energies
Article
Power Flow Modeling of Multi-Circuit Transmission Lines
Andrey Kryukov 1,2 , Konstantin Suslov 2,3, * , Le Van Thao 4 , Tran Duy Hung 5 and Azat Akhmetshin 6
Citation: Kryukov, A.; Suslov, K.; Van
Thao, L.; Hung, T.D.; Akhmetshin, A.
Power Flow Modeling of
Multi-Circuit Transmission Lines.
Energies 2022, 15, 8249. https://
doi.org/10.3390/en15218249
Academic Editors: Zhonghua Zhang,
Song Wang and Bo Yang
Received: 20 September 2022
Accepted: 1 November 2022
Published: 4 November 2022
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Copyright: © 2022 by the authors.
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This article is an open access article
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Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
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4.0/).
Energies 2022, 15, 8249. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218249
1 Department of Transport Electric Power, Irkutsk State Transport University, 664074 Irkutsk, Russia
2 Department of Power Supply and Electrical Engineering, Irkutsk National Research Technical University,
664074 Irkutsk, Russia
3 Department of Hydropower and Renewable Energy, National Research University “Moscow Power
Engineering Institute”, 111250 Moscow, Russia
4 Military Technical Institute of Automation, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
5 Military Industrial College, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
6 Department of Power Engineering, Kazan State Power Engineering University, 420066 Kazan, Russia
* Correspondence: dr.souslov@yandex.ru
Abstract: To reduce the allocation of land for the construction of electric power facilities, it is
possible to leverage multi-circuit overhead transmission lines (MCTLs), in which the conductors
of several circuits of different voltage classes are placed on the same tower. The unique features
of the arrangement of conductors on MCTL towers cause unequal inductances and capacitances
of different phases. In addition, there are significant mutual electromagnetic influences on the line
circuits. To account for these factors, it is advisable to model the power flow of electric power systems
equipped with MCTLs using the phase frame of reference. On the basis of such models, it is possible
to determine the power flows while taking into account lateral and transverse asymmetries and to
analyze electromagnetic safety conditions along the routes of multi-circuit transmission lines. We
proposed a technique for modeling power flows and electromagnetic fields of multi-circuit power
transmission lines, in which conductors of several circuits of different voltage classes are placed
on the same tower. The methodology is based on the application of phase coordinates, which are
the most natural description of three-phase power systems. The method is versatile enough to be
applied to solving the specified problems for MCTLs of different designs. The article presents the
results of research aimed at developing a method for modeling MCTL power flows. The results of
modeling power flows of an electrical network including a three-circuit power transmission line are
presented. The practical use of the models developed by the authors will make it possible to make
well-grounded choices regarding the options for the use of multi-circuit power lines.
Keywords: electric power systems; multi-circuit power lines; modeling
1. Introduction
The issue of reducing the allocation of land for the construction of power transmission
lines (transmission lines) has become particularly urgent in recent years. One of the most
effective ways of addressing this issue can be put into practice on the basis of applying
power transmission lines of multi-circuit design [1,2]; in this case, the conductors of several
lines of different voltage classes are placed on the same transmission tower (see Figure 1).
Multi-circuit overhead transmission lines (MCTLs) have been in use since the seventies
of the last century. For example, Germany uses a six-circuit MCTL with four cross arms:
the top two are used to secure 380 kV line conductors. The conductors of two 220 kV lines
are placed on the middle cross arm, and the same number of 110 kV line conductors are
placed on the bottom cross arm (Figure 1a). The total number of conductors placed on the
transmission tower is eighteen. A four-circuit 66–230 kV transmission line was built in
Egypt, and a similar line with 400 and 110 kV circuits operates in Slovakia (Figure 1b).
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies
Energies 2022, 15, 8249 2 of 23

Figure 1. Design of transmission towers of (a) a six-circuit 2 × 380 kV + 2 × 220 kV + 2 × 110 kV

MCTL and (b) a four-circuit 2 × 400 kV + 2 × 110 kV MCTL.

The following MCTLs are currently installed in Russia:

• Four-circuit 110 kV line in the Tyumenenergo grid;
• A 220–110 kV MCTL located in the Moscow region;
• Three-circuit sections of the 500 kV line providing power transmission from the
Sayano–Shushenskaya HPP.
The classification of transmission lines according to the number of circuits is illustrated
by the diagram and photos of the transmission towers shown in Figure 2.
For MCTL construction, tower designs are used that differ in material, version of
the structure, and the way current-conducting parts are secured. On conventional single-
circuit and double-circuit lines, standard designs of wooden, metal, and reinforced concrete
transmission towers are used. For MCTLs, towers of unique design are developed, some
of which are shown in Figure 3. The most promising for the construction of MCTLs are
multifaceted towers (see Figure 3a,b). Low-voltage MCTLs can be constructed on the basis
of using insulated conductors (see Figure 4).
Energies 2022, 15, 8249 3 of 23

Figure 2. Classification of overhead power lines by number of circuits.

It is difficult to ensure a symmetrical arrangement of conductors on MCTL towers.

Therefore, these lines have different values of phase inductances and capacitances. In addi-
tion, due to the close proximity of the conductors of different circuits, there are significant
electromagnetic interferences between them. To account for these factors, it is advisable to
use the phase frame of reference for modeling the power flows of electric power systems
(EPS) equipped with MCTLs [3]. On the basis of such models, it is possible to determine the
power flows while taking into account lateral and transverse asymmetries and to analyze
electromagnetic safety conditions along the routes of multi-circuit transmission lines. The
method is versatile enough to be applied to solving the specified problems for MCTLs of
different designs.
The relevance of the research tasks of electric power systems equipped with MCTLs
is attested by a large number of studies devoted to these issues. For example, article [4]
presents the results of an analysis of a zero-sequence power directional unit for multi-
circuit transmission lines with different voltage levels. It discusses the characteristics
of the zero-sequence power directional unit for MCTLs under different types of faults.
The results of the analysis carried out by the authors showed that mutual zero-sequence
induction between transmission lines will affect the operation of this unit and in some cases
lead to errors. This fact confirms the relevance of research aimed at developing accurate
MCTL models.
Energies 2022, 15, 8249 4 of 23

Figure 3. Towers of high-voltage MCTLs.

Studies [5,6] were devoted to determining the optimal phase sequence of the MCTL.
They emphasized that the arrangement of MCTL phase wires is various, so it is very
difficult to choose the optimal sequence. Therefore, the task of optimizing the phase
sequence of the MCTL is highly relevant. Article [7] proposed an insulation design to
improve the lightning protection of multi-circuit transmission lines. The article proposed
a new method for insulation design for multi-circuit transmission lines. Its efficiency
was confirmed by calculations for a four-circuit 220 kV transmission line, which also
confirmed the relevance of work on MCTL modeling. In [8], the interaction of multi-circuit
overhead power lines of different voltages placed on the same tower was analyzed. It
emphasized that a common technical solution is the joint use of routes of overhead power
transmission lines operating at different voltages, with the circuits of lines of different
voltages laid on the same towers. This caused electromagnetic interaction between them.
The study considered the theoretical mechanism of the interaction, provided some practical
Energies 2022, 15, 8249 5 of 23

examples, and described possible measures to reduce negative influences. Article [9]
studied the electromagnetic environment of MCTL routes. It pointed out that extra-high-
voltage MCTL technology is one new transmission technology that can reduce route size
and increase transmission capacity per unit area. However, the issue of electromagnetic
compatibility is one of the key factors affecting the feasibility of extra-high-voltage MCTLs,
so it is important to study electromagnetic fields on the routes of such lines. The results
of modeling transients on multi-circuit EHV/HV overhead lines were presented in [10].
The article described a transient analysis method for MCTLs. The presented algorithm
was based on an approach in which the wires were modeled by two-port cascades coupled
with inductive and capacitive couplings. For the network model under consideration, a
system of equations was formed and solved in the MATLAB environment. An accurate
fault location method for multi-circuit series compensated transmission lines was described
in [11]. The paper presented a method of fault location for MCTLs using phasor data
from intelligent electronic devices. The method considered untransposed sections and the
distributed nature of the line. The paper presented an algorithm for analyzing the inductive
and capacitive influences between parallel conductors of multi-circuit power transmission
lines during short circuits. The effect of the short circuit on the conductors of a multi-
circuit power line was studied in [12]. The issues of research and the prediction of induced
voltages on the MCTL were investigated in articles [13,14]. The first of these presented
an MCTL model for studying induced voltage and current. By calculation and analysis,
the factors affecting the magnitude of induced voltage and the current between circuits
were obtained. Machine learning algorithms were used to quickly and accurately predict
the magnitude of induced voltage. Article [14] stressed that the MCTL effectively solves
the problems associated with the construction of transmission lines in scarce transmission
corridors, but it will create strong electromagnetic and electrostatic couplings, causing large
induced voltages and currents. To ensure a reasonable choice of MCTL parameters and
stable and reliable operation, it is essential to carry out simulation calculation research
and make predictions for various conditions of its operation. Article [15] was devoted to
solving the problems of analyzing the transient characteristics of a 132 kV transmission
line connected to a wind farm. The results of the experimental and numerical analysis of
overvoltages in PV systems were presented in article [16].
Analysis of the above research contributions allows us to conclude that the objectives of
MCTL research prove relevant and many important issues related to the development and
operation of MCTLs have been solved. However, a comprehensive method for modeling
the power flows and electromagnetic safety conditions of such lines has not been proposed
in the studies known to the authors. Below are the results of research aimed at developing
such a method based on the techniques for modeling the power flows of electric power
systems using the phase frame of reference described in [3,17]. The equations of the steady
state, compiled on their basis, provide an adequate description of the real modes of the EES,
characterized by longitudinal and transverse asymmetry, and also allow you to correctly
take into account the mutual electromagnetic influences of the MCTL circuits. Along with
determining the modes and electromagnetic fields of MCTL, it is possible to calculate
the electromagnetic effects of MCTL on adjacent power lines and calculate the induced
voltages; this ensures correct operation in the near, intermediate, and far zones of the
Carson integral [18]. Mode calculations can be carried out at the fundamental frequency
and frequencies of higher harmonics [19], which makes it possible to take into account the
presence of harmonic distortions. After determining the network mode, the calculation of
the strength of the electromagnetic field created by any of the multi-wire transmission lines
that are part of the simulated system can be performed.
Energies 2022, 15, 8249 6 of 23

Energies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 25

the network mode, the calculation of the strength of the electromagnetic field created by
any of the multi-wire transmission lines that are part of the simulated system can be
performed.
Figure 4. Four-circuit overhead line with insulated conductors.
The article includes two main sections. The first one describes a technique for mod-
elingThe
the article
modesincludes
of electric
twopower systems The
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first one describes abased on lattice
technique equiva-
for modeling
lent circuits, which are a set of RLC elements connected according to the
the modes of electric power systems in phase coordinates based on lattice equivalent circuits, scheme of
complete graphs. It also gives a method for determining the electromagnetic
which are a set of RLC elements connected according to the scheme of complete graphs. It fields of
multi-wire
also gives apower
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of modeling transmission line. For comparison,
modes and electromagnetic fields ofa
acorridor of similar
three-circuit power transmission
transmission lines
line.mounted on separate
For comparison, supports
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2. Modeling Methodology
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be presented in the form of the following functional transformation [17]:

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characterizing generators
generators and
and loads.
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On the basis of the transformation (1), a system of steady-state equations is formed,
which in the general case case is
is nonlinear.
nonlinear.
The models proposed in the article are based on the technology for determining the
power flow of of electric
electric power
powersystems
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The methods for modeling power flows that use the phase frame of reference [3] are
based on the application of equivalent lattice circuits (ELC), which are RLC elements
connected into complete graphs. The following formalized definition can be written for
ELCs:
TEC : hub  con, ∀i, j ⊂ hub → con ⊂ con
 Energies 2022, 15, 8249 7 of 23

The methods for modeling power flows that use the phase frame of reference [3]
are based on the application of equivalent lattice circuits (ELC), which are RLC elements
connected into complete graphs. The following formalized definition can be written
for ELCs:
TEC : hub ∪ con, ∀ i, j ⊂ hub → coni,j ⊂ con (2)
where TEC is ELC designation; hub is the set of ELC hubs; and con is the set of ELC connections.

