I

Service Manual of Wheel Loader

Contents
6 Steering system ............................................................................................... 6-1
61 Overview of steering system ......................................................................... 6-1
611 Location of steering system parts ......................................................... 6-3
62 Pressure test and adjustment of steering system ........................................ 6-4
621 Pressure measurement of steering hydraulic system ......................... 6-4
622 Pressure adjustment of steering hydraulic system ............................. 6-5
63 Preparation before steering system maintenance ...................................... 6-6
64 Introduction to main elements ..................................................................... 6-7
641 Steering pump ........................................................................................ 6-7
642 Priority valve.......................................................................................... 6-9
643 Steering oil cylinder............................................................................. 6-10
644 Steering gear ........................................................................................ 6-10
65 Steering system exhaust .............................................................................. 6-12
66 Fault diagnosis and elimination of steering system ................................. 6-13
661 Diagnosis of main faults ...................................................................... 6-13
662 Example of typical fault elimination ................................................. 6-22

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 Service Manual of Wheel Loader

6 Steering system
61 Overview of steering system
L953F/L955F loader can be divided into
mechanical control type and pilot control type
based on working hydraulic system. Therefore,
there are two corresponding steering systems as
shown in the following figure. The working
pressure of steering system is 16Mpa.

Steering cylinder

21Mpa

Steering gear

16Mpa

Oil-receiving
box
Oil-receiving
box
Oil-receiving
box

Flow valve Switch valve

Gear pump

Fig. 6-1 Steering system diagram 1 (mechanical control type)

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 Service Manual of Wheel Loader

Steering cylinder

21Mpa

Steering gear

16Mpa

Connected to pressure
selector valve

Oil-receiving box
Oil-receiving box

Oil-receiving box
Gear pump

Fig. 6-2 Steering system diagram 2 (pilot control type)

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611 Location of steering system parts

1
2

5
4
3

Fig. 6-3 Location of steering system parts

1 Steering gear 2 Steering pump 3 Priority valve 4 Steering cylinder 5 Hydraulic oil tank
L953F/L955F steering system consists of
components like steering pump, priority valve,
load-sensing hydraulic steering gear, steering oil
cylinder and pipeline. See the above figure for
specific location (only for diagram reference and
subject to actual object). This system possesses
advantages including compact structure, high
sensitivity, good reliability, flexible and
labor-saving operation, absorption of pavement
impact and no need of setting lubrication device.
For the mechanical control type, the steering system
also includes flow conversion control valve and
flow signal valve which are respectively installed
on different locations in steering pump. See the left
figure for details.
1 2
Fig. 6-4 Steering pump
1 Flow signal valve
2 Flow conversion control valve

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 Service Manual of Wheel Loader

62 Pressure test and adjustment of

steering system
621 Pressure measurement of steering
hydraulic system
Measurement of oil temperature: 45~55℃.
Pressure measurement tool: pressure gauge with
range of 40Mpa (4030000370), pressure
measurement joint (4120002945), piezometer tube
(4030000368).
Pressure measuring standard: 16±0.3Mpa.
Pressure measuring location: Joint of right steering
of font frame.
Fig. 6-5 4030000370 pressure gauge
Pressure measuring process:
1. Lower the working device on the ground, pull
up the hand brake and adopt wood block or
stone to wedge the tire.
2. Shut down the engine, operate the control lever
10 times and the steering wheel 5 times and
then release the residual pressure of the
hydraulic oil in the pipe.
3. Screw off the plug screw on the cylinder joint.
4. Install the pressure measuring joint at the
pressure port of steel tube.
Fig. 6-6 4120002945 pressure measuring joint
5. Tighten the piezometer tube to the pressure
measuring joint.
6. Connect the pressure gauge to the piezometer
tube.
7. Start the engine, turn the front frame to the
limiting position. When the front frame reaches
the limiting position, increase the accelerator to
the maximum. Observe the stable pressure
value on the oil pressure gauge which is the
current working pressure of steering hydraulic
system of measured loader.
Fig. 6-74030000368 piezometric hose

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 Service Manual of Wheel Loader

Fig. 6-8 Pressure measuring location

622 Pressure adjustment of steering

hydraulic system
After measuring oil pressure, if the measured data
is found to be higher or lower than the standard
value, adjust the system pressure. The pressure of
this steering system is decided by the opening
pressure of safety valve above the priority valve.
The priority valve is installed at the left side of rear
frame as shown in the figure.
Fig. 6-9 Location of priority valve
The safety valve of the priority valve is installed at
the side of oil return pipe and can be adjusted after
the oil return pipe of priority valve is removed.
1. Release the locking nut and rotate the adjusting
screw as shown in the figure.
1
Fig. 6-10 Location of safety valve
1 Safety valve
2. To increase the pressure, turn the adjusting
screw clockwise and then rotate the adjusting
screw anticlockwise to lower the pressure.
Reference value: the regulating variable per
cycle is 2Mpa. (This value is only for reference
and specific operation is subject to
measurement)

1
Fig. 6-11 Adjusting screw
1 Adjusting screw

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 Service Manual of Wheel Loader

Fig. 6-12 Direction of increasing pressure

63 Preparation before steering system
maintenance
1. Pressure discharging
Park the complete machine at the flat and spacious
ground and then turn the steering wheel 5-6 times
clockwise and anticlockwise and then discharge the
oil pressure in the steering system.

