lhdkas dks çkFkfedrk nh tkus yxhA Hkkjr bl rjg dh 3]000
gLrf'kfYi;kas ds Lrj ij blls eYw;&loaÆèkr inkFkZ cukus eas Vu lhdkas dk mRiknu djrk gAS bl m|kx s dks ftl fdLe
VDsuky s ‚th dk mi;kx s mi;ä q &Lrj ij ugÈ gks ikrkA ckl ¡ dh lhdkas dh t:jr gkrsh g]S mls cukus eas bLresky gkuss okyh
dh {kerkvkas dh igpku djrs g,q jk"Vhª; ckl ¡ çk|S kfsxdh vkjS ckl¡ dh [kkl çtkfr dk LFkkuh; mRiknu c<k+dj
O;kikj fodkl fe'ku 2003 dh fjikVsZ eas ckl ¡ &vkèkkfjr vko';drk ijwh dh tk ldrh gAS ;g Hkh n[skk x;k gS fd
vFkOZ;oLFkk ds mUu;u dh vko';drk dks j[skkfadr fd;k djhc 13 çfr'kr ckl ¡ cXaykn'sk vkjS E;keakj eas voèSk :i ls
x;k gAS blds fy, ckl ¡ ds fodkl dks xkzeh.k vkÆFkd Hkt
s k tkrk gAS n'sk eas ckl¡ dh deh dks n[skrs g,q bls dkQh
fodkl] xjhch mi'keu] ckl ¡ &vkèkkfjr gLrf'kYikas vkjS cMh+ ek=k eas fon'skkas ls vk;kr djuk iMr+k gAS bl rjg ds
vk| S kfsxd fodkl ds dk;Z eas uhfrxr Hkfwedk lkiaSh xÃ gAS voèSk O;kikj ij rRdky jkd s yxkus dh vko';drk gAS
ckl a dh okf.kfT;d [krsh vkjS blls tM q h+ vU; eYw;&loaèkuZ
xfrfofèk;kas eas xkzeh.k ykx s kas dks jkt s xkj fnykus okys vkÆFkd lanHkZ%
ll a kèku ds :i eas ckl ¡ dh {kerk dk ugh ds cjkcj mi;kx s
gv q k gAS bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd bl ckjs eas mi;ä q uhfr] 1- fd’kkjs deqkj vxozky] jkt’sojh] NRRrhlx<+ vkfnokfl;kas
ckxkukas ds lLaFkkxr uVsod]Z VDsuky s ‚th mUu;u] mRikn vkjS ds vkthfodk ds lk/ku oreZku ifjn’`; e]as Int. J. Rev. and
cktkj&Lrj dh deh gAS ckl ¡ dks ou ls ckgj ds {k= s kas eas Res. Social Sci. 2019; 7(2):544-546.
mxkus dh Hkh tcnLZr lHakkouk,a gaS D;kfasd% d½ çk—frd oukas 2- bUnz nos] vk'kkjke] jekdkUr frokjh] ,l-ih vgykor] je'sk
dh ry q uk eas ,l s s bykdkas eas ckl ¡ ds ckxkukas dk çcèaku djuk flga] d-sch- Jhèkj] vkj-ih- f}onsh] eèkfqydk JhokLro] uj'sk
vklku gkrsk gS vkjS [k½ mi;kx s djus okyh ,tfasl;kas ls deqkj] yky pna] èkhjt deqkj] vt; ikM a s vkjS vk-sih- proqnZsh
utnhdh gkuss ds dkj.k ckl ¡ dh dVkÃ fdQk;rh ykxr ij Ckkl
¡ vkèkkfjr Ñf"kokfudh ls vk; vtuZq] ] 2018] 86-88
dh tk ldrh gS A vkt Hkkjr ds lkeus tehu ds [kjkc gkuss
dh leL;k lcls xEHkhj gAS bls tkM s u+s vkjS Bhd djus dh 3- flFknq fQEekpkUg] Ökkx a Ç;x] ed q rss cd S ykbu] cEcw
viuh vuk[skh {kerk dh otg ls ckl ¡ ,l s h tehu dks lèqkkjus fjlkls tZs ;fwVykbt'sku % , ikVsfas'k;y lkl s Z vkQW + bude Vw
ds fy, lokÙZske mik; gS A liksVZ :jy ykboyhgqMl] ,IykbM bdksykWth ,aM
,uok;ueZVasy lkbl a t
s ] vd
a -3] l[a;k 6] 2015] i"`B 176&183
vkt n'sk eas ckl ¡ m|kx s ds lefUor fodkl dh
vko';drk gAS blls fdlkukas dh vkenuh nkx s uqh djus eas 4- vjVsk] vkb-Z, cknsjrh] ,- ,oa dkd W y]s d-s ¼2009½
enn feyx s h vkjS d'qky vkjS vd'qky dkexkjk]as [kklrkjS ij Li'skykbt'sku vkuW xvq knv
q k cEcw lhMl ~ ckbZ Fkhz cMZ
xkzeh.k {k= s kas ds ;oqkvkas dks jkt s xkj ds vfèkd volj çkIr gks Lih'kht bu n vVykfaVd QkjLsV vkQ W + vtV±shukA
ldx as As ck;kVskªfsidk 41% 66-73-
n'sk eas tehu ds ct a j gkuss dh j¶rkj eas deh ykus ds fy, 5- cDlh ,-] ¼2013½- n cEcw bM a LVhª bu bfaM;k% lIykbZ puS
ckl ¡ mxkus ds l?ku dk;Ø Z e dks Hkh tkjh j[kus dh LVªDpj] pkSysatst ,aM jsdesaMs'kUlA
vko';drk gS vkjS bleas lHkh lEc) i{kkas dks 'kkfey fd;k http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2442953. ij miyC/k gAaS
tkuk pkfg,A og ct a j Hkfwe vkjS <yku okyh tehu eas ckl ¡ ds
ckxku yxkus eas xkzeh.k fdlkukas dks enn nh tk ldrh gAS
çèkkue= a h vkokl ;kt s uk ds vUrxrZ Hkh Hkou lkexhz ds :i
eas ckl ¡ ds mi;kx s dks c<k+ok fn;k tkuk pkfg,A otu mBkus
eas l{ke ljapukRed ?kVd ds :i eas ckl ¡ ds fodkl ls Åp a h
ykxr okys fuek.Zk dk;k±s eas blds mi;kx s dk ekxZ ç'kLr gks
ldx s kA ftlls ckl ¡ dh ckxokuh dks gekjs n'sk ds fo'kky
cta j {k= s dks gjk&Hkjk djus ds vkÆFkd :i ls O;kogkfjd
rjhds ds :i eas viuk;k tk ldx s kA [kkus ;kXs; ckl ¡ dh iowÊ
,f'k;kÃ O;tukas dks cukus vkjS nok ds :i eas Hkkjh ekx a jgrh
gAS mÙkj&iowÊ jkT;kas eas mxk, tkus okyk ckl ¡ ¼tks Hkkjr eas
mxk, tkus okys ckl ¡ dh ek=k dk 66 çfr'kr g½S ljdkj dh
enn ls rkboku vkjS tkiku tl S s iowÊ ,f'k;k ds n'skkas dks
çfrLièkÊ dherkas ij fu;krZ fd;k tk ldrk gAS vxjcÙkh jkts'k dqekj feJk
m|kx s dk Hkkjr eas cMk+ foLrr` cktkj gAS Hkkjr fo;ruke vkjS lgk;d eq[; rduhdh vfèkdkjh
phu ls 35]000 Vu xky s lhdas vk;kr djrk gAS blls igys
20
ou vuqla/kku
07
Ck¡kl ,d cgqewY; dk"B

