Complex Analysis: Lecture 07

Topic 03: Elementary Analytic Functions

MGPP, AC, ST, SP

IIT Guwahati

MGPP, AC, ST, SP Complex Analysis: Lecture 07

Topic 03: Learning Outcome

Elementary Analytic Functions

We learn
Exponential Function
Trigonometric Functions
Logarithm Function
Branch, Branch cut, Branch Point of Multiple Valued Functions
Complex Power Function
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

MGPP, AC, ST, SP Complex Analysis: Lecture 07

Exponential Function ez

MGPP, AC, ST, SP Complex Analysis: Lecture 07

Exponential Function ez

The real exponential function f (x) = e x is the unique function with the following
properties:
1 f (x) is a continuous real valued function for all x ∈ R with f (0) = 1.
2 f (x1 + x2 ) = f (x1 ) f (x2 ) for all x1 and x2 in R.
3 f 0 (x) = f (x) for all x ∈ R.
The complex function f (z) = ez can be characterized in much the same way.

The exponential function is defined as the solution of the differential equation

f 0 (z) = f (z) for z ∈ C with the initial value f (0) = 1.

Obtain power series solution to the IVP: f 0 (z) = f (z) for all z ∈ C with f (0) = 1 as
∞ n
X z
ez = for all z ∈ C (Recall: From MA102 Power Series Solutions to ODE).
n=0
n!

MGPP, AC, ST, SP Complex Analysis: Lecture 07

Alternative way of defining complex exponential function

We know that the definitions and properties of following real valued functions of real
variable.
ex , sin x, cos x .
We know Euler’s formula: eit = cos(t) + i sin(t) for t ∈ R.

Combining the above information, the complex exponential function ez can be defined
by

ez = e x (cos(y) + i sin(y)) = e x eiy for z = x + iy ∈ C .

MGPP, AC, ST, SP Complex Analysis: Lecture 07

Properties of Exponential Function

1 If z = x + iy then ez = e x (cos y + i sin y).

2 |ez | = e x and arg(ez ) = y where z = x + iy.
d
3 ez is analytic everywhere in C and (ez ) = ez for z ∈ C.
dz
4 ez1 +z2 = ez1 ez2 for any z1 and z2 in C.
5 ez+2πi = ez for any z ∈ C. It is a periodic function with period 2πi.
6 ez , 0 for any z ∈ C.
7 ez = ez for all z ∈ C.
8 |ez | ≤ e|z| for all z ∈ C and equality holds if z is a non-negative real number.
∞ n
X z
9 ez = for all z ∈ C.
n=0
n!

MGPP, AC, ST, SP Complex Analysis: Lecture 07

Mapping Properties of ez : Horizontal Lines
The function w = ez maps any

horizontal line {z = x + iy ∈ C : −∞ < x < ∞ and y = y0 }

on to the set

{w = reiy0 ∈ C : 0 < r < ∞} which is a ray θ = y0 emanating from the origin but not
including the origin.

MGPP, AC, ST, SP Complex Analysis: Lecture 07

Mapping Properties of ez : Vertical Lines
The function w = ez maps any

vertical line {z = x + iy ∈ C : x = x0 and − ∞ < y < ∞}

on to the set

{w = e x0 eiy ∈ C : −∞ < y < ∞} which is a circle with center at the origin and radius e x0 .

{z = x + iy ∈ C : x = x0 and a < y ≤ (a + 2π)} → one-to-one →

{w = e x0 eiy ∈ C : a < y ≤ (a + 2π)}.
MGPP, AC, ST, SP Complex Analysis: Lecture 07
Mapping Properties of ez : Rectangular Regions
The function w = ez maps any

rectangular region
{z = x + iy ∈ C : a < x < b and c < y < d} where d > (c + 2π)

on to the set

annular region between the circles |z| = ea and |z| = eb .

MGPP, AC, ST, SP Complex Analysis: Lecture 07

Mapping Properties of ez : Left Half-planes
The function w = ez maps any

(closed) left half plane {z = x + iy ∈ C : x ≤ x0 and − ∞ < y < ∞}

on to the bounded set

{w = reiθ ∈ C : 0 < r ≤ e x0 and − ∞ < θ < ∞}

which is the disk |z| ≤ e x0 but excluding the origin.

MGPP, AC, ST, SP Complex Analysis: Lecture 07

Mapping Properties of ez : Right Half-planes
The function w = ez maps any

right half plane {z = x + iy ∈ C : x > x0 and − ∞ < y < ∞}

on to the unbounded set

{w = reiθ ∈ C : r > e x0 and − ∞ < θ < ∞}

which is the exterior of the circle |z| = e x0

MGPP, AC, ST, SP Complex Analysis: Lecture 07

Trigonometric Functions

MGPP, AC, ST, SP Complex Analysis: Lecture 07

(Complex) Cosine and Sine Functions

According to the formulas

eix = cos x + i sin x, e−ix = cos x − i sin x for all x ∈ R ,

we have

eix + e−ix eix − e−ix

cos x = and sin x = for all x ∈ R .
2 2i
Motivated by these identities, we define the complex cosine and sine functions for all
complex numbers by the formulas

eiz + e−iz eiz − e−iz

cos z = and sin z = for all z ∈ C .
2 2i

MGPP, AC, ST, SP Complex Analysis: Lecture 07

Properties of Cosine and Sine Functions

d
cos z is analytic everywhere in C and (cos z) = − sin z for z ∈ C.
dz
d
sin z is analytic everywhere in C and (sin z) = cos z for z ∈ C.
dz
sin2 z + cos2 z = 1 for all z ∈ C.
cos(z1 + z2 ) = cos z1 cos z2 − sin z1 sin z2 for any z1 and z2 in C.
sin(z1 + z2 ) = sin z1 cos z2 + cos z1 sin z2 for any z1 and z2 in C.
cos(z + 2π) = cos z and cos(−z) = cos z for any z ∈ C. Thus, the function cos z is a
periodic function with period 2π and is an even function in C.
sin(z + 2π) = sin z and sin(−z) = − sin z for any z ∈ C. Thus, the function sin z is a
periodic function with period 2π and is an odd function in C.

