Seed Plants PDF

BIOLOGY
ELEVENTH EDITION
Chapter 28
Seed Plants
© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

Seeds
• Gymnosperms and angiosperms reproduce by seeds,

an adaptation for life on land
– Each seed has an embryonic sporophyte, nutritive
tissue, and a protective coat; develops from a fertilized
egg cell and its associated tissues

Advantages of Seeds Over Spores
• A seed is further along in its development before it is

released to survive on its own
• A seed contains an abundant food supply that
nourishes the plant embryo
• A seed is protected by a multicellular seed coat that is
very thick and hard

28.1 An Introduction to Seed Plants
• Alternation of generations life cycles

– Sporophyte generation is the dominant stage
– Female gametophyte is attached to and nutritionally
dependent on the sporophyte generation
• All seed plants are heterosporous
• Seed plants have vascular tissues
– Xylem and phloem

Seed Plants (1 of 5)
• Seed plants produce ovules, each of which is a

megasporangium surrounded by layers of sporophyte
tissue that enclose the x
• After -, ovule develops into a seed, integuments
develop into the seed coat
– Seed plants are divided into two groups based on
presence of an ovary wall

• Gymnosperms have seeds that are totally exposed or

borne on scales of cones
– No ovary wall surrounds the ovules
– Examples: pine, spruce, fir, hemlock, ginkgox

OR
A- Embryo
B-Coat/Testa
C-Cotyledons/Seed
leaves

• Angiosperms are flowering plants that produce seeds
within a mature ovary (fruit)
– Examples: corn, oaks, water lilies, cacti, apples,
grasses, palms, buttercups

28.2 Gymnosperms
• Four phyla:
1. Coniferophyta
(conifers)
2. Ginkophyta
(ginkgoes)
3. Cycadophyta
(cycads)
4. Gnetophyta
(gnetophytes)

Conifers (Phylum Coniferophyta) (1 of 2)
• Woody trees or shrubs that produce annual additions

of secondary tissues
– Many produce resin
– Most have long, narrow, tough needles; some have
small, scalelike leaves
– Most are evergreen; a few are deciduous
– Most are monoecious; reproductive parts are borne in
male and female strobili (cones)

Conifers (Phylum Coniferophyta) (2 of 2)

Male and Female Cones (1 of 4)
• A male cone consists of sporophylls that bear

sporangia on the underside
• Microsporangia contain microsporocytes, each of
which undergoes meiosis to form four haploid
microspores
• Microspores develop into pollen grains consisting of
four cells, two of which are involved in reproduction
(generative cell and tube cell)

• Each cone scale of a female cone bears two

megasporangia on its upper surface
• Within each megasporangium, meiosis of a
megasporocyte produces four haploid megaspores
• One megaspore divides by mitosis, developing into the
female gametophyte, which produces an egg within
each of several archegonia



ANIMATION: Pine Life Cycle
To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode

PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play
Mac Users: CLICK HERE

Cycads (Phylum Cycadophyta) (1 of 2)
• Tropical and subtropical plants with trunklike stems and

compound leaves resembling those of palms or tree
ferns
– Reproduction is similar to that in pines except that
cycads are dioecious
– Sperm cells are motile; have hairlike flagella
– Specialized insects carry pollen grains to female cones
• Very important during the Triassic period

Cycads (Phylum Cycadophyta) (2 of 2)

Ginkgo (Phylum Ginkgophyta) (1 of 2)
• A single extant species, Ginkgo biloba

– Leaves are deciduous
– Dioecious, with separate male and female trees
– Flagellate sperm cells and airborne pollen grains
– Seeds are completely exposed
• Ginkgo is the oldest genus (and species) of extant
trees

Ginkgo (Phylum Ginkgophyta) (2 of 2)

Gnetophytes (Phylum Gnetophyta) (1 of 2)
• The only gymnosperms with efficient vessel elements

in their xylem; cone clusters that resemble flower
clusters; and life cycles with similarities to those of
flowering plants
– Include three genera: Gnetum, Ephedra, and
Welwitschia
• Ephedra is the source of ephedrine
– Stimulates heart and raises blood pressure

Gnetophytes (Phylum Gnetophyta) (2 of 2)

28.3 Flowering Plants
• Angiosperms are Earth’s dominant plants

– Reproduce sexually by forming flowers; have double
fertilization; form seeds within fruits
– Fruit protects developing seeds and aids in dispersal
– Have vessel elements in their xylem and sieve tube
elements in their phloem
– Extremely important to human survival