jfo 'kadj izlkn] eq[; rduhdh vf/kdkjh
ou mRikndrk laLFkku] jkaph
>kj[k.M eas 23-605 oxZ fdykeshVj eas ou {k=s QySs g,q ckl ¡ ] >kMw+ ckl ¡ ] ;s çk—frd :i ls
gAS ;g vius çk—frd {k= s dk yxHkx 29-61 çfr'kr gAS tx a ykas ;k igkMk+as eas ik, tkrs gAS blds
>kj[k.M dk eryc gh >kfM;+kas ls vykok cEcl w k VYqMk] cEcl w k urwu]
f?kjk gv q k {k= s dgykrk gAS ;gk¡ ds dkyk ckl ¡ ] ihyk ckl ¡ ]ykVsk ckl ¡ ] ukuk
tx a ykas ds vkl ikl vud s çdkj ds ckl ¡ ] gkFkh ckl ¡ ] eYVhIyDsl] ey w h
tutkrh; legw fuokl djrs gS ckl ¡ ]gjk ckl ¡ bR;kfnA >kj[k.M eas
ftleas çe[qk gS eM aq k] gk]s lFakkyh] çk—frd ckl ¡ e[q; :i ls iyke]wprjk]
igfj;k] fpjk]s fcjgkjs] vljq]mjko~ gtk+jhckx] ykrgskj] ykgsjnxk] [kVqh]
bR;kfnA tks lfn;kas ls tx a ykas eas ;k jkex<]+ pkÃcklk ]x<o+k bR;kfn {k= s kas eas
tx a ykas ds vkl ikl fuokl djrs gAS ik;k tkrk gAS lLaFkku eas ckl ¡ dk
;s ge'skk ls ç—fr ls tM q s+ jgrs gAS mRiknu vud s çdkj ls fd;k tkrk gS
>kj[k.M eas vkfnoklh ykx s vud s tl S s chtkas }kjk] uky dVkÃ }kjk] çdna
çdkj ds R;kgSkj eukrs gS tks ç—fr }kjk] ç'kk[kkvkas }kjk],;j y;sÇjx }kjk
çes dks n'kkrZs gS tl S s lg#y] dek]Z fp=% 2 ykBh ck¡l rFkk fV';d w Ypj }kjkA blds vykok
c# q ] bR;kfnA eØ S ks çky s hQjs'ku }kjk Hkh ikèSks r;Skj
fd;s tkrs gAS bleas lcls igys chtkas
;gk¡ ou {k= s 29-6 çfr'kr {k= s eas Qy S s }kjk ikèSks r;Skj fd;s tkrs gS vkjS 6-8
fp=% 1 dk¡Vk ck¡l
g,q gS ijUrq vxj tx a yks ds ckgj vkjS bpa ds gkuss ij mls tMk+as vkjS ifÙk;kas ds
lMd + fdukjs lHkh {k= s kas dks feyk fn;k tk;s rks ;g ijqs {k= s dk lkFk vyx djrs gS vkjS vud s ikèSks
33-21 çfr'kr gks tkrk gAS Hkkjr eas lcls T;knk ou r;Skj dj yrss gAS gekjs lLaFkku eas le;
vM a oku&fudkcskj eas vkjS lcls dke iM q p
q jsh eas ik, tkrs gAS le; ij fdlkukas dks çf'k{k.k Hkh fn;k
foÜo Hkj eas ckl ¡ mRiknu eas phu ds ckn Hkkjr dk LFkku nl w js tkrk gS rkfd os vius {k= s kas eas ckl ¡ dk
ucaj eas vkrk gAS foÜo eas c<r+h tul[a;k vkjS i;koZj.k mRiknu c<k+ ldAs blds vykok gekjs
cnyko ds dkj.k ç—fr ll a kèku rt s h ls ?kV jgs gAS blds lLaFkku us GSDP ds vraxrZ lkÃ ukFk
dkj.k ckl ¡ ksa dk egRo rt s h ls c<+ jgk g]S tks vU; o{`k foÜo fo|ky;kas ds foèkkÆFk;kas dks 60 fnukas
çtkfr;kas dh ry q uk eas rt s h ls c<r+k gAS Hkkjr eas yxHkx 136 dk çf'k{k.k fn;k x;k Fkk vkjS dk;Ø Z e
çdkj ds ckl ¡ ik, tkrs gS ftlesa 125 çtkfr;ka vius n'sk dh ds vra eas çek.k i= Hkh çnku fd;k x;k
gS 'k"sk 99 çtkfr;ka fon'skks ls yk;h xÃ gAS Hkkjr eas T;knkrj FkkA ckl ¡ dh mi;kfsxrk ds dkj.k bls
ckl ¡ iowkÙZskj jkT;kas tl S s vklke] f=ijqk] ukxkyM aS ] flfôe] fp=% 3 ihyk ck¡l dÃ ukekas ls tkuk tkrk gS tl S s *xjhc
v#.kkpy çn'sk]ef.kijq] e?skky; bR;kfnA blds vykok vkneh dk dk"B* *gjk lkusk* *ykx s kas dk
bldk mRiknu if'pecx a ky] NÙkhlx<+ vkjS >kj[k.M eas Hkh fe=* vkjS HkkÃ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk
gkrsk gAS Hkkjr eas e[q;r pkj çdkj ds ckl ¡ ik, tkrs gS bueas gAS ;g eu"q; ds thou eas tUe ls
,d o{`k tl S s gkrss gS mngkj.k ykBh ckl ¡ vkjS dkVak ckl ¡ A ,d yd s j eR`;q rd dke vkrk gAS
nl w js çdkj ds gkrss gS ftUgas fjM ckl ¡ dgk tkrk gS tks NkVss
vkjS irys gkrss gS tl S s vkd s ykUMkª =ko.kdkjs ]vkd s ykUMkª jhMh ckl ¡ jkis.k e[q;r% o"kkZ _rq ds le;
rhljs ucaj ij >kMh+ueqk ckl ¡ gkrss gS tl S s v#nahukfj;k fd;k tkrk gS ftleas çtkfr ds vkèkkj
jfslekl s k] pkFSks ucaj eas yrk ckl ¡ gkrss gS ftldk mngkj.k gS ij ikèSks ls ikèSks dh njqh r; dh tkrh gS
MkbukDsykv s k vUMekfudkA ou mRikndrk lLaFkku eas yxHkx bleas 4&5 ehVj dh njqh lkekU; gS
36 çdkj ds ckl ¡ yxk, xÃ gS tks vPNh cf`) dj jgs gS dÃ blls çfr gDSV;sj 400&500 ikèSks
çtkfr;kas eas rks Qy w Hkh vkus yxs gAS bues ls dN q çtkfr;ka yxk, tk ldrs gAS fdlh Hkh {k= s eas
dLaVDª'ku]iky s rFkk xg` fuek.Zk eas dke vkrh gS rFkk dN q ckl ¡ yxkus ls igys eÃ eghus eas
çtkfr;ka ltkoVh rkjS ij yxkÃ tkrh gAS 454545 lVashehVj ds xÔs+ r;Skj
fd;s tkrs gS rFkk mleas DykjskIs;jhQkl s
fp=% 4 >kMw ck¡l
@bM a kls YQku ds 0-2 çfr'kr ?kky s
>kj[k.M eas ik, tkus okys e[q; ckl
¡ gS ykBh ckl
¡ ] dkVak dk fNMd
+ ko djrs gS rkfd nhed ds çdkis ls cpk;k tk
21
ou vuqla/kku
07
ldAs vkjS cgrq etcrw Hkh gkrsk gS bldh etcrwh çtkfr;kas ij

blds ckn mfpr ek=k eas xkcsj [kkn dk ç;kx s fd;k fuHkjZ djrh gAS ;s vud s jx a :ikas es ik;k tkrk gS ftldk
tkrk gAS blds vykok çfr x<s+ 50 xkze ;fwj;k] 100 xkze bLresky vyx&vyx dk;kZs eas fd;k tkrk gAS ckl ¡ dh
Q‚LQVs rFkk 50 xkze e;wjVs v‚Q+ ikVskl tl S s jklk;fud etcrwh] gYdisu] dBkjsrk vkjS lhèkkiu ds dkj.k fofoèk
[kkn dk ç;kx s fd;k tkrk gAS mi;kx s eas yk;k tkrk gAS dkesy voLFkk eas blds çjkgs dk
mi;kx s vpkj vkjS lCth cukus eas fd;k tkrk gAS lh<h+]
ckl ¡ esa dÃ çdkj ds jkx s gkrss gS tks ikèSk'kkyk ls yd s j E;fwtdy LVeqªVasl ~ ] ckLdVs] vkHk"qk.k] yfSeuVsM s ckl ¡ bR;kfn
Hk.Mkj.k rd gkfu igp ¡q krs gAS ftleas çe[qk gS MÇaix v‚Q cuk;s tkrs gAS
¼vkæ xyu½] ;s ikèSk'kkyk eas ikèSks dks ud q lku igp ¡q krs gAS
j;tkDsVkfsu;k vkjS Qt q+ fSj;e uked QQnaw bl jkx s ds çe[qk blds mi;kfsxrk dks n[skrs g,q Hkkjr ljdkj us 2017 eas
dkj.k gAS dkcUZsMkfte }kjk bldk mipkj djus ls ;s jkx s ckl¡ dks o{`k çtkfr ls gVk dj ?kkl çtkfr eas lfEefyr dj
ugÈ gkrss gAS chtkas dks ckuss ds igys 0-2 çfr'kr cfsoLVhu fn;k gS rkfd ckl ¡ m|kx s ls tM q s+ O;kikfj;kas vkjS fdlkukas dks
ckfofLVu eas 3&5 feuV fHkxkuss ls QQnaw okys jkx s ugÈ gkrss bls ,d LFkku ls nl w js LFkku eas ys tkus eas dfBukÃ dk lkeuk
gAS ckl ¡ esa >kMw+ jkx
s Hkh gkrss gS ftldk mipkj Hkh dkcM ±s kfte ugÈ djuk iMAs+ blds vykok Hkkjr ljdkj ds vud s kas
0-3 çfr'kr rFkk Mk;bFkus ,e& ~ 450-3 çfr'kr ds ?kky s dk dk;Ø Z e py jgs gS ftlls ckl ¡ dks vkjS vfèkd {k= s kas eas yxk;k
fNMd + ko bl jkx s ds jkx s Fkke es dkjxj lkfcr gkrsk gAS blds tk, vkjS vPNh x.qkoÙkk ds mRikn cu ldAs D;kfasd Hkkjr
vykok Hk.Mkj.k ds le; ?kuq dk çdkis c<+ tkrk gAS ftlls vHkh Hkh ckl ¡ mRiknu ds ekeys eas vU; n'skkas ls cgrq ihNs gAS
ckl ¡ eas Nns gks tkrs gS vkjS mipkj ugÈ djus ij ijwk ckl ¡ ljdkj }kjk pyk;s tk jgs dk;Ø Z e eas e[q; gS BTSG vkjS
ikmMj eas rCnhy gks tkrk gAS blls cpus ds fy, NBM çe[ q k gAS blds vykok lLaFkku ls fdlkukas ds [krsks eas
lkÃikjefsFkuz dk 0-5 ls 1-0 çfr'kr ?kky s dk ç;kx s djus ls Hkh ckl ¡ yxk;k gS ftleas çe[qk LFkku gS ykrgskj] cM aq ]w cjqeq
?kuq ls cpko gks ldrk gAS >kj[k.M rFkk fcgkj eas vkjSx a kckn eas yxk;k x;k gAS tks vkxs
pydj fdlkukas ds vk; dk vPNk Jkrs cu ldrk gAS
ckl¡ ,d vPNk çk—frd ll a kèku gS tks rt
s h ls c<r+k gS
jfo 'kadj izlkn

