ABSTRACT

This idea aims to create a versatile measuring instrument that can be used

for various purposes such as drawing curves, measuring pre-sized holes and

structures, checking flatness of surfaces, and more. The instrument has a unique

design that incorporates multiple features, making it more efficient than a normal

scale. It is also cost-effective as it eliminates the need for buying multiple

components separately. The multi-purpose instrument saves time and space as it

does not require switching between different measuring tools. In summary, this

idea proposes a single instrument that can perform multiple measuring functions,

making it a valuable tool for various applications. This multi-purpose measuring

instrument offers a wide range of benefits compared to traditional measuring

tools. It is designed to be compact and lightweight, making it easy to carry around

and store in small spaces. Additionally, the instrument is highly accurate,

providing precise measurements for all applications. One of the key advantages

of this measuring instrument is its versatility. Its ability to measure different

shapes and sizes makes it an ideal tool for professionals in various fields such as

architecture, engineering, construction, and manufacturing.

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO NO

ABSTRACT vii

LIST OF TABLES xi

LIST OF FIGURES xiii

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 1

1.2 MULTIPURPOSE MEASURING 2

INSTRUMENT

1.3 NEED FOR MULTIPURPOSE 3

INSTRUMENTS

1.4 INSTRUMENTS INVOLVED IN 5

MULTIPURPOSE INSTRUMENT

1.4.1 Measuring Instruments Involved 5

1.4.2 Drafting Instruments Involved

1.4.3 Other Instruments Involved 9

11

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 12

2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY 12

2.2 LITERATURE CONCLUSION 13

3. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION 14

viii
4. SOLUTION CONCEPTUALIZATION 15

4.1 INTRODUCTION 15

4.2 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS INVOLVED 17

4.2.1 Over View 19

4.2.2 Need For Measuring Instruments 20

4.2.3 Structural Description Of Measuring

Instruments 21

4.3 DRAFTING INSTRUMENTS

4.3.1 Instruments Location 23

4.3.2 Drafting Compass Positioning 24

4.3.3 Structural Description Of Drafting

24
Instruments

25

5. METHODOLOGY 28

5.1 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT 28

5.1.1 Designing 29

5.2 MANUFACTURING 29

5.2.1 Material Selection 29

5.3 PRODUCTION COST ESTIMATION 31

5.4 DESIGNING PROCESS 32

5.5 DESIGN OF MULTIPURPOSE MEASURING 34

INSTRUMENT

ix
 5.6 DESIGNING TOOLS ASSOCIATED WITH 35
DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN

5.7 MEASUREMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH 38

DESIGNING
42
5.8 ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING

5.9 PROCESS AND PROCEDURES INVOLVED 44

IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING

5.10 ADVANTAGES OF ADDITIVE 45

MANUFACTURING

5.11 PROCESS OF ADDITIVE 47

MANUFACTURING

5.12 ASSEMBLING 48

5.12.1 Components Involved In Assembling 48

Process

5.13 STICKERING 49

5.14 OTHER MATERIALS USED 50

5.14.1 Springs 50

5.14.2 Needles of Drafting Compass 51

5.14.3 Screws 51

6. CONCLUSION 52

REFERENCES 53

x
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO CAPTION PAGE NO

1.1 Multipurpose Measuring Instrument 3
1.2 Ruler 5

1.3 Vernier Calliper 6

1.4 Spirit Level 7
1.5 Protractor 8
1.6 L-Scale 9
1.7 Drafting Compass 10
1.8 Directional Compass 11
4.1 Vernier Scale 21
4.2 Spirit Level 22
4.3 Ruler 22
4.4 Main Scale 26
4.5 Slider Top Piece 27
4.6 Slider Bottom Piece 27
4.7 Slider Button 27
5.1 Methodology 28
5.2 Designing Process 35
5.3 Slit In Scale 40
5.4 Main Scale Measurements 41
5.5 Main Scale Bottom View 42
5.6 3-D Printers 47
5.7 Vernier Scale Sticker Measurements 49
5.8 Main Scale Sticker Measurements 49
5.9 Springs 50

xi
5.10 Conical Spring 50
5.11 Needle 51
5.12 Screw 51

xii
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO CAPTION PAGE NO

5.1 Cost Estimation 31

5.2 Component Measurements 38

5.3 Component List 48

xiii
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Generally simple measuring instruments are used for single purposes only
such as rulers used for measuring the length of the object, spirit level used for
detecting the flatness of a surface and etc. Apart from using for measuring these
instruments are costlier and these instruments are space occupying. The need and
requirement of the multipurpose measurements will be explained furtherly.

1.1 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

Measuring instruments are tools that are designed to accurately determine
the value of a physical quantity, such as length, temperature, pressure, or electric
current. There are a wide variety of measuring instruments available, each
designed for a specific purpose. Some of the most common types of measuring
instruments include rulers, thermometers, barometers, and ammeters. Rulers are
simple measuring instruments used to measure length or distance. They are
commonly made of plastic or metal and have markings in inches or centimeters.
Rulers are often used in construction, engineering, and drafting. Thermometers
are instruments used to measure temperature. They can be used to measure the
temperature of solids, liquids, or gases. There are many different types of
thermometers available, including mercury thermometers, digital thermometers,
and infrared thermometers. Ammeters are instruments used to measure electric
current. They are commonly used in electrical engineering and can help
troubleshoot electrical circuits. Ammeters are typically connected in series with
the circuit being measured. Barometers are instruments used to measure
atmospheric pressure. They are commonly used in weather forecasting and can
help predict changes in weather patterns. Barometers can be either mercury or
aneroid, with the latter being more common.
1
 In summary, measuring instruments play an important role in many
different fields, and there are many different types available to suit a wide variety
of needs. These tools allow for accurate and precise measurements, helping to
ensure that work is done correctly and to the appropriate specifications.

1.2 MULTIPURPOSE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

Multi-purpose measuring instruments are tools that are designed to
measure multiple physical quantities, making them versatile and useful in a
variety of applications. These instruments can save time, money, and space by
eliminating the need for multiple tools to perform different measurements. Some
examples of multi-purpose measuring instruments include:
Multi-meters: Multi-meters are electrical test tools used to measure voltage,
current, and resistance. They are used by electricians, engineers, and technicians
to troubleshoot and maintain electrical systems.
Calipers: Calipers are tools used to measure the distance between two opposite
sides of an object. They can be used to measure inside, outside, and depth
dimensions, making them useful in a variety of industries, such as manufacturing,
engineering, and woodworking.
Infrared Thermometers: Infrared thermometers use infrared technology to
measure temperature without making contact with the object being measured.
They are useful for measuring temperature in hard-to-reach places or for quickly
measuring the temperature of multiple objects.
Laser Levels: Laser levels are tools used to ensure a level or straight line when
installing shelves, cabinets, or other items. They emit a laser beam that creates a
level or straight line on a surface, making it easier to install items correctly.
Force Gauges: Force gauges are tools used to measure force, such as tension or
compression. They can be used in quality control, product testing, and research
and development.
2
 Overall, multi-purpose measuring instruments are versatile tools that can
save time and improve accuracy in a variety of applications. They are valuable
tools for professionals in many different industries

