The Characteristics

 Produce the seed that in the seed usually found the embryo
 Have true root, stem, and leaf
 The reproduction organ is flower or strobilus
 Have vascular sheaf (xilem & floem)
 Sporophyte generation is more dominant than
gametophyte generation.

1
Seed Plants
Mosses and ferns do not produce seeds, but the
remainder of the plants do
There are 2 main groups of seed plants:
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

2
Seed Plants (continued)
Both gymnosperms and angiosperms are vascular
and have a dominant sporophyte generation
Neither group requires water for reproduction;
instead, they produce pollen
Both groups produce 2 different types of spores:
Microspores—male spores; become pollen
Megaspores—female spores; become eggs

3
 SPERMATOPHYTA

GYMNOSPERMAE ANGIOSPERMAE

CYCADINAE
MONOCOTYLE DYCOTYLE
CONIFERAE

GNETINAE
GINKGOINAE
4
Gymnosperms
The characteristics:
 The word “gymnosperm” means “naked seed”
 Its body has true root, stem, and leaf.
 The root system contains taproot.
 The root and stem have cambium.
 Its has vascular tissues (xilem and floem), in general called
open collateral type.
 Its appearance is alike with shrubs or trees.
 The life shape is various, usually stiff and evergreen
throughout the year.
 The flowers has cone-shape or strobilus, usually called not
true flowers.
Ex. Pine, spruce, fir, hemlock

5
Division Coniferae
Plants which produce seeds within cones
All members of the division are considered
“gymnosperms”
Most members are evergreens and have needle-
like leaves
Most are “monoecious,” which means they have
both male and female reproductive parts on the
same plant

6
Division Coniferae (continued)
Includes pine, cedar, spruce, fir, hemlock
Also includes some conifers which are less common,
but very interesting:
Giant Sequoia
Redwood
Bristlecone pine
Bald cypress

7
Division Coniferae (continued)
Conifers occupy large areas of Earth
They have much economic importance due to
their many uses:
Lumber/building materials
Paper products
Landscaping
Christmas trees
Furniture
Flooring

8
Pines (continued)
Two types of cones: male and female
Female (ovulate) cones—common woody pine
cones; located mainly on the upper branches of the
pine tree; produce seeds
Male (staminate) cones—smaller than the female
cones; located in clusters at the tips of the lower
branches of the pine tree; produce pollen

9
Pines (continued)
There is a time lapse between “pollination” and
“fertilization” in pines
Pollination occurs in the spring, but fertilization does
not occur until the following spring
The eggs take a year to mature within the female cone

10
Pines (continued)
Seed formation and maturation takes several more
months, so a typical female cone takes about 2 ½
years to produce eggs, then seeds, and to release
the seeds
Some pine cones hold their seeds for several years
before they open and release them

11
 Male (staminate)
cones

 Female (ovulate) cones 12

 pollen cone
male or
pollen
cone

Female or ovulate cone

ovulate cone

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male cone
microsporophyll
microsporangium
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female cone
ovule .
mega-
sporangium

scale
“megasporophyll”

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15
 seeds

scale

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16
 17

Coniferophyta

Yew

Juniper
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 Coniferophyta
Giant Redwood
or
Sequoia

18
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 Hemlock

Coniferophyta

Spruce
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Douglas Fir

Coniferophyta
Fir

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Ginkgoinae
Ginkgo is a gymnosperm that is “deciduous” (loses its
leaves in the winter) and “dioecious” (has male and
female reproductive structures located on separate
trees)
Female trees produce “naked seeds” which are not
even enclosed within cones
An herbal supplement is made from the leaves of
Ginkgo; the leaves produce a substance that has been
found to improve memory and mental alertness in
humans
21
 Gingko biloba
• Separate male and
female (dioecious)
• Smelly ovules
(unpleasant)
• Almost extinct but now
widely planted
• Used medicinally for
memory loss and
headaches
• Maybe also an
antioxidant

Ginkgoinae:
Ginkgo biloba
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23
Cycadinae
Large palm-like leaves and large cones. Cycadinae:
Separate male and female (dioecious)
cycads
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Gametofit ♀

Gametofit ♂
25
 Gnetinae:
Gnetum
Separate
male and
female
(dioecious)

