PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS

-Group IV-
•Julissa Cristobal
•Gerard Lagasca
•Celene Manese
•Christzabelle Villa
I. MEANING OF STATISTICS
 Statistics (plural form of statistic) is defined as a
collection of descriptive measures calculated from
sample data according to certain specified procedures.
 Statistics, in the singular sense, refers to the science
which deals with the collection, organization,
presentation, analysis, and interpretation (COPAI) of
quantitative data.
II. ORIGIN OF STATISTICS
 The modern science of statistics traces its origin to two
quite diverse interests of man:
 Political State

 Games of chance
III. CATEGORIES OF STATISTICS
IV. APPLICATION OF STATISTICS
Statistical methods are indispensable tools in many
researches in education, psychology, medicine, business,
agriculture, and other disciplines.
 In school...

 In business...

 Medical researches...
V. CLASSIFICATION OF STATISTICS
There are two types of statistical analyses:
 Descriptive statistics

 Inferential of inductive statistics

VI. SUMMATION NOTATION
The Greek letter Σ (a capital sigma) is used to designate summation. For example, suppose an experimenter measured
the performance of four subjects on a memory task. Subject 1's score will be referred to as X 1 , Subject 2's as X 2 ,
and so on. The scores are shown below:
Subject Score
1 X1 7
2 X2 6
3 X3 5
4 X4 8
The way to use the summation sign to indicate the sum of all four X's is:

This notation is read as follows:

Sum the values of X from X1 through X4 .

The index i (shown just under the Σ sign) indicates which values of X are to be summed. The index i takes on values
beginning with the value to the right of the "=" sign (1 in this case) and continues sequentially until it reaches the
value above the Σ sign (4 in this case). Therefore i takes on the values 1, 2, 3, and 4 and the values of X 1, X2, X3, and
X4 are summed (7 + 6 + 5 + 8 = 26).
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 Centuries before the time of Christ, the Egyptians, the ancient Hebrews, the
Babylonians, and the Romans collected and kept highly detailed records of
resources and populations. The Old Testament bears testimony on how
censuses of population and wealth were taken to provide the state with
information not only for the purpose of taxes and trade, but also for the
preparation of all available manpower and resources necessary to support the
state’s aspirations for political and military power.
 During the sixteenth century, governments of various western countries
became interested in collecting information about their citizens and in
conducting surveys that, by the seventeenth century, closely resemble our
modern census. At about this time, insurance companies were beginning to
thrive and were already compiling mortality tables to determine their life
insurance rates. In the mid-eighteenth century, statistics was described as the
study of “the political arrangements of the modern states of the known world.”

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 Games of chance which were prevalent in the early sixteenth century gave impetus to the
development of the principles of probability. Problems on how to increase their chances
of winning were posed by gamblers who called upon astute mathematicians to provide
them with optimum strategies for playing various games of chance. The answers given
by such mathematicians as Pascal, Fermat, Leibnitz, Cardano, James Bernoulli and
others became the basis of modern statistical theory. They represented the beginnings of
the mathematics of probability.
 During the eighteenth century, De Molvre’s discovery of the equation for the normal
curve spurred the development of much of the theory of inductive statistics. This bell
shaped curve is often referred to as the Gaussian distribution, in honor of Carl Friedrich
Gauss (1777-1855).
 The work of Laplace proved useful in the application of statistics to astronomy. During
the nineteenth century. Adolph Quetelet applied statistical methods in the fields of
education and sociology, and demonstrated that statistical techniques derived in one area
of research are also applicable in most other areas. Contributions to the development of
statistics were made by Sir Frances Galton in the fields of heredity and eugenics. In more
recent times, Karl Pearson, Sir Ronald Fisher, and William S Gosse are notable names of
the twentieth century for their contributions to both theoretical and applied statistics.
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……..statistics is applied to formulate policies on admission and
readmission of students to devise a system of measurement and
evaluation, to construct instrument for measuring certain
aspects of student’s development, to determine which among
several known methods of instruction is best for certain
concepts or skills, and to determine the relationship between
educational performance and socioeconomic status.
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……….statistics enables managers to make wise decisions in the
face of risks and insurmountable uncertainties. It is used to
asses observed patterns and behaviors, to forecast trends, and
to project future economic activity. Specifically, statistics is
useful in the areas of finance, production, quality control,
promotion and advertising, and marketing.
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………use statistical tools to evaluate the effectiveness of some
medical practices in the prevention of particular diseases and to test
the effectiveness of drugs. Biologists use statistics to determine the
rate of growth and life expectancy of certain organisms. Statistics is
also a vital tool for behavioral scientists who want to determine the
effects of certain treatments or conditions to human behaviors. For
example, what is the effect of anxiety on a specific task
performance? Are children from small families better achievers
than those coming from large families? Does alcohol affect the
productivity of workers? Is there a difference between heavy
smokers and moderate smokers in relation to their social and
personal adjustments? These are few questions whose answers may
be obtained with the use of statistics.
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 Descriptive statistics is concerned with the collection,
organization, and presentation of date in a form that is
understandable to all. Thus, the objective of descriptive
statistical analysis is to summarize some of the important
features of a set of data. Construction of tables and graphs, and
computations of measures such as averages and percentages
fall within this area of statistics.
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 Inferential statistics is concerned with the formulation of
conclusions or generalizations about a population based on an
observation or a series of observations of sample drawn from a
population.

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