1.3 NEED FOR MULTIPURPOSE INSTRUMENT

There are several needs for multi-purpose measuring instruments in
various industries and applications, the crucial needs for multipurpose measuring
instruments can be seen in the Figure1.1 multipurpose measuring instrument, the
explanation of the concepts were listed below:

Versatility

Cost-Effective Accuracy

Need for
multipuporse
measuring
instruments

Efficiency Convenience

Safety

Figure 1.1 Multipurpose Measuring Instrument

3
Versatility: Multi-purpose measuring instruments can measure multiple physical
quantities with one tool, making them versatile and efficient. They save time and
space by eliminating the need for multiple tools to perform different
measurements.
Accuracy: Multi-purpose measuring instruments provide accurate
measurements, which is crucial in many industries such as manufacturing,
engineering, and construction. Precise measurements can ensure that products are
made to the correct specifications, and structures are built to code.
Convenience: Multi-purpose measuring instruments are convenient and easy to
use. They often have simple user interfaces, making them accessible to a wide
range of professionals.
Cost-Effective: Multi-purpose measuring instruments can be a cost-effective
solution compared to purchasing multiple specialized tools. They can also reduce
maintenance costs and simplify calibration requirements.
Safety: Multi-purpose measuring instruments can improve safety by reducing the
need for personnel to work at heights or in hazardous environments to take
measurements. Infrared thermometers, for example, can measure temperature
from a distance, avoiding the need for direct contact with hot or dangerous
surfaces.
Efficiency: Multi-purpose measuring instruments can increase efficiency by
reducing the time and effort required to take measurements. They can also help
identify problems quickly and accurately, allowing for timely repairs or
adjustments.

Overall, multi-purpose measuring instruments are essential tools for many

industries and applications. They can improve accuracy, efficiency, and safety,
while also providing cost-effective and convenient solutions for measuring
various physical quantities.
4
1.4 INSTRUMENTS INVOLVED IN MULTIPURPOSE INSTRUMENT
The measurement which we have developed involves of measuring
instrument which can also be used for other purposes such as drafting, adjusting
and etc. The measuring instruments which are involved in the instrument we have
developed are listed with explanation flowingly:

1.4.1 Measuring Instruments Involved

Ruler: Rulers are commonly used in construction, engineering, drafting, and
other fields that require precise measurements of length. They can also be used
for general household tasks, such as measuring the size of objects or cutting
materials to a specific length. The image of the conventional ruler is shown in the
Figure 1.2.

Figure 1.2 Ruler

The most basic ruler has markings for whole numbers, while others may
have markings for fractions or decimals, making them more accurate for specific
applications. Some rulers also have additional features, such as beveled edges for
drawing straight lines, or non-slip backing for better grip.
rulers are simple and useful tools that provide accurate measurements for
a wide range of applications. They are inexpensive, easy to use, and widely
available, making them an essential tool in any toolbox, desk, or household.

5
Vernier caliper: A Vernier caliper is a measuring instrument used to measure
the internal and external dimensions of objects with high precision. It consists of
two jaws, one stationary and the other movable, which can slide along a calibrated
scale. The movable jaw is controlled by a Vernier scale that allows for accurate
and precise measurements.
Vernier calipers can be used to measure lengths, widths, and depths of
objects up to a few inches or centimeters in size. The Figure1.3 shows the
structure of a Vernier calliper. They can also be used to measure the diameter
of circular objects, the thickness of materials, and the depth of holes or grooves.
Vernier calipers are widely used in manufacturing, engineering, and scientific
applications where high precision is required.

Figure 1.3 Vernier Caliper

To use a Vernier calliper, the jaws are placed around the object being
measured, and the movable jaw is adjusted until it makes contact with the object.
The measurement is then read off the Vernier scale, which provides more precise
readings than the main scale. The main scale is usually marked in millimeters or
inches, while the Vernier scale provides readings in fractions of these units.
Vernier calipers come in different sizes and levels of precision, with some
models offering digital readouts for ease of use and increased accuracy. Overall,
the Vernier caliper is a valuable tool for anyone who requires high precision
measurements, particularly in manufacturing, engineering, and scientific
applications.
6
Spirit level: A spirit level, also known as a bubble level, is a tool used to
determine whether a surface is horizontal or vertical. It consists of a long, straight,
rectangular or cylindrical body with a clear acrylic or glass vial containing a
liquid with a small air bubble inside. The vial is mounted in the body of the level
in such a way that the bubble is free to move.
To use a spirit level, the tool is placed on a surface that needs to be leveled.
The user adjusts the position of the object until the bubble in the vial is centered
between two marked lines or within a circle in the vial. If the bubble is not
centered, the surface is not level and needs to be adjusted until the bubble is
centered.
Spirit levels come in various sizes and types, including torpedo levels,
pocket levels, and box beam levels. The Figure 1.4 shows the assembly of
conventional spirit level. Some levels have additional features, such as a
magnetic base, a laser level, or a digital display. The digital display shows the
angle of the surface in degrees, making it easier to get precise measurements.

Figure 1.4 Spirit Level

Spirit levels are commonly used in construction, woodworking, metalworking,

and other applications where precision leveling is important. They are simple,
easy-to-use tools that provide accurate measurements and can help ensure that
structures, shelves, or other objects are level and straight.

Protractor: A protractor is a measuring instrument used to measure angles in

degrees. It is a flat, circular tool usually made of transparent plastic or metal with
7
a semicircular or full circle scale marked in degrees or radians as shown in the
Figure1.5. Protractors are commonly used in geometry, trigonometry, and other
mathematical applications where angles need to be measured.

Figure 1.5 Protractor

To use a protractor, the center of the tool is placed at the vertex of the angle,
and the scale is aligned with one of the angle's sides. The angle is then read off
the scale where the other side intersects. The scale on a protractor can measure
angles from 0 to 180 degrees or from 0 to 360 degrees, depending on the type of
protractor.
Protractors can be used to measure angles of lines and planes, angles
between intersecting lines, and angles between planes. They can also be used to
construct and draw angles with precision. Some protractors have additional
features, such as a locking mechanism to hold the tool in place or an adjustable
arm for measuring and drawing angles in different positions.

Overall, protractors are simple and useful tools for measuring angles in
geometry and other mathematical applications. They are inexpensive, easy to use,
and widely available, making them an essential tool in any geometry kit or
classroom.

8
1.4.2 Drafting Instruments Involved

L-Scale: An L scale, also known as an engineer's scale or a triangular scale, is a

type of ruler used in technical drawing and drafting. It is called an L scale because
it is shaped like the letter L as shown in the Figure 1.6, with one leg longer than
the other.

Figure 1.6 L-Scale

An L scale has calibrated markings along its edges that allow the user to
make accurate measurements and create drawings to a specific scale, such as 1/4
inch to 1 foot or 1:50. The scales on an L scale are usually printed in different
colors to make them easier to read and to distinguish between different scales.
L scales are commonly used in fields such as architecture, engineering, and
design to create technical drawings, blueprints, and plans. They are often made
of plastic or metal and come in a variety of sizes and shapes, depending on the
application.
Overall, the L scale is a valuable tool for anyone involved in technical
drawing and drafting. It allows for precise and accurate measurements and scaling
of drawings, making it an essential tool in any drafting kit.