The main elements forming a three-phase/single-phase network can be divided into

two groups:
• Elements for transporting electricity: overhead and cable power lines, current-carrying
wires, etc.
• Transducer elements: transformers of various designs.
The above devices lend themselves to generalized treatment as static multi-wire
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matrix element (3)
between the
of element
rxr
(3)wires;
impedances the that wires;
impedances = zzkiikthat
zfactorsrxr
ik of dimension
z kifac-
; =r of
is init
;r
dim
tors in the mutual tors ininductive
the mutual
0
D
inductive
couplings −D D
 between D
 couplings  the − between
wires; zY the = z= wires;;Yr is;Z= z−1ik−
initial =initial
T z number  − D D − 
D D 
ki ; r
−1 isT initial of number of
mutual inductive couplings
transmission
tors in the transmission
torsmutual between
line
in the mutual wires
line
inductive the
wires
withoutwires;
inductive without
couplings z
taking
ik = ki−
taking
couplings
PC between M
z
into r
account
into
0 between
M
is M = Z
account
the0 0 wires; M
 the
their number =
their
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of
z−ikD=Dz ki z;−ikrDis
coupling; =ziniti
and Man
ki ; r
PC
−1 −1transmission
−1 transmission
line wires without
line wires
taking withoutinto account
taking into
their account
coupling;
ik
their
ki
and coupling;
M 0 is the  D
andmatrix M  0 is the 
matrix
wherewhereD =where
ZD =; Z ZDis;=the Z isinitial
Z isinitial
transmission
; the matrix
the initialline
matrix wires
of element
matrix without
oftransmission
elementof
impedances
element taking
impedances
transmission line into
impedances
of
wires account
dimension
line ofwithout
dimension
wires their
of dimension
rxr
without that
taking coupling;
rxr fac- that
into
taking and
rxraccount
fac-
that
into Efac- M 0 E r coupling;
account
r their
is the  their coupling;
matrix and M0a
determined determined on the −1 onbasis  the
E −1 basis
 of theofrelation  theE relation
 M0 =M  0 =  , where  , where Er is identity
Er is ide
tors in
tors
theintors
mutual
theinmutual
the
inductive
mutual
inductive
determined couplings
inductive
on couplings
the between
determined couplings
basis between
on
of the the between
where wires;
thewhere
relation
basis Dwires;
ofthe M=wires;
=z the
Z
ik
z =Z; =Z
D;zrelation
0 =kiik
zzthe
risisr
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;initial
M zis0kiinitial
is
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where ;the
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r
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
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, identity
where of E
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relement
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impedances impedances
matrix of dimen
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determined determined on the on basis
 −andE rof
the  basis
the relationof−the E  M 0 =  M 0 =, where
relation  ,E where
r is identity
Er is id
transmission
transmission
transmission
line wires
line wires
without
line wires
withouttaking
without
taking
intotaking
account
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into
tors
mension their
in
mension r × r. r × r.
account
the
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mutual
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their
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mutual
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inductivethe
and
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M
rthe is
matrix
couplings
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between − E r  − E r 
matrix between
the wires; the z
wires;
ik
= z z
;
ki ikr =
is zi
mension r × r.mension r × r.  Etransmission
r  mension r.E rconductivity
× r. wires
The Errconductivity
The matrix, matrix, given given
capacitive capacitive couplings,
into couplings, theiriscoupling; formed is formed on th
=×capacitive
mension transmission rEline linewithout wires without
taking into
taking account account their couplin
and
0 =M  −0E=given
determined
determined
determined
on the onbasistheon basis
Theofthe
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conductivity theM
relation relation
conductivity
matrix, M
 −, 0E
where  −
matrix, , where  r ,is
given where
identity
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r capacitiveEr is matrix identity
matrix
iscouplings,of di-
formed matrix
ofondi-isthe of
formed di-
basis on of the basis of the
relationship
relationship [3] [3]
 E rconductivity  E couplings,
  is  is formed
E r formed
relationship [3] determined r  conductivity
r The 
The matrix,matrix, given capacitive given capacitive couplings, on the
relationship [3] determined on the on basis theofbasis the relation
of the relation M = Mr =, where ,E where
r is ident Er i
 Figure Figure
5. Original
5. Original
circuit of
circuit
the power
of the transmission
power transmission
line. line.

Phase Phase
coordinates
coordinates
are theare mostthenatural
most naturaldescription description
of three-phase
of three-phase powerpower systems. system
Energies 2022, 15, 8249 Steady-state
Steady-state
equations equations
can becan formedbe formed
on their onbasis;
their these
basis;provide
these provide an adequate
an adequate
8descrip-
of 23 descri
tion oftion
the ofactual
the actual
powerpower flows of flowsthe of
power
the power
system,system, characterized
characterizedby longitudinal
by longitudinaland an
transverse
transverse
unbalance.unbalance.
An equivalent
An equivalentlattice lattice
circuit circuit
for thefor power
the power
line,
Er the line,
original
the original
circuit circuit
of which of which
is shown is show
 
determined in on
in Figure the be
Figure
5, can basis
5, can of obtained
obtained
be theasrelation
follows. M 0 = the
as follows.
First, First,ELC , conductivity
the where
ELC Er is matrix
identity
conductivity matrix
matrix
is formedis of
formed
(with (wi
− Er
a dimension
a dimension
dimension r × r. of n = of
2r) nwithout
= 2r) without
taking taking
into account
into account
the capacitive
the capacitive
coupling coupling
between between
the th
wires, wires,
as wellasaswell
The conductivity betweenas between
matrix, the wires
given the and
wirestheand
capacitive ground
the ground
couplings, [3]: is formed
[3]: on the basis of the
relationship [3]
−1 1−D
− − D D 
D
Y PC = = −YM =+−jω
PC0 Z MT00CZ=YM T0 =  
M (4) (3)
D − D − D
(
 
C PC

B 1 0 −1
where =D 12= Z −D
CY where ; ω ;= Z314 rad/s; A−element
B =matrix 1
;A ofiselement
the matrix ofof
potential coefficients;
where 0 ;B=ZZis the initial
is the matrix
initial of impedancesimpedances dimension
of dimension
rxr thatrxr fac-
that fa
andtors intors
the mutual
its dimension in theis rmutual
×inductive
r. inductive
couplings couplings
between between
the wires; z ik = z kiz;ikr=iszinitial
the wires; ki ; r is number
initial number
of
The following
transmission
transmission expressions
line wires can
line without be
wires without used to
taking taking calculate
into account the
into account potential
their coupling; coefficients
their coupling; and Mand included
0 is the
M0 matrix
is the matr
in matrix A:  Er   Er 
1 M 0 =2h
determined
determined
on theon basis
the of
basis
the αof
relation
the relation
ii = ln M ; 0 = , where , where
Er is identity
Er is identity
matrixmatrix
of di- of d
2π ε r− E r  − E r 
0
mension r × r. r × r.
mension Dij
1
The conductivity
The conductivity αij = capacitive
matrix,matrix,
given given ln capacitive,
couplings, couplings,
is formed
is formed
on theon the(5)
basis of
basis
the of th
2π ε0 dij
relationship
relationship
[3] [3]
where ε0 is vacuum permittivity; h is the height of the wire above the ground, taking into
Y C = YYPCC += jY ωPCC+Y jω C Y
account the sag (two-thirds of the sag below the height of the attachment point at the (4) (
tower); dijPEER
is the distance  i to wire j; Dij−1is the −distance from wire i to the mirror
Energies 2022,
Energies
15, x2022,
FOR 15,
PEER
x FOR
REVIEW 1 B 01 from
REVIEW B 0wire 8 o
Energies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW where C
where
image of the wireY = C Y =
j;and ris the radius
; ω = 314
; ω rad/s;
= 314 B =
rad/s;
of the wire.A B ; =A A is1
;
the A matrix
is the matrix
of potential
of potential
coefficients;
8 of coefficient
25
2 0 B 2 0 B
B = A−1 , the intrinsic and mutual partial capacitances can be cal-
Energies 2022,
Energies
15, x FOR
2022,PEER
15, xREVIEW
FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of
Based on matrix
and its
culated. and
dimension
Shunts itsare is r × to
dimension
added r × hubs
r.isthe r. of the lattice circuit whose impedance values are
The following
The following
expressions
determined by half of the corresponding expressions
can intrinsic
becan used
becapacitance.
to
used calculate
to calculate
Inthe potential
the on
addition, potential
coefficients
each coefficients
side of in- i
cluded cluded
in matrixin matrix
A: A:
C CC
the wire system, additional connections are formed with impedance values calculated by
C Z 1 1 Z Z
Z Z half the values of the corresponding mutual
12 C 13
α = C
C
1 13 21h (Figure
12 capacitances
12
α = ln CC
132h 6).
ln 1 C Z Z
Z 12 ZZ1213 Z 13
12 12 12 2π12ε13
;
2πrε 0 13r
; 1 1
ZZ13
ii ii
0
12 Z
13 Z 13 1 D1ij D
α ij = α ij =ln , ln ij ,
C23 C23 2π ε 0 2π d ijε 0 d ij
Z2 Z2 Z2 (5) (

C23
Z 23 ZZ 23 ZZ23 C23 C23 Z2 Z2
23 23
C10 CC1020 CC
C10 C 2030 C30 Z3 Z3
C
C10 C1030 C C20 Z3
30 C30 Z3 Z3
20
20

Figure 5.Figure
Original
5. Original
circuit ofcircuit
the power
of thetransmission
power transmission
line. line.
Figure 5. Original circuit of the power transmission line.
Figure 5. Original
Figure 5.circuit
Original
of the
circuit
powerof the
transmission
power transmission
line. line.
Phase coordinates
Phase coordinates are the are most thenatural
most naturaldescription description
of three-phase of three-phase power syste powe
Phase Steady-state
coordinates are the equations
Steady-state
equations most can natural
be formed
can description
be formed
on their onof three-phase
basis;
their these
basis; providepower
these systems.
provide
an adequate an adequa
descr
Phase coordinatesPhase coordinatesare the most are the natural mostdescription
natural description of three-phase of three-phase
power system pow
Steady-state equations
tion of the
tion canthe
actual
of bepower
formed
actual on their
flows
power of flowsbasis;
the power
of these
the provide
system,
power system,an adequate
characterized characterizedby descrip-
longitudinal
by longit
Steady-state Steady-state
equationsequations can be formed can beonformed their basis; on their these basis;
provide thesean provide
adequate descria
an adequ
tion of the transverse
actual power
transverse flows
unbalance. of the power system, characterized by longitudinal and
unbalance.
tion of the tionactual
of the poweractual flows
power of theflows power of the system,
powercharacterized
system, characterized by longitudinal by longi an
transverse unbalance.
An equivalent
An equivalent
lattice circuit
latticefor circuit
the power for theline, power theline,originalthe original
circuit of circuit
whichofiswhic sho
transversetransverse
unbalance. unbalance.
An equivalent
in Figure inlattice
cancircuit
5,Figure canfor
beequivalent
5,lattice
obtained the
becircuitpower
obtained
as follows. line,
as the the
follows.
First, original
First,
ELC circuit
the ELCof
conductivity which
conductivity
matrixis shownismatrix
formed
Figure 6. Lattice An equivalent
circuit of a An three-wire power lattice
fortaking
line, circuit
the power
intoforaccount
the
line,power the original
line,
capacitive the circuit
original
susceptance. of which
circuit ofis
is for
show
whi(w
in Figure 5,acan be obtained
dimension
a dimension
of n as
= follows.
2r)
of without
n = First,
2r) the
without
taking ELCinto
takingconductivity
account
into account
the matrix
capacitive
the is formed
capacitive
coupling (with
coupling
between b
in Figure in 5, can
Figure be obtained
5, can be as obtained
follows.asFirst, follows. the ELC First,conductivity
the ELC conductivity matrix is formed matrix is(wi fo
a dimension of n as
wires, =wires,
2r)
well without
as between
well taking
as between
the into
wires account
the andwiresthe theand capacitive
ground the ground
[3]: coupling
[3]: between the
For transformers,
a dimension the
of ELC
a dimension n = 2r)matrix
of n =is2r)
without formed
taking
without on the
into takingbasisinto
account of thethe following
account
capacitive relation
the capacitive
coupling [3]coupling
between tb
wires, as well as between the wires and the ground [3]:
wires, as wellwires, asas between
well asthe between
"wires the
andwires
the ground and the [3]:
ground −[3]:
−−
1 DT D D D
−Y Z− PC
1
= − MY
Z −1 −#
Z =
−0 D D
EPC
1
−
M M T
=Z
0 0 
M 0
=   
Y PC ==−M 0ZZ−1M 0 −
−E
1 T
= Z −−11 , T −  −D 1 D−DD− D − D (6)
(3)
PC Y PC = −MY  Z
0 PCD =
M −−
0
M =
D 0
 Z M T
0
=   (
−1 −1
E E
 D − D  D − D 
where
−1
D = Z ;D Z
where = is
Z the ; Zinitial
is thematrix
initial of matrixelement of element
impedances impedances of dimension of dimension rxr that rf
where D =tors Z ;inZthe is the −1 initial matrix −1 of element impedances of dimension z = z rxrz that
= z fac-
where D where =Z ; D
tors mutual
in the =Z
Z is
mutual
inductive Z is the
the;initialinductive
couplings
matrix couplings
initial between
of matrix between
the
elementofimpedances wires; the
element impedances wires; ; r
ik of dimension
ki ik is initial
; r isnumbe
ofki dimension
rxr initial
that fa
tors in the mutual inductive couplings between the wires; z = z ; r is initial number of
transmission
tors in thetransmission
tors
mutual line
in wires linewithout
theinductive
mutual wires without
inductivetaking
couplings into
taking
couplings
between account
into
the ik
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theirthe
wires; ki coupling;= z ki coupling;
z iktheir
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zisik initial
z ki0;and
isrnumber
the
is M ma
0 is
initia
transmission line wires without taking into account their coupling; account and
 Ecoupling; M 0 is the matrix
r  their coupling;
transmission transmission
linethe wires E r their
determineddeterminedon online
basis without
theofwires
the taking
basis without
relation
of the into taking
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M 0 =  M 0 =, where
 E rrelation  , Ewhere
and
r is identity Er M ismatrix
and
is0 identitythe M matr
0 i
of
m
 C C C CC Z
CZ C C C C C C
can12
Steady-state
Steady-state 13
equations
Steady-state
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Z Phase Steady-state
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equations
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coordinates be formed
13
on
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10
their be
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20
be
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20 23their provide
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30
basis;
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30
their
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these
three-phase descrip- an
provide
Z Z
descrip-
adequate
power2 an adequate descrip- descrip-
systems.
tion oftionthe23of
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C C CC C Z
theSteady-state
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the
10REVIEWcan
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power the flows power
20 be formed power
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10
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the
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30Figure
characterized
power
on their
20
of the
characterized
5. Original
system,
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basis; these by characterized
system,
longitudinal
circuitprovide
by longitudinal
of the power
characterized andby Z Z ZZ
an adequate longitudinal
3
and
transmission
by 3 and3 and
longitudinal
descrip-line.
Energies 2022,Energies
15, x FOR
2022, PEER
15, xREVIEW
FOR PEER
30 characterized 1 by longitudinal 2 and23
8 of 25
transverse
Z C CZ C
transverse
Z
unbalance.
C Z C
transverse
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unbalance.
tion of the actual power flows unbalance. 12 of the power 13 system, 23 23 Z C Z C
2shown
ZZ
12 10 An equivalent
An equivalent
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Z C C
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Figure
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20be5,incan
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Figure
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can First, be obtained
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First, follows.
ELC the conductivity
as ELC First,
follows.
Phase coordinates are the most
conductivity
the 3 First,
ELCmatrix 23
conductivity
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isELC formed conductivity
is formedmatrix
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Z (with
is
natural description
matrix
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of three-p
Energiesa2022, 15,
a 8249
dimension dimension Z
of nin Figure
An equivalent lattice circuit for the
a=dimension
of = a23
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5,dimension
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n =obtained
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Figure
capacitive
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5. Originalcapacitive
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C CCC CC CCC CZ
wires, wires,
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wires, as between
asthe wires,
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nbetween
=well
and
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Z Z
Z Z CZ Z
dimension without taking into the capacitive
C
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Z
23 Z Z C C C
C C wires, as well as between
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Figure
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Original
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Figure
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5. Original
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23
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30
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Original
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12
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13
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10 20
Z Z 12 Z 12
13transformer
E
13Phase windings;
PC0 Figure
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100

