MOUNTAINEERING Orienteering

“TAKE NOTHING BUT PICTURES, a competitive or noncompetitive

LEAVE NOTHING BUT FOOT PRINTS, recreational activity in which participants
KILL NOTHING BUT TIME.” use a map and compass to navigate
between checkpoints along an
 Definition of Terms
unfamiliar course.
 Mountaineering
Cairn
 Hiking
A pile of rock or wood used to mark a
 Trekking given path.

 Camping Free climb

 Orienteering A climb using one’s hand and feet only

without artificial helps.
 Cairn
Break camp
 Free climb
Disassembling tents, clean campsite
 Break camp and getting ready to leave camp.
 Trail water/food Trail water/food
 Trails signs Easily accessible bottle of water or
 Take 5 snacks for refreshment along the trail.

 E-camp Trail sign

Mountaineering Hack sign on tree trunks that mark

designated route.
Is an outdoor-recreational activity that
aims to reach the peak of a forest Take 5
mountain. It means take 5 minutes rest.
Hiking E-camp
Is an outdoor activities that involves Emergency Camp
walking in natural surroundings.
 Values of mountaineering
Trekking
1. Self – reliance
A long and difficult walk or one that
makes you feel really tired. 2. Wilderness survival skills

Camping 3. Leadership and team work

The act of staying and sleeping for one 4. Environmentalism/eciligical

or more days and nights in the outsides education
field usually in a tent.
5. Helping local economy
 6. Eco-tourism 4. Suvival and repair kit
7. Outdoor fitness activity 5. Optional items
CLIMB ETHICS Essential gears
LEAVE NO TRACE PRINCIPLE 1. I.D Card
LNT 1. Plan ahead and be prepared 2. Water (1L)
LNT 2. Travel and camp on durable land 3. Cellphone or another
communication device
LNT 3. Respect wildlife
4. Money
LNT 4. Leave what you find
5. Whistle and Mirror
LNT 5. Dispose of waste properly
6. Flashlight and extra
LNT 6. Minimize campfire impact
batteries/power bank
LNT 7. Be considerate to other visitors
7. Fire starter
COMMON VISITORS CREATED
8. Folding knife/Multi tools
IMPACT:
9. Notebook and Pencil
1. Garbage
10. Mess kit
2. Trampled vegetation
11. Wind breaker/rain gear/poncho
3. Trails
12. Plastic bags/trash bags
4. Forest fires
13. Sandals
5. Wildlife dependence to human
food 14. Backpack
6. Vandalism 15. Hiking boots
7. Contaminated water sources 16. Toiletries
8. Name carved on tress and caves 17. First aid kit
Group equipment
MOUNTAINEERING EQUIPMENT 1. Tent
“TRAVEL SMALL” 2. Stove
EQUIPMENT 3. Cook set
1. Essential gears 4. Rope
2. Group equipment 5. Ground sheet/earth pad
3. Food provision 6. Map and compass
 7. Trowel
8. Bolo/knife
CLIMB CATEGORIES
1. Minor Climb - (Fun or
recreational climb, experiential
climb).
2. Major Climb - (High level of
difficulties, need more
preparation and other
consideration).
3. Training Climb - (For developing
and skills progress of climb
members).
4. Clean-up Climb - (Organized
climb, tree planting)
5. Exploratory Climb - (Expedition,
needs more planning and
preparation).
6. Guide-ship Climb - (A tour-aid
type climb).
CLIMB PREPARATION AND
PLANNING
9. Post Climb
 It is easier to split large numbers 
of climbers into small
groups in every climbing operatio
n considering the size of the grou
p and with LNT in mind.
 7 to 9 person in a group
 Lead pack
The larger group's first batch to hi
ke. The stronger group usually.
 Middle Pack
 Tail Group – The last batch of
the bigger group in hiking.
Hiking group composition
1. Team leader
2. Lead Man
3. Middle Man
4. Medic
5. Sweeper/Tail Man
Pacing during hike