9
Drafting compass: A drafting compass is a tool used in technical drawing and
drafting to create precise circles and arcs. It consists of two legs or arms, one with
a pointed end for piercing the drawing surface and the other with a pencil or pen
holder. The two legs are connected by a hinge, allowing the distance between the
points to be adjusted as shown in the Figure 1.7.

Figure 1.7 Drafting Compass

To use a drafting compass, the user adjusts the distance between the points
to the desired radius of the circle or arc. The pointed end of one leg is then placed
at the center of the circle, and the other leg is rotated around it, creating a perfect
circle or arc.
Drafting compasses come in various types and sizes, including spring bow
compasses, beam compasses, and divider compasses. Some compasses also have
additional features, such as a lead holder or interchangeable legs for different
types of drawing.
Overall, the drafting compass is a valuable tool for anyone involved in
technical drawing and drafting. It allows for precise and accurate circles and arcs
to be created, making it an essential tool in any drafting kit.

10
1.4.3 Other Instruments Involved:

Directional compass: A directional compass is a tool used to determine direction

or orientation. It typically consists of a magnetic needle that rotates freely on a
pivot and is aligned with the Earth's magnetic field. The compass is often
mounted in a circular housing with markings indicating the cardinal directions of
north, south, east, and west.

Figure 1.8 Directional Compass

To use a directional compass, the user holds it level and flat in their hand
and allows the needle to settle, indicating the direction of magnetic north as
shown in the Figure 1.8. By rotating the compass housing, the user can align the
compass with a specific direction or landmark, such as a mountain peak or a
distant building.
Directional compasses are used in a variety of fields, including outdoor
activities such as hiking, camping, and orienteering, as well as navigation and
surveying. They are also used by pilots and sailors for navigation and in military
applications for tactical planning and operations.

11
 CHAPTER 2

LITRATURE REVIEW

2.1 LITRATURE SURVEY

Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology has revolutionized
manufacturing processes by enabling the creation of complex geometries and
structures. To ensure the production of high-quality AM parts, accurate and
reliable measurement tools are crucial. This literature review explores the
significance of multipurpose measuring instruments in the context of AM
technology, highlighting various studies and advancements in this field.

Aldén, et al., (2016). In this paper they have investigated the dimensional
accuracy of AM parts and recommended the use of multipurpose measuring
instruments combining scanning electron microscopy, X-ray tomography, and
coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) for accurate measurements.

Chen, et al., (2018), In this paper they have proposed a digital holography system
as a multipurpose measuring instrument for assessing the geometric accuracy of
AM parts, outperforming traditional methods such as CMMs.

Gibson, et al., (2014), In this paper they have emphasized the need for reliable
measurement tools in AM and discussed the use of in-process monitoring systems
and non-destructive testing techniques as multipurpose instruments to ensure the
quality of AM parts.

12
Gusmeroli, et al., (2019), In this paper they have reviewed metrology techniques
for measuring AM parts and suggested a hybrid measurement approach
integrating optical and tactile methods to enhance accuracy and efficiency.

Li and Dong., (2017), In this paper they introduced a multipurpose measuring

instrument utilizing a laser interferometer and a high-speed camera for measuring
surface profile and roughness of AM parts.

Mazzoli, et al., (2019).In this paper they have explained about development of a
multipurpose measuring system combining 3D optical scanning and computed
tomography (CT) for accurate dimensional measurements of complex-shaped
AM parts.

Perrone, et al., (2019). In this paper they have proposed a multipurpose

instrument based on a structured light scanning system combined with a CMM
for measuring the geometric accuracy of AM parts.

Rahimi, et al., (2020). In this paper they have introduced a multipurpose

measuring instrument integrating laser scanning, X-ray tomography, and CMM
for comprehensive dimensional analysis of AM parts.

Santolaria, et al., (2021). In this paper they have presented a multipurpose

metrology system combining CMM, computed tomography, and 3D optical
scanning to measure the dimensional accuracy and surface quality of AM parts.

Wang, et al., (2020). In this paper they described about the developing a hybrid
measurement system integrating structured light scanning and CMM for accurate
measurement of complex geometries in AM parts.
13
2.2 LITRATURE CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the literature emphasizes the importance of multipurpose
measuring instruments in ensuring the dimensional accuracy, geometric
precision, and surface quality of AM parts. These instruments, such as those
combining scanning electron microscopy, digital holography, laser
interferometry, structured light scanning, computed tomography, and CMM,
offer enhanced accuracy and efficiency for measuring complex geometries in AM
technology. The advancement and integration of various measurement techniques
hold significant promise for improving the quality and reliability of AM parts

14
 CHAPTER 3

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

Generally, engineers, students, researchers, designers and various other

peoples are forced to carry multiple measuring and drafting instruments for their
work purposes and more over these instruments have to bought separately which
cost requires moreover they occupy more space while storing. Many people find
it difficult to carry all the instruments at a particular time and also many forgets
to bring every instruments to their work area.
In addition to this these instruments are not compact enough to carry as
there are multiple instruments every instruments requires particular way of
storing medium and also these instruments are crucial to their work but, when it
comes to carrying the instruments separately which is a tedious task and people
face many other problems during their work conditions.

15
 CHAPTER 4

SOLUTION CONCEPTUALIZATION

4.1 INTRODUCTION:
Measurement instruments have been used for centuries to measure and
evaluate various physical quantities, such as length, angle, and direction. In
today's world, there are numerous types of measurement instruments available,
each designed to measure different types of quantities. This literature review
focuses on the multipurpose measuring instrument consisting of ruler, Vernier
caliper, drafting compass, directional compass, L-scale, spirit level, and
protractor. These instruments are commonly used in engineering, construction,
and architecture to measure and assess various physical dimensions and
characteristics.

Ruler:
A ruler is a flat, straight instrument used to measure distance and length. It
is typically made of wood, plastic, or metal and is marked with evenly spaced
units of length. The accuracy of the ruler is typically within 0.5mm, making it a
reliable instrument for measuring dimensions in various fields. Rulers are also
used in drafting and design, allowing designers and architects to create precise
and accurate drawings.

Vernier Caliper:
A Vernier caliper is a more accurate measuring instrument used to measure
linear dimensions up to 0.02mm. It is typically made of metal and has two sets of
jaws that can be used to measure external and internal dimensions. The Vernier
caliper is particularly useful for measuring the thickness of objects and can be
16
used to measure the inside diameter of pipes, for example. It is also commonly
used in the manufacturing industry to ensure the precise measurement of
components and parts.

Drafting Compass:
The drafting compass is a circular instrument used to draw circles, arcs,
and other curved shapes. It consists of two arms, one with a pointed end and the
other with a pencil or pen holder. The arms are connected by a pivot point that
can be adjusted to change the radius of the circle being drawn. Drafting
compasses are commonly used in engineering and architecture to create precise
and accurate drawings.

Directional Compass:
A directional compass is a simple instrument used to determine the
direction of magnetic north. It typically consists of a magnetic needle mounted
on a pivot point that is free to rotate. The compass is typically marked with the
cardinal directions (North, South, East, West) and can be used to determine the
direction of travel or to orient a map.