Y
R
5. PC Original
M Dcoordinates
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coordinates
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0in Figure

theM
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0 PC
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1
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5, of
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power First, the 23
flows
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ELC (3)
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W
3
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on without on basis; their taking
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these theseinto account
provide power (3)
1 the systems.capacitive
2
descc
Figure 5. Original −1
circuit−1
of the power −1
transmission −1
line.
Phase M coordinates are the −most natural description ofprovide an adequate
three-phase an adequat powe
D = Z D; =where ZZis the ; Z =Steady-state
Dinitial
matrices Z initial DZ=composed
;are Zmatrix Zthe of the wires,
number as of well
ofturns as between
ofthe transformer the wireswindings and theinan ground
accordance [3]: with
where where
tors in tors
the mutual
in the where
tors
mutual10
inductive the
is
wherethe
Figure
tion
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Dinductive
in are
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mutual 20
expressions C
matrix is
tion
5. Original
−1 of the actual
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inductive
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the
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30
between
istransverse
C
ofequations
;of
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tion isofof
Steady-state
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power
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the
couplings
element
matrix
actual
[3].
the
the
unbalance.
impedances
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Z r into
C
relationship [3] 12 a −dimension = ofwithout n without taking E account 0 (5) (5) capacitive (5) coupling (5)the betwe
C C ijε 0the
B 0 drelation
ijgiven
B 2π1 ε0 capacitive
0 −
1
where D = Z ;The
illustrated Z isconductivity
by the ring2πbasis ε 0 matrix
network 21πdof 1of
example shown ij
Dd2ij0ij π=ε0andcouplings,
in Figure dits 7. CThis
−1dimension r −E
matrix
1 r is
E
 is r r
can 2r.that
Y be obtained on
Z Eidentity
determined on thethe initial matrix, element M impedances of
ij , wheredimension is formed r rxr × on matrix thefac-basis of of
di- the
23tors in the Z 13basis
the where
wires,
relationship
mutual 10
of aswhere
the well
wires,
Y Cfollowing
Y =
mension
Cinductive
BCas
as
where
= Yr20
determined
1mension
[3] Y 0
between
×couplings
PC + jω
=well CY as
r.  transformation
2; rω C
=α
×0Y30
on
the
between
B
=r.21314
= the
ij wires
; ω 23
0B2rad/s;
between
 the
=basis
πB0ε0 [3]:
;ln
314
and ω wires
the
=of
rad/s;
the
Bd ij=wires;
, the
314
Awhere
−and
−ground
1
rad/s;
EB
; A
relation
r
=the
z ikThe
A[3]:
isD=the
Bground ;=M
=z kifollowing
A
Z; matrix
A is; the
−1 0 = 
r(4) ;is−1 Z
Aαismatrix
[3]:
initial
is−of E =the
3iiexpressions
the number
1matrix
, where
initial
rpotential
2π matrix
ε0
ofln (5)of
2Ehrofispotential
potential
matrix can ; identity
coefficients;
r of potential co be
of
coefficie
used
element
co
m
to
× Y =
Cconductivity = A ; A
mension
transmission line wires
1 B 0  The its10
r r.
and its
conductivity
The 2 
without
and 0
where
20 C CC C
conductivity
dimension
mension
10 C CC
B
The  taking
its dimension
× r.
matrix,
r × is
30 20
2into
r.
given

r 0×Yis
matrix, r.account
Br=  ; ω = 314
×Yr.
matrix,
given
=30
capacitive −M M0=Y
C
their
Z
capacitive
Ytors given
M
PC
cluded
−1 +
M
0 PC couplings,
rad/s;
=0−T0,M
Tinjω
coupling; −inD
capacitive B couplings,
= 0CZY MisT0 formed
the matrix
−mutual
1 and D M
ZZ
=  3 on the
−
A:D
couplings,
inductive
0
is
is the
D matrix
formed
the
 Z is formed
couplings (9)
basis
on
3
the basis
on
between
the (4)
of coefficients
the
(3)
of ba th
th
and dimension
relationship −1is
relationship [3] rThe [3] −2D istaking
1 D
PC
where CY =  determined The following
The following expressions Σ
r of×E
expressions r  transmission
can be can used be D line used
to − Dwires
calculate to D calculate the potential
the potential coeffi
Z E r is identity
V
B =and A ;itsAdimension is conductivity is23 matrix, given capacitive couplings, =without lndi-formed into onaccou the 1 b
0 B relationship
; ω = 314 rad/s; the matrix r.potential coefficients; αmatrix
ij
, α
0 =  be used
2  23
and its dimension is r × r. cluded
on The
where in
where D
the cluded
C10
 [3]
basis
following
−
Ymatrix= −1 −A:
=PZ
where 2
of
1cludedBinthe
0;
C C
relationship
PZ D
C The
20
B =
is
relation
0expressions
matrix in matrix
 0;Z the
ω
A:[3] M
following
−1 = 314 rad/s;
; Z
initial 30 is
A:can
the
matrix
Y
−
initial
=
E
 Br = A C ; A is
expressions
Yof
 , where
Y −1 =
determined
matrix
element
+ j
to calculate
ω
can
C
Y
of
Y be +
PC Cthe matrix
impedances
element
= j ω
used Y
onPCthe
C
the potential
Y
+ to Zj ω
basis
impedancesof
ij
C
calculate
of Ypotential
3
2 π
of the
dimension
ε
ofcoefficients
0 the
of
d coefficients;2πεE
ij
relation
potential
dimension
rxr that
ii
=
in-
Mfac- 0rxr
coeff
= th0
(
r × r.M0 =  0 cluded  P − inPmatrix A: C 1 1 2 h 2 h (4) −
C==ln PC + jω C
mension × 
αYwires; Y
where  is a generalized PCincidenceY matrix consisting of 3 6 subma-
The following expressions torsits
and can betors
indimension
the used
mutual in the to
is rmutual
1inductiveB
×P r. 0capacitive
calculate 1 B the
inductive
couplings 0  potential couplings
between α ii the
1 coefficients =between
−h
2formed ii in- the z ik;ln = z ki ;; Yr zisik initial
wires; = z ki ; rnumber is initialofnum 1
The conductivity P matrix,
C 0= given
C
 0Y line = couplings,
α = = lnis A 21
π
; × ε=A A2 π−on
1
1 ε
;r the
A 2 r basis
h of the α =
B2 1wires without
where Bline
whereY 0 ; ω = 314 ; ω rad/s;
= 314 B
mension rad/s; B
r ; r. is the matrix
is the of
matrix potential of potential
coefficient coe
cluded in matrix A:
relationship trices.
where
Figure 5. 1
transmission
Row
[3] The
CY blocks
in10
Original
transmission
= following  including
2its 0dimension
whereBA:  C
circuit
2; expressions
wires  =three
ω
20dimension CY = 30
of the
without
314 C power
0rows
B B
rad/s; taking
can
 0is rB× r.
C B
transmission
 be
0correspond =
ii
Ainto
used
; ω = 314 rad/s;
2;π account
−1taking
εA0to tois
line.
The r αconductivity
into
calculate
three-phase
the their
iimatrix
B =2A
0
= coupling;
account theof
0
ln
their
network
πDε 0; ADris 3
−1 Z
potential
potential ;coupling;
matrix,
andhubs. M
coefficientsisand
0 Column
coefficients;
given
the matrix of potential c
the matrix
capacitive
Mij 0in- is2the π εco 0

blocks, cluded and

consisting matrix and
of 6 1 its
columns, 2 h is r ×
correspond
2 r. to the connections  E  1 in 1 Ethe ijr single-line representa-
Phase
5.αOriginal =coordinates 5.ln onof;are Y power
the
C = Y PC + jω C Y 10
most of natural M =αtransmission
relationship =D αM
description r
== [3]
ln line. of ln ,E,r where
three-phase ij
is ,identity Er power systems.
anddetermined
Figure
its dimension determined
onisthe
Figure
πofrεThe
circuit
× basis
Original
r. the
of
the the basis
circuit relationof the
transmission
the power relation ijline.
2ijhrπtoij ε0,used where
2π−1dεE
ismatrix
the(4)potential
identity of matrix
di-
− E dthe
ii
tion. Each row The block following
2and the matrix
following
r can expressions Mformed
0 is has
expressions
r× αatijr. can least
= be 1one can used
ln submatrix
2be , these calculate of
to r D
the
calculate form potential coefficients coeffic i
Steady-state equations 0its dimension be on their basis; 0 ij0provide ijij an adequate descrip- (5)
The cluded following cluded
in matrixexpressions in A:
matrix can
A: be αused = 2πtoε 0calculate lnd ij α ;ij = the potential ln , coefficients Y Cin- = Y PC + j
1 BFigure
mension
tion of
Phase0the rmension
×5.r. actual
coordinates Phase rThe ×circuit
power r.coordinates
following
are flows
1 the 0Amost of expressions
−10 are
the ii
0naturalpower
the 2πmost 0εmatrix can
system,
description rline.
natural be used πof
2description
characterized ε 0 to d ij
calculate
three-phase by the
longitudinal
of three-phase power potential systems. and
power coef
; ωOriginal of
=the power transmission