eq[; rduhdh vf/kdkjh
22
ou vuqla/kku
07
ck¡l rFkk mldh mi;ksfxrk

ck¡l {ks=k esa jlk;u foKku dh Hkwfedk
lksudsÜoj 'kekZ] oSKkfud&ch
ckl¡ dks ?kkl ifjokj ik,slh eas 'kkfey fd;k x;k g]S eas ikÃ tkrh g]aS vFkkrZ v#.kkpy çn'sk] vle] ef.kijq]
ftles vke rkjS ij oM q h] ckjgeklh ikèSkkas dh 1200 ls vfèkd e?skky;] fetkjse] ukxkyM aS ] flfôe] f=ijqk vkjS if'peh ?kkV
çtkfr;ka 'kkfey g]aS tks e[q; :i ls ,f'k;k] vÝhdk vkjS ds {k=s kas eAas çtkfr;kas dh vfèkdre vkcknh mÙkj&iowZ ds
vefsjdk eas m".kdfVcèakh;] mik"s.k dfVcèakh; vkjS le'khrk"s.k i.kiZkrh vkjS vèk& Z lnkcgkj {k= s kas vkjS mÙkj vkjS nf{k.k Hkkjr
{k= s kas eas gkrsh gAaS ckl ¡ mi&ifjokj cEcw lknsÃs vkjS tutkfr ds m".kdfVcèakh; ue i.kZ ikrh tx a ykas eas ikÃ tkrh gAS Hkkjr
cEcl q h eas 90 ls vfèkd çtkfr;kas ds chp forfjr fd, tkrk ds iowkÙZskj igkMh+ jkT;kas eas ckl
¡ dh yxHkx 90 çtkfr;k¡ g]aS
gAS bl 'kCn dk mi;kx s bu ?kklkas ds ydMh+ ds rukas ds fy, ftueas ls 41 ml {k= s ds fy, LFkkfud gAaS
Hkh fd;k tkrk g]S ftudk O;kolk;d eYw; gkrsk gAS vfèkdk'ak
?kklkas ds foijhr] ckl ¡ cgrq ycak gks ldrk g]S dN q ckl ¡ ds
lnL; 30 ehVj rd dh Åp a kÃ rd igp aq rs gAaS ikfjfLFkfrdh ck¡l ds {ks= esa jlk;u foKku dh Hkwfedk%
r= a ds fy, blds eYw; ds vykok] fo'kky ikM a k] dhV ykok]Z lYs;y w kts ] gfsedy s y q kts vkjS fyfXuu ckl ¡ dh rhu çe[qk
xkfsjYyk vkjS gkfFk;kas ds fy, Hkkt s u çnku djus ds vykok] jklk;fud ljapuk,¡ g]aS rFkk ,d tfVy ljapuk eas fudVrk
ckl ¡ dks blds ikd] vk"Skèkh;] fuek.Zk] dykRed vkjS ltkoVh ls tM q s+ g,q gAS vkjS ckl ¡ ds yxHkx 90 æO;eku eas viuk
mi;kx s kas ds fy, eu"q;kas }kjk egRo fn;k tkrk gAS dÃ ;kx s nku nrss gAaS ckl ¡ eas NkVss ?kVd o.kd Z ] VfSuu] çkVshu] olk]
,f'k;kÃ O;t a ukas vkjS 'kkjsck eas ckl ¡ ds vd a jq dk mi;kx s fd;k ifsDVu vkjS jk[k gkrss gAaS rFkk vU; ejasfstu] ekes vkjS
tkrk g(S elkynskj ckl ¡ dk mi;kx s elkys ds :i eas fd;k vdkcfZud yo.k Hkh 'kkfey gAaS ;s ?kVd ckl ¡ dh 'kkjhfjd
tkrk g(S vkjS ;oqkMBay djsl dks ehBh 'kjkc cukus ds fy, xfrfofèk eas egRoi.wkZ Hkfwedk fuHkkrs gAS ckl ¡ dh jklk;fud
fdf.or fd;k tk ldrk g]S ;k 'khry i;s cukus ds fy, ljapuk ydMh+ ds leku ekuh tkrh g]S yfsdu ckl ¡ eas ydMh+
bLresky fd;k tk ldrk gAS phuh nok eas lØ a e.k ds bykt dh ry q uk eas NkVss ?kVdkas dh ek=k vfèkd gkrsh gAS ckl ¡ Hkkts u]
ds fy, vkjS ikVsfs'k;e ds de dy S kjsh lkzrs ds :i eas ckl ¡ dk vkJ; vkjS nok çnku djrk gS vkjS dÃ m|kx s kas ds fy, dPps
mi;kx s fd;k tkrk gAS tc ckl ¡ dks Bhd ls ll a kfèkr vkjS eky ds :i eas dk;Z djrk gAS bls flfoy fuek.Zk] ydMh+]
mipkfjr fd;k tkrk g]S rks ;g ,d cgrq gh dBkjs] l[r dkxt] diMk+] byfsDVd ª y vkjS byDsV‚ªfuDl] —f"k vkjS —f"k
vkjS gYdh ydMh+ cukrk g]S tks ?kj ds fuek.Zk eas mi;kx s h gkrsh lca)] [kk|] jlk;u vkjS nok] l–q<hdj.k] v‚Vkeskcskby vkjS
g]S lkFk gh lkFk ckM]+ iy q ] QuÊpj vkjS dÃ vU; mí's;kas ds nok lfgr fofHkUu vk| S kfsxd {k=s kas eas mi;kx s fd;k tkrk gAS
fy, Hkh bldk mi;kx s fd;k tkrk gAS dN q ckl ¡ vkèkkfjr mRiknkas eas ?kj fuek.Zk lkexhz] ?kjy s w
lkeku] toS bè±ku] jlk;u vkjS nok mRikn] yx q nh vkjS
Hkkjr ds mÙkj iwoZ {ks= esa ck¡l dh fLFkfr dkxt] ÇlpkÃ vkjS ty fudklh ikbi vkjS diMk+ lkexhz]
iuSy] Q'kZ lkexhz] ydMh+ dk dk;syk] [kk| 'kVw vkjS vU;
Hkkjr eas ckl¡ dh yxHkx 125 çtkfr;k]¡ 23 ih<h+ ds nfSud mi;kx s ds y[sk 'kkfey gAaS gky ds o"kk±s eas mPp
vraxrZ g]aS rFkk yxHkx 66 n'sk ds mÙkj iowÊ jkT;kas eas dfasær rduhd Økfar ds lkFk fefJr lkexhz eas l–q<hdj.k ds :i eas
gAS ckl ¡ 46°N vkjS 47°S dh v{kk'akh; lhek vkjS ckl¡ ds j'skkas ds mi;kx s dks vR;fèkd c<k+;k x;k gAS ;g
m".kdfVcèakh;] mik"s.k dfVcèakh;] le'khrk"s.k vkjS vYikbu fodkl'khy lkefx;zkas dh c<r+h ekx a dh çfrfØ;k ds :i eas gS
{k=s kas dks doj djus okys vkl S r leæqry ls 0&4000 ehVj tks ck;kfsMxM sz csy] fVdkÅ vkjS iuq% ç;kTs; gAaS mijkä s ds
dh Åp a kÃ lhek ds chp gkrsk gAS foÜo ou ll a kèkukas ij ,Q, vykok] vi{skk—r NkVss ieSkus ij dÃ vU; vuçq;kx s Hkh
vkd s h fjikVsZ ds vul q kj] ckl
¡ vkuoqfa'kd ll a kèkukas ds ekeys eas ekt S nw g]aS mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,l s h dN q fLFkfr;k¡ gaS tgk¡ ckl ¡
Hkkjr phu ds ckn nfqu;k dk nl w jk lcls vehj n'sk gAS dk mi;kx s gokÃ ,Vahuk] fo|rqhdj.k] jk¶Vl]Z eNyh idMu+s
mÙkj&iowÊ Hkkjr eas ckl ¡ ll a kèkukas dh cgrq fofoèkrk gAS ckl ¡ ds tky] ;ke ds nkoa vkfn ds fy, MM a s ds :i eas fd;k tkrk
egRoi.wkZ y?kq ou mRiknkas eas ls ,d gS tks vkfnoklh ykx s kas dh gAS
fuokgZ vk; eas dkQh gn rd lgk;rk djrk gAS ckl ¡ ll a kèku
dh mPp fofoèkrk n'sk ds mÙkj&iowÊ {k= s dh tutkrh; vktdy ck;kIsykfLVDl i‚yhyfSDVd ,flM ls curs gaS
vkcknh dh [kk| vkjS ik"sk.k ljq{kk eas egRoi.wkZ Hkfwedk fuHkkrh tks yfSDVd ,flM dki‚yhej gkrsk gAS lYs;y q kt s vkjS LVkpZ
gAS ckl ¡ dh 50 ls vfèkd çtkfr;k¡ Hkkjr ds mÙkj iowÊ Hkkx ds thok.kq fd.ou ds ckn yfSDVd ,flM curk gAS lYs;y w kt
s
vkjS gfsedy s y q kt
s ckl¡ dk ,d çe[qk jklk;fud ?kVd gAS
23
ou vuqla/kku
07
blfy, jlk;u foKku dh enn ls ykx s ckl