1. Climb Objectives (level of  Don’t walk fast

preparation, what do the group  When walking with group, walk in
want to achieve). single file 2 to 5 meters away
2. Nature of Climb (level of difficulty, from each other.
nature of terrain, mountain  When walking uphill, lean forward
elevation). and place your foot flat on the
3. Pre-Climb Meeting ground before pushing up with
other leg.
4. Groupings
 When walking downhill, take
5. Budgeting small steps and move steady,
lean backward dig with the heel.
6. Meal plans and equipment
Use walking stick.
7. Courtesy calls
 When walking on steep slopes,
8. Contact person Place your foot sideways, walking
 sick downhill, hold on roots or
vines, make sure these are
sturdy.
Rest
 5 minutes per 1 hour walk for flat
terrain.
 5 minutes per 30 minute walk in
ascending terrain.
 5 minutes per 15 minute walk in
steep ascending.
 Don’t sit/lie down, keep standing
for 30 sec. before sitting. Take a
sip of water only.
When Lost
 Don’t panic.
 Assess your position.
 Take necessary steps to find the
correct route.
 When walking in cold weather,
minimize rest stops to prevent
body form freezing.
 It totally lost, stay on your place.
But avoid place that prone for
flash flood, landslide, and heavy-
wind blow.
International whistle code
 Three Blast – Means
“I NEED HELP!”
 Two Blast – Means
“I’M HERE/COME HERE”
 One Blast – Means
“ATTENTION/WHERE ARE
YOU?”
MOUNTAINEERING
“CAMPING AND PITCHING TENT”
FITT 4
CAMPING AND PITCHING TENT
The primary role of a tent is to provide
protection from the rain, wind, sun, cold,
and insects. They also provide privacy.
When looking for a campsite, remember
Look for durable surfaces include
established trails and campsites, rock,
gravel, or dry grasses.
1
Protect riparian areas by camping at
least 61 meters (200FT) from lakes and
streams.
2
3
Good campsites are found, not made.
Altering a site is not necessary.
When setting up a Tent
Remove all pointed objects or stones.
Place ground sheet.
Place tent on top of ground sheet with
pegs properly installed and tent properly
oriented according to wind direction.
Insert tent-poles.
Install fly sheet and taut lines.
 True North
Type of Tent Is a navigation and orientation
instrument that shows direction relative
Ridge/A-Frame
to geographic directions.
Dome
Tunnel COMPASS