Y =
where C cluded in matrix  A: =1314 rad/s; Dij B ; Acapacitive is 0the 0
onof potential coefficients;
The
2  0 Bα ij = conductivity The conductivitymatrix, given matrix, given capacitive
couplings,
cluded in matrix A:  couplings, is formed ison formed the basis on the
of the basis
transverse
Steady-state unbalance.
Steady-state
equations ln P =, 0 1 0 0 0 0 = 1E 012.(5)
can
equations be formed can be
on formed
their basis; their
these h1B 0 2h
basis;
provide these an provide
adequate an
(10) descrip-
adequate
relationship relationship
[3]2πcoordinates
εof0 power d[3] α1ii =2line,
1natural
where h2π DC αijYii the =ln original  ; lnof circuit ; =by
;three-phase
ω 314 rad/s; B shown =systems
Aand −1
; A
and its dimension tion An ofis the equivalent
rPhase × tion
r.actual thelattice ijactual circuit
flows
0are power
0 the offor the
most
α ii α=ij =
1 the
flows
0 powerpower
0 of0 the
system,
ln ln ; 0, power
ε
description characterized
2 π
r system,
ε
010 B 2h r characterized of which
longitudinal power byis longitud
π0 εthe α =  ln ; anin- (5)
in Figure
transverseSteady-state 5, can be
5.transverse
unbalance. equations obtained unbalance. ofcan
as
thebe
follows. formed π 2εon
2First, 0their r ELC d ijline. conductivity matrix isadequate
formed (with
The following Figure expressions Original can
circuit be used power to Ycalculate C = and
transmission Y PC its +Ythe ω=basis;
jdimensionC YYii PC +2these
potential πjωεis C provide
coefficients
rY ×rr.
descrip
(4)
cluded in matrix A: Thisa dimension
An
matrix
tion equivalent
of of
indicates
the n
An
actual = 2r)
equivalent
lattice
the powerwithout circuit
existence flows taking
lattice for
of of the
a circuit intopower
connection
the power account
for line,
the
C
1 power
between
system, the
the D 1
capacitive
original
ij line,
the 0 D
characterized the circuit
corresponding
ij coupling
original of by which between
circuit three-
longitudinal is of
shown theani
which
1 α ij =DTheα ijfollowing =
ln , ln expressions , can be used to (
phase wires, in Figure asPhase well
5, 1 coordinates
incan as
FigureB 0  1 B are
be between obtained
5, can thebe as0  theα ijmost
wires
obtained
follows. and as the
First, ln−1 2πdescription
follows.ground
the , εis [3]: 2dπ ε 0A:ofd ijthree-phase
hub and
transverse the three-phase
unbalance. connections of the network ij ELC First, conductivity
the
circuit ELC graph. conductivity
matrixThe is
plus formed
matrix
sign (with
is form
= natural cluded in 0matrix −1 ij 1
Dij power (5)systems
means where
athat the
dimension CAn Ywhere=aequivalent
direction 
dimension
of n C=Yof2r) =the ;ω  =
connection
without
of n 314 =  2r); 1
rad/s;
ω
taking = is
without 314B2
2
“from h
π
into =ε A
rad/s; the
taking
account ;d BA
hub”, =
into α A the
the and= ; matrix
account A the
capacitive is ln the
minustheof ,
matrix
potential
sign
coupling
capacitive of
means potential
coefficients;
between “to
coupling coeffi
the betw
B 2lattice  0αcan = circuitlnfor the0 power
Steady-state 2  0equations ii Bbe formed;on their basis;
line, the ij
πDεoriginal d ij circuit of which is show
− D 2these 0
provide an adequate descrip
ij

the hub”. wires, The asof block

well wires,
5,as diagonal between
asbe well matrix
as the between 2
wires π ε
YasPCfollows. =and
0has −the
the M r
the the Zform
wires −1
Mand
ground T
= the [3]: ground 1
and tion
in Figure
its dimension and the can
itsactual is r ×power
dimension
obtained
r. isflows r × r. of 0 power
First, the
0 system,
ELC
D the
conductivity  [3]:
characterized
− Dcapacitive
matrixby longitudinal is formed
α ii = (3) (wit
and ln
a dimension
transverse unbalance.of n = 2r) without
V
taking into account   coupling between 2 π ε th
The following The following
expressions expressions
1can be Dij used can −1
to be − D−1 D
calculate
used to  − D D 
calculate
the potential the potential
coefficients coefficien
in- 0
wires, as well as between αA: =circuit
the Y PC wires ==
lnfor −diagM and ,Z Ypower PCM
the .=T0ground −=Mline, Z the
impedances M T0 original
[3]: =  of dimension (11) is shown
D − D
where inD
cluded An = equivalent
cluded
matrix
−1
Z ; A: inZmatrix is the lattice initial the circuit(5) of which (3)
2πmatrix εV0 d ijof0 element rxr that fac-
ij 0
Sk
 D − D   1(with
in Figure 5, can be obtained as follows. First, the ELC− conductivity matrix is α
formed = ln
tors in the mutual inductive couplings between
On the basis of −the obtained matrix Ytaking , =
a − M
system 1Z −account 1 the
M
of T hwires;
2steady-state
= 1 the D z2ikhD=z ki ; r is initial number
equations is formed,
ij
2π of ε 0 the
a dimension
where D =where Zline
1 of
; Zwires n
Dis=the = 2r) −1 without
Zwithout ; Z is matrix
initial the α ii of
initial
PC
Σ
into
= elementmatrix
0 αln ii of
=0impedances ;  Dlncoupling;
element capacitive
− D;of  dimension
impedances coupling
and Mof0 is dimension
rxr between
thethat fac-rxr(3
transmission
wires,
which can be represented as follows: as well as between the
taking
wires and
into 2 π
the
account
ε 0 ground r 2 their
π  ε
[3]:0 r  matrix
tors in the tors mutual in the inductive mutualcouplings inductive between couplings  the Ebetween wires; the z ik =wires; z ki ; r isz ikinitial = z ki ;number r is initial of nu
r 
determinedwhere
transmission D on =
transmission Z the −1
line wires without ; Z
basis is of
the
line wires the
initial relation
taking matrix
without .
into M .of 1account=
element  D  ,
 − where
impedances
1 account D D D E r is of identity
dimension matrix rxr of di-
M0 is fac
that
I taking into
ij their coupling; theirand coupling; M0 is the and
(12)matrix th
0
−1 − E
Y PCαU=ij = =−M Z αln =T r 
ij 0 =,
ij
M ln , 
z = z (5) (3
tors in the mutual inductive couplings Σ 2 between
π
0
ε  E d the
2 π ε D wires;  dE− D  ki ; r is initial number o
mension r ×determined
r.  0= ijr Er ,iswhere ik
0 = account
0 r ij
determined on the basis
. transmission line wires without taking into
onofthe thebasis relation of theMrelation M, 0where their  − E.coupling;  identity Er is matrix identity of di- matr
where U where The
is the vector conductivity matrix,
−1of the hub phase-to-neutral voltages given capacitive  r − E
couplings, and  is Iformed r
is the onand
vector theM 0 is the matri
basis
of the of the
D = Z ; Z is the initial matrix of element  Eimpedances of dimension rxr that fac
relationship
mension r ×mension[3] on the
r. r × r. r 
reference currents.
determined
tors in the mutual inductive couplings between − basis of the relation M 0 =  the wires; z ik =r ziski ;identity
 , where E r is initial matrix number of do
The conductivity The conductivity matrix, given matrix, capacitive given capacitive  E r  couplings,
couplings, is formed on is formed the basis onofthe thebas
transmission Y = Y + j ω C (4)
r × r.line wires [3] without taking into
C PC account Y their coupling; and M0 is the matrix
relationship
mension relationship
[3]
1 on
The conductivity B the 0  basis matrix, given capacitive  couplings,
Er  is E formed on the basis of of th
determinedC = of the YBC == Y
relation A MPC ;+
−1 0 Y =Ajω  = the
C YPC,matrix +where jω C Yof r is identity matrix (4) di
where relationship Y  0[3] B ; ω = 314 rad/s; C

is
− E Y

potential coefficients;
2  r

andmension its dimension r1×r. B is0r × r. 1 B 0  Y =−1 Y + jω C−1 (4

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Figure 5.10
C C C
10circuit
Original
C
20 of 20
the 30
C 30
power transmission line.
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Z 12 ZZ21
Phase coordinates areC
Z 1223 ZZSteady-state 10
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10
20
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power systems.
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12 Z 13equations can be formed on their basis; these provide an adequate descrip-
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FigureFigure
transverse 5. Original
unbalance. 5. Original circuit circuit of the power of the power transmission transmission line. line.
Figure 10
An equivalent
5. C
Figure
Original 20
5. lattice CC
Original10
circuit circuit
of the20
circuit CC C C C
for
30power thetransmission
of the powertransmission
power
the30
line,line. the original ZZ
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ZZ 32power
Z 23 Z in23
Phase Phase
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equations
coordinates
equations
are
can
the
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23
are most
Figure 5, can be obtained as follows. First, the ELC conductivity matrix is formed (with
Steady-state
Steady-state formed be
natural
most natural
formed
on their
23
on
description
basis;
their
description
basis;
these
of three-phase
these
provide provide an
power
adequatean adequate
systems.
descrip-
systems.
descrip-
a dimension Phase of coordinates
nPhase= 2r) coordinateswithout are taking
theare most thenatural
into most
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description the description
capacitive of three-phase of three-phase
coupling power power
between systems.
the line. systems.
tion oftion theofactual the actual power Figure power 5.
flows Figure
Original
flows
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the Original
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Figure
ofpower the of5.
circuit
powerthe
Original
system, powerof the
system, circuit
transmission
power
characterized of transmission
the
characterized power
line. transmission
byadequate line.
longitudinal
by adequate
longitudinal and and
Steady-stateSteady-state equations equations
wires, as well as between the wires and the ground [3]: can be can
formed formed
on their on basis; their these
basis; provide
these provide
an an descrip- descrip-
transversetransverse unbalance. unbalance.
C C C CC
tion oftion the actual of the actual power power flows
Phaseof flows the powerofcoordinates
the power
system, system,
characterized characterized bymost longitudinal
by longitudinal and and
Figure 7.10
An
transverse equivalent
Network 20
transverse An equivalent
unbalance. latticelattice
10Steady-state
unbalance.
schematic: 30
circuitcircuit
Y PC 20
coordinates
Phase
for the
= conductivity
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Steady-state Z30
equations
−for C
1 power
Mequations
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Phase
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are
Tthe power
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are
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theline,
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most
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oncircuits
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the
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their Z
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these
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their
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these
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provide
an thesade
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in Figure
An inequivalent
Figure
5,An canequivalent
5,
becan obtained
lattice be obtained as follows.
Sk
circuit
lattice asthe
circuit
for follows.
First,
for
power the the
First,
. power DELC
line, the − conductivity
the DELC
line,the
original the conductivity
original
circuit matrix ofmatrix
circuit is formed
which of is is
which formed
shown (with is shown(with
arrows show
Figure 5.the positive
OriginalFigure tion
directions
circuit
5. ofof
Original thetion
the of actual
of the
currents;
circuit
power of tionpower
actual
transmission
the =of
k power 1 the .power
flows 3.actual
. transmission
line. of flows power power
of
line. the
flows power
system, of the system,
characterized
power characterized
system, by cha lon
a dimension
in Figure a dimension
in −Figure
5, of
can be n
5, can = of 2r)
obtained n without
= 2r)
be obtained as withouttaking
follows. taking
as follows. into
First, account
into
theFirst, ELC account
the the capacitive
conductivity the
ELC conductivity capacitive coupling
matrix matrix coupling
is formed between between
is formed the
(with (with the
where D =wires,
1
Zdimension; Z iswell transverse transverse
unbalance. transverse
unbalance. unbalance.
awires,
When
dimensionaas well
fixing asofas
the nthebetween initial
as
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and its dimension
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relationshiprelationship mension r × r. . rY
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The followingtransmission expressions canwires betakingused
=conductivity
−M to − −calculate
1
Zmatrix, MPC T
== −given the −1 potential T
= capacitive in-
transmission line wires The without
line Y
conductivity
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Y
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U M
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their
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and
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coupling
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(4)
cluded in matrix A: 1  1 relationship
B 0  B 0  relationship C U 1B
 [3]E
PC

−1 r 
Y Y

 Er   
C = C = [3] relationship
[3]= A −1
; == A ; A
Y10 the basis of M 0relation M 0 =~
where where
determined
~ Y determined
on ; ω =
on 314
; ω
the =rad/s;
thebasis 314
relation rad/s;
B
of the B is the ismatrix
, where the matrix
 Er is of potential
, where of
identity potential coefficients;
Er matrix
is identity coefficients;
of di- matrix
where S is the D = 2where
Z −B
1vector Z201B
of0D
is B =
complex B0Zinitial
−1 ; Z conjugate 1ofhub h − −Eimpedances
2powers  and U−isEthe  vector of of complex
where
where where C = C  0Y is
; = the
r;×0ωr.isB = 314 ; ωrad/s; αmatrix
is =
the
= ii314 Brad/s; initial element
ln −1 matrix
=ε A B;r =AAis the ; 1 r of
; Amatrix elementY
is the = Y of
rimpedances
matrixY dimension
+
ofPCpotential =j ωY C +
Y
ofPCpotential j ωrxr
= dimension
C
Y coefficients;
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j ω
coefficients; C rxr
and
conjugate itsin
mension
tors and Y
dimension
hub
the its ×2dimension
voltages.
r mutual  in
mension
r.
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the r.r× r.couplings
r ×mutual inductive 2πbetween 0 couplings the wires; betweenz ikthe
C
= zwires;
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; r is z
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C
= z
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number
; r is initial
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nu
ki ik ki
and The
After
its The
and following
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separating
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its following
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is expressions
the
r × real expressions
conductivity
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× r. can
1
given 
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1
capacitive  be
components,
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calculate
1 to