¡ dk mi;kxs
v{k; lkzrs ds :i eas dj ldrs gAaS ckl ¡ dk dÃ mi;kx s h
çk—frd mRiknkas ds fy, dPpesky ds :i eas Hkh mi;kx s fd;k
tkrk gS tlS s nok] Hkkt
s u] bè±ku] ck;kIsykfLVd] Qkbcj vkfnA
lksudsÜoj 'kekZ]
oSKkfud&ch
y[skdkas ds fy, fu;e&fun'Zsk%

ou vul q /akku b&
Z if=dk ds vkxkeh vd
a kas ds id
z k'ku grsq okfudh ls lcafa/kr viuh ekfSyd ,oa
vid
z kf'kr jpuk,a b& Z ey
s hindiofficer@icfre.org irs ij Hkt s us dk d"V djAas
jpuk,a ;FkklHako Vkbi dh gb
q Z gk]as jpukdkj dk ijwk uke] in ,oa liadZ fooj.k dk mYy[sk
vifs{kr gAS
y[
s kkas eas 'kkfey Nk;kfp= rFkk vkd
¡ Mk+as ls lcafa/kr vkj[sk Li"V gkuss pkfg,A
ou vul
q /akku b&
Z if=dk eas id
z kf'kr jpukvkas eas fufgr fopkjkas ds fy, liaknd eM
a y vFkok
fgnah vuHqkkx mÙkjnk;h ugha gkx
s k vkjS blds fy, ijwh dh ijwh ftEenskjh Lo;a y[skd dh gh
gkxs hA
i;
z Dqr Hkk"kk ljy] Li"V ,oa loqkP; fgnah Hkk"kk gkAs
l&vkHkkj
laiknd eaMy
15
24
ou vuqla/kku
07
o"kkZ ou vuqla/kku laLFkku] tksjgkV ds cSEcwflVe dh

izeq[k fouk'kdkjh dhV&iztkfr;k¡
Jherh fctqeksuh dfyrk nŸkk] ofj"B rduhdh vf/kdkjh
ckl¡ ,d iez[qk] mi;kxsh ou vk/kkfjr ikz—frd ikni 2. ck¡l dk fMQksfy,Vj ¼dku s kls Q
s kyl eDS;y ~ ½
q Vsl
ll a k/kukas eas ls ,d gS tkfsd ik,slh Qfseyh ls lcafa/kr gAS fVMM ~ k ckl¡ dk ,d vU; gkfudkjd dhV gAS o;Ld vkjS
cgm q Ì'skh; mi;kx s kas ds dkj.k ckl ¡ dks lcls egRoi.wkZ vkjS vHkdZ ¼fuEQ½+ nkuskas ckl ¡ ds iŸkkas dks ijwh rjg ls [kkrs gaS
xjS&dk"B okyh ydMh+ ekuk tkrk gAS bldk mi;kx s xkzeh.k ftlds dkj.k ckl ¡ dk ik/Skk ejqÖkk tkrk gS vkjS mldh eR`;q
{k=
s kas eas b/aZku] Hkkt s u] 'kYsVj QÇaslx] xg` fuek.Zk] ?kjy s w cruZ gks tkrh gAS
vkjS gLrf'kYi] dVqhj vkjS dkxt m|kx s vkfn ds fy, cMs+
ieSkus ij fd;k tkrk gAS oK S kfud i)fr ls fofuxj] vpkj vle eas fVMM ~ k ¼dku
s kl
s Q
s kyl eDS;y q Vsl½ ckla ds iŸkkas
,oa dk;syk cukus eas Hkh mi;kx s fd;k tkrk gAS dks [kkdj lia.wkZ :i ls iŸks dks u"V dj nrss gAS o;Ld
fVMM ~ k yxHkx 30&40 fe-eh- ycak] gjs jx a dk] i"`Bh; i{k ds
fofHkUUk id z kj ds 'kkdkgkjh dhVkas ls ckl ¡ dks ud q lku 'kh"kZ ls ihys jx a dh iVV~h okyk gkrsk gAS os [kkus ds fy, ckl a
igp ¡q rk gAS os iŸks dks [kkrs g]aS ckl ¡ kas eas Nns dj nrss gaS ;k ik/Skkas ds NkVss ik/Skkas ij bdVB~k gkrss gaS vkjS nl w js pj.k eas cMs+ ik/Skkas
ds fofHkUUk vx a kas ds Årdkas dk jl pl w rs gAaS bu dhMk+as ds dh vkjs c<r+s gAaS vHkd Z ¼fuEQ½+ ifŸk;kas dks [kkrs gaS os iŸks ds
vkØe.k ls ik/Skkas dh ÅtkZ vkjS ckl ¡ dh mRikndrk de gks 'kh"kZ ls 'k: q gkd s j uhps dh vkjs c<r+s gAaS vHkd Z ¼fuEQ½+ fVMM ~ s
tkrh gAS ds [kkus dk rjhdk cgrq gh jkp s d gkrsk gAS ;g yxHkx
ftx&tx S rFkk lh/kh j[skk eas ,d NkVsk lk vrajky NkM s r+s g,q
fujraj oŸ`kkdkj ;k d{kh; fNækas ds fMtkbu eas vifjiDo iŸkkas
1. ck¡l dk iŸkk jksyj ¼ikbjkLWVk ¼vYthMkfsu;k½ dk miHkkx s djrs gAS ;g vkerkjS ij cEcl q k gfSeYVu] ch-
dkDsyl s fsyl½ % ckYdkv s k] ch- oYxfjl vkfn eas ik;k tkrk gAS
iŸkh jkys lZ cEcl q k it
z kfr ij iŸkh&QhMjkas eas ls ,d lcls
egRoi.wkZ legw gAS buds ykokZ ckl ¡ dh iŸkh dks ekM s d
+ j vnaj C D
jgrk gS vkjS ifŸk;kas ds Åijh Årdkas dks [kkrs gaS ftlls eM q s+
g,q iŸkkas dh ckgjh fgLls dh ifŸk;k¡ vDlj ejqÖkk tkrh gaS vkjS
vrar% ÖkM+ tkrh gAaS lcls T;knk ud q lku ckl ¡ ds 'kh"kZ iŸkkas
ij gkrsk gAS ftlls xHakhj :i ls iŸks ÖkM+ tkrs g]S ftlds
ifj.kkeLo:i ckl ¡ dh of`) de gks tkrh gS vkjS ;gka rd fd
ckl¡ dh eR`;q Hkh gks tkrh gAS vle eas ik, tkus okys ckl a ds
iŸkkas ds jky s lZ eas ikbjkLWVk ¼vYthMkfsu;k½ dkDsyl s fsyl lcls
vke vkjS gkfudkjd g]S tks dbZ ckl ¡ it z kfr;kas ij geyk
djrs gAS fo'k"sk :i ls cEcl q k iYyhMk] ch- oYxfjl] fp=% 2 C, D&cEcl
q k oYxfjl ij ck¡l fVM~Ms dk
MsaMªksdSykel gSfeYVu] Mh-fLVªDVl] Mh- fxxsaVl] laØe.k
v#faMufj;k it z kfr vkjS ccalq k it
z kfr eAas
A B 3. ck¡l dk jl pwlus okys dhV%

jl pl w us okys dhMk+as dh dbZ it z kfr;k¡ gkrsh gAaS dbZ
ekeykas e]as bu dhMk+as ds o;Ld vkjS vHkd Z ¼fuEQ½+ nkuskas gh
ckl
¡ kas vkjS 'kk[kkvkas ls jl pl w rs gaS ftlls mudh eR`;q gks
tkrh gAS
,d o"kZ eas budh dbZ ihf<;+k¡ gkrsh gAaS vHkd Z ¼fuEQ½+ viy Sz
ls ebZ rd fudyrh gAaS ,d ih<h+ dks ijwk djus eas eknk ds
fp=% 1 A, B&cSEcwlk VqYMk dk iŸkh jksyj ¼ikbjkWLVk fy, 28-49 fnu vkjS i# q "k ds fy, 29-47 fnu yxrs gAaS 3-4
dksDyslsfyl½ fnukas eas vM
a s nuss yxrs gaS vkjS vHkd
Z ¼fuEQ½+ dks fodflr gkuss
vkjS ikp a bLaVkj ls xt q jus eas 16-18 fnu yxrs gAaS ikzjfaHkd
25
ou vuqla/kku
07
bLaVkj vHkdZ ¼fuEQ½+ gYds ihys jx a dh gkrss gAaS 'kjhj dk ,d