Geodesic Protractor Compass

Cabin Lensatic Compass

Pyramid Digital apps

Ridge / A-frame Specialty Compass

Dome Geological Compass

Tunnel Parts of Orienteering Compass

Geodesic Orienteering Map

Method use in identifying own location
Cabin
Resection
Pyramid
Fire Building
Parts of Tent
Building fire from natural source is
Tarp allowable only in case of emergency or if
it is allowed in the camp site.
Map reading and Compass use
MAP – is a flat and graphic
representation, drawn scale of a portion Building Fire Procedure
of earth’s surface as seen from above.
1. Gather
Parts of MAP
2. Build
TITLE
3. Tinder
SCALE
4. Kindling
COMPASS ROSE
GATHER
LEGEND
1
MAP Direction
BUILD
4 cardinal points (North, South, East, &
2
West)
TINDER
The North
3 Different types of “KNOT TYING”
KINDLING OVERHAND KNOT
2 FIGURE 8 STOPPER KNOT
FUEL FIGURE 8 ON A BIGHT KNOT
5 DOUBLE LOOP FIGURE 8 KNOT
2 BOWLINE KNOT
LNT FIRE BUILD TIPS BUTTERFLY KNOT
2 DOUBLE FISHERMAN’S BEND KNOT
LNT FIRE BUILD TIPS SQUARE KNOT
2 CLOVE HITCH KNOT
TYPE OF FIRE BUILD COW HITCH KNOT
2
MOUNTAINEERING
TYPE OF FIRE BUILD
HANDOUTS
How to put out a camp fire FITT 4
Let the fire burn down naturally. Spread
"TAKE NOTHING BUT PICTURES, LEAVE
out embers so they die, leaving only
NOTHING BUT FOOT PRINTS, KILL NOTHING
ashes. BUT TIME."
Pour buckets of water on the ashes until
soaked (lake or stream water will do) Definition of Terms
Ensure the fire ring area is cool before
 Mountaineering - Is an outdoor-
departing.
recreational activity that aims to reach
the peak of a forest mountain. It
includes hiking,
MOUNTAINEERING camping, climbing, river
“KNOT TYING” crossing, navigation, and other
activities in the
FITT 4 natural setting.
KNOT TYING  Hiking – Is an outdoor activities that
involves walking in natural surroundings,
Knot tying is a basic and essential life often on mountainous or other
skill. There are lots of different kinds of scenic terrain.
knot  Trekking - A long and difficult walk, or
one that makes you feel really tired.
that are useful for different purposes. Generally over mountains, Hills, or
Parts of KNOT TYING forests.
 Camping - The act of staying and
sleeping for one or more days and nights
in the outside field, usually in a
tent.
 Orienteering - A team sports in which
players find their way to different
checkpoints throughout the rough
country with the help of a
map and a compass, the
winner being the one with
the lowest time span.
 Cairn -
A pile of rock or wood used to mark a giv
en path.
 Free Climb -
A climb using one's hands and feet only;   Low-impact mountaineering
without artificial helps.
 Break Camp -
Disassembling tents, clean campsite and  nature and the importance of leaving
getting ready to leave camp.
 Trail water/food - easily accessible bottle
of water or snacks for refreshment along
the trail.
 Trail Signs - Rocks, strings, foliage,
branches, or hack signs on tree trunks
that mark the designated route.
 Take 5 - Take 5 minutes rest.
 E-camp - Emergency camp.
Values of Mountaineering
1. Self-reliance
2. Wilderness survival
skills
3. Leadership and team-
work
4. Environmentalism/
Ecological Education
5. Helping local economy
6. Eco-Tourism
7. Outdoor fitness activity
CLIMB ETHICS
 Local Cultural Sensitivity
 Respect what is scared to them.
 Be conscious of your behavior, as it
may be offensive to their traditions
and practices.
 Make a courtesy call to the local
officials.
 Local Economy
 Plan carefully.
 Determine beforehand or consult local
officials for the standard rates for
professional services such as guide
and porter fee.
 Give only tokens for appreciation so
that giving of material things will not
be misunderstood as an exchange for
favors.
 Every mountaineer must be fully
conscious of the fragile balance of
the mountain in its original state as
much as possible.
 Inter-action with fellow-mountaineers
 In the spirit of sportsmanship and
camaraderie, we should establish and
strengthen our ties with our fellow
mountaineers by behaving with
propriety.
1. Each member of the club is equal
regardless of gender, sexual orientation,
creed, age, and race.
2. Respect for individual rights should be
observed at all times.
3. Greet fellow mountaineers or local folks
that you meet along the trail.
4. Offer your hand for a handshake.
5. Introduce yourself.
6. State the name of your club.
Comm
LEAVE NO TRACE PRINCIPLE 1
2
1. Plan ahead and be Prepared 3
2. Travel and camp on durable 4
surfaces 5
3. Respect wildlife 6
7
8
 4. Leave what you find
5. Dispose of waste properly
6. Minimize camp-fire impact
7. Be considerate to other visitors
LNT 1: Plan ahead and be prepared
 Know the regulations and special concerns
for the area you'll visit.
 Prepare for extreme weather, hazards, and
emergencies.
 Schedule your trip to avoid times of high use.
 Visit in small groups when possible. Consider
splitting larger groups into smaller groups.
 Repackage food to minimize waste.
 Use a map and compass or GPS to eliminate
the use of marking paint, rock cairns or
flagging.
 Prepare your Physical and Mental health
LNT 2: Travel and camp on durable land
 Durable surfaces include maintained
trails and designated campsites, rock,
gravel, sand, dry grasses or snow.
 Protect riparian areas by camping at
least 200 feet from lakes and streams.
 Good campsites are found, not made.
Altering a site is not necessary
In popular areas:
 Concentrate use on
existing trails and
campsites.
 Walk single file in the
middle of the trail, even
when wet or muddy.
 Keep campsites small.
Focus activity in areas
where vegetation is
absent.
 In pristine areas:
 Disperse use to prevent the
creation of campsites and trails.
 Avoid places where impacts are
just beginning.
LNT 3: Respect wildlife
 Observe wildlife from a distance. Do not
follow or approach them.
 Never feed animals. Feeding wildlife
damages their health, alters natural
behaviors, [habituates them to humans],
and exposes them to predators and other
dangers.
 Protect wildlife and your food by storing
rations and trash securely.
 Control pets at all times, or leave them at
home.
 Avoid wildlife during sensitive times:
mating, nesting, raising young, or winter.
LNT 4: Leave what you find
 Preserve the past: examine, photograph,
but do not touch cultural or historic
structures and artifacts.
 Leave rocks, plants and other natural
objects as you find them.
 Avoid introducing or transporting non-
native species.
 Do not build structures, furniture, or dig
trenches.
LNT 5: Dispose of waste properly
 Pack it in, pack it out. Inspect your
campsite, food preparation areas, and
rest areas for trash or spilled foods. Pack
out all trash, leftover food and litter.
 Utilize toilet facilities whenever possible.
Otherwise, deposit solid human waste in
catholes dug 6 to 8 inches deep, at least
200 feet from water, camp and trails.
Cover and disguise the cathole when
finished.
 Pack out toilet paper and hygiene
products.
 To wash yourself or your dishes, carry
water 200 feet away from streams or
lakes and use small amounts of
biodegradable soap. Scatter strained
dishwater.
 Alternate lunges
LNT 6: Minimize campfire impact 20 reps
 Campfires can cause lasting impacts to Burpees
the environment. Use a lightweight stove 10 reps
for cooking and enjoy a candle lantern Low Plank
for light. 1 minute
 Where fires are permitted, use
established fire rings, fire pans, or
mound fires.
 Keep fires small. Only use down and
dead wood from the ground that can be
broken by hand.
 Burn all wood and coals to ash, put out
campfires completely, then scatter cool
ashes.