MGPP, AC, ST, SP Complex Analysis: Lecture 07

sin z is unbounded in C

If z = x + iy then sin z = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y.

We know that sin2 t + cos2 t = 1 and cosh2 t − sinh2 t = 1 for all t ∈ R.
q
| sin z| = sin2 x cosh2 y + cos2 x sinh2 y
q
= sin2 x cosh2 y + cos2 x (cosh2 y − 1)
q q
= cosh2 y − cos2 x = (1 + sinh2 y) − (1 − sin2 x)
q r
1
= sin2 x + sinh2 y = (cosh 2y − cos 2x)
2
which in turn implies
| sinh y| ≤ | sin z| ≤ cosh y .
Observe that as |y| → ∞, | sinh y| → ∞ and hence | sin z| → ∞.

MGPP, AC, ST, SP Complex Analysis: Lecture 07

cos z is unbounded in C
If z = x + iy then cos z = cos x cosh y − i sin x sinh y.
We know that sin2 t + cos2 t = 1 and cosh2 t − sinh2 t = 1 for all t ∈ R.
q
| cos z| = cos2 x cosh2 y + sin2 x sinh2 y
q
= cos2 x cosh2 y + sin2 x (cosh2 y − 1)
q q
= cosh2 y − sin2 x = (1 + sinh2 y) − (1 − cos2 x)
q r
1
= cos x + sinh y =
2 2
(cosh 2y + cos 2x)
2
which in turn implies
| sinh y| ≤ | cos z| ≤ cosh y .
Observe that
as |y| → ∞, | sinh y| → ∞ and hence | cos z| → ∞.
MGPP, AC, ST, SP Complex Analysis: Lecture 07
Zeros of cos z and sin z

cos z = 0 if and only if z = π2 + kπ where k is any integer.

The function cos z has the same zeros as its real counter part cos x.
sin z = 0 if and only if z = kπ where k is any integer.
The function sin z has the same zeros as that of the real function sin x.
∞
X (−1)n z2n
cos z = for all z ∈ C.
n=0
(2n)!
∞
X (−1)n z2n+1
sin z = for all z ∈ C.
n=0
(2n + 1)!
Note that many more identities involving with the real functions cosine and sine can be
proved for complex functions cos z and sin z.

MGPP, AC, ST, SP Complex Analysis: Lecture 07

Mapping Properties of sin z, cos z and tan z

For mapping properties of sin z, cos z, and tan z, refer

Complex Analysis for Mathematics and Engineering by J. H. Mathews and

R. W. Howell.

Figures in Page No. 443 of Complex Variables and Applications by J. W. Brown and
R. V. Churchill.

MGPP, AC, ST, SP Complex Analysis: Lecture 07

Other Trigonometric Functions

The other trigonometric functions are defined for complex variables in terms of the
cosine and sine in accordance with the real definitions as follows:

sin z cos z
tan z = , cot z = ,
cos z sin z
1 1
sec z = , cosec z = .
cos z sin z

The hyperbolic functions cosh z and sinh z, called the hyperbolic cosine and the
hyperbolic sine, respectively, are defined by the formulas:

ez + e−z ez − e−z
cosh z = and sinh z = .
2 2
Clearly, the functions cosh z and sinh z are analytic everywhere in C, and reduce to the
familiar hyperbolic functions cosh x and sinh x when z = x is real.

MGPP, AC, ST, SP Complex Analysis: Lecture 07

Properties of Hyperbolic Sine and Cosine Functions

cosh2 z − sinh2 z = 1 for any z ∈ C.

cosh(iz) = cos z for any z ∈ C.
sinh(iz) = i sin z for any z ∈ C.
cosh(z + 2πi) = cosh z and cosh(−z) = cosh z for any z ∈ C.
sinh(z + 2πi) = sinh z and sinh(−z) = − sinh z for any z ∈ C.
If z = x + iyqthen cosh z = cosh x cos y + i sinh x sin y. Consequently,
| cosh z| = sinh2 x + cos2 y.
If z = x + iy
qthen sinh z = sinh x cos y + i cosh x sin y. Consequently,
| sinh z| = sinh2 x + sin2 y.
 
cosh z = 0 if and only if z = i k + 2 where k is any integer.
1

sinh z = 0 if and only if z = i kπ where k is any integer.

MGPP, AC, ST, SP Complex Analysis: Lecture 07

Other Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions

With cosh z and sinh z, the other hyperbolic functions are defined by

sinh z
tanh z = ,
cosh z
cosh z
coth z = ,
sinh z
1
sech z = ,
cosh z
1
cosech z = .
sinh z

MGPP, AC, ST, SP Complex Analysis: Lecture 07