Basic Electronics components and their uses

Resistor
A resistor is an electronics component that regulates the flow of electric current in an electronic circuit. The resistance of a

resistor is measured in Ohms (Ω).

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Potentiometer (variable resistor):

A potentiometer is a manually adjustable, variable resistor with three terminals. A potentiometer is a three-terminal electrical
component used to vary the electrical resistance in a circuit. It functions as a voltage divider, allowing a portion of the input
voltage to appear at the output terminal. Potentiometers are commonly used as adjustable resistors in various electronic
circuits and applications, including volume control in audio equipment, position sensing in robotics, and as sensors for various
physical quantities such as light, temperature, and force. They can be manually adjusted with a knob or lever or used as a
variable resistor controlled by an external voltage or current.
Transistor:
A transistor is a semiconductor device that can amplify, control and generate electric signal.
Transistors can work as either amplifiers or switches. A transistor increases the current flowing
through it when used as an amplifier. Transistors can turn the current flow on or off when used as a
switch. A transistor has three terminals. Base, emitter, collector.
IC (Integrated circuit):
An integrated circuit or an IC is a semiconductor chip on which electric circuits are mounted.
Integrated circuits are made up of several components such as R, C, L, diodes and transistors. They
are built on a small single block or chip of a semiconductor known as an integrated circuit (IC). All of
them work together to perform a particular task. The IC is easily breakable, so to be attached to a
circuit board, it is often housed in a plastic package with metal pins Integrated circuits can function as
an oscillator, amplifiers, microprocessors or even as computer memory.
Integrated Circuit Design
An integrated circuit is created using certain logic methods and circuit layouts. The two categories of
IC design are as follows:
Analog Design
Digital Design
Mixed Design
Digital Design
The digital design approach is used to create integrated circuits (ICs), which are utilized as computer
memories (such as RAM and ROM) and microprocessors. With this approach to design, the circuit
density and overall efficiency are both maximized. The ICs created with this technique operate with
binary input data like 0 and 1. The process for designing digital integrated circuits is depicted in the
diagram below.

Analog Design
IC chip is created by using the analog design process when:
ICs are utilized as regulators, filters and oscillators.
Optimal power dissipation, gain and resistance are required.
Mixed Design
The analog and digital design ideas are used in mixed designs. The mixed ICs perform either Analog
to Digital or Digital to Analog conversions.
Integrated Circuit Construction
A complicated stacking of semiconductors, copper, and other related elements to create resistors,
transistors, and other components is an integrated circuit. A die is a combination of these wafers that
have been sliced and molded.
The ICs’ semiconductor wafers are delicate, and the connections between the layers are extremely
complex. The ICs are packaged because an IC die is too small to solder and connect to. The delicate
and tiny die is transformed into the familiar black chip by the IC packaging.
The connections between the layers are exceedingly complicated, and the semiconductor wafers
used to make the ICs are delicate. Because an IC die is too small to solder, the ICs are packed.
All integrated circuits (ICs) are polarized, and each pin has a specific location and functionality. As
seen in the illustration below, integrated chips employ a notch or a dot to denote the first pin.
The subsequent PINs rise consecutively in a counterclockwise way around the chip after the first pin
is identified.
Integrated Circuit Features
Construction & Packaging
ICs are built with semiconducting components such as silicon. Because of the small size and delicate
nature of IC, a series of tiny gold and aluminum wires are joined together and moulded into a flat
block of plastic or ceramic. Metal pins on the block’s exterior link to cables inside. The solid block
stops the chip from overheating and keeps it cool.
Size of an IC
The size of the integrated chip varies between 1 square mm to more than 200 mm.
Integration of an IC
Because they combine various devices on one chip, integrated chips get their name. A
microcontroller is an integrated circuit (IC) that combines a microprocessor, memory, and interface
into a single unit.
Commonly Used ICs
Logic Gate ICs
The combinational circuit generates logical outputs based on a variety of input signals. It may only
have two to three inputs but one output.
Timer ICs
A Timer IC is produced with accurate timing cycles with a 100 % or 50 % duty cycle.
Operational Amplifiers
An OpAmp or an Operational Amplifier is a high gain voltage amplifier with a differential input and a
single-ended output.
Voltage Regulators
A voltage regulator IC provides a constant DC output irrespective of the changes in DC input.
Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs
What exactly is a monolithic integrated circuit?
An integrated circuit (IC) made from a single piece of silicon is known as a monolithic integrated
circuit (MIC).
What are the functions of integrated circuits?
A tiny chip known as an integrated circuit serves as a microprocessor, oscillator, amplifier, or
computer memory.
Why are the integrated circuits significant?
The development of integrated circuits led to the development of numerous household products, CD
players, computers, and televisions. Additionally, the proliferation of chips contributed to the
globalisation of cutting-edge electronic equipment.
What distinguishes a semiconductor from an integrated circuit?
ICs are small silicon devices with at least two interconnected semiconductor components. A
semiconductor, on the other hand, is a substance having electrical properties that fall somewhere
between those of a good conductor and a good insulator.
Describe each element of the IC.
Resistors, diodes, transistors, capacitors, and conducting pathways are all parts of an IC. They are
also connected by conducting pathways.
DIODE
A diode is a semiconductor component that allows the flow of current in only one direction. A diode
works on either forward-biased or reverse-biased.
Forward-baised: current flows anode to cathode
Reverse-biased: current flows cathode to anode