L-Scale:
An L-scale is a specialized ruler used in engineering and architecture to
measure and draw angles. It consists of two arms, one of which is fixed and the
other of which can be rotated to measure angles. L-scales are typically made of
transparent plastic or metal and are marked with degrees, allowing for accurate
and precise measurements of angles.

17
Spirit Level:
A spirit level is an instrument used to determine whether a surface is level
or not. It typically consists of a clear tube filled with liquid, such as alcohol or
oil, with a bubble in the center. When the spirit level is placed on a surface, the
bubble will move to the highest point, indicating whether the surface is level or
not. Spirit levels are commonly used in construction and engineering to ensure
that surfaces and structures are level.

Protractor:
A protractor is a circular instrument used to measure angles. It typically
consists of a circular disc marked with degrees and a pivoting arm that can be
rotated to measure angles. Protractors are commonly used in geometry and
trigonometry to measure angles and to solve mathematical problems involving
angles.

Conclusion:
The multipurpose measuring instrument consisting of ruler, Vernier
caliper, drafting compass, directional compass, L-scale, spirit level, and
protractor is a versatile and essential set of tools used in various fields, including
engineering, construction, and architecture. These instruments are reliable,
accurate, and easy to use, making them an ideal choice for measuring and
evaluating various physical dimensions and characteristics. Whether measuring
distance, angle, or direction, this set of instruments is essential for accurate

4.2 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS INVOLVED

In the world of science and engineering, accurate measurements are
essential for success. For this reason, scientists and engineers have developed
various measuring instruments to help them obtain precise measurements. In this
18
essay, we will discuss one such measuring instrument, which is a multipurpose
instrument consisting of a compass, L-scale, protractor, spirit level, and Vernier
caliper.
The compass is a measuring tool used to draw circles and arcs. It consists
of two legs, one of which is attached to a pivot, and the other has a sharp point.
The compass is used by adjusting the distance between the two legs to the desired
radius and then using the sharp point to trace the desired arc.
The L-scale, also known as a ruler, is a linear measuring instrument that is
used to measure the length of an object. The L-scale is typically made of a
material such as plastic, wood, or metal, and is marked with units of
measurement, such as inches, centimeters, or millimeters.
The protractor is a measuring tool used to measure angles. It consists of a
semicircular disk that is marked with degrees, and a movable arm or pointer that
is used to measure the angle between two lines or surfaces.
The spirit level is a tool used to determine whether a surface is level or
plumb. It consists of a sealed tube filled with liquid, usually alcohol, that contains
an air bubble. The spirit level is placed on a surface, and the position of the air
bubble is used to determine whether the surface is level or not.
The Vernier caliper is a measuring tool used to measure the internal and
external dimensions of an object. It consists of a sliding scale and a fixed scale,
both of which are marked with units of measurement. The Vernier caliper is used
by adjusting the sliding scale to the desired position, and then reading the
measurement from the fixed scale and the sliding scale.
The multipurpose instrument consisting of a compass, L-scale, protractor,
spirit level, and Vernier caliper is a versatile tool that is commonly used in a
variety of fields, such as engineering, architecture, and woodworking. It is often
used to measure angles, distances, and dimensions with precision and accuracy.
The ability to perform multiple functions with a single tool makes it a valuable
19
asset for professionals who need to obtain accurate measurements quickly and
efficiently.
In conclusion, measuring instruments play a vital role in scientific and
engineering fields. The multipurpose instrument consisting of a compass, L-scale,
protractor, spirit level, and Vernier caliper is an excellent example of a tool that
provides multiple functions for precise measurements. As technology continues
to advance, we can expect to see even more sophisticated measuring instruments
in the future that will continue to help scientists and engineers achieve greater
accuracy and precision in their work.

4.2.1 General Instruments

Measuring instruments are devices used to determine the quantity or extent
of something. There are many types of measuring instruments available, each
with its own specific use and advantages. Here's an overview of some common
measuring instruments:

Vernier caliper: A Vernier caliper is a measuring instrument used to measure

the dimensions of objects with high accuracy. It consists of two jaws, one fixed
and one movable, which can be adjusted by a Vernier scale.

Ruler: A ruler is a straightedge measuring tool that is used to measure distance,

length or width. It is typically made of plastic or metal and can be calibrated in
different units of measurement such as inches, centimeters, or millimeters.

Compass: A compass is a device that is used to draw circles and arcs. It has two
arms, one with a pointed end that is used to anchor the compass in place and the
other arm with a pencil or a sharp point used to mark the circle or arc.

20
Level gauge: A level gauge is a device that is used to measure the level of a liquid
or gas in a tank or container. It typically consists of a glass or plastic tube with a
scale marked on it, and the liquid or gas level is indicated by the position of the
fluid in the tube.

L-scale: An L-scale is a ruler-like measuring instrument that is used to measure

angles and draw lines at precise angles. It has two arms that meet at a right angle,
with a protractor scale marked on one of the arms.

Directional compass: A directional compass is a tool used to determine the

direction of north. It typically consists of a magnetized needle that aligns itself
with the earth's magnetic field and is mounted on a rotating card or dial with a
marked compass rose.

These measuring instruments are essential tools for scientists, engineers,

architects, and many other professionals who need to make accurate
measurements in their work. By using the right measuring instrument for a given
task, they can ensure that their measurements are precise and reliable.

4.2.2 Need for Measuring Instrument

Measuring instruments play an essential role in our daily lives. They are
used in various fields such as science, engineering, construction, medicine, and
many others. These instruments help us to accurately measure physical quantities
such as distance, weight, temperature, pressure, and many more.
The need for measuring instruments is evident in many aspects of our lives.
For example, in the construction industry, measuring instruments such as tape
measures, spirit levels, and laser distance meters are used to ensure that buildings
and structures are constructed to precise specifications. In the medical field,
21
instruments like thermometers, blood pressure monitors, and glucose meters are
used to diagnose and monitor patients' conditions.
Accurate measurement is essential in scientific research. Without accurate
measurements, scientific experiments would be unreliable and meaningless.
Measuring instruments like microscopes, telescopes, and spectrometers are used
in research fields such as biology, astronomy, and chemistry to study and observe
the natural world and its processes.
Measuring instruments are also crucial in manufacturing industries, where
precise measurements are essential to ensure the quality of products. For example,
a small error in the measurement of a critical part of an airplane engine could
have disastrous consequences.
In summary, measuring instruments are vital in many aspects of our daily
lives. They help us to ensure accuracy, quality, and safety in various fields such
as construction, medicine, research, and manufacturing. Accurate measurements
are essential to maintain standards, improve efficiency, and advance knowledge
in various fields

4.2.3 Structural Description of Measuring Instruments

The structural elements of the measuring instruments are designed and
developed compactly positioned which will we explained following:
Vernier caliper

Figure 4.1 VERNIER SCALE

22
 The Vernier calipers upper jaw is mounted with the main scale of the
instrument whereas the lower jaw of the Vernier scale is mounted with slider
button of the drafting compass for the movability and versatility of the Vernier
caliper as shown in the Figure 4.1, the Vernier scale is attached with lower jaw
of the instrument which carries the Vernier scale of the instrument

Spirit level:

Space for spirit level

Figure 4.2 SPIRIT LEVEL

The spirit level is attached above the hole provide for the drafting compass.
The length of the spirit level used for this instrument is 3cm and the diameter of
the spirit level is 1.5cm as shown in the Figure 4.2. The required vacant area is
provided in the main scale for the mounting of the spirit level to the multipurpose
measuring instrument.
Ruler:

Figure 4.3 RULER

23
 The ruler is located at the opposite side of the Vernier upper jaw, the length
of the scale in this instrument is 17cm as shown in the Figure 4.3. The ruler can
also be used for measuring the radius of the circle which is to b drawn by using
the sliding drafting compass. The major portion of the main scale will be acting
as the ruler of our measuring instrument which is made by using stickers for
measuring purpose.