Flowering Plants

Two Largest Classes of Flowering Plants
• Phylum Anthophyta is divided into several small classes and two very large
classes:
– Monocots (class Monocotyledones) Monocot. Most monocots have oral parts
in threes. Note the three green sepals, three red petals, six stamens, and
three stigmas (the compound pistil consists of three fused carpels).
– Eudicots (class Eudicotyledones). Represent about 97% of all angiosperms
– Most eudicots, have oral parts in fours or fives. Note the five petals, ten
stamens, and five separate pistils. Five sepals are also present but barely
visible against the background
Tacitus,
Trillium erectum

Monocots
• Herbaceous plants with long, narrow leaves that have

parallel veins
– Flower parts usually occur in threes
– Seeds have a single cotyledon
– Endosperm is usually present in the mature seed
– Examples: palms, grasses, orchids, irises, onions, lilies

Eudicots
• Herbaceous or woody plant with broader leaves than

monocots, with netted veins
– Flower parts occur in multiples of fours or fives
– Seeds have two cotyledons
– Endosperm is usually absent in the mature seed
– Examples: oaks, roses, mustards, cacti, blueberries,
sunflowers

Features of Monocots and Eudicots
TABLE 28-2 Distinguishing Features of Monocots and

Eudicots
FEATURE MONOCOTS EUDICOTS

Flower parts Usually in thress Usually in fours or fives
Pollen grains One furrow or pore Three furrows or pores
Leaf venation Usually parallel Usually netted
Vascular bundles in stem Usually scattered or more complex Arranged in a circle (ring)
cross section arrangement
Roots Fibrous root system Taproot system
Seed Embryo with one cotyledon Embryo with two cotyledons
Secondary growth (wood Absent Often present

and bark)

Floral Structure (1 of 7)
• Flowers are reproductive shoots composed of four

parts arranged in whorls on the end of a flower stalk
(peduncle)
– Only stamens and carpels produce gametes
• A complete flower has all four parts; an incomplete
flower lacks one or more parts
• A flower with both stamens and carpels is perfect; an
imperfect flower has stamens or carpels, but not bothx

• Sepals make up the lowermost and outermost

whorl
– Cover and protect other flower parts in buds
– All sepals of a flower make up the calyx
• Petals: the whorl inside the sepals
– Bright colors attract animal pollinators to the flower
– All petals of a flower make up the corolla

• Stamens: the whorl inside the petals

– Each stamen has a thin filament and saclike anther
where meiosis occurs and microspores develop into
pollen grains
• Each pollen grain produces two cells:
– One cell divides to form two male gametes (sperm cells)
– The other produces a pollen tube through which sperm
cells travel to reach the ovule

• Carpels: the center whorl of most flowers

– Closed “female” reproductive organs, bearing ovules
that develop into seeds
– May be separate (simple) or fused into a single structure
(compound)
• The female part of the flower, consisting of one or more
carpels, is also called a pistil


• Each pistil has three sections:

– A stigma on which the pollen grain lands
– A style through which the pollen tube grows
– An ovary that contains one or more ovules
▪ Each ovule contains a female gametophyte that forms
one female gamete, two polar nuclei, and other haploid
cells
▪ After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed and the
ovary develops into a fruit


Parts of a Flower

The Life Cycle of Flowering Plants Includes
Double Fertilization
• Double fertilization:
– One sperm cell fuses with the egg, forming a zygote that
grows into an embryo in the seed
– The second sperm cell fuses with the two haploid polar
nuclei of the central cell to form a triploid (3n) cell that
grows by mitosis and develops into endosperm
– Endosperm is rich in lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
that nourishes growing embryo

Animation Life cycle of flowering plants

ANIMATION: Parts of a Flower

Animation: Monocot Life Cycle
https://www.y2mate.com/youtube/HLYPm2idSTE


Seeds and Fruits Develop After Fertilization
(1 of 2)
• Each seed contains a plant embryo endosperm, both
surrounded by a protective seed coat
– In monocots, the endosperm is the main source of food
in the mature seed
– In most eudicots, the endosperm nourishes the embryo,
which stores food in its cotyledons

Seeds and Fruits Develop After Fertilization
(2 of 2)
• As a seed develops, ovary

wall surrounding it enlarges
and develops into a fruit
– Other tissues associated
with the ovary may also
enlarge to form the fruit
– Fruits protect
devXelXoping seeds from
desiccation and aid in
dispersal of seeds