26 26
copyright cmassengale
 Gametophyte ♀

Gametophyte ♂

27
Gnetinae: 28

Ephedra
mormon tea

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 Gnetinae:
Welwitschia

29 copyright cmassengale 29
The life cycle of a pine

30
31
32
 Serbuk sari Megaspora
(mikrospora) (dlm. bakal biji)

Buluh serbuk sari Archegonium

(mikroprotalium) (dlm. bakal biji)

Zygote Egg cell

Spermatozoid

Embryo

Tumb. Berbiji terbuka

Mikrosporofit Makrosporofit

Scheme of Gymnosperm life cycle 33

The roles of Gymnospermae
Ecological importance:
Provide food and habitat for wildlife
Forests prevent soil erosion
Reduce greenhouse-effect gasses
Economic and commercial importance:
Lumber for wood, paper, etc.
Resins – wood, furniture, etc.
Ornamental plants (trees, landscaping)
Food – pine nuts (pesto, etc.)

34
Angiosperms
The word “angiosperm” means “seeds enclosed”
These plants produce seeds that are inside of fruits
Ex. Grass, oak, maple, iris, rose, buttercup, geranium
Angiosperms are also known as “flowering plants”

35
Division Anthophyta (Tumb. berbunga)
Reproduce sexually by forming flowers, fruits, and
seeds
Division is subdivided into 2 classes:
Monocotyledonae, or “monocots”
Dicotyledonae, or “dicots”

36
Division Anthophyta (continued)
Monocot examples: grasses, lilies, orchids, palms,
irises, cattails
Dicot examples: oaks, maples, roses, sunflowers, and
most familiar plants

37
Flowering Plant Reproduction
The organ of sexual reproduction in angiosperms is
the flower
Flowers develop at times of the year favorable for
pollination

38
Parts of a Flower
A flower consists of 4 “whorls,” or circular
arrangements of parts:
Calyx  sepal
Corolla  petal
Androecium  stamen
Gynoecium  pistil/carpel

39
The structure
of a flower

40
Parts of a Flower (continued)
A flower that has all 4 whorls is complete; an
incomplete flower lacks one or more whorls
A flower that has both the androecium and
gynoecium is perfect; an imperfect flower lacks
one or the other; pistillate flowers have only
pistils, and staminate flowers have only stamens

41
Flowering Plant Reproduction
The sporophyte generation is dominant in
angiosperms
2 types of spores are produced: microspores (which
form pollen) and megaspores (which form eggs)

42
Pollination / Penyerbukan
Pollen grains vary in structure, shape, and appearance,
depending upon the species to which they belong
Pollination is the process by which pollen is
transferred from an anther to a stigma
Pollen is carried by wind or animals (insects, birds,
etc.)

43
Formation of
Male Gametes

Microspore
mother cells Meiotic 2
Meiotic 1 mitotic
vegetative
nucleus

generat
nucleus

pollen grains

44
 45
Formation of
Female Gametes

Ovary

Ovule
Megaspores
mother cells

meitotic

Polar nucleus

antipodals 4 megaspores

synergid

egg
3 megaspores
reduction
Embryo
sacs

Mitotic 3 Mitotic 1
Mitotic 2
 “Double Fertilization”

Stigma

Pollen
Style Generative
Antipodals nucleus
Pollar Pollen tubes
Egg cell nucleus
Ovule Pollen tubes
Nucelus
Vegetative
Integument nucleus
Micropyle
Micropyle
Ovary
A

Pollar Antipodals
nucleus
2 Sperm
Endosperm
nucleus Egg cell

A
Sperm
B Pollen tubes nucleus
C D Zygote

46
47
Life Cycle of
Angiosperm

48
 Double Fertilization
• Two sperm are present in a pollen grain.
• One sperm unites with an egg inside an ovule
within an ovary form zygote (2n).
• The second sperm unites with the two polar
nuclei of the embryo sac to form a triploid
(3n) structure called the endosperm.