4.3 DRAFTING INSTRUMENTS

Drafting instruments are tools that are used by architects, engineers, and
drafters to create precise drawings and plans. These instruments help to ensure
that the drawings are accurate and to scale, which is essential for a successful
project. In this essay, we will discuss the L scale, compass, ruler, and their
applications in drafting.
The L scale is an essential instrument for drafting. It is a flat ruler with two
scales on each of its edges, one on the long side and the other on the short side.
The L scale is used to draw parallel lines, measure lengths, and make quick and
accurate calculations. It is especially useful when drawing perpendicular or
parallel lines, as it helps to ensure that the lines are straight and precise.
The compass is another vital tool in drafting. It is a circular instrument that
is used to draw circles or arcs with a set radius. The compass consists of two arms,
one of which has a pointed end while the other has a pencil or pen holder. The
pointed end is used as a pivot, while the other end is used to draw the circle or
arc. The compass can also be used to draw ellipses, curves, and other shapes.
The ruler is perhaps the most fundamental instrument in drafting. It is used
to measure distances and draw straight lines. Rulers are typically made of plastic
or metal and come in a variety of sizes, ranging from a few inches to several feet.
They are usually marked with metric or imperial units, depending on the location.
24
 Multipurpose instruments, such as the L scale, compass, and ruler, are
incredibly useful in drafting. They enable architects, engineers, and drafters to
create accurate and precise drawings. These instruments are often used in
conjunction with one another to create complex drawings that require attention to
detail.
In conclusion, drafting instruments, including the L scale, compass, and
ruler, are essential tools for architects, engineers, and drafters. They enable
precise measurements and accurate drawings that are essential for the success of
any project. Multipurpose instruments are especially useful in drafting, as they
allow for complex drawings that require attention to detail. These instruments are
critical for ensuring that the finished project meets the required standards and
specifications

4.3.1 Instruments Locations

In this we will discuss about the location of the instruments involved in
the multipurpose instrument. The proper location, measurement and dimensions
of the instruments involved in the multipurpose instrument will be discussed
following:

4.3.2 Drafting Compass Positioning

A drafting compass, also known as a precision compass or technical
compass, is a specialized tool used in drafting and technical drawing. It is
designed to provide accurate measurements and precise circles or arcs.
A drafting compass is similar to a regular compass, but it has several
distinct features. The compass arms are typically longer and much slender,
allowing for greater precision when drawing small or intricate circles. The pivot
point, or needle, is usually made of hardened steel and is sharp and durable to
prevent slipping while in use. The pencil or pen holder at the end of one of the
25
arms is also designed to firmly grip the writing instrument and prevent it from
wobbling or slipping during use.
Drafting compasses come in a range of sizes, from a few inches to several
feet in diameter. They can also be adjusted to create circles or arcs of different
sizes, making them versatile tools for a range of drafting and technical drawing
applications.
Drafting compasses are used by engineers, architects, and designers to
create accurate and precise drawings of circles, arcs, and curves. They are
especially useful for creating detailed technical drawings, such as blueprints,
schematics, and diagrams, where precision is critical. The compass is also useful
for drawing ellipses, curves, and other shapes that are difficult to create freehand.
When using a drafting compass, it is important to keep the pivot point
perpendicular to the paper to ensure that the circle or arc is perfectly round. It is
also important to use a sharp writing instrument, such as a mechanical pencil or
fine-tipped pen, to ensure that the line is clear and precise.
In conclusion, a drafting compass is a specialized tool used in drafting and
technical drawing to create accurate and precise circles, arcs, and curves. It is an
essential tool for engineers, architects, and designers who require precise and
detailed technical drawings. The drafting compass is designed to provide superior
accuracy and precision, making it a valuable tool for any drafting or technical
drawing application.

4.3.3 Structural Description of Drafting Instruments

Drafting Compass:
The drafting compass of this instrument is a unique design of slider
compass which is mounted in the form of slider with button, spring and unique
casing which is attached to main scale of the setup.
26
 Figure 4.4 MAIN SCALE

The above Figure 4.4 is the main scale of the multipurpose measuring
instrument which consists of the instrument hole where the tip of the instrument
for drafting can be used to draw the required circular structure.
The radius of the compass can be directly measured by using the ruler
measurement of the main scale of this instrument. The compass centre point or
needle is located inside the slider of the setup which can be activated by pressing
the button provided with the instrument

Slider of drafting compass:

The slider of the compass consists of three major components they are
outer slider casing, spring and needle for the slider. These components were
compactly designed and arranged for the purpose of grip holding the paper while
using the slider as the centre point of the compass. The Figure 4.5 is the top piece
of the slider which is connected to the lower jaw of the Vernier. The Figure 4.6
is the slider bottom piece which helps the slider to smoothly move in the slit
provided and finally the Figure4.7 represents the push button placed inside the
slider.

27
.

Figure 4.5 Slider Top Piece Figure 4.6 Slider Bottom Piece

Figure 4.7 Slider Button

28
 CHAPTER 5

METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
The methodology for designing and fabrication of multipurpose measuring
involves various processes which are listed in the Figure 5.1

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

SOLUTION CONCEPT

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

MEASUREMENTS CAD DESIGNING PROCESS

MANUFACTURING

COMPONENTS ASSEMBLY

Figure 5.1 Methodology

5.1 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

The first phase of the product development starts with the designing of the
required components by using the known range of the data of the product and the
designing of the product starts with the designing of every single component by
using predicted data of the component. The data used for current product
designing are approximately adopted from the pre-existing measuring
components such as protractor, sprit level and etc. the component need to aligned
and have to checked for accurate fitting and proper development able design the

29
components are verified separately by measuring the component in the designing
software itself for the proper alignment of the component.

5.1.1 Designing
In the development of this measuring instrument, we have used various
measurements and various features supporting the designing of this measuring
instrument. The components are separately aligned by using designing software
and each segments were modified multiple times based on the requirements of
the measuring instrument.
The designing process involved of various process especially in the
software CATIA. By using this software, the product which is been developed is
modified,

5.2 MANUFACTURING
After completion relevant design process using several software’s like
CATIA, Now, it goes for manufacturing field. Which includes selection of
materials, and manufacture the instrument. Manufacturing of this product is done
by using the method additive manufacturing.
The component is to developed based on the material which is to be
selected as the raw material and certain other additional components which are to
be used are bought separately from the stores and the product is to be assembled
for the final multipurpose measuring instrument.