Hkkx dkys ckykas vkjS /kCcs ls <dk gkrsk gAS o;Ld vHkd Z If'kdkjh edfM;+k¡ efaVMl~ ¼Mantids)
J
vkjS i{kh vkfn gAaS
¼fuEQ½+ ukjxa h jx a dh gkrsh gaS vkjS flj ij dkys /kCcs gkrss gAaS
o;Ld vkjS vHkd Z ¼fuEQ½+ nkuskas gh lÆn;kas ds ekl S e dks
NkMs d
+ j ijws o"kZ ifŸk;kas dh lrg ls jl pl w rs gAaS ifŸk;kas dks
udq lku buds jl pl w us ds dkj.k gkrsk gS ftlds
ifj.kkeLo:i ckl a ds ik/Skkas dh rkdr vkjS ijzkgs ds mit eas
deh vkrh gAS
E F
fp=%5 I, J&MsaMªksdykel ,Lij ij yhQ ekbuj
6- ck¡l ds ,fQM~l ¼vkjsXsek cEcl q ½Z%s

fp=%3 E, F&cacqlk iYyhMk ij lSi&ldj dk geyk ;g ckl ¡ dk ,d iez[qk dhV gAS bl liS ds vR;f/kd ty
fudklh ds ifj.kkeLo:i ckl ¡ kas eas de thou 'kfä ¼Åtk½Z
n[skh tkrh gS ftlls ckl ¡ ejqÖkk tkrs gS vkjS ijzkgskas ds uje
4.ehyh cx (Mealy Bug): vle eas ckl ¡ ds jl pl w us okykas fodkl ds dkj.k bldk fodkl eas ck/kk vkrh gAS vkjsXsek
ds chp iez[qk dhMk+as eas ls ,d gAS o;Ld cx 3-4 fe-eh- ycak cEcl q s vHkd
Z ¼fuEQ½+ vkjS o;Ld ,fQMl ~ ckl
¡ ds ijzkgskas ls jl
vkjS ihy& s yky jx a dk gkrsk gAS vHkd Z ¼fuEQ½+ cMs+ gkuss ij pl w dj [kkrs gAaS i[akghu liS&ldj dk Qy S ko vkjS
ihy& s lQns ls yd s j Hkjw&
s Hkjws jx
a eas fHkUUk gkrsh gAaS ifzr o"kZ LFkkukrajxeu rt s gok vkjS ckl ¡ dh fofo/krk ij fuHkjZ djrk
dosy ,d ih<h+ gkrsh gAS o;Ld tks vkerkjS ij tuw eas gAS eknk ,fQMl ~ rt s h ls c<r+s g,q legw xBu dj vra eas
fudyrs gaS de lfØ; gkrss gaS vkjS legwkas eas ckl ¡ [kkrs gAaS os lia.wkZ ckl¡ ds ijzkgs dks ?kjs dj yrsh gAS ,fQMl ~ dh cMh+
vMa s nuss ds fy, 1 ;k 2 lky ijqkus ckl a kas eas pys tkrs gAaS vM a s vkcknh ds dkj.k ik/Skkas eas ,d dkyk dod gkrsk gS tks ,fQMl ~
legwkas eas T;knkrj ifŸk;kas dh fiNyh lrg ij gkrss gS rFkk }kjk lkzfor 'kgn ds vkærk ij mxrk gAS
'kk[kkvkas ;k Vgfu;kas ij Hkh gkrss gAaS vHkd Z ¼fuEQ½+ ds vM a s dk
pj.k 4-7 fnukas rd jgrk gAS vHkd Z ¼fuEQ½+ nl w js pj.k ls K L
ifŸk;ks 'kk[kkvkas dks [kkuk 'k: q dj nrsh gAaS blds i'Pkkr]
vHkdZ ¼fuEQ½+ ckl ¡ vkjS mlds ukM s l
~ ds vklikl ds legwkas ls
jl pl w rs gAaS
G H
fp=% 6 K,L&MasMªksdykel ,Lij ds ,fQM~l

¼vksjsXek cacqls½
fu"d"kZ% ckl ¡ ekuo tkfr dks migkj eas fn, x, lcls
egRoi.wkZ ikz—frd ll a k/kukas eas ls ,d gS vkjS xkzeh.k
fp=%4 G, H&cacqlk uwVu ij ehyh cx dk laØe.k vFkOZ;oLFkk eas bldk ,d iez[qk LFkku gAS v/;;u {k= s eas ckl ¡
dh Ng it z kfr;kas tl S s cca l
q k VYqMk ch- ckYdv q k- ch- urwu
ch- ifYyMk] cEcl q k oYxjht]+ MMaskªd s yS es l ,Lij ik;k
5- yhQ ekbuj dhV% x;kA bu it z kfr;kas ij vf/kd 'kk/sk gv q k gAS ckl ¡ ds egRoi.wkZ
yhQ ekbuj dhV ifŸk;kas ds mŸkd dks [kkrk gS vkjS dhVkas dks rhu iez[qk Jfs.k;kas eas ckVak x;k g& S fMQkfsy,Vj]
ifŸk;kas ds ejqÖkkus ¼eM
q u+½s dk dkj.k curk gAS ykokZ ifŸk;kas ds liS&ldj vkjS ijzkgs c/skdA iŸkh okys jky s j }kjk vf/kd iŸks
vkrafjd Årdkas dks [kk tkrs gAaS [kkus dh bl vknr ds [kkus ls ckl ¡ ijwh rjg ls detkjs gks tkrs gAaS blh rjg]
ifj.kkeLo:i iŸkh ds nkuskas vkjs cM& s+ cMs+ nkx cu tkrh gAaS liS&ldj] ,fQMl ~ vkjS yhQ ekbuj Hkh ckl ¡ kas ls jl pl w dj
i.wkrZ% fodflr ykokZ LikVW ds fdukjkas dks xHakhj cuk ldrs gAaS mls detkjs dj nrsh gS dHkh&dHkh mUgas ekj Hkh nrsh gAS ckl ¡
,d ijr dks vnaj dh vkjs ?keqk ldrs gaS vkjS Hkhrj I;iwk cuk ds oukas vkjS o{`kkjkis.k dh mRikndrk c<k+us ds fy, dhV
ldrs gAaS [kknsh gbqZ ifŸk;k¡ l[wkus ij ihyh&lQns vkjS lia.wkZ icz/aku dh vko';drk gAS vk/kfqud le; eas ckl ¡ ls ck;k¶s;y w
:i ls l[wk tkrh gAaS blds ikz—frd n'qeu e[q; :i ls dk mRiknu fd;k tk jgk gAS vr% ckl ¡ gekjs vkus okyh
26
ou vuqla/kku
07
ihf<;+kas ds fy, ,d ojnku lkfcr gkx

s kA LVVSl~ vkQ W bl a DsVl~ ,VÇSdx ccaSl w bu fumyh LVkcfyTM
IykuV'sku bu djsy s kA ikzfslÇMXl vkQ W n bVaju'skuy ccat w
od'ZkkiWA uocaj 14&18 ¼1988½
lanHkZ%
3- Çlg] ih- HkM
a kjh] vkj-,l- ¼1988½ bUlDsV jLsVl ~ vkQ W ccaSl w
1- jktk _f"k] vkj- ckjsBkdjq] ,u-Mh- ckjsk] vkj- deqkj] vkj ,Ma n;sj dVakªy s A n bfaM;u QkjWLsVjA okY;ew&114] l-a10-
vkjS ikM a ]s ,lA ¼2014½ bVaju'skuy tuy Z QkjW ykbQ vDVcwj 1988A
lkbla t
s ,M a ,tdq 'skuy fjlpAZ okYW;ew& 2¼4½ ihih-
113&120 vDVcwj- 4- gkvkts h] MCY;-w oek]Z vkj-oh- fV;kl a us] tAw bl
a DsV iLsVl ~
vkQW cEScl w bu ,f'k;k ¼INBAR) bVaju'Skuy uVsodZ QkjW
2- eFS;]w th- vkjS oek]Z vkj-oh- ¼1988½ vkd W jl
as ,M
a iLsV cESct
w ,M a jru chÇtx! vkbM a gkosus! ubZ fnYyh
Jherh fctqeksuh dfyrk nŸkk