capacitive B calculate
the
0  the system
is potential
couplings,
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onis coefficients
can the
formed be coefficients
basisrepre-on of in-
the
the in-
basis
transmission transmission line wires without
line wires
taking without
=1 into account
D taking into
their account
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−1M0 is the and
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Y = [3,17]:
Cform CYwhere  ; 0ωC =ijY = A= −314
=potential B; = Arad/s; ; BAmatrix =coefficients
A ofA
; matrix
α2ij =0be B,calculate
cluded
sented included
infollowing
the matrix in[3]
following matrix where
A: expressions A: [3]
general where 314 ; ωrad/s; = 314 the
B;rad/s;
ω the is the is the of
relationship
The The relationship
following expressions can canBused2 lnbe to used E 2r to 0 calculate
B   r  E the potential
coefficients (5) in- in-
2 π ε d
M 10 =relation = Er is
determined
cluded cluded
in matrix on
determined
in the basis
matrix
A: A:itson of the the relation
basis of0 the
)=×α=
ij
+r−×Y 1jE hC C=, M
2ωr. where
is2h0r × r.jωEC  , identity
where Ematrix r is identity of di-matr
YY PC ;+ −
and and
dimension its dimension
F(and
αX, Y
isV =rits
C Y
r.dimension
is
0= ln
PC r ;ln r Y (16) (4)
ii ii
The following The following 2π1 ε 0following
expressions
The 2π21hrε 0 can2rexpressions
expressions hbe can usedbetoused calculate
can to be calculate
usedthe to potential
calculat
the pot
mension r × r.mension 0 r × 1r.cluded 0  inαcluded = including αA: =ln real ; ln ;
where X The is the vector 1 Bofcluded dependent inB matrixvariables, A:
matrix
ii
2=πA inii matrix
εrad/s; π εis0 =theA: and −1 imaginary parts U , U
0 00
or
where Cconductivity Y = ;=ω = 314
CYconductivity 0 ;2 A rcapacitive Ar matrix ; isA
−1
where  The matrix, given ; matrix,
rad/s; ωcapacitive
=B314 1given couplings,
1D B D couplings,
formed
is of thepotential onisthe
matrix formed
ofbasis k on
coefficients;
k potential of the thecoeff bas
moduli and phases 2 U0k , δB k of the 2[3] 0 Bvoltages,
hub  α ij = and α ij =Vlnis the,lnvector
ij ij
, of independent variables,
relationship [3] relationship 1 2h1 2h 1 (5) 2h (5)
including
and itsactive dimension andits
and reactive
is r × r.powers
dimension is rof × r.generators 2π 1 ε 0 and 2π Dd1εijij0loads. dDijijα ii = α ii =ln ; αlnii = ; ln ;
αY = α =ln jωYC , ln=multi-wire
Y PC,to+the j2ωπpotential
CεYtransmission
2π r ε0 π ε 0 (5) r (5)
r 2lines
beC = πYεPC to+to
ij ij
The The described following approach
The expressions
following makesexpressions it possible
can 2used can model
2dπbe ε Cused
calculate Y d calculate 0
thecoefficients
potential (4)
coefficie
in-
0 ij 0 ij
of any design,
cluded in matrixincluding
cluded A:in multi-circuit
matrix A: lines, on the supports of which several D1ij circuits
Dij 1 of D
1 B are 0  placed; 1 Bat 0the  same time, 1
various voltage CY =classes = = 314 1 the correctα 1ij =
−accounting α = of
ln electrical , andln ij coe
, αlnij coefficients;
=of potential ,
where where  0 BC  Y; ω 
rad/s; ; ω B= 314 = A −rad/s; ;
1 between A is B
2h thethe= A matrix ; A
1 current-carrying is of ijthepotential
matrix
22πhε 0 2dπij ε 0 d ij 2π ε 0 d ij
magnetic connections 2  between  2 the 0 wires, B including α ii = lnα ii =; ln ; parts of
different
and its circuits,
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When Themodeling following in the
The phase frame
expressions
following can ofbereference,
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calculate used the toofcalculateforming the
potential the vector
coefficients
potential V in- coeffic
1 traditional, Dij 1 single-line Dij
is significantly
cluded in matrix different
cluded from
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which loads and generators are included in relation 2π ε 0 to the d ij common 2π ε 0 dgrounded ij hub. Using
1 2 h 1 2 h
the phase frame of reference requires the consideration α ii = ln αofii loads ;= and ln generators ; connected
between ungrounded hubs, which changes the structure 2π ε 0 rof the 2π equations.
ε0 r In addition, it is

1 Dij 1 Dij
α ij = ln α ij ,= ln , (5)
2π ε 0 d ij 2π ε 0 d ij
Energies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 25

Energies 2022, 15, 8249 11 of 23

necessary to be able 12 C C
1 of EMF and current as well as
13the connection the sources Z
Z 12 to include in
Z 13 1-port networks with a given voltage modulus or phase.
If there are n hubs in the network in the three-line problem statement, the (n + 1)-th
hub with zero potential can be considered the reference hub. Network hubs may contain

C
loads between them and the ground, active and reactive power sources with one pole
2 Z
Z 23 23 and shunts in the ground. According
connected to the ground,
power system hubs can be divided into six types:
to the nature of the loads,

•
Hubs without loads and generation;
Energies 2022,
Energies
15, 2022,
x FOR15,
Energies
PEER
•x FORREVIEW
2022,
Energies
PEER15,
Hubs REVIEW
2022,
x FOR
with 15,
PEER
loads x FOR
REVIEW
PEER REVIEW
included between
the hub and ground, given constant powers; 8 of 2
ies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW
C
10 • C C
Hubs with loads varying in static characteristics;
20 30 3
8 of 25
Z
• x FOR
Energies 2022, 15, Hubs with
Energies
PEER regulated
REVIEW
2022, reactive
15, x FOR PEER power sources;
REVIEW
• Hubs with fixed generation of active and/or reactive power;
• Hubs balancing active and (or) reactive power.
C C CZ CC C C Z C Z Z1 Z
Energies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 25

12 12 13 1 13 1
EMF sources can be converted to current sources or represented by a connection-
Z Z Z Z C C
balancing active and reactive 13 power
12 12 13 13
1
simultaneously.
Z 12 Z Z
12 12 Unlike12
13 13 Z Z 1212
13 13 C C C C Z Z
Z 13
hubs, connections of different types are very different, and in order to optimize
13 12
12three groups: 13 1
Z 12 Z 12
Figure 5. Original circuit of the power transmission line.
the algorithm, connections can be combined into
Z 13 RLare Z 13withC CCloads Z respect
1Zsystems.
2 toZtheir
2 staticZ 2 Z
• coordinates
Passive connections perfect transformers;
Phase
Z 12Z 23 Z 23 characteristics,
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13
Z C C
of three-phase power
•
Steady-state
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equations
Zof13the actual 23CZ23
Connections can with
be unchanged
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their 23 or
basis; 23
these that change
provide
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an with
23
adequate descrip-
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the load and
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flows thepower
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ability system,
separated
to generate
in theC
constant
characterized
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active
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and reactiveand
by longitudinal
Z2
power, with
Z
Z •23 Connections
transverse unbalance.
An equivalent
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23 current
lattice circuit for thesources.
23 23
power line, the original circuit of which is shown
in Figure 5, canWhen C
be obtained CC
forming asthe CC
ELC
follows. C C1030
of C
C
a power
First, the CELCline Citexternal
C Cimpedance
is necessary
conductivity Zdetermine
to is
matrix 2Z 3 (with
formed Z
the internal
Z Z
C10
Z 23 Cresistance
a dimension of nC=
20 following
and10without
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30 formula [3]: taking
20
impedanceinto
23
of 10
30
wires.
account
20the
The Z 20 30
capacitive
3
30
coupling can be
between 3
calculated
the as 3
wires, asper
welltheas between the Cwires
10 C
and C C
the ground
20 1030
[3]:C
20 C30 Z3 Z
ωµ ωµ− D D 
1, 85 0 −1 0
C10 C20 YZ C==−30M8Z +Mj =2π Dln r√− Dγωµ
T

Z3
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PC 0 (3) (17)
0
 ext 0

−1
· 10rxr −7 , i.e., the vacuum
where Dwhere = Z ;γ Z is the
is
Figurethe ground’s
initial
5.Figure
Original 5. specific
matrix
Original
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the
5.Figure
Original
power impedances
of the ω =transmission
5. transmission
Original
power
circuit 2πf
ofcircuitof;line.
the µ 0of=
dimension
power the4π transmission
line.
power thatline.
transmission fac- line.
magnetic permeability; f is cyclic frequency;
tors in the mutual inductive couplings between the wires; z ik = z ki ; r is initial number of
Figure 5. Original circuit of the power transmission line. and r is the equivalent wire radius.
The internal [3]: coordinates
transmission line wiresPhase without
Figure Phase taking coordinates
5. Original into Phase
are thecoordinates
account
circuit
Figure Phase
are
ofmost
5.the the
their
Originalnatural
coordinates
power most
coupling; are natural
circuit description
transmission the are
most
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the
M
power
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0 is the
three-phase
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matrix
transmission description
power
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power
systems of th s
Phase coordinates are the
Steady-state most
Steady-state natural
equations Steady-state
equationsdescription
can Steady-state
be canformed
equations
be offormed
three-phase
on
equationstheir
can on be
basis;
their power
can
formed these
bebasis;formed
onsystems.
provide
these
their on basis;
provide
an
their adequate
these
basis;
an adequate
provide
these
descrip proa
E 4r  7
Steady-state
determined equations
on thetion can
basis betion Rthe
offormed =relation
Ron 1 +M
their 0, 0049
ofbasis; xthese
=  actual − ,0, 000035
provide
where theEpower xrpower
anis ,adequate
Ohm/km;
identity descrip-
matrix of (18)longitudi
of the in
actual
ofPhase
the 0power
actual
tion
coordinates power
flows
0tion
the ofof
Phase
are 
flows
thethethe power
actual
power
ofmost
coordinates flowssystem,
natural of
areflows
system,
the
characterized
description
the power
of
most the of di-
characterized
power
system,
natural by longitudinal
system,
characterized
three-phase by
description charact
powerofand thb
tion of the actual powerFigure 5. Original
flows of circuit
the of
power the power
system,  − E 
transmission
characterized
r line. by longitudinal and
transverse transverse
unbalance.
Steady-state unbalance.
transverse
 equations transverse
unbalance.
Steady-statecan be formed unbalance.
equations on  can theirbebasis; formed these on provide
their basis; an adequate
these pro
mension
transverse r × r.
unbalance. An tion RinAn
equivalent =equivalent
of the 1 + An
R0 lattice
actual 0, circuit
0049
lattice
tion
power x4for
equivalent
An
of −equivalent
circuit
the
flows 0,
the 000035
lattice
power
for
actual
of the thepower
7
xlattice
circuitline,
power
power , Ohm/km,
the
for
circuit
flows line,
the
original
system, ofthe
for
powerthe the
original
circuit
line,
power
characterized
power of
the
circuit
line,
which (19)
original
system, byof
the is
which
origin
shown
circui
longitud
charact
The conductivity Phase coordinates
matrix, given are the
capacitive most natural is
couplings, description ofthe three-phase power systems.
An equivalent lattice circuit
in Figure for
intransverse
5,
Figure
can thebe5,power
obtained
can
in beline,
Figure
unbalance. obtained
inas 5, the
transverse canoriginal
Figure
follows. be
as5,unbalance.
follows.
obtained
can
First, beformed
circuit the
obtained
First,
asELC on
offollows.
which
theconductivity
asELC is
follows.basis
First, shown of
conductivity
theFirst, the
matrix
ELC the conductivity
matrix
isELCformed conducti
is forme
(with
ma
where
relationship
in Figure 5, can Steady-state
[3]
be R0 is the as
obtained equations
ohmic resistance can the be
andformed theon
S is conductivity their basis;
cross-sectional these
area provide
of the wire. an adequate descrip-
a dimension a follows.
dimension
An First,
of nequivalent
=a2r)of
dimension =aELC
nwithout 2r)
dimension
latticewithout
Antaking
ofcircuit
n = 2r)
equivalent taking
into
offor =matrix
nwithout
account
the 2r)
into
lattice
power isthe
without
account
taking formed
circuit capacitive
line, taking
into
the
for
the (with
account
capacitive
the into
originalcoupling
power account
the coupling
circuit
line,capacitive
between
the
the
of capac
betw
which
origin th
co
a dimension of n For tion
= 2r) ofwithout
the actual
aluminum andpower
taking copper
into flows
wires,ofthe
account theskin
the power effectsystem,
capacitive takencharacterized
is coupling intobetween accountthe by
[3]: longitudinal and
wires, as
wires,
well as
as well
between
wires,
as between
as
the
wires,
well
wires as
the
as well
and
between
wires the
as and
between
ground
the the wires ground
[3]:
the and
wires [3]:
the and
ground the ground
[3]: [3]:
C = Y PC + jω C Y
in Figure 5,Ycan bein obtained
Figure 5, ascan follows. be obtained First, the as ELCfollows. conductivity
First, (4)the ELC matrix conducti
is form
transverse
wires, as well as between theunbalance.
wires and the of ground [3]:
a dimension n =a 2r) dimension
withoutof taking n = 2r) into without
account taking the capacitive
into account couplingthe capac bet
   