5.2.1 Material Selection

In the method of additive manufacturing multiple varieties of materials are

used such as

Plastics: Thermoplastics are a common material for 3D printing and include

ABS, PLA, PETG, nylon, polycarbonate, and others. They are reasonably priced,
simple to use, and available in many colours.
30
Metals: Alloys including titanium, stainless steel, aluminium, and copper are
used in 3D printing with metals. Metal powders are perfect for generating high-
strength parts with intricate geometries since they are melted and hardened to
generate the finished product.

Ceramics: Strong and heat-resistant items can be produced via additive

manufacturing by using ceramics like alumina, zirconia, and porcelain.

Composites: Lightweight and durable items can be made via 3D printing from
composite materials like carbon fibre, fibreglass, and Kevlar.

Biomaterials: It is possible to 3D print biological materials including tissues,

cells, and biomaterial scaffolds.

Among the above mentioned materials we have decided to use “Poly Lactic
Acid (PLA)” for the development of the product.

Poly Lactic Acid (PLA)

Poly lactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable thermoplastic polymer made

from renewable resources such as corn starch, tapioca roots, or sugarcane. It is a
type of polyester that is produced by the polymerization of lactic acid monomers.
PLA has a variety of applications, including in packaging, food and
beverage containers, disposable tableware, 3D printing, and medical implants. It
is considered to be a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional
petroleum-based plastics because it is derived from renewable resources and is
biodegradable, meaning that it can break down into natural components in the
environment over time.
However, there are also some limitations to the use of PLA. For example,
it is not suitable for high-temperature applications because it can soften and
deform at relatively low temperatures. Additionally, while PLA is biodegradable,

31
it may not break down completely in all environments, and it may release
greenhouse gases during the decomposition process

5.3 PRODUCTION COST ESTIMATION

The multipurpose measuring instrument requires various components to
manufacturing which are listed and the concordant costs were listed in the below
table 5.1 provided

Table 5.1 Cost Estimation

SNO MATERIALS QUANTITY COST IN INR

1. PLA MATERIAL 150gms (Rs5/gm) 750

2. 3-D PRINTING COST 100

3. SCREW 2 (5mm) 2

3. STICKERING 30

4. SPIRIT LEVEL 1 110

DIRECTIONAL
5 1 200
COMPASS

TOTAL COST 1192

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5.4 DESIGNING PROCESS

Introduction
In this the designing method used and the measurements and every details
regarding the development of the design of the product will be elucidated in the
following passage with clear overview of the processes, software’s, tools and
procedures involved in the process of development of the design of the
multipurpose measuring instrument by using the software CATIA elaborately.
Designing is an essential part of the manufacturing process, as it lays the
foundation for the creation of any product. It involves the use of tools and
techniques to develop a blueprint or a model of the product, which outlines the
features, dimensions, and specifications of the final product. The design process
requires careful consideration of a multitude of factors, such as the intended use
of the product, the materials to be used, and the manufacturing process itself.
Advances in technology have revolutionized the design process, with the advent
of computer-aided design (CAD) software making it easier than ever before to
create precise and accurate designs. In this article, we will explore the various
aspects of the design process, including the use of CAD software, the selection
of materials and manufacturing processes, and the importance of user-centered
design. We will also look at the benefits and challenges of designing in a rapidly
evolving technological landscape and the role of innovation in the design process

Overview of CATIA:
CATIA is a powerful computer-aided design (CAD) software that offers a
range of tools and features for designing and engineering products. The software
is widely used in the automotive, aerospace, and industrial design industries,
among others. Below is a brief explanation of some of the major tools and features
in CATIA:
33
Sketcher: The sketcher tool allows users to create 2D sketches of parts, which
can then be used as the basis for 3D modeling.

Part Design: This tool allows users to create 3D models of parts using a range of
features such as extrusion, revolution, and sweep.

Assembly Design: This tool allows users to create and assemble multiple parts
into a single product, allowing them to check for proper fit and alignment.

Generative Shape Design: This tool allows users to create complex shapes and
surfaces using a range of tools such as fillets, chamfers, and blends.

Wireframe and Surface Design: This tool allows users to create wireframe
models and surfaces, which can be used to create complex 3D models.

Sheet Metal Design: This tool allows users to create sheet metal parts, such as
panels and enclosures, using a range of features such as bends and flanges.

Drafting: This tool allows users to create 2D drawings of their 3D models, which
can then be used for manufacturing or documentation purposes.

DMU Kinematics: This tool allows users to simulate the motion of their
products, allowing them to test for functionality and detect any potential issues.

DMU Space Analysis: This tool allows users to analyze the space requirements
of their products, ensuring that they fit within the necessary constraints.

34
CATIA Composites: This tool allows users to design and analyze composite
materials, such as carbon fiber or fiberglass, which are commonly used in
aerospace and automotive applications.

CATIA V5 Electrical: This tool allows users to design electrical systems, such
as wiring and harnesses, which can be integrated into their product designs.

5.5 DESIGN OF MULTIPURPOSE MEASURING INSTRUMENT

A multipurpose measuring instrument consists multiple minute components
associated with the compactness and efficient working of the instrument, more
over the instrument have to be used for various purposes easily without having
complications while handling the instrument for the used. The measuring
instrument must compress multiple instrument inside itself and have to work
perfectly without having any errors while handling the instruments and the
instrument must also have a viable feature for the users which must attract the
user to involve in usage of the measuring instrument effectively.
Based on the above mentioned features the designing of the product must
be done by using the software CATIA as shown in the Figure 5.2 the current
multipurpose measuring instrument is being designed and the relevant images and
measurements of the parts of the instruments are attached

35
 Figure 5.2 Designing Process

In the designing of current multipurpose measuring instrument CATIA

V5 software has been used for designing every particular component. The
alignment, modification, verification and testing process were conducted by
using the same software the designs are developed

5.6 DESIGNING TOOLS ASSOCIATED WITH DEVELOPMENT OF

DESIGN
Constrain: Constraints are used to define relationships between sketch elements
and parts, ensuring that they remain in a specified position or orientation. For
example, a user can create a constraint between two lines to ensure that they
remain parallel or perpendicular to each other. This tool is crucial in ensuring the
accuracy and consistency of a design.

Chamfer: The chamfer tool is used to create beveled edges on parts or features.
This can be useful in reducing sharp corners or improving the overall appearance
of a part. Users can specify the size and shape of the chamfer using various
options such as distance, angle, or depth.
36
Sketch: The sketch tool is used to create 2D drawings of parts or features, which
can then be used to create 3D models. Sketches are typically created on a plane
or face of a part, and can include lines, arcs, circles, and other shapes. Users can
manipulate the sketch elements using various tools such as trim, extend, and fillet.

Extrude: The extrude tool is used to create 3D shapes by pulling a 2D sketch or

profile along a specified direction. Users can specify the depth and direction of
the extrusion, as well as additional options such as draft angle or thin feature.

Pocket: The pocket tool is used to create recesses or cavities in a part or feature.
Users can specify the size, shape, and depth of the pocket, as well as additional
options such as fillets or draft angle. This tool is useful in creating complex parts
with internal features or cavities.