1
Fig. 6-13
1 Steering wheel
2. Connect the locking lever of the frame to
prevent the relative rotation of front and rear
frames from damaging operators.
3. Fix the loader tire by wood wedge block.
4. Prepare proper oil receiving container.

1
Fig. 6-14
1 Locking lever of frame

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 Service Manual of Wheel Loader

64 Introduction to main elements

641 Steering pump
L953F/L955F steering pump is gear pump. The
steering pump is connected to the torque extraction
port of transmission and will convert the
mechanical energy input by the transmission to the
pressure energy of oil and then input them in forms
of pressure and flow to the system. The mechanical
control type is HGP2063/a2040B double gear pump
and the pilot control type is JHP2100/Gj0010A-XF
double gear pump.
Table 6-1 Technical parameters of
HGP2063/a2040B steering pump

Name Parameter

Connection type Rectangular spline

Direction of turning Left-hand turning

Theoretical displacement 63/40ml/r

Rated speed 2200r/min

Rated pressure 17.5Mpa/17.5Mpa

Fig. 6-15 HGP2063/a2040B steering pump

Table 6-2 Technical parameter of
JHP2100/Gj0010A-XF steering pump

Name Parameter

Connection type Rectangular spline

Direction of turning Left-hand turning

Nominal displacement 104.5/10ml/r

Rated speed 2200r/min

Rated pressure 17.5Mpa/4Mpa

Fig. 6-16HGP2063/a2040B steering pump

HGP2063/a2040B steering pump is installed with
flow conversion control valve (also called flow
switch valve) and flow signal valve which are used
to control the flow under the different speeds of
loader engine and save energy.

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 Service Manual of Wheel Loader
The information about flow signal valve and the
flow conversion control valve is as shown below:

Table 6-3 Technical parameter of flow signal valve

Name Parameter

Rated flow 250L/min

Rated pressure 25Mpa

Drift diameter 25mm

Fig. 6-17 Profile of flow signal valve

1 One-way valve seat 2 One-way valve element 3 One-way valve spring 4 Valve body 5
Spring
6 Spring seat 7 Overflow valve element 8 Damping plug
Table 6-4 Technical parameter of flow switch valve
switch

Name Parameter

Rated flow 160L/min

Rated pressure 25Mpa

Drift diameter 25mm

Fig. 6-18 Profile of switch valve

1 Pug screw 2 Plug screw 3 Steel ball 4 Steel ball seat 5 Spring 6 Pressure regulating plug 7
Plug screw
8 Plug screw 9 Main valve spring 10 Main valve element 11 One-way valve element 12 Spring
13 Plug screw

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 Service Manual of Wheel Loader

642 Priority valve

This steering system adopts VLE-150S priority
valve. The priority valve is a differential stress
component. No matter how the load pressure and
the oil supply in the oil pump change, the priority
valve can still maintain the differential pressure on
both ends of adjustable orifice in the steering gear
and then ensure the flow supplied to the steering
gear equal to the product of steering wheel speed
and steering gear displacement.
The P port of priority valve is connected to the oil
outlet hose of steering pump, CF port is connected
to the P port of steering gear, EF port is connected
to the radiator, LS port is connected to the LS port
of steering gear and T port is connected to the
hydraulic oil tank.

Fig. 6-19 External view of priority valve

1 T port 2 Safety valve 3 P port 4 EF port 5 LS port 6 CF port
Table 6-5 Technical parameter of priority valve
(Eton)

Name Parameter

Nominal flow 150L/min

Safety valve
16MPa
pressure

Control pressure 10.3Bar

Signal Static state signal

Fig. 6-20 Priority valve diagram

Table 6-6 Technical parameter of priority valve
(Whyte)

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 Service Manual of Wheel Loader

Name Parameter

Nominal flow 250L/min

Safety valve
16MPa
pressure

Control pressure 10.5Bar

Signal Static state signal

643 Steering oil cylinder

The steering oil cylinder can convert the pressure
energy of liquid to the mechanical energy in
reciprocating rectilinear movement. The steering oil
cylinder is fixed on the frame by pivot and the
contraction of oil cylinder achieves the steering
function of vehicle. The steering oil cylinder mainly
consists of cylinder body, piston rod, cylinder head,
piston and seal kit of oil cylinder.