An equivalent lattice circuit forqthe power q asZ=line, −JD
the−1original D−circuit
D −1 DTof −1− DT isD−shown
 which D D
1 B 0  wires, as well as between −1 − Y
wires, asJthe
0= wellr−wires
YM
−1
− M
between
and M T r q
=
Z
the Y M 0T==
ground
 PCthe r−Y
wiresqM
 PC Z
[3]: =and−MM the =
Z M
ground = [3]:
where CY = in Figure
0 B
; 5,ωcan be obtained ; A
=asTAfollows. DPC D  matrix
is First,  the ELC Rof0 conductivity D; matrix D is D formed − DD(with
 − D(3 
PC0 00 0 0 00 0
=Z314 rad/s;+B−j1 X the potential coefficients;
2a dimension Y PC = = −RM in 0 Z Min 0
==   =  D  −D −(3)  (20)  
ofinn = 2r) without taking D − Dr q
 2πγrJ into account the 2
T r q
capacitive
−1J − D D  −1 T − D D 
coupling between the
and its dimension wires, r ×well
is as
where r.where
D as
−
= Zbetween
1
D; =Z Z
− 1
is the
where ; Zwires D the
initial
where
is =Z and− 1 1
D; the
matrix
initial Y − 1
=Z Zismatrix
ground
of the =Zinitial
;element −isof M [3]:
the0element
M 0 =Y
Zimpedances
matrix
1
initial impedances
matrix
of = of
PCDelement −M Z of
0  impedances
= impedances
Mdimension 
−ofdimension
Delement rxr that ofrxr
dim
fac
PC 0

where D = Z ;
The −1
Z
followingis the expressions
initial matrix can of be
element used to calculate
impedances of the potential
dimension 
coefficients
rxr that fac- 
in-  D − D
tors in the torsmutual
in the mutual inductive
tors in inductivethe
tors couplings
mutual
in thecouplings mutual
inductive
between inductive
between
couplings
the wires; D couplings
the
 between z
wires; = z z
between
ki ;the
= z
ikr iswires;
initial
ki ;the
z
r iswires;
number =
initial z z
kinu
; oikr
−1−1 µT . − D
ik ik
p
tors cluded in matrix A: qis=the −Mj=0wiresω
ZzZikγ =; z00without (21)
PC = −initial =;isrinto
−1
in the mutual inductive
transmission couplings
whereline
transmission =transmission
Dbetween
wiresZline;without Y
Zwhere
the
wires wires;
transmission
withoutD
taking
line M
matrix
into
line
taking Z
kiwires
account is
theinitial
of element
initial
without
account
taking
their  numbermatrix
impedances
coupling;
into
taking
their ofof
account element
coupling;
into and of
accountdimension
their
M 0and impedances
iscoupling;
the
their
M (3)
0matri
is rxr
couthe a
and D − D
transmission line wires without tors taking
in theinto mutual account 1 in
tors their
inductive 2theh coupling;
couplings
mutual inductive between M
 E r  |qr 0 is the
couplings matrix
E r|≤ 4 is satisfied,
wires; z = z
 Eikr  kiresult
between Er 
the
; r iswires;
initial zn
Approximate formulas
on thecan α ii be = used lnon
that, ; on
when the condition ik
0 =  M0  =,the 0 =  M0 
determined determined
−1 determined
on
basis the 2of
determined
π basis
E εthe  relation
ofr the the basis M
relationthe of basisthe relation
of where M
relation
,E where
r is identity Er =is,where
identity
matrix , where
their Ermatr
of
is di id
determined on where
in errors
the basis D =
not exceeding Z ;
of the relation Z
transmission is the
a fraction line
initial wires
transmission
M 0 =of a percent matrix
r 0 without
, where of line
element taking
[3]: Er is identity wires into
−
impedancesEwithout
 r  matrix account− E taking
of their
dimension
 r  of di- r   r  into
coupling;
− E account
rxr− Eand
that M
fac-0 cou
is th
tors mension
in the mutualmension
r × r. r ×
inductive mension
r. Er r× r. between
 −mension
couplings r × r. the wires; z ikE=r z ki ; r is initialnumber Er  of
determined on thedetermined
 1 basis4Dof ij theonrelation the basis  Mof 0 = 
the relation
 , where M 0E=r is  identity
 , where mat
mension r × r. transmission The line R =
conductivity
inThewires R α
1 +
conductivity
0 without = 0,
ij matrix, 0049
The taking lnx
matrix,
given −
conductivity
The into ,
0, 000035
conductivity
capacitive
given
accountmatrix, x 7
capacitive , Ohm/km;
couplings,
matrix,
their given  − E
couplings,
capacitive
given
coupling; r  formed
is capacitive
and (5)
iscouplings,
Mformed
on 
0 isthe− E
(22) 
couplings,
the on
basis
is the
r matrix formed
ofbasi
is
th
2π ε 0 d ij
The conductivityrelationship
matrix,relationship
given
mension [3] capacitive r. couplings,
r ×relationship
[3] relationship
mension [3] r ×isr. [3]formed  Er on the basis of the
relationship [3] determined on the basis of the relation M 0 =  5  , where Er is identity matrix of di-
XThe R0 0, 125 x2The
in =conductivity matrix,
− 0,conductivity Ygiven
000613 x−PCE capacitive matrix,couplings,
, Ohm/km,
r  Y C + jY
given capacitive is formed couplings,
(23) on the ba is
C = YY C+=jω PC Y ω CC= Y YY PC C+=jω YC PC Y+ jω C Y (4
mension r × r. relationship Y C = [3] Y PC +relationship
jω C Y [3] (4)
1 B matrix, 01 B given 0  1capacitive B 01B couplings, 0  = Y−1 is +Amatrix ω
The conductivity
0 where where
1 B relationship CY = C  0Y =where  ; ω where Y ; =ωrad/s;
=C314 =C Y =B
314  
rad/s;=; ω A −=Y 1
B; 314
C=;Aω ; 314
Aisrad/s;
=PCthe jformed
B C =YAY−matrix
israd/s;
the ofBC; =potential
1 on Y
=AtheAisPCof;+potential
−1 basis
the jω
A isCofthe
matrix the
coefficients
Y matr
of
coef p
where CY =  [3] 2 B 2 −0 B
 B = A ; Ais the matrix
1 2 0 B 2 0
 of potential B 
 ; ω = 314 rad/s; coefficients;
2  0 Band its and 1 r. Bisand r0 ×  its ×Br. is0r × r. −1
is 1rrad/s;
dimension
where its dimension
CY isand= r ×its dimension
where  ;r.ωY dimension
C=CY 314==Y PC  0+ jω BC;Y=ωA= 314 ; Arad/s; is the Bmatrix = A −1 ;of Apotential is the(4)matr coe
and its dimension is r × r. The following The following 2 The 0 expressions
expressions Bfollowing
 The canfollowing be2expressions
can be
used Bexpressions
toused calculate
can to be calculate
can
the
usedbe potential
tothe
usedcalculate
potential
tocoefficients
calculate
thecoeffici
poten th
in
 Figure 5. Original circuit of the power transmission line.
Energies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW

CPhase
12 coordinates
Z131 description ofC
C13 areCthe12 mostCnatural Zthree-phase
1
12 Cpower
13 systems. Z
Z 12 Z
2 Z 13 Z 13 12 Z
Steady-state equations can be formed on their basis; these provide an adequate descrip-
13 of the power system, characterized by longitudinal and
tion of the actual power flows
Energies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 25
Energies 2022, 15, 8249 transverse unbalance. 12 of 23

C Z Z C C Z
Z C C
An equivalent lattice circuit for the power line, the original circuit of which is shown
2 the ELC conductivity 12is formed13(with
2 matrix
3 Z 23 235, can be
in Figure
a dimension of n23
q
=7896
Z
obtained as23
12 follows. First,
131, the
2r) fwithout taking Z 23
into account the capacitive coupling between the
where x = 0, 01 r R0 S . Given x< following approximate equality holds true [3]
wires, as well as between the wires and the ground [3]:
12 13 C − Da D  1
C Z
CZ1012 CZ20 CC C r2 ωγµ
CZ C C
 

3010 20 30
YZ PC ≈
in CZ
= −RM
−1
1+j =T

100 03Z M 020 8 D −30


. 
D 3 23 (24)
(3) C Z Z
13 23
ForDlarge = Z values; Z isof theinitial
parameter matrixx,ofthe following expression of can be used rxr [3]:that fac-
−1
where the element impedances dimension
C Z
0 x wires; z ik =2z ki ; r is initial number of
C C
tors in the mutual inductive couplings between R the
23 Z transmission line wires without taking into account
23 Rin = Xin = √ .
102 2 their 20coupling; C 30and M0 is the matrix
(25)

 Er 
Figure 5. Original circuit determined 5.M 0 = line.
Figure
of theFor 5.wires
power onmade
Original the
transmission basis
circuit of steel, of the
ofline.
the it
power relation
makes Figure most
transmission sense
Original  −to  , where
apply ofthe E r is identity
thefollowing formula matrix [3]: of di-
 Ecircuit
r
power transmission line.

C C
5, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 25
×coordinates C Z
p
Phase coordinatesmension are10 the rmost
Phase r. natural description
20 are the most =
Rofin natural
30 given capacitive couplings, is the
R50 coordinates
three-phase
Phase 0, 02power
description f; are
of
systems. 3 mostonnatural
three-phase powerdescription systems. (26) of thr
Steady-state equationsSteady-state The
can be formed conductivity
equations
on theircan matrix,
basis; be formed
these Steady-state
provide
on their an equations
basis;
adequate these can
descrip-formed
provide
be formed an adequatethe basis
on their basis; of
descrip- the these prov
relationship [3] power X = 0, 75 R . (27)
tion of the actual power tionflows
of the of actual
the power system,
flows characterized
oftiontheinof power the actual
system,
by in
longitudinal
power characterized
flows and
Figure 5. Original circuit of the power transmission line.
of the
by longitudinal
power system, and character
transverse unbalance. transverse One can determine the impedance
unbalance. Y C =ofYmutual
transverse +
unbalance. j ω C inductive coupling using Carson’s (4)
C Z
PC Y
An equivalent lattice
in Figure 5, can be obtained
equations
account
circuit
in Figureas12 the
[17]
for for
An equivalent
follows.1 B
5, return
can be 13 C
the straight
power
of
First,
latticeline,
0 currents
obtainedthe ELC
wires
circuit theover
asalong
for the
original
follows.
conductivity
theAn surface
theFirst,
in Figure
power
circuit
equivalent
1 5,matrix
ground. thecan
ofofawhich
line,
Phase
They
ELCbe is
flat
the
obtained
formed
uniform
latticeoriginal
allow
is shown
coordinates
conductivity
circuit ground,
finding
(with
as
circuit
for the
are
follows.
matrixthe
ofwhich
the which
power
most
self-impedance
First,
is formed
takes
isline,
natural
the ELC
into
shown thedescripti
(with
original
conductiv
where CY = 
Z ; ω = 314 rad/s; B =Steady-state
12 account A −1 ; A is the equations
matrix ofcan be formed
potential on their basis; th
coefficients;
a dimension of n = 2r)of a wire and
aFigure
without
dimension taking the
2
of  0
n mutual
into
= B2r)
 impedance
without the taking of two
capacitive
a dimension
into parallel
account
coupling of n =wires
the2r)
between for flat
capacitive
without the ground
taking
coupling withbetween
into a uniform
account thesystem,
capacit
13 structure
5. Original circuit of the power transmission
[16]
tion of line. the actual power flows of the power
wires, as well as between wires,
the as
wireswell and
and its dimension is r × r.as between
the ground the [3]:
wires wires,
and the
as well
ground as
transverse unbalance. between
[3]: the wires and the ground [3]:
The following expressions can
Z
 be used toAncalculate  ofthe potential coefficients
Phase coordinates
−in-
 are the most natural description
jωµ0 −1 Trik 0 − D D  equivalent
−6 D D rik0three-phase
lattice circuit powerfor thesystems. power D line, D the
C

−1 − −1
PC = −MA:0 Z Mcan = be Y PC = −M 02
=  5, these =,as
−Ohm/m = (28)
inYmatrix
Z = ln + F = j1, Z2566 M ·
T
10 f ln  + Y PCan
F M Z M T0descrip-
D − D
cluded
Steady-state equations formed on their
in Figure 0basis; can be provide (3)
obtained adequate
follows. First, (3)
the ELC co
23ik 2π 0
rik D ik − D
 of the power  D characterized −D rik
 2r) without ik 0
 and
23 tion of the actual power flows a system,
dimension
1 2h of n = by longitudinal
taking into account th
transverse −7 H/m; r 0 is the distance α =wires, −1ln ;wire
=unbalance.
Z · ;10of as Zwell asthat
ibetween the wires andthat the ground [3]:
−1 where µ0D= 4π −1
where D = Z ; Z is the whereinitial matrix Z element
is the initial impedances
ik matrix
whereiiofof =πbetween
Delement Z
2dimension
ε 0 ; impedances r isrxr the andfac-
initial ofthematrixmirror
dimension ofimage element
rxr of wire
impedances
fac-
k, m; andAn equivalent
rik is the distance lattice circuit between forwiresthe power i and kline, (in m). the original circuit of which is shown
tors in the mutual inductive tors incouplings
the mutual between
inductive thecouplings
wires; torsz in =the
ik between
z ki ;mutual
r isthe initial wires;
inductivenumber = of
z ik couplings
z ki ; r is initial
between number the −wires;of z−ikD=
10
transmission C
20 wiresthe
line 30
C
in Figure
If we 5,
transmission
a without
dimension
neglect
taking C
can bethe
lineninto
of
obtained
wires
displacement
account
without
as follows.
theirtaking
currents
transmission
coupling;
First,
into
α ijinto
thethe
in
1
account
=3 account andZ line
ELC D
ln Mwires
ground,
ij
conductivity
0their
is
, can the
the quantity
without
coupling;
matrixtaking
matrixY
and M
FisPCformed
into
= −M 0 Z
determines
0 isaccount
ik the matrix
1
(with M T0 = 
their coup
(5) D
addition due to=the 2r) without
finite groundtaking conductivity 2 π ε and
d
the capacitive
be foundcoupling as per the between
following the
wires, as[18]:
well  the
E wires and the ground 0  r [3]:
E ij  r E
determined on the basis formula
determined
of the onasthe
relation between
M 0 = 
basis of r the  , where
relation
determined Er M where =on
is0 identity  − the D=  matrix
basis
,Zwhere
−1
; of Zof isthe
Erdi-
theisrelation
identity
initial matrix M 0 = of element
matrix of di- , where impE
−
 r E  r E − E r 
tors inT the − mutualD D inductive couplings between the wi
mension r × r. mension r × r. Y == −0,M5 0−
F PCmension Z
−1
rln×M (r.λr 0
)=− D j π4 −  (3)
The conductivity matrix, Thegiven ∞ capacitive
conductivity matrix,
2ncouplings,
jnπ/2
ik
given iscapacitive
The
formed transmission
conductivity on 
couplings,
the basis
− Diswires
line
matrix, 
of formed
the without
given oncapacitive
the taking
basis into
couplings,
of account
the is thfo
− ∑ (−1)n (r/2 ) e
× ln(λ r ) − mn + j π4 cos(2nθ) − θ sin(2nθ) −