Fillet: The fillet tool is used to create rounded corners or edges on parts or
features. Users can specify the size and shape of the fillet, as well as the type of
fillet (such as constant or variable radius). Fillets are commonly used to improve
the strength and durability of a part, as well as to improve its appearance.

Loft: The loft tool is used to create complex shapes or surfaces by connecting
two or more profiles. Users can specify the shape and orientation of the loft using
various options such as guide curves or tangency. This tool is useful in creating
organic or freeform shapes that cannot be created using traditional extrusion or
sweep tools.

Sweep: The sweep tool is used to create 3D shapes by sweeping a 2D sketch

along a specified path. Users can specify the shape and orientation of the sweep
37
using various options such as guide curves or twist angle. This tool is useful in
creating parts with complex profiles or cross-sections.

Revolve: The revolve tool is used to create 3D shapes by rotating a 2D sketch

around an axis. Users can specify the angle and direction of the revolution, as
well as additional options such as draft angle or thin feature. This tool is useful
in creating parts with symmetrical or circular shapes.

Mirror: The mirror tool is used to create a mirrored copy of a part or feature
across a specified plane or axis. Users can specify the direction and location of
the mirror, as well as additional options such as trim or extend. This tool is useful
in creating symmetric parts or features.

Pattern: The pattern tool is used to create multiple copies of a part or feature in
a specified arrangement. Users can specify the type of pattern (such as linear or
circular), as well as the spacing and number of copies. This tool is useful in
creating repeating or symmetrical patterns of parts or features.

Blend: The blend tool is used to create smooth transitions between two or more
surfaces or edges. Users can specify the shape and size of the blend, as well as
additional options such as tangency or curvature continuity. This tool is useful in
creating parts with complex shapes or transitions.

Shell: The shell tool is used to create a hollowed-out version of a part, leaving
only a thin shell. Users can specify the thickness of the shell, as well as additional
options such as fillets or draft angle. This tool is useful in creating parts that need
to be lightweight or have internal features.

38
Rib: The rib tool is used to create a thin, vertical feature that extends from a
surface or edge. Users can specify the size and shape of the rib, as well as
additional options such as fillets or draft angle. This tool is useful in creating parts
with added strength or support.

Text: The text tool is used to add text or labels to a part or drawing. Users can
specify the font, size, and location of the text, as well as additional options such
as alignment or spacing. This tool is useful in creating documentation or labeling
for parts or drawings.

5.7 MEASUREMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH DESIGNING

There are multiple measurements associated with the designing of this
multipurpose measuring instrument such as each parts of instrument are designed
and developed separately by using various measurements. The list of
measurements associated were provided in the table 5.2.

Table 5.2 Component Measurements

S.no PART TITLE MEASUREMENT

Length - 200mm
1. Main scale Breadth - 40mm
Thickness - 5mm
Radius - 20mm
Male pin

2. Protractor Thickness - 1mm

Width - 23.5mm
Length - 10mm

39
 Upper jaw
Length - 20mm
Breadth - 30mm
Thickness - 5mm
3. Vernier calliper
Lower jaw
Length - 20mm
Breadth - 30mm
Thickness – 5mm
Part1
Length-10mm
Breadth-10mm
Thickness-5mm
4. Slider
Part 2
Length-40mm
Breadth-10mm
Thickness-5mm
Length - 50mm
5. L-scale Breadth - 10mm
Thickness - 1mm
Length - 30mm
6. Spirit level Breadth - 15mm
Depth - 5mm
Length - 10mm
7. Slit for slider Breadth - 8mm
Thickness - 3mm
Diameter - 15mm
8. Directional compass
Depth - 4mm

40
 Writing instrument hole Upper diameter – 5mm
9.
(Drafting compass) Lower diameter - 3mm

Figure 5.3 Slits in Scale

The above shown Figureure 5.3 shows the measurement associated with
the slit provided for the assmblage of the protractor and the shit measurements of
the slider which is used as the compass of the multipurpose measuring instrument.

MAIN SCALE
Each components of the measuring instrument were seperately designed .
The main scale of the measuring instrument has a length of about 180mm and
when the vernier calliper upperjaw and space for spirit level were added the
length of the main scale becomes 200mm and the breadth of the main scale is
40mm.and the thickness of the scale is 5mm.The figure 5.4 shows the
measurement of the main scale and the figure 5.5 shows the bottom view of the
instrument.
41
Figure 5.4 Main Scale Measurement

Figure 5.5 Main Scale Bottom View

42
5.8 ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING

Introduction
Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, is a revolutionary
technology that has transformed the manufacturing industry in recent years. It
involves creating three-dimensional objects from digital models by adding layer
upon layer of material until the final product is complete. This process has opened
up endless possibilities for manufacturers, designers, engineers, and hobbyists
alike, allowing them to create intricate and complex shapes and structures that
were once impossible with traditional manufacturing techniques.
Additive manufacturing has a wide range of applications across many
industries, including aerospace, automotive, medical, and consumer goods. In the
aerospace industry, additive manufacturing is being used to create lightweight
parts that are strong and durable, which can help reduce fuel consumption and
increase performance. In the medical field, 3D printing is being used to create
prosthetics, implants, and even organs, which can improve the quality of life for
patients.
One of the major advantages of additive manufacturing is the ability to
create complex geometries with a high degree of precision. Traditional
manufacturing methods, such as injection molding and CNC machining, are
limited by the shapes and designs that can be produced. With 3D printing,
however, designers can create almost any shape they can imagine, from intricate
lattice structures to organic shapes inspired by nature.
Another advantage of additive manufacturing is the speed and efficiency
of the process. Traditional manufacturing methods often require multiple steps
and stages, which can be time-consuming and expensive. With 3D printing, a
digital design can be translated into a physical object in a matter of hours or days,

43
depending on the complexity of the design. This can help reduce production times
and costs, as well as improve overall productivity.
However, there are also some challenges associated with additive
manufacturing. One of the main challenges is the quality and consistency of the
final product. The quality of a 3D printed object can vary depending on the
material used, the printing process, and other factors. This can make it difficult
to ensure that the final product meets the desired specifications and standards.
In conclusion, additive manufacturing is a powerful technology that has
transformed the manufacturing industry in many ways. Its ability to create
complex geometries with a high degree of precision, as well as its speed and
efficiency, have made it a popular choice for designers, engineers, and
manufacturers across many industries. While there are still some challenges
associated with 3D printing, the benefits and opportunities it offers make it an
exciting and promising technology for the future

5.9 PROCESS AND PROCEDURES INVOLVED IN ADDITIVE

MANUFACTURING
Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, is a complex process that involves
several procedures and processes to produce a final product. The process can vary
depending on the type of additive manufacturing technology used, but the basic
principles remain the same. In this essay, we will explore the processes and
procedures involved in additive manufacturing.
The first step in additive manufacturing is to create a 3D digital model of
the object to be printed. This can be done using computer-aided design (CAD)
software, which allows designers to create a detailed and accurate model of the
object. The digital model is then saved in a specific file format, such as STL,
which can be read by the 3D printer.

