SUMMARY

IN

EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS

2023

Module 1

The study of statistics covers different people. Mathematicians describes

statistics as a major area in Mathematics and researches discuss the appropriate
statistics for analyzing results of a particular investigation.

Statistics is concerned with scientific methods for collecting, organizing,

summarizing, presenting and analyzing data, as well as drawing valid conclusions
and making reasonable decisions on basis of such analysis.

Sometimes in the sixteenth century, as an inferential science. It largely

depended on the theory of probability. Then, it continued to developed as a result
of the diligent research made by people in various fields during the past 400 years.

Statistics also develop as a science party due to man’s propensity for

gambling. This inclination then led to the early development of the probability
theory.
 After this event, Do Moivre (1733) discovered the equation for the normal
distribution upon which many of the theories of inferential statistics have been
based. This same bell- shaped distribution was referred to as the Gaussian
distribution from a study of errors in repeated measurement of the same quantity.

Finally, it is worthwhile to note that at the beginning of the twentieth

century, William S. Gosset developed methods of decision making derived from a
smaller set of data. This idea was continued by Sir Ronald Fisher (1890- 1962)
who developed statistics for experimental designs.

A population consists of all elements, individuals, items or objectives whose

characteristics are being studied. The population being studied is called the target
population. A portion of the population selected for study is referred to as sample.
A sample that represents the characteristics of the population as closely as possible
is called a representative sample. While a sample drawn in such a way that each
elements of the population have equal chances of being selected is called a
Random Sample.

Module 2