49
Seed and Fruit Formation
The ovule of the flower develops into a seed, which
encloses and protects the embryo
The ovary of the flower develops into a fruit, which
protects the seeds (and embryo) and aids in seed
dispersal

50
 Monocots vs. Dicots
Leaf venation is parallel in monocots; netted in
dicots
Flower parts are in 3’s in monocots; 4’s or 5’s in
dicots
Embryos have one seed leaf (“cotyledon”) in
monocots; two cotyledons in dicots
Vascular bundles of xylem and phloem are
scattered in monocot stems; arranged in a circle in
dicots

51
MONOCOTS
• vascular bundles are
scattered throughout
stem
• produce one seed leaf
• flower parts in multiples
of three
• have narrow leaves with
parallel veins
• fibrous root system
DICOTS
• vascular bundles in a
ring pattern in stem
• two seed leaves
• flower parts in multiples
of four or five
• broad leaves with
branching veins
• tap root system
Monocots vs. Dicots (continued)
Monocots tend to have fibrous roots; dicots tend to
have a taproot
Monocots are herbaceous plants; dicots may be
herbaceous or woody

54
 MONOCOTS EUDICOTS

Monocot Eudicot
Characteristics Characteristics California
Orchid poppy
(Lemboglossum (Eschscholzia
fossii) californica)
Embryos

One cotyledon Two cotyledons

Leaf
venation Pyrenean oak
(Quercus
pyrenaica)

Veins usually Veins usually

parallel netlike

Pygmy date palm Stems

(Phoenix roebelenii)

Vascular tissue
Lily (Lilium usually arranged
“Enchant- Vascular tissue in ring
ment”) scattered

Roots

Dog rose (Rosa canina), a wild rose

Root system
Usually fibrous Taproot (main root)
Barley (Hordeum vulgare),
(no main root) usually present
a grass
Pea (Lathyrus nervosus,
Lord Anson’s
Pollen
blue pea), a legume

Pollen grain with Pollen grain with

one opening three openings

Flowers

Anther Zucchini
(Cucurbita
Stigma Floral organs Floral organs usually Pepo), female
usually in in multiples of (left) and
Filament Ovary multiples of three four or five male flowers
56
 Monocot vs. dicot
Angiosperms are divided into monocots and dicots
As the zygote grows into the embryo, the first leaves of
the young sporophyte develop and are called as
cotyledons (seed leaves)
Monocots have one cotyledon (corn, lily, etc).
Dicots have two cotyledons (bean, oak, etc).

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Comparing monocot vs. dicot plants
FEATURE MONOCOTS DICOTS
Cotyledons 1 2
Leaf venation parallel broad
Root system Fibrous Tap
Number of In 3’s In 4’s or 5’s
floral parts
Vascular Scattered Arranged in a
bundle circle
position
Woody or Herbaceous
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59
 Monocot vs. dicot
Number of cotyledons: one vs. two

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Monocot vs. dicot
Leaf venation pattern:
Monocot is parallel
Dicot is net pattern

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Monocot vs. dicot root
Monocot: Fibrous root

Dicot: Tap root

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 Monocot vs. dicot
Flower parts:

Monocot: in groups of three

Dicot: in groups of four or five

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Monocot vs. dicot
Vascular bundle position:

Monocot: scattered (tersebar)

Dicot: arranged in a circle

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Monocot
Stem type:
vs. dicot
Monocot: Herbaceous

Dicot: herbaceous or woody

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Summary: Monocot vs. dicot

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 THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
GYMNOSPERMAE AND ANGIOSPERMAE
NO Distinguished Gymnospermae Angiospermae

1 Root taproot taproot/ fibrous

2 Stem Tidak bercabang/ bercabang, Tidak bercabang/
berkayu , tumbuh tegak keatas , bercabang,tidak
berkambium/berkambium.
berkambium,
3 Leaf Sempit, tebal, dan kaku Tunggal/ majemuk, bentuk
(needle-like) pipih,lebar dan tulang daun
beraneka ragam

4 Flower strobilus complete (callyx/sepal,

corolla/petal, stigma,
stamen )
5 Seed opened Closed by coat or fruit
6 Fertilization Single Double
7 Vascular Imperfect, it still compose by Open collateral/ close
Bundle trakeid collateral
Division Anthophyta (continued)
 Very important plant group economically:
 Food (wheat, rice, corn, vegetables)
 Lumber
 Clothing (cotton)
 Medicine