44
 Once the digital model is complete, it is sent to the 3D printer. The printer
then uses the digital model to create a physical object by adding layer upon layer
of material. The type of material used can vary depending on the printer and the
desired properties of the final product. Common materials used in 3D printing
include plastics, metals, ceramics, and even biological materials.
The printing process itself involves several steps. First, the printer must
prepare the printing bed or build platform, which is where the object will be
printed. This may involve applying a layer of adhesive or other materials to help
the object adhere to the platform.
Next, the printer begins the printing process by depositing a layer of
material onto the platform. The material is deposited in a specific pattern or shape,
which is determined by the digital model. The printer then repeats this process,
layer by layer, until the object is complete.
Throughout the printing process, the printer may also use support
structures to help hold up the object as it is being printed. These support structures
are typically made from the same material as the object and are removed after
printing is complete.
Once the object is complete, it may require additional processing and
finishing. This can include sanding, polishing, or painting, depending on the
desired final appearance and properties of the object. Some 3D printing
technologies also involve post-processing steps, such as curing or sintering, to
improve the strength or durability of the object.
In addition to the printing process, there are several procedures involved in
additive manufacturing. These can include quality control procedures, such as
inspecting the object for defects or deviations from the digital model. There may
also be procedures for maintaining the printer and ensuring that it is functioning
properly.

45
 Overall, additive manufacturing is a complex process that involves several
procedures and processes. From creating the digital model to post-processing the
final object, each step is critical to producing a high-quality and accurate final
product. As the technology continues to evolve, new procedures and processes
will undoubtedly emerge, further expanding the possibilities and potential of
additive manufacturing.

5.10 ADVANTAGES OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING

Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, is a manufacturing
technique that builds objects by adding material layer by layer. This technology
has been rapidly advancing over the past few years, and its advantages are
becoming increasingly clear. In this essay, we will explore some of the benefits
of additive manufacturing.
One of the primary advantages of additive manufacturing is the ability to
create highly complex geometries. With traditional manufacturing techniques,
creating intricate designs can be challenging, if not impossible. However, with
additive manufacturing, even the most complex designs can be created with
relative ease. This opens up new opportunities for design and innovation,
allowing designers to create new products and components that were previously
impossible.
Another advantage of additive manufacturing is the ability to create
customized products quickly and cost-effectively. With traditional
manufacturing, creating a custom product can be a time-consuming and
expensive process. However, with additive manufacturing, customization is
much easier and more affordable. This makes it possible to create unique products
tailored to individual needs and preferences, such as personalized medical
implants, dental aligners, or prosthetics.

46
 Additive manufacturing also offers significant improvements in production
efficiency. Traditional manufacturing often involves multiple steps, including
cutting, shaping, and assembly. These steps can be time-consuming, and mistakes
can be costly. In contrast, additive manufacturing can create a product in one
continuous process, reducing the time and cost involved in production.
Additionally, because additive manufacturing is a digital process, it can be easily
automated, further improving efficiency and reducing the risk of errors.
Another advantage of additive manufacturing is the ability to create
lightweight and strong structures. Traditional manufacturing often involves
removing material to create a structure, which can weaken the final product.
However, with additive manufacturing, structures can be designed with internal
voids and lattice structures that are lightweight but still strong. This makes it
possible to create products that are both strong and lightweight, such as aerospace
components.
Finally, additive manufacturing can reduce waste and environmental
impact. Traditional manufacturing often involves creating products from a solid
block of material, which generates a significant amount of waste. However, with
additive manufacturing, material is added only where it is needed, reducing waste
and minimizing the environmental impact of production.
In conclusion, additive manufacturing offers a range of benefits, including
the ability to create complex geometries, customize products, improve production
efficiency, create lightweight and strong structures, and reduce waste and
environmental impact. As this technology continues to advance, it is likely that
we will see even more advantages emerge, further expanding its applications and
benefits

47
5.11 PROCESS OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
The parts which are designed by using the software “CATIA V5” were
converted into STL files and were generated into GCODES for the purpose of
additive manufacturing. The GCODES generated were used to print and develop
the required for the manufacturing of the multipurpose measuring instrument
were fabricated. The figure 5.6 represents the modern 3-D printers used for
additive manufacturing.

Figure 5.6 3-D Printers

5.12 ASSEMBLING
The assembling process involves of combining the parts produced by using
the method of additive manufacturing. The assembling of various parts such as
slider, Vernier and etc., were done separately and were combined and form the
multipurpose measuring instrument. The assembling process requires multiple
components.

48
5.12.1 Components Involved in Assembling Process
The various components required for the development of this multipurpose
measuring instrument were listed in the table 5.3 below:

Table 5.3 Component List

SNO COMPONENT NUMBER OF COMPONENTS

1 Main scale 1
2 Protractor 1
3 Slider 1
4 Needle 1
5 Spring 1
6 Screws 2
7 Vernier bottom jaw 1
8 Button 1
9 Spirit level 1
10 Directional compass 1
11 Measurement stickers 7

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5.13 STICKERING
The measurements of each component were printed in the form stickers
and were pasted over the measuring instrument to provide accurate measurements
to the users and each stickers were hand pasted for effective and sleek finish of
the multipurpose measuring instrument. The image and format of the stickers
used for the measuring instrument is shown in the Figure 5.7:

Figure 5.7 Vernier Scale Sticker Measurements

The above shown image is used as the measurement for the Vernier calliper
attached with the multipurpose measuring instrument and the Figure 5.8 shows
the image of ruler sticker used for measuring instrument.

Figure 5.8 Main Scale Sticker Measurements

50
5.14 OTHER MATERIALS USED
There are various other materials used for manufacturing the multipurpose
measuring instruments such as springs, needles, adhesives and etc.

5.14.1 Springs

Figure 5.9 springs

The spring is used in the slider button for the retuning of the button to its
original position the springs are of various sizes and shapes as shown in Figure
5.9. The spring used for the assembly of the slider of the drafting compass is a
conical spring of diameter 2-3 mm as shown in Figure 5.10

Figure 5.10 Conical Spring

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5.14.2 Needle of Drafting Compass
The needles were fixed inside the slider below the push button and in
between the spring used for the slider. The needles act as the centre holding point
for the slider compass for drawing the circles using slider drafting compass. The
Figure 5.11 shown the image of needle used in slider.

Figure 5.11 NEEDLE

5.14.3 Screws
The screws were used to assemble the various parts of the multipurpose
measuring instrument. The screws give easy movability and locomotion the parts
of the measuring instrument. Thus the measuring instruments were easily
accessed by using these screws in certain parts of the measuring instrument

Figure 5.12 SCREW

The screws used in multipurpose measuring instrument were either 5mm

or below were used during the assembly process as shown in Figure 5.12.

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 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

The multi-purpose measuring instrument with multiple features emerges as

a valuable tool for professionals across diverse fields. Its capacity to measure
various shapes and sizes using a single instrument results in notable time, space,
and resource savings, rendering it a cost-effective investment. Through its unique
design and incorporation of multiple features, it surpasses traditional measuring
tools in efficiency, thereby enhancing professionals' productivity. As technology
progresses, we can anticipate further enhancements and additions to this
instrument, amplifying its value even more. Ultimately, the multi-purpose
measuring instrument represents a significant advancement that greatly improves
the way professionals work, making it an indispensable asset in their toolkit.

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