Fig. 6-21 Structure chart of steering cylinder

1 Piston rod 2 Cylinder head 3 Cylinder body 4 Piston
644 Steering gear
This machine adopts Xcel80-800 static state signal
load sensing flow amplification hydraulic steering
gear of which the appearance and interior schematic
diagram is as shown below.

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 Service Manual of Wheel Loader

Fig. 6-22 External view of Xcel80-800 steering gear

1 LS port 2 L port 3 T port 4 R port 5 P port

Main technical parameters of steering gear

Table 6-7

Model Xcel80-800

Connection type British involute spline

Equivalent displacement 800ml/r

Maximum inlet pressure 17.5MPa

Maximum continuous back

2.1MPa
pressure

Overload valve pressure 21MPa

Steering torque 1.7-2.8Nm

Amplification factor 2

Fig. 6-23 Steering gear diagram

The P port of the steering gear is connected to the CF port of priority valve, L and R ports are
respectively connected to the steering cylinder and oil in T port returns to the oil return tank after
being radiated in the radiator. LS port is connected to the LS port of priority valve and the spline
of steering gear is connected to the steering column.
The steering gear mainly consists of follow-up rotary valve and metering motor. The follow-up
rotary valve includes valve element, valve sleeve and valve body. The metering motor consists of
rotor and stator. The stator and the rotor are used as motor during the normal steering operation.

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 Service Manual of Wheel Loader

65 Steering system exhaust

After replacing steering pump, steering gear,
priority valve, steering cylinder and hydraulic oil
pipe in the steering circuit, exhaust the gas in the
steering system based on following methods:
1. Park the loader at the right maintenance
position and then open the filler cap of the
hydraulic oil tank.
1. Start the engine and make the engine idle for
several minutes. Pay attention to not using
any hydraulic function during this process.
2. After the hydraulic oil in the hydraulic
system is circulated fully, turn the steering
wheel slightly several times. Pay attention to
keeping the steering cylinder not move to
the end.
3. Keep the engine idling and carefully turn the
steering wheel to make the steering cylinder
with full travel stretch forth and back 3-5
times so as to exhaust the air in the pipeline.
When necessary, remove the oil inlet pipe or
1 the oil return pipe of steering cylinder to
Fig. 6-24 make the hydraulic oil overflow so as to
1 Filling filter element complete the full exhaust of hydraulic
cylinder. Pay attention to not making the
hydraulic system store pressure during the
exhaust.
4. After the exhaust, set the machine and the
working device at the standard position
and then check the oil and tighten the filler
cap.
5. Stop the engine and check and confirm
whether the hydraulic pipeline has any
leakage.

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 Service Manual of Wheel Loader

66 Fault diagnosis and elimination

of steering system
661 Diagnosis of main faults
Table 6-8 Fault cause of heavy steering
N
Fault cause Reference diagram of fault location Remark
o.

The damaged one-way

valve in the steering gear
1
blocks the entrance of
steering gear.

The steering gear stalls and

This steering gear
turns to the one-way valve.
2 does not have the
The stuck steel ball cannot
one-way valve.
reset.

LS pipe of priority valve

twists together or is too
3
long. The damping hole is
blocked or has oil leakage.

The steering column is

4 damaged and the rotating
torque is excessive.

The joint part between

steering column and
steering gear has
5 interference and produces
axial or radial force to the
steering gear after
assembly.

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 Service Manual of Wheel Loader
Table 6-9 Fault cause of heavy steering (continued)

No. Fault cause Reference diagram of fault location Remark

The pressure of priority

valve and the overflow
valve is low or the main
valve element is stuck or
6 the damping hole is
blocked. The main valve
element of priority valve is
stuck or the elasticity of
main spring is smaller.

The pressure of overload

7 valve in combination valves
of steering gear is low.

The oil return filter is

8
blocked.

The pump is worn seriously

or damaged. The volumetric
9 efficiency, pressure or flow
cannot meet system
requirements.

The blocked location in the

whole steering system
10
pipeline will cause serious
throttle and heavy steering.

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 Service Manual of Wheel Loader
Table 6-10 Fault cause of vehicle deviation

No. Fault cause Reference diagram of fault location Remark

Check whether the oil

1
cylinder is loosened.

The oil cylinder has

2
leakage.

Two tires have larger

3
pressure difference.

One side of two-way

overload valve or
4 two-way oil
supplementary valve has
leakage.

5 The oil has air.

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 Service Manual of Wheel Loader
Table 6-11 Fault cause of inaccurate steering

No. Fault cause Reference diagram of fault location Remark

1 The system has air.

The pin of oil cylinder is

2
loosened.