relationship [3] relationship [3]
−1 n!(n+1)! relationship [3] (29)  E 
where D = n=Z 1 ; Z is the initial matrix of element
2n−determined
1 e j(2n−1)π/4 cos[(on
impedances the basis of dimension
of the relation rxr that 0 = 
Mfac- r
,
Figure 5. Original circuit of the power transmission line. ∞ nr 2n−1)θ]
 − E r
tors in the mutual Y C =inductive
Y PC +−jω ∑Y (−1) Y Cbetween
C
2 couplings = Y
12 ·32 ·5PC
+ j
the ω C wires;
2 · ... (2n −1) Y·(2n +1) ik (4)ki
2 z = z ; r isY =
initial
C Y +
number
PC j ω C of
(4)
Y
n =1 mension r × r.
Phase coordinates transmission
are the most natural line wires without taking
description of three-phaseB power into account their coupling; and M is the matrix
0  systems.
0
1 B 0 where 1 B 0  −1 1The  conductivity matrix, given −1capacitive coupli
where CY = equations
Steady-state  0 B ;whereω
can beCformed
= 314 =  Bon=their
Yrad/s; A ; ω A
; basis;
= 314is the rad/s;
where
these matrix BC
provide =of YA=
−1
;
potential
an  qE
A ris the
adequate 
coefficients;
; matrix
ωdescrip-
= 314ofrad/s; potential B =q A ; A is the matrix
coefficients;
0 B 0 = 0 B
2 determined 2
on the basis of the relation Mrelationship 2 , [3]
where E is identity
−3 · r 0matrix
       ; of di-
1 1 1 1 ω µ r f
tion of the actual power flows m n = 1 +
of the +
2 power + . . . +
system, −
n+1 characterized ; r = r by 0
− Elongitudinal
0
= 2, 8099 and · 10
3 2( n +1) ik
  ρ ik ρ
is r ×and is r 2× r. its dimension is r × r.
r
and its dimension
transverse unbalance. r. its dimension q and Y C = Y PC + jω C Y
The following lattice mension
expressionsr 0 = r
The following
ik
×
can r.
( x −
be power
i x
used
k ) +
expressions ( y
toline, + y
calculate
i k ) 2
can ; ρtheis
beThe the
used ground’s
potential
following to ofcalculate specific
coefficients
expressions the resistivity
in- can bein
potential Ohmto
coefficients
used ·m;calculate
λin-= the
An equivalent circuit
The for the
conductivity the original circuit which is shown
| xi −matrix,
xk | given capacitive couplings,  B is formed
0  on the basis of the
cluded in matrix A:
in Figure 5, can be obtained cluded
0.8905362; in matrix
θ
as follows. = arctg A: ; and (x cluded
, y ), (x in , matrix
y ) are A:
the 1
coordinates of wires (m).
[3] First, yi +the yk ELC conductivity i i k matrix
k CYis=formed (with
 ; ω = 314 rad/s; B = A ; A is th
− 1
relationship where 
a dimension of n = 2r) without For softwaretaking into implementation,
account
1 it is reasonable
2hthe capacitive 1coupling 2to 2  0 Bthe
h transform
between the formula (29) 1 to 2the h
wires, as well as between following
the wires formand α
[20]: =
ii the ground [3]:
ln ; α =
Y iiC =and Y PC its ln
+ jdimension
ω CY ; is r × r. α ii
= ln (4) ;
2π ε 0 r 2π ε 0 r 2π ε 0 r
The 2nfollowing
expressions
 can be used to calcu
1 0, B 0 −1 T − Dπ D∞ n−1 (r/2)  nπ nπ
where CY F = = −M Z 1;M
= 5 − ln (ω0 ==) 314
λ r D− j −
ij D, 4rad/s; ∑B(− = A)1 n!; (ln
cluded
1 nA
in D matrix cos A: + j sin × 1 Dij
ik 2 α0ij =0 B +1is )ij! the matrix of potential
(3) coefficients;
Y PC
  ln  − D
n =α 
1 ij
= , 2
(5) α 2
ij
= ln (5),
× [ln2(πλ εr0) − dmijn ] cos(2nθ) −2θπ εsin d π 2π ε 0 d(30) ij 1 2h

0 (2nij θ) + j cos ( 2nθ ) −
−1
and its dimension ∞ is r × r. 2n−1 i 4 α ii = ln ;
where D = Z ; Z is the initial 2π ε0 r
n h h io
matrix − − −
The following −2 ∑ of (−element
1) 2 2 impedances
n
expressions
r cos [(
can
2n 1 )
2 be used
θ ] of dimension
costo calculate
( 2n
4
1 )rxr +
π that
thej sinfac- ( 2n
potential 4
1 ) π
coefficients in-
1 ·3 ·...(2n−1) ·(2n+1)
tors in the mutual inductive cludedcouplings
in matrix n=1between
A: the wires; z ik = z ki ; r is initial number of
1 Dij
transmission line wires without Reducing taking into accountcosts
computational theircan coupling;
be achieved and M by is the recurrence
0 using matrix relations α[20]: = ln ,
1 2h ij
2π ε 0 d ij
E  α ii
= ln ;
determined on the basis of the relation M 0 =  sinr (k ,+where 1) θ =EC r is2πidentity
ε0 r matrix of di-
− E 1 sin kθ + S1 cos kθ; (31)
 r
mension r × r. 1 kθ − Dij
cos(k + 1)θα= =C1 cos ln S,1 sin kθ; (32)(5)
The conductivity matrix, given capacitive couplings, is ijformed 2π ε 0 dthe on ij
basis of the
relationship [3]
Y C = Y PC + jω C Y (4)

1 B 0 
where CY =   ; ω = 314 rad/s; B = A ; A is the matrix of potential coefficients;
−1

2 0 B
Energies 2022, 15, 8249 13 of 23

S1 = sin θ; C1 = cos θ; (33)

2n 2
(r/2) (r/2)
Rn = = R n −1 ; (34)
n!(n + 1)! n ( n + 1)
1 1
m n = m n −1 + + ; m1 = 1, 25; (35)
2(n + 1) 2n
r2n−1 r2
Tn = = Tn−1 . (36)
12 · 32 · . . . (2n − 1)2 · (2n + 1) (2n − 1) · (2n + 1)
q
For the self (external) impedance r = 5, 61985 · 10−3 hi ω ρµ0 , θ = 0.
The described approach, based on the expansion of the integral in a series, is used for
the intermediate zone of the Carson integral, which depends on the distance a between the
wires and the soil resistance ρ. For parallel wires, this zone is defined as follows:
• For 15 m ≤ a ≤ 250 m at ρ = 1 Ohm·m;
• For 90 m ≤ a ≤ 1800 m at ρ = 50 Ohm·m;
• For 400 m ≤ a ≤ 8000 m at ρ = 1000 Ohm·m.
In the intermediate zone, the approximating formulas that are usually used for the
near and far zones are not applicable. For wires of power transmission lines located on the
same support (including multi-circuit power lines), the above relations for the intermediate
zone are not valid and approximate formulas for the near zone can be used. The need for
expansion into a series arises when determining the induced voltages on disconnected
adjacent lines, as well as when modeling transmission line corridors, as discussed in the
next section.
With the help of the described methodology, the power flows of the power system
are determined and the induced voltages are calculated. The technique works correctly
in the near, intermediate, and far ranges of Carson’s integral, and also allows one to take
into account the presence of harmonic distortions. The methodology enables capturing the
distributive nature of power line parameters by forming a ladder circuit.
After the network power flow is determined, as a result of solving the system of
Equation (4), we can calculate the strengths of the electromagnetic field created by any of
the multi-wire power lines that are part of the system being modeled. If the Y-axis of the
Cartesian coordinate system is chosen to be directed vertically up, the X-axis is perpen-
dicular to the line axis so that the Z-axis is opposite to the current, and the components of
the electric field strength of the system of N wires at the point with coordinates (x, y) are
determined by the following formulas [19]:

. 1 N . yi [( x − xi )2 − y2 + yi 2 ]
Ey = − ∑ τi
πε0 i=1 [( x − xi )2 + (y + yi )2 ][( x − xi )2 + (y − yi )2 ]
; (37)

. 2 N . ( x − xi )yyi
Ex = ∑ τi
πε0 i=1 [( x − xi ) + (y + yi )2 ][( x − xi )2 + (y − yi )2 ]
2
, (38)

.
where τi is the charge of the wire i per unit length, determined from the first group of
Maxwell’s equations
. .
T = A−1 · U. (39)
. . . T
Here, U = [U 1 . . . U N ] is the column vector of voltages of wires in relation to the
. . . T
ground and T = [τ1 . . . τ N ] is the column vector of charges of wires.
The elements of the matrix of potential coefficients are defined as follows [19]:
q
1 2y 1 ( x i − x j )2 + ( y i + y j )2
αii = ln i ; αij = ln q . (40)
2πε0 ri 2πε0 ( x − x )2 + ( y − y )2
i j i j
Energies 2022, 15, 8249 14 of 23

where xi and yi are the coordinates of the location of wire i with the radius of ri above the
ground (y = 0 corresponds to the surface of a flat ground) and ε0 is vacuum permittivity.
. .
After the transition from the complex effective values of the components E x and Ey
to the time dependences, we can obtain the parametric equations of the hodograph of the
electric field strength vector [19]
√ √
Ex ( t ) = 2Ex sin(ωt + φX ); Ey (t) = 2Ey sin(ωt + φY ) (41)
√
where the multiplier 2 is required due to the fact that the voltage calculations are based
on the current values, and ω = 314 rad/s.
The field strength reaches its maximum value Emax at the times defined by the follow-
ing equation [19]:
!
1 Ex 2 sin 2φx + Ey 2 sin 2φy
tmax = Arctg ; (42)
2ω Ex 2 cos 2φx + Ey 2 cos 2φy

Choosing one of the arctangent values is subject to the condition of a negative value of
the second derivative [19]

Ex 2 cos 2(ωtmax + φx ) + Ey 2 cos 2(ωtmax + φy ) < 0. (43)

The effective value of the field strength along direction ψ, counted from the positive
direction of the X-axis, is equal to the following [19]:
v
u 2π
u 1
u Z
Eψ =t 2[ Ex cos ψ sin(ωt + φx ) + Ey sin ψ sin(ωt + φy )]2 d(ωt) (44)
2π
0

2π
1
Eψ 2 = [ Ex 2 cos2 ψ sin2 (ωt + φx ) + Ey 2 sin2 ψ sin2 (ωt + φy )+
R
π (45)
0
+2Ex Ey cos ψ sin(ωt + φx ) sin ψ sin(ω t + φy )] d(ω t)
q
Eψ = Ex 2 cos2 ψ + Ey 2 sin2 ψ + 2Ex Ey sin ψ cos ψ cos(φx − φy ) (46)
Extreme values of strength are calculated as per the following formula [17]:

 2
r 2  12
2


2 2
 Ex + Ey Ex2 + Ey2 − 4Ex2 Ey2 sin φx − φy 
EΨE =  ±  . (47)
 2 2 

The plus sign corresponds to the maximum, and the minus sign to the minimum.
Whenq calculating the field near the ground surface, the error of simple quadratic summation
E = Ex 2 + Ey 2 usually does not exceed 10% in the direction of overestimation of the
maximum effective value.
The vertical and horizontal components of the magnetic field strength created by all
wires are calculated using the following formulas [19]:

. 1 N . y − yi
Hx = ∑ Ii
2π i=1 ( xi − x )2 + (yi − y)2
; (48)

. 1 N . x − xi
2π i∑
Hy = − Ii 2
. (49)
=1 ( x i − x ) + ( y i − y )2
Energies 2022, 15, 8249 15 of 23

To determine the electric and magnetic field strengths, the network power flow is
calculated, the charges and currents of the wires are determined and the components of
. . . .
E x , Ey , H x , H y are found.
The described method allows one to simplify significantly the calculation of EMF
strengths. Indeed, in the traditional statement, this problem requires solving partial dif-
ferential equations. Its solution achieved by traditional methods is significantly more
complicated in the presence of non-uniformities of the underlying surface, as well as the
need to take into account the extended conductive facilities (pipelines, etc.).
Calculations of electric and magnetic field strengths as performed in accordance with
the proposed method can be classified as those belonging to integral calculation methods
with the distribution of charges on dummy-grounded conductors located on the surface of
a non-flat (but plane-parallel) ground or on the surface of the conductive boundary of a
conductive structure. In contrast to the varieties of integral methods currently in use, the
charge calculations are performed by calculating the power flows using the phase frame of
reference. After calculating the power flow of a system that includes SMEs as its part, one
can determine the charges of the wires per unit length.
The methodology is generalized to the calculation of EMF at power line crossings, as
well as to the determination of strengths, which takes into account harmonic distortions [19].
The efficacy of modeling power flows and electromagnetic fields was validated by
comparing the obtained results with measurements of real-world facilities. For example,
the difference in the calculated and measured unbalance coefficients in the reverse sequence
did not exceed 0.5%, and the difference in the values of phase voltages was less than 2.5%.
Differences in the results of the calculations and measurements of EMF strengths did not
exceed 2%.
The described technique for modeling modes and electromagnetic fields in phase
coordinates can be used to model the modes of electric power systems, which include multi-
circuit power lines characterized by strong electromagnetic connections between individual
circuits. The results of the simulation performed for a three-circuit power transmission
line are presented in the next section. Figure 8 shows a fragment of the graph of the lattice
equivalent circuit of this line.