ofj"B rduhdh vf/kdkjh
27
ou vuqla/kku
07
okfudh vkSj ckxokuh Qly mRiknu ds fy,

ck¡l vk/kkfjr gkbMªksiksfuDl
MkW- vt; Bkdqj1] oSKkfud&,Q] MkW- fiz;adk Bkdqj2] izksQlj] euh"k JhokLro3 & ih- ,PkMh 'kks/kkFkhZ]
3
jkfxuh Hkkj}kt & ih- ,PkMh 'kks/kkFkhZ]
1-ou vuqla/kku laLFkku] nsgjknwu
2-{ks=h; ckxokuh vuqla/kku ,oa izf'k{k.k dsaæ] /kkSykdqvka] fljekSj] fgekpy izns'k
3-iq"i vkSj LFky lkSan;hZdj.k foHkkx] MkW okbZ ,l ijekuj ckxokuh vkSj
okfudh fo'ofo|ky;] ukSuh] lksyu] fgekpy izns'k
ifjp;% oehDZ;y w kbV tl S s 'kk"skd inkFkZ ds Hkhrj j[kk tkrk gAS ;g
dosy de ik"skd rRokas vkjS ikuh dh vko';drk okys NkVss
gkbMkªiskfsuDl dk fuek.Zk nks xhzd 'kCnkas ^^gkbMkª^s^ ls cuk ik/Skkas ds fy, mi;ä q gAS gj 1 ls 2 lIrkg eas fdlh Hkh
gS ftldk vFkZ gS ikuh vkjS ^îkfsuDl^^ dk vFkZ Je gAS vfrfjä ik"skd rRo dks rkts ikuh ls /kkusk lfquf'Pkr djAas
gkbMkªiskfsuDl 'kCn dk i;zkx s loiZFzke 1929 eas Mk-W xfsjd us
fd;k Fkk ;|fi blds fodkl ds 'k# q vkrh ueuws gÇaSxx xkMuZ] ,u,QVh% ik"skd rRokas ds ?kky s dks ,d cMs+ tyk'k; ls iRz;d s
n ¶ykÇsVx xkMuZ vkQ W pkbuk vkjS n ¶ykÇsVx xkMuZ vkQ W n ik/Sks dh tMk+as ds Åij <yku okys puSykas eas lgh ek=k eas iia
,TV+d s vkQ W lVasy ª vefsjdk ds ;x q ds gAaS ;g fcuk feVV~h ds fd;k tkrk gS vkjS vfrfjä ik"skd rRokas dks mlh tyk'k; eas
fuf"Ø; ek/;e tl S s fd ctjh] jrs] ihV] oehDZ;y w kbV ;k pjwk okil tkus fn;k tkrk gAS ;gka ik"skd rRo lh/ks vkjS vklkuh
dk mi;kx s djds ik/Skkas dks mxkus dh ,d rduhd gAS ;gka ls ik/Skkas }kjk vo'kkfs"kr dj fy, tkrs gaS ftlls cgrq rt s h ls
ik/Sks fodkl ds fy, vko';d [kfut ik"skd rRokas dks feVV~h fodkl gkrsk gAS ;g cMs+ ik/Skkas dk Hkh leFkuZ djrk gAS ;g
ls [khp a us ds ctk; ?kky s ds ek/;e ls vko';d ik"skd rRo cMh+ l[a;k eas ik/Skkas dks lek;kfstr dj ldrk gS vkjS ,d gh
QkLWQkjsl] ukbVkªt s u] dfSY'k;e] ikVsfs'k;e ls le) ` ik"skd le; eas cMh+ l[a;k eas ik/Skkas dh of`) dh vueqfr ns ldrk gAS
rRo ikzIr djrs gAaS ;g rduhd mu ykx s kas ds fy, ojnku gS ,jksiksfuDl% ;g lcls d'qky forj.k i.zkkyh gS yfsdu lcls
tks ifzrcfa/kr vkokl eas jgrs g]aS fdjk, ij jgrs gaS vkjS jkt s kuk egx a h Hkh gAS ik/Skkas dks gok eas yVdk;k tkrk gS rkfd mUgas og
i;kIZr tehu ugha gkuss dh leL;k ls tÖwk jgs g]aS yfsdu fQj lkjh vkDWlhtu fey ldAs bleas ik/Skkas dh tMas+ ds uhps /k/aqk
Hkh ckxokuh ds ieszh gAaS blfy, gkbMkªiskfsuDl eas fuo'sk djds ukts y dh enn ls yVdrs tMk+as ij ik"skd rRo ?kky s dk
os lnaqj Qy w k]as buMkjs ik/Skk]as tMh+&cfwV;k]as Nk;k&ieszh ik/Skkas ds fNMd + ko fd;k tkrk gS ftls ik/Skkas dh tMk+as }kjk vo'kkfs"kr
utk+js dk vkuna ys ldrs gaS vkjS blds vykok viuh Fkkyh eas dj fy;k tkrk gAS ftlls ikuh ik"skd rRokas vkjS vkDWlhtu
rktk mxkus okys yVs¸~kl w vkjS vU; lkx tkM s + ldrs gAaS ;g dh vf/kdre ek=k ik/Skkas ds fy, miyC/k gkrsh gAS yfsdu
—f"k 'ky S h vuRqiknd Hkfwe okys LFkkukas ds fy, ,d fodYi ds bleas ux a s tMk+as dks lgkjk nuss ds fy, dkbsZ feVV~h ;k dkbsZ
:i eas dke dj ldrh gAS gkbMkªiskfsuDl eas lHkh ieSkukas ij] fodYi ugha gAS ;g i.zkkyh fdlh Hkh vU; gkbMkªiskfsud
tl S s fd ,d NkVss dejs ls cgrq cMs+ ieSkus ij vk| S kfsxd i.zkkyh dh ry q uk eas de ikuh dk mi;kx s djrh g]S tks bls
lp a kyu }kjk ik/Sks mRikfnr fd;k tk ldrk gAS vkjS vf/kd d'qky cukrh gAS
gkbMkªiskfsuDl rduhd ls rjy dks lh/ks :V tk+us eas
igp ¡q k;k tkrk gAS vko';d [kfut ik"skd rRokas ds bu lVhd
ck¡l gkbMªksiksfuDl%
mi;kx s kas ls of`) nj i;kIZr gkrsh gS vkjS ik"skd rRokas dh ccknZh
de gkrsh gAS ;g geas dhVk]as [kjirokjkas dh chekfj;kas dh ckl
¡ ,d ikz—frd mRikn gS ftldk ruk chp eas T;knkrj
leL;k ls eä q djrk gS vkjS de txg ls mPp mit vkjS [kk[skyk gkrsk gAS ;g [kk[skyk LFkku gkbMkªiskfsuDl eas rjy ds
tYnh Qly ifjiDork ds lkFk Je dh vko';drk dks de iozkg vkjS ,jkiskfsuDl eas rjy /k/aqk ds fy, ,dne lgh gAS
djrk gAS ikuh vkjS mojZd dk iuq: mi;kx s fd;k tk ldrk ckl¡ lYs;y w kts gfselYs;yw kt
s vkjS fyfXuu ls cuk gkrsk g]S
gAS blfy, fujraj ty iozkg vkerkjS ij lYs;y w kt
s vkjS
gfselYs;yw kts dks de djds ckl ¡ dks Bhd djrk gAS ckl ¡ ,d
gYdh lkexhz gkuss ds dkj.k ifjogu ds fy, vklku gAS ckl ¡
gkbMªksiksfuDl ds rjhds% vU; ikz—frd lkefx;zkas dh ry q uk eas vf/kd fVdkÅ gkrsk gAS
ckrh iz.kkyh% bl gkbMkªiskfsud i.zkkyh eas fctyh dk ckl¡ dh ikz—frd lrg ,d vkd"kd Z jx a ds lkFk fpduh]
bLresky ugha fd;k tkrk gAS ukbykuW dh cŸkh dks ik/Skkas ds lkQ gkrsh gS ftleas iÇasVx] LØÇSix ;k ikfWyÇ'kx dh
pkjkas vkjs j[kk tkrk gS vkjS fQj mUgas lh/ks ik"skd ?kky
s eas Mky vko';drk ugha gkrsh gAS ckl ¡ gkbMkªiskfsuDl gekjs ifjn'`; eas
fn;k tkrk gAS bl i.zkkyh ds lkFk ik/Skkas dks iy s kbZV ;k lnaqjrk tkM s u+s ds vykok lLa—fr eas ,d mR—"V lkexhz ds
:i eas lgk;rk dj ldrk gAS
28
ou vuqla/kku
07
gkbMkªiskfsuDl eas bLresky gkuss okys IykfLVd vkjS ihohlh dh cfaSzMfl] MMaskªd s y
S kel gfSeYVku s h] MMaskªd
s yS kel flfdefasllA
vU; lkefx;zkas ikfjfLFkfrd :i ls gkfudkjd gkrsh g]S ckl a ckl
¡ gkbMkªiskfsuDl dk mi;kx s djrs g,q dbZ iM s + vkjS
i;koZj.k ds vud q y
w vkjS ck;kfsMxMsz csy gkuss ds dkj.k inz"wk.k ckl a dh Qlyas tl S s ccalq k oy q fxl z ] cEcl q k ckYdkv s k]
ugha Qy S krk gAS ckl
¡ dh ccal q k LVVsªk] uhyfxjh ds Dykuskas dh lk¶WVoM q dÇVx] vk"Sk/kh;
nhokj j'skkas ls cuh gkrsh tMh+&cfwV;ka tl S s ryq lh] LVhfo;k] ckzãh] ltkoVh Qlyas
gS vkjS blfy, ;s nhokjas tl S s MlSª u
s k :cjk] DykjskQ s kbVe dke s kls e (edMh+ dk ik/Skk]
ikuh dks vo'kksf"kr NkVsk Lud s ik/Skk] iisjkfse;k] ikbfy;k] iŸkh vkjS lfCt;ka tl S ]s
djrh gaS vkjS ikuh ds yVs¸~kl w , ÇLix z vfu;u] f'keyk fep]Z pjsh VekVj vkfn
rkieku dks bl rjg ls vklkuh ls mxk;k tk ldrk gAS
fu;fa=r djrh gaS fd
xÆe;kas ds nkjSku ;g
ik/Skkas dh of`) dks cuk, fu"d"kZ
j[kus ds fy, i;kIZr
BMa h jgrh gS vkjS lÆn;kas ckl¡ dh gkbMkªiskfsuDl ljapuk xÆe;kas eas ikz—frd
ds nkjSku ;g ik/Skkas dh 'khryd ds :i eas dk;Z djrh gS vkjS ckl ¡ ck;kfsMxMsz csy gkuss
of`) ds fy, i;kIZr xeZ ds dkj.k i;koZj.k ds vud q yw gAS gkbMkªiskfsuDl eas ik"skd
gkrsh gAS lnhZ vkjS xehZ rRokas ds vf/kd d'qky mi;kx s vkjS mojZdkas vkjS dhVuk'kdkas
nkuskas eas ikuh dk rkieku dh de vko';drkvkas ds lkFk-lkFk [kjirokjkas dh leL;kvkas
20-30 fMxhz rkieku ds ls eäq gkuss ds lkFk-lkFk ikuh dh vko';drk de gkrsh gAS
chp jgrk gAS ckl a 3 ;|fi bldk thou pkj ls ikp a o"kZ dk g]S ;g okfudh ik/Skk]as
lesh ls cMk+ yequs ;k gcyZ ik/Skk]as iŸknskj lfCt;k]as VekVj vkjS lnaqj ltkoVh ik/Skkas
Nns okyk gkbMkªiskfsuDl dh fdLekas dk mRiknu djrk gAS
ds fy, ,dne lgh gAS
okLro eas bl mÌ's; ds
fy, ckl a dk Åijh Hkkx
fp=% 1 MsaMªksdykel fxxsaVl vkSj tks vkerkjS ij [kk[ s kyk
MsaMªksdyke ls dSyksLVhpl ls cuh ck¡l gkr s k g]S mi;ä q gkrsk gAS
gkbMªksiksfud lajpuk,aA
MkW- vt; Bkdqj