3 Thermal shock.

The main valve element

4
of priority valve is stuck.

The oil cylinder has

5
leakage.

The low efficiency of

6 pump causes unstable
pressure.

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 Service Manual of Wheel Loader
Table 6-12 Fault cause of that the steering wheel has no pressure or the tumbler does not move

No. Fault cause Reference diagram of fault location Remark

The nuts on the steering

1 column and steering
wheel fall off.

The joint between the

steering column spindle
2
and the steering gear
valve element fall off.

The level of oil tank is

3
lower.

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 Service Manual of Wheel Loader
Table 6-13 Fault cause of that the tumbler does not move or moves slowly

No. Fault cause Reference diagram of fault location Remark

Two-way overload valve

or two-way oil
1
supplementary valve has
serious leakage.

The oil cylinder piston

2
has serious leakage.

Table 6-14 Fault cause of idle stroke in the steering wheel

No. Fault cause Reference diagram of fault location Remark

The nut on the steering

1
wheel is loosened.

The joint between the

steering column and the
2
steering gear is worn
seriously or damaged.

3 The oil has air.

Two-way overload valve

and two-way oil
4
supplementary valve
have leakage.

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 Service Manual of Wheel Loader

5 Oil cylinder has leakage.

The connection between

the oil cylinder and the
6 steering linkage has large
wear clearance or is
damaged.

Table 6-15 Fault cause of abnormal return or driven turning

No. Fault cause Reference diagram of fault location Remark

The steering column and

the steering gear are
1
connected tightly or
unsmoothly.

Larger oil return

2 back-pressure can cause
poor return.

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 Service Manual of Wheel Loader

The large contamination

particles entering
between the valve
3
element and the valve
sleeve can cause
non-return.

The spring strip of

4 steering gear is damaged
or has smaller elasticity.

Table 6-16 Fault cause of steering wheel vibrating or rotating automatically

No. Fault cause Reference diagram of fault location Remark

The assembly relation is

wrong. During the
overhaul and re-assembly,
the spline tooth
1 corresponding to the pin
pulling slot corresponds
to the internal spline tooth
cavity of rotor tooth
cavity.

Connect the oil inlet to R

or L port and then the
2 steering motor in the
steering gear can rotate
automatically.

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 Service Manual of Wheel Loader
Table 6-17 Other faults

Fault Reference diagram of fault

Fault cause Remark
phenomenon location

Not working for a long

At the starting,
time, the steering gear
short-time
elements have larger
inflexible
temperature difference with
steering.
system oil.

The steering
The system has air.
cylinder crawls.

The tumbler and

the steering
R and L ports are inversely
wheel have
connected.
opposite
directions.

The steering
The one-way valve in the
wheel
steering gear is damaged.
rebounds.

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 Service Manual of Wheel Loader

662 Example of typical fault elimination

Fault 1: Heavy steering

Cause Measure

Yes
The oil cylinder crawls and the
hydraulic oil has foam and
irregular noise.
Exhaust the air in the system,
The system has air, the check the oil inlet pipe, check
manual steering one-way whether the steel ball is stuck,
Yes valve loses efficacy, FK
The steering is heavy and the replace KF combination valve
steering cylinder has no power. overload has leakage and the and check whether the oil
oil cylinder has inner leakage. cylinder has inner leakage.

Yes
Check whether the
steering column is
Make flexible.
the No No
judgmen Whether the system Check whether the Yes
t based pressure is in feedback oil pipe is The pipeline is blocked. Clean or replace.
on fault conformity with smooth.
phenome requirements.
No No
non The spring of priority valve Clean, repair or replace.
Whether the direction is Adjust system pressure and
check whether the pressure breaks off or the valve element is
heavy during the quick turn.
changes. stuck.
Yes

No The system pressure is low. Adjust the system pressure to the

specified value.
Yes
Whether the level of hydraulic The level of hydraulic oil is Fill the oil to the specified
oil is lower. low. range.
No
Yes The pipeline is blocked. Clean or replace.
Whether the oil suction
pipe is blocked.
No
The steering pump is worn. Repair or replace.

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 Service Manual of Wheel Loader

Fault 2: The steering has no ending point

After the steering cylinder turns to the limiting Countermeasures

Cause
position and turn the steering wheel hard
continuously, the steering wheel can turn slightly The pressure of overload Properly increase the
and have no feeling of ending point. valve is low pressure of overload valve

是
Fault 3: The steering cylinder cannot turn to the limiting position.

Cause Countermeasures
The steering cylinder cannot turn to the limiting
position and the steering is heavy. The pressure of safety Properly increase the
valve is low. pressure of safety
是 valve.

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