Applications and Uses of diodes

There are various types of diodes and these diodes are used in numerous ways.
• The most basic function would be changing AC current to DC current by removing some part of
the signal. This functionality would make them rectifiers. They are used in electrical switches and
are used in surge protectors because they can prevent a spike in the voltage.
• Diodes help in performing digital logic. Millions of diodes are used similar to logic gates and used
in modern processors.
• They are used for isolating signals from a supply. For example, one of the major uses of diodes
is to remove negative signals from AC current. This is known as signal demodulation. This
function is basically used in radios as a filtering system in order to extract radio signals from a
carrier wave.
• They are also used in creating power supplies and voltage doublers. Using a full wave rectifier
will help to deliver a more stable voltage. Combination of a diode with a capacitor will help to
make small AC voltage multiply to create a very high voltage.
• The light emitting diodes or LEDs are used in sensors and also in laser devices any many other
light illumination devices.
• Zener diodes are used as voltage regulators and varactors are used in electronic tuning and
varistors are used in suppressing AC lines
 • Diodes are the basis of op-amps and transistors.

Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs

What is a diode?
A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts electricity primarily in one direction.

Do diodes aid in transforming AC into DC?

Yes, diodes aid in transforming AC into DC.

What are the two ways a diode function?

Diode functions in two ways:
• Forward-biased condition
• Reverse-biased condition

List three applications of diode.

• LEDs are used in sensors and laser devices.
• Zener diodes are used as voltage regulators.
• Diodes help in performing digital logic.

What is a light emitting diode?

A light-emitting diode is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electricity passes through it.
 Passive Devices
• Passive Devices: A device that does not require
a source of energy for its operation.
• Components like Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor,
Diode, cables, filters and Transformer are
example passive components.
• The Devices using passive components are
generally known as passive devices.
• Resistor, capacitor and inductor is discussed in
ST-05
 SEMICONDUCTOR
Semiconductors are the materials which have a conductivity between conductors (generally
metals) and non-conductors or insulators (such as ceramics). Example of most commonly used
semiconductor elements are Silicon, Germanium, or compound such as Gallium arsenide. Silicon is
used in electronic circuit fabrication and gallium arsenide is used in solar cells, laser diodes, etc.
Semiconductors can be classified into two types
• Intrinsic Semiconductor
• Extrinsic Semiconductor
Intrinsic semiconductors are the pure semiconductor elements whereas Extrinsic semiconductors are
made by adding some impurities to Intrinsic semiconductor. This process is called doping. Extrinsic
semiconductors are further classified into n type and p type semiconductor.

Semiconductor has made our life easy. Without use of semiconductor electronics is imperfect. we cannot
imagine the technologies we use today. Because there is use of Semiconductor in almost all electronics
devices we use today. If there were no semiconductor, there would not be smartphone, radio, television,
computer, video game, robotics, airplane, car, advanced weapons and so on. There is use of
semiconductor from a simple device to complex equipment. So, there is great importance of
semiconductor in our lives today.

Some commonly used semiconductor devices are diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, memories,
infrared detections and lenses, led, photo sensors, solar cell, radiation detectors and so on.
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