oSKkfud&,Q
fp=% 2 ckl
¡ gkbMkªiskfsuDl eas ltkoVh vkjS okfudh ik/Skkas
dks x.qkk fd;k tk jgk gAS
gkbMkªiskfsuDl eas ikbi ds fy, mi;ä q ckl ¡ dh it z kfr;ka

gaS MMaskªd s y
S kel fxxVasl] MMaskªd s y
S kel dy S kLsVfSpl]
MMaskªd
s yS kel ,Lij] MMaskªd s y
S kel cfaSzMfl] MMaskªd s yS kel
gfSeYVku s h] MMaskªds y S kel flfdefasll cEcl q k oYxfjl
cEcl q k iky W hekQs k]Z QkbykLsVfSpl cEcl w kbMl ~ A ,jkiskfsuDl
ds fy, mi;ä q it
z kfr;ka gaS MMaskªds y
S kel fxxVasl]
MMaskªd
s yS kel dy S kLsVfSpl] MMaskªds y
S kel ,Lij] MMaskªd s yS kel
29
ou vuqla/kku
07
tuojh&fnlacj] 2022 ds varxZr laLFkku }kjk

vk;ksftr çeq[k dk;ZØe
x.kra=k fnol fo'o okfudh fnol & 2022
vrajjk"Vhª; okfudh fnol&2022 euk;k x;kA bl

volj ij lLaFkku eas fnukd a 21 ekpZ 2022 dks Þ QkjLsV
,Ma lLVuscsy ikzM s D'ku ,M a dt a e'kuÞ fo"k; ij ,d
inz'kuZh yxkbZ xbZ ftleas lLaFkku ds fofHkUUk iHzkkxkas }kjk
lLaFkku eas 73 oka x.kr= a fnol cMs+ gh mRlkg ds lkFk ikLsVj] cuSj vkfn ds ek/;e ls vke turk dks oK S kfud
euk;k x;k bl volj ij dk;Ø Z e ds e[q; vfrfFk Jh ,oa rduhdh tkudkjh nh xbAZ inz'kuZh dk mn?~kkVu
v#.k Çlg jkor] egkfun'skd] Hkkjrh; okfudh Jh vkj ih Çlg] iHzkkjh fun'skd] ou vul q /akku lLaFkku
vul q /akku ,oa f'k{kk ifj"kn rFkk fun'skd] ou vul q /akku }kjk fd;k x;k bl volj ij lLaFkku ds vf/kdkjh]
lLaFkku th us ikzx a .k eas /otkjkgs.k fd;kA bl volj ij iHzkkx iez[qk] oK S kfud ,oa dep Z kjh x.k ekt S nw jgAsa bl
ou vul q /akku lLaFkku ds dep Z kfj;kas o vf/kdkfj;kas dks volj ij okfudh vkjS i— z fr fo"k; ij ,d QkVsks
vkb-Zlh-,Q-vkj-bZ vkmVLVÇaSMx ,IaykbWZ vokM& Z 2021 ls ifzr;kfsxrk dk vk;kt s u fd;k x;kA dæash; fo|ky;
lEekfur fd;k x;kA dk;Ø Z e eas bfanjk xk/akh jk"Vhª; rFkk uokns; fo|ky; ds Nk=kas ds fy, fuc/ak rFkk
ou vdkneh ds vkbZ-,Q-,l- izkscs'kulZ] le fPk«kdyk ifzr;kfsxrk dk Hkh vk;kt s u fd;k x;kA
fo'ofo|ky; ds Nk=&Nk=k,]a lLaFkku o ifj"kn ds ou lLaFkku ds lHkh lx a gzky; lLaFkku eas Hkez.k djus okys
vf/kdkjh] oK S kfud] dep Z kjh] mifLFkr jgAas x.kr= a vkxrad q kas ds fy, fu%'kYqd [ky q s jgAas
fnol ds bl ikou volj ij lLaFkku dh e[q; Hkou
dks jkf= jk'skuh ls txexk;k x;kA
varjkZ"Vªh; tSo fofo/krk fnol
lLaFkku ds ou ouLifr iHzkkx ds lkt S U; ls 22 eb]Z
2022 dks ÞfcÇYMx , 'k;sMZ ¶;p w j QkjW vky ykbQÞ
jk"Vªh; izkS|ksfxdh fnol fo"k; ds rgr lLaFkku ifjlj eas fLFkr ouLifr&m|ku
lLaFkku eas fnukd a 11 eb]Z 2022 dks jk"Vhª; ikz| S kfsxdh eas Þvrajk"ZVhª; toS fofo/krk fnolÞ ds miy{; ij
fnol g"kkYZsykl ds lkFk euk;k x;kA bl volj ij Þck;kMs k;oÆlVh okpÞ dk vk;kt s u fd;k x;kA
,QvkjvkbZ e[q; Hkou ds lp w uk dæas ds lkeus inz'kuZh
dk Hkh vk;kt s u fd;k x;kA inz'kuZh eas lLaFkku ds
fofHkUUk iHzkkxkas us viuh xfrfof/k;kas dk inz'kuZ fd;kA
inz'kuZh eas vke ykx s kas ds fy, mi;kx s h oK
S kfud vkjS
rduhdh miyfC/k;kas dks inzÆ'kr fd;k x;kA inz'kuZh
dk mn?~kkVu fun'skd Mk-W jusw Çlg] Hkk-o-l-s ds
dj&deykas ls fd;k x;kA bl volj ij lLaFkku ds
lHkh lx a gzky; lLaFkku eas Hkez.k djus okys vkxrad q kas ds
fy, fu%'kYqd [ky q s jgAas
30
ou vuqla/kku
07
fo'o i;kZoj.k fnol% ¯pru l=k
30 tuw] 2022 dks lLaFkku eas vk;kfstr Þvxys 25 o"kk±s ds

fy, vkbl Z h,QvkjbZ dh vul q /akku dk;Z ;kt
s ukÞ fo"k;
ij vk;kfstr ,d fnolh; Çpru l= eas mifLFkr
i;koZj.k ds ifzr tkx:drk mRiUUk djus ds fy, fof'k"V vfrfFkx.k] vf/kdkjhx.k rFkk oK S kfudx.kA
lLaFkku eas 5 tuw] 2022 dks Þdosy ,d iFòhÞ fo"k; ij
fo'o i;koZj.k fnol&2022 cgrq mRlkg ds lkFk ou egksRlo
euk;k x;kA dk;Ø Z e dk vk;kt s u lLaFkku ds nh{kkra
xg` eas fd;k x;kA bl volj ij fof'k"V vfrfFk Jherh
ekfsguh jkor] i— z fr ieszh rFkk Jherh Jfqr 'kek]Z Hkk-o-l-s
¼loskfuoŸ`k½] jktLFkku dks vkefa=r fd;k x;k FkkA
fun'skd egkns;k Mk-W jusw Çlg us vius lEck/sku eas
oreZku le; eas iFòh ds lkeus vkus okys puqkfsr;kas vkjS
leL;kvkas ds ckjs eas foLrkj ls ckr dh vkjS crk;k fd
dl S s ge iFòh dks jgus yk;d cgsrj txg cukus eas
O;fäxr :i ls ;kx s nku ns ldrs gAaS dk;Ø Z e ds
nkjSku fo'ofo|ky;] dkyt s rFkk tokgj uokns;
fo|ky; ds Nk=kas ds fy, Hkk"k.k rFkk dfork ikB
ifzr;kfsxrkvkas dk vk;kt s u Hkh fd;k x;kA
varjkZ"Vªh; ;ksx fnol & 2022
fnukd a 7 ty q kbZ 2022 dks ou vul q /akku lLaFkku ifjlj