Flowering Plant Adaptations
• Evolutionary adaptations account for the ecological

dominance of flowering plants
– Seeds, fruits, and endosperm increase likelihood of
reproductive success
– Coevolution with pollinators increases cross-pollination
and promotes genetic variation
– Vascular systems with vessel elements and sieve tube
elements increase efficiency
– Leaf, stem, and root adaptations allow plants to live in a
variety of habitats

Floral Structure and Evolution (1 of 2)
• Botanists generally agree that sepals are specialized

leaves
• Botanists generally view petals as modified stamens
that later became sterile and leaflike

Floral Structure and Evolution (2 of 2)

28.4 Evolution of Seed Plants
• Progymnosperms had two derived features:

– Leaves with branching veins (megaphylls)
– Woody tissue (secondary xylem)
• Several progymnosperm fossils show reproductive
structures intermediate between spore plants and seed
plants

Evolution of Seed Plants
• Progymnosperms probably
gave rise to conifers and
seed ferns
– Seed ferns probably gave
rise to cycads, ginkgo, and
several gymnosperm now
extinct
– The origin of gnetophytes
remains unclear; likely
closely related to conifers

Evolution of Flowering Plants (1 of 3)
• The fossil record suggests that flowering plants

descended from gymnosperms
• Mutual adaptation between plants and their animal
pollinators (coevolution) may have begun between
beetles and certain gymnosperms 180 mya
• Molecular and genetic studies indicate that conifers
may be the gymnosperms most closely related to
flowering plants

• The oldest fossil trace of flowering plants consists of

ovules enclosed in tiny podlike fruits found in Jurassic
and Lower Cretaceous rocks
– The oldest fossilized flowers are 118 to 20 million years
old
– By 90 mya, flowering plants began to replace
gymnosperms as the dominant plants; many species
arose from changes in chromosome number


Basal Angiosperms
• Comprise of three clades thought to be ancestral to all

other flowering plants
– First clade: single extant species, A. trichopoda
– Second clade: water lilies and related families
– Third clade: ~100 species of vines, trees, shrubs

The Core Angiosperms
• Most angiosperm species belong to a clade of core

angiosperms, which is divided into three subclades:
– Magnoliids, monocots, eudicots
– Magnoliids include species in the magnolia, laurel, and
black pepper families, and several related families

Evolution of Flowering Plants

A Comparison of Gymnosperms and
Angiosperms (1 of 3)
TABLE 28-1 A Comparison of Gymnosperms and
Angiosperms
CHARACTERISTICS GYMNOSPERMS ANGIOSPERMS
Growth habit Conducting cells in Woody trees and shrubs Tracheids Woody or herbaceous vessel elements
xylem Reproductive structures cones (usually) Wind(usually) and tracheids
pollen grain transfer Fertilization Egg and sperm → zygote Flowers
Animal or wind
Double fertillization: egg and sperm →
zygote; two polar nuclei and sperm →
endosperm
Seeds Exposed or borne on scales of Enclosed within fruit derived from ovary
cones
Nutritive material Female gametophyte Endosperm
Number of species About 840 More than 300,000
Geographic distribution Worldwide Worldwide



Animation Page
https://www.y2mate.com/youtube/HLYPm2idSTE


VIDEO: Seeds From a Shotgun


Seed Plants PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Seed Plants PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BIOLOGY

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

• Gymnosperms and angiosperms reproduce by seeds,

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

• A seed is further along in its development before it is

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

• Alternation of generations life cycles

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

• Seed plants produce ovules, each of which is a

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

• Gymnosperms have seeds that are totally exposed or

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

• Woody trees or shrubs that produce annual additions

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

• A male cone consists of sporophylls that bear

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

• Each cone scale of a female cone bears two

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

• Tropical and subtropical plants with trunklike stems and

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

• A single extant species, Ginkgo biloba

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

• The only gymnosperms with efficient vessel elements

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

• Angiosperms are Earth’s dominant plants

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

• Herbaceous plants with long, narrow leaves that have

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

• Herbaceous or woody plant with broader leaves than

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

TABLE 28-2 Distinguishing Features of Monocots and

FEATURE MONOCOTS EUDICOTS

Pollen grains One furrow or pore Three furrows or pores

Leaf venation Usually parallel Usually netted

Seed Embryo with one cotyledon Embryo with two cotyledons

Secondary growth (wood Absent Often present

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

• Flowers are reproductive shoots composed of four

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

• Sepals make up the lowermost and outermost

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

• Stamens: the whorl inside the petals

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

• Carpels: the center whorl of most flowers

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

• Each pistil has three sections:

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.

© 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.