Figure 8. A fragment of the graph of a three-circuit power line: the numbers indicate the numbers
of wires.

3. Simulation Results
As an example of the MCTL, we consider a three-circuit 110–220 kV transmission
line, the design of which is described in detail in [1]. To model operating conditions
Energies 2022, 15, 8249 16 of 23

and electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the phase frame of reference, we used the Fazonord
software package [3]. In order to compare the obtained results, we calculated the power
flows and EMF of the corridor of 110–220 kV transmission lines mounted on separate
towers. The coordinates of the location of the AS-300 conductors are shown in Figure 9. A
diagram illustrating the way conductor transposition is performed is shown in Figure 10.

Figure 9. Coordinates of conductors: (a) three-circuit transmission line; (b) corridor of three transmis-
sion lines.

Figure 10. Transmission line transposition diagram.

Energies 2022, 15, 8249 17 of 23

For modeling, we used analytical models, the appearances of which are shown in
Figures 11 and 12. In addition to the transmission lines described above, these models
included 630 MVA 15/220 kV and 200 MVA 230/115 kV transformers. Loads of the same
phase were connected at the receiving ends of the transmission line. In the initial power
flow, their capacities are assumed to be 50 + j25 MVA for each 220 kV line and 20 + j10
MVA for 110 kV transmission lines.

Figure 11. Equivalent circuit used by the Fazonord software package with a three-circuit line.

Figure 12. Equivalent circuit used by the Fazonord software package with transmission line corridor.

4. Discussion
The results shown in Tables 1–4 and Figure 13 indicate that the power flows of the
three-circuit line and the line corridor do not differ very much. For example, the maximum
difference in active power losses is slightly more than 5%. At higher loads, the asymmetry
of the MCTL exceeds that of the transmission line corridor. The greatest differences
are observed in 110 kV circuits. The voltage levels in this circuit are lower than in the
transmission line corridor.
Energies 2022, 15, 8249 18 of 23

Table 1. Calculation results for a three-circuit transmission line.

Sending Ends of Transmission Lines Receiving Ends of Power Lines

Node U, kV U, 0 I, A I, 0 Node U, kV U, 0 I, A I, 0 Sr , MVA
1 134.7 −3.4 343.2 −30.4 28 118.6 −131.8 471.5 21.6 50 + j25
2 134.8 −123.4 342.8 −150.3 29 119.0 108.6 469.7 −98.0 50 + j25
3 134.8 116.5 342.7 89.7 30 117.8 −11.7 474.6 141.7 50 + j25
4 134.7 −3.4 344.1 −30.6 31 118.1 −132.0 473.3 21.4 50 + j25
5 134.8 −123.4 343.7 −1050.5 32 118.6 108.4 471.4 −98.2 50 + j25
6 134.8 116.5 343.6 89.5 33 117.3 −11.9 476.5 141.5 50 + j25
7 66.1 −4.9 290.1 −38.8 34 49.6 −140.9 450.9 12.6 20 + j10
8 66.1 −124.9 298.1 −158.8 35 50.1 100.2 445.4 −106.3 20 + j10
9 134.7 −3.4 288.5 81.5 36 48.3 −21.0 462.7 132.6 20 + j10

Table 2. Load capacities, losses, and unbalance of a three-circuit transmission line.

Line
Transmission Line 220-1 Transmission Line 220-2 Transmission Line 110 ∆P, MVA ∆P, %
Sr , MVA k2U , % Sr , MVA k2U , % Sr , MVA k2U , %
30 + j15 0.03 30 + j15 0.04 18 + j9 0.06 0.63 0.8
60 + j30 0.03 60 + j30 0.04 30 + j15 0.06 2.47 1.6
90 + j45 0.04 90 + j45 0.05 36 + j18 0.08 5.28 2.4
120 + j60 0.05 120 + j60 0.05 45 + j22.5 0.11 10.1 3.5
150 + j75 0.19 150 + j75 0.21 60 + j30 0.88 19.4 5.4
Note: The symbols A, B, and C in Figure 9 correspond to Transmission Line 220-1; A1, B1, and C1 to Transmission
Line 220-2; and A2, B2, and C2 to Transmission Line 110.

Table 3. Calculation results for the transmission line corridor power flow.

Sending End of Lines Receiving End of Lines

Node U, kV U, 0 I, A I, 0 Node U, kV U, 0 I, A I, 0 Sr , MVA
10 132.5 −4.5 449.7 −33.5 37 119.7 −130.9 467.1 22.5 50 + j25
11 132.5 −124.5 450.2 −153.5 38 119.7 109.0 467.1 −97.5 50 + j25
12 132.5 115.5 450.2 86.4 39 119.9 −10.9 466.4 142.5 50 + j25
13 132.5 −4.5 449.7 −33.5 40 119.7 130.9 467.2 22.5 50 + j25
14 132.5 −124.5 450.4 −153.5 41 119.7 109.0 467.1 −97.5 50 + j25
15 132.5 115.5 450.3 86.4 42 119.8 −10.9 466.5 142.6 50 + j25
16 64.3 −6.6 423.7 −43.2 43 51.4 −138.7 434.8 14.7 20 + j10
17 64.3 −126.7 425.9 −163.4 44 51.5 101.2 434.1 −105.4 20 + j10
18 64.3 113.4 425.2 76.5 45 51.7 −18.6 432.5 143.9 20 + j10

Table 4. Load capacities, losses, and unbalance of the transmission line corridor.

Line
Transmission Line 220-1 Transmission Line 220-2 Transmission Line 110 ∆P, MVA ∆P, %
Sr , MVA k2U , % Sr , MVA k2U , % Sr , MVA k2U , %
30 + j15 0.03 30 + j15 0.04 18 + j9 0.06 0.63 0.8
60 + j30 0.03 60 + j30 0.04 30 + j15 0.06 2.47 1.6
90 + j45 0.04 90 + j45 0.05 36 + j18 0.08 5.28 2.4
120 + j60 0.05 120 + j60 0.05 45 + j22.5 0.11 10.1 3.5
150 + j75 0.19 150 + j75 0.21 60 + j30 0.88 19.4 5.4
Energies 2022, 15, 8249 19 of 23

Figure 13. Losses as a function of transmitted active power.

Different phase sequences of transmission line conductors must lead to changes in

the electromagnetic field of a three-circuit transmission line. Using a directed search of
phase sequence options (Table 5), it is possible to find a rational way of phase sequencing;
however, due to the presence of transposition, the task of minimizing the voltages is actually
feasible only on one of the line sections.

Table 5. Phase sequence options for the conductors of the first section of a three-circuit line.

Transmission Line Transmission Line Transmission Line

Phase Sequence
220-1 220-2 110
1 ABC ABC ABC
2 CBA ABC ABC
3 BCA ABC ABC
4 CAB ABC ABC
5 ABC ABC CBA
6 ABC ABC ACB
7 ACB ACB ACB

Calculations of EMF strength values were performed at initial power flow loads for
the beginning of the first section of the MCTL and transmission line corridor. The results of
the EMF calculations are illustrated in Figures 14–17. The x-axis was perpendicular to the
line route.
The results presented in Figure 16 show that when using options 2, 3 and 4, the
maximum electric field strengths can be reduced by 30 . . . 40%. Options 1 and 7 provide a
decrease in tensions at negative values of the x coordinate. Changing the phasing allows
you to reduce the magnetic field strength when using options 3, 6 and 7, and it is possible
to reduce the maximum values by 35 . . . 40%.
Energies 2022, 15, 8249 20 of 23

Figure 14. Losses as a function of transmitted active power.

Figure 15. Amplitudes of the magnetic field strength of the transmission line corridor at the beginning
of the first section as a function of the coordinate x.

Figure 16. Amplitudes of electric field strength at the beginning of the first section of the three-circuit
line as a function of the coordinate x by phase sequence options.
Energies 2022, 15, 8249 21 of 23

Figure 17. Magnetic field strength amplitudes at the beginning of the first section of the three-circuit
line as a function of the coordinate x by phase sequence options.

The maximum electric field strength values of the three-circuit line and the trans-
mission line corridor for the initial power flow differ slightly. When arranging the phase
sequence of conductors as provided by options 2, 3, and 4, one can identify a noticeable
decrease in the MCTL strength values in the ten-meter range of changes in the x-coordinate
(Figure 15).
The maximum magnetic field strength values of a three-circuit transmission line are
about three times higher than those of a corridor of lines. However, the transmission line
corridor has a wider range of coverage by the transmission line cross-section field. By
varying the phase sequence of the three-circuit transmission line, it is possible to reduce the
values of the strength of the magnetic field generated by it (Figure 16).
In practice, the described method of varying the phasing can be used when passing a
power line section through a residential area, where strict requirements for electromagnetic
safety are established. In the future, it will be possible to develop an automation of the
process of the directed enumeration of phasing methods, taking into account the adopted
line transposition scheme.
The current stage of development of the electric power industry is characterized by
a significant increase in the number and capacities of consumers with non-linear current-
voltage characteristics. This leads to significant harmonic distortion of currents and voltages.
Therefore, electromagnetic fields created by power lines that feed substations with non-
linear loads can contain a significant proportion of higher harmonics. This factor must
be taken into account when assessing the noise immunity of various equipment, as well
as when determining the conditions for electromagnetic safety. The modeling technique
considered in Section 2 can be generalized to the calculation of the EMF, taking into account
harmonic distortions [19].

5. Conclusions
We proposed a technique for modeling power flows and electromagnetic fields of
multi-circuit power transmission lines, in which conductors of several circuits of different
voltage classes are placed on the same tower. The methodology is based on the application
of phase coordinates, which are the most natural description of three-phase power systems.
The steady-state equations formed on the basis of these equations provide a faithful de-
scription of the actual power flow of the power system, characterized by longitudinal and
transverse unbalances. After the network power flow is determined, we can calculate the
Energies 2022, 15, 8249 22 of 23

strengths of the electromagnetic field created by any of the multi-wire power lines that are
part of the system being modeled.
The results of the power flow modeling show that the power flows of the three-
circuit transmission line and the line corridor do not differ very much. For example, the
maximum difference in active power losses is slightly more than 5%. At higher loads,
the unbalance of the MCTL exceeds that of the transmission line corridor. The greatest
differences are observed in 110 kV circuits. The voltage levels in this circuit are lower than
in the transmission line corridor.
The maximum electric field strength values of the three-circuit line and the transmis-
sion line corridor for the initial power flow differ slightly. In the case of phase sequence
arrangements of wires that are provided by some of the options considered, one can identify
a noticeable reduction in MCTL strengths. The maximum magnetic field strength values of
a three-circuit transmission line are about three times higher than those of a corridor of lines.
However, the transmission line corridor has a wider range of coverage by the transmission
line cross-section field. By varying the phase sequence of the three-circuit transmission line,
it is possible to reduce the values of strength of the magnetic field generated by it.
The proposed methodology is versatile and can be applied to MCTLs of different
designs. Its use in the practice of design and operation of electric power systems will make
it possible to make informed choices of rational variants of multi-circuit transmission lines.
Currently, research is being completed aimed at developing methods for modeling
three-dimensional electromagnetic fields created by multi-circuit power lines near tow-
ers and other steel structures. The software implementation of these developments will
significantly expand the functionality of the proposed MCTL modeling technique.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, A.K., L.V.T., T.D.H. and K.S.; methodology, A.K. and
L.V.T.; software A.K., T.D.H. and L.V.T.; validation, A.K., A.A. and K.S.; formal analysis, A.K. and
L.V.T.; investigation, A.K., A.A., T.D.H. and K.S.; resources, K.S.; data curation, T.D.H.; writing—
original draft preparation, A.A. and K.S.; writing—review and editing, A.K., L.V.T., A.A. and K.S.;
visualization, A.A. and L.V.T.; supervision, A.K. and K.S.; project administration, A.A. and K.S.;
funding acquisition, A.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Data sharing not applicable. No new data were created or analyzed in
this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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