rFkk fnukd a 11-07-2022 dks Hkokuh ckfydk bVaj
d‚yt s ] pdjkrk jkM s ] ngsjknuw eas ou egkRslo dk;Ø Z e
dk vk;kt s u fd;k x;kA lLaFkku ifjlj eas vk;kfstr
o{`kkjkis.k dk;Ø Z e eas e[q; vfrfFk ds :i eas Jh v#.k
ifzr o"kZ dh Hkkfar 21 tuw] 2022 dks ou vul q /akku flga jkor] egkfun'skd] Hkk-ok-v-f'k-i- egkns; mifLFkr
lLaFkku eas Þekuork ds fy, ;kx s Þ fo"k; ij vrajk"ZVhª; FkAas dk;Ø Z e eas M‚- jusw flga] fun'skd] ou vul q /akku
;kxs fnol euk;k x;kA ;kx s dk;Ø Z e lLaFkku ds e[q; lLaFkku] ngsjknuw lfgr lLaFkku rFkk Hkk-ok-v-f'k- ds
Hkou ds lkeus vk;kfstr fd;k x;kA bl volj ij vf/kdkjhx.k o oK S kfudx.k Hkh mifLFkr jgAas Hkokuh
dæash; fo|ky; ds Nk=&Nk=kvkas rFkk muds f'k{kdkas ckfydk bVaj d‚yt s ] pdjkrk jkM s ] ngsjknuw eas
vkjS lLaFkku ds vf/kdkfj;k]as oKS kfudk]as depZ kfj;kas lfgr vk;kfstr dk;Ø Z e eas Nk=kas dks ou ,oa i;koZj.k ds lca/ak
le fo'ofo|ky; ds fo|kÆFk;kas us ;kx s kH;kl fd;kA eas tkx:d fd;k x;kA
31
ou vuqla/kku
07
76oka Lora=krk fnol jk"Vªfirk egkRek xka/kh dh 153oha t;arh
lLaFkku us 2 vDVcwj] 2022 dks jk"Vfªirk egkRek xk/akh

dh 153oha t;rah eukbAZ M‚- jusw flga] vkb,ZQ,l]
fun'skd] ou vul q /akku lLaFkku us egkRek xk/akh dks
J)kt a fy nhA bl volj ij lLaFkku ds vf/kdkfj;kas
,oa dep Z kfj;kas }kjk LoPNrk dh 'kiFk Hkh yh xbAZ
lLaFkku ifjlj eas lQkbZ vfHk;ku Hkh pyk;k x;kA
15 vxLr 2022 dks ou vul q /akku lLaFkku ngsjknuw eas ljnkj oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy dh 147oha t;arh
e[q; Hkou ds çkx a .k eas 76oka Lor= a rk fnol euk;k
x;kA bl volj ij e[q; vfrfFk ds #i eas Jh v#.k
flga jkor] egkfun'skd] Hkk-ok-v-f'k-i- egkns; }kjk
>Ma kjkgs.k fd;k x;kA dk;Ø Z e eas Hkk-ok-v-f'k- ,oa ou
vul q /akku lLaFkku ds lHkh vf/kdkjhx.k] oK S kfud]
dkfed Z vius ifjokj ds lnL;kas lfgr mifLFkr jgAas
fganh i[kokMk
lLaFkku eas fnukd

a 31 vDVcwj] 2022 dks ljnkj oYyHk
HkkbZ iVys dh 147oha t;rah eukbZ xbAZ bl volj ij
ljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVy s dks J)kt
a fy nh xbZ vkjS jk"Vª
dh ,drk vkjS vkrafjd ljq{kk dh fn'kk eas dke djus
dk ld a Yi fy;k x;kA
lafo/kku fnol
lLaFkku eas 14 ls 29 flrcaj rd fgnah vuHqkkx ds

lktS U; ls fgnah i[kokMs+ dk vk;kt s u fd;k x;kA bl
nkjSku fgnah fuc/ak] fgUnh Vda .k] çk:i ,oa fVIi.k y[sku
çfr;kfsxrkvkas dk vk;kt s u fd;k x;k] ftleas lLaFkku lLaFkku eas 26 uocaj 2022 dks lfao/kku fnol euk;k
ds dkfed Z kas us c<&
+ p<d+ j lgHkkfxrk dhA i[kokMs+ dk x;kA nh{kkra xg` eas 'kiFk lekjkgs vk;kfstr fd;k x;k
lekiu fnukd a 30 flrcaj] 2022 dks vk;kfstr jktHkk"kk vkjS lLaFkku ds lHkh vf/kdkfj;kas vkjS dep Z kfj;kas dks
dk;kUZo;u lfefr dh cBSd ds nkjSku ijqLdkj forj.k fun'skd M‚- jusw flga egkns;k us loa/Skkfud 'kiFk
ds lkFk fd;k x;kA fnykbAZ-
32

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tuojh&fnlacj] 2022

jpuk ,oa vfHkU;kl

MkW- jsuw flag

M‚- oh-ds- ok".ksZ;

ifjp;% egk}hi ns'k

iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa ck¡l çjksg ¼'kwV½ dk mi;ksx

ifjp;% rkfydk 1% iwoksZÙkj {ks= ds [kk|&ck¡l dh lwph ¼pkSgku

bZ&if=dk ch- VYqMk] fpekuskcskEcl

ef.kijq fpekuskcskEcl q k d‚ykl s k] MM as kªd

ckl¡ ij mPpre lhek ¼16-67 x.qkk½ eYw;oèkuZ dk volj ikzIr

çjksg çlaLdj.k rduhd

7 8 9 MkW- euh"k dqekj Çlg

cht }kjk ck¡l dk çlkj % leL;k,a vkSj lek/kku

ifjp; 1-06 fefy;u gDSV;sj dh deh vkbZ gAS cEcl q k ckydkv s k]

if'peh ?kkV gAaS n'sk dk dy q ckl¡ {k= s 15-0 fefy;u gDsV;sj

cht of`) çk| S kfsxfd;k]a tl S s fd iow& Z coqkb]Z iow&

euh"k dqekj fot;

O;kolkf;d :i ls egRoiw.kZ ck¡l çtkfr;ksa cacwlk VwYMk vkSj

¼ty q kÃ&flrcaj½ ,oa 'kjn&'khr _rq ¼vDVcwj&fnlcaj½ ds

fp=% 7 'kk[kk dÇVXl esa vkdfLed tM+ mRifÙk

{kerk lkfa[a;dh; :i ls fHkUu ugÈ Fkh tcfd ccal w k U;Vwkl

fp=% 9 dYe&'kk[kk }kjk rS;kj cacwlk VwYMk ,oa

ck¡l mRiknu ls fdlkukas dk vkfFkZd l'kfDrdj.k

4- ckl ¡ ds iM s k+as dh dVkÃ vkjS inSkokj%& ckl ¡ ds ikèSkas lkekU;

MkW- çfrek iVsy

ck¡l esa tula[;k vkuqoaf'kd fo'ys"k.k dk egRo%

ifjp;% vko';drk gAS ikni it z kfr;kas ds vnaj vkuoqfa'kd fHkUUkrk

ck¡l & vkthfodk dk nh?kZdkfyd lkèku

gAS mÙkj&iowÊ jkT;kas dh gkFk dh ckl ¡ dh cuh pkd S kjs lÈdkas dk

Ck¡kl ,d cgqewY; dk"B

ldAs vkjS cgrq etcrw Hkh gkrsk gS bldh etcrwh çtkfr;kas ij

jfo 'kadj izlkn

ck¡l rFkk mldh mi;ksfxrk

blfy, jlk;u foKku dh enn ls ykx s ckl

y[skdkas ds fy, fu;e&fun'Zsk%

o"kkZ ou vuqla/kku laLFkku] tksjgkV ds cSEcwflVe dh

A B 3. ck¡l dk jl pwlus okys dhV%

bLaVkj vHkdZ ¼fuEQ½+ gYds ihys jx a dh gkrss gAaS 'kjhj dk ,d

6- ck¡l ds ,fQM~l ¼vkjsXsek cEcl q ½Z%s

fp=% 6 K,L&MasMªksdykel ,Lij ds ,fQM~l

ihf<;+kas ds fy, ,d ojnku lkfcr gkx

Jherh fctqeksuh dfyrk nŸkk

okfudh vkSj ckxokuh Qly mRiknu ds fy,

MkW- vt; Bkdqj

gkbMkªiskfsuDl eas ikbi ds fy, mi;ä q ckl ¡ dh it z kfr;ka

tuojh&fnlacj] 2022 ds varxZr laLFkku }kjk

vrajjk"Vhª; okfudh fnol&2022 euk;k x;kA bl

fo'o i;kZoj.k fnol% ¯pru l=k

30 tuw] 2022 dks lLaFkku eas vk;kfstr Þvxys 25 o"kk±s ds

varjkZ"Vªh; ;ksx fnol & 2022

fnukd a 7 ty q kbZ 2022 dks ou vul q /akku lLaFkku ifjlj

76oka Lora=krk fnol jk"Vªfirk egkRek xka/kh dh 153oha t;arh

lLaFkku us 2 vDVcwj] 2022 dks jk"Vfªirk egkRek xk/akh

lLaFkku eas fnukd

lLaFkku eas 14 ls 29 flrcaj rd fgnah vuHqkkx ds

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