LNT 7: Be considerate to other visitors

 Respect other visitors and protect the
quality of their experience. MOUNTAINEERING EQUIPMENT
 Be courteous. Yield to other users on the “Travel Small”
trail. 1.
 Step to the downhill side of the trail when Essential
encountering pack stock. Gears
 Take breaks and camp away from trails 2. Group
and other visitors.
 Let nature's sounds prevail. Avoid loud
voices and noises.
 Descend first before ascending.

SUGGESTED PHYSICAL
Equipment
CONDITIONING
3. Food Provision
4. Survival and Repair Kit
- Cardio preparation can be
5. Optional Items
running/jogging for 30minutes to 1 hour;
twice a week.
ESSENTIAL GEARS
- Backpack walking, loaded about 10 to 15
1. ID Card
kilos.
2. Water (1L)
- Calisthenics 2 sets and progress to 5
3. Cellphone or other communication
sets:
device Ba
Jumping Jack in 2 count
4. Money on
20 reps
5. Whistle and Mirror
Push-up
6. Flashlight and extra batteries/power
20 reps
bank
Two-leg squats
20 reps
7. Fire starter
8. Folding knife/Multi tools
9. Notebook and pencil
10. Mess kit
11. Wind breaker/Rain Gear/
Poncho
12. Plastic bags/trash bags
13. Sandals
14. Backpack
15. Hiking boots
16. Toiletries
17. First aid kit
8. Bolo

CLIMB PREPARATION AND PLANNING

1. Climb Objectives (level of 1.
preparation, what do the group
want to achieve). 2.
Remember: ABCD
3.
A – Accessibility
B – Balance 4.
C – Compressibility 5.
D – Double water proofing
6.
2. Nature of Climb (level of
difficulty, nature of terrain,
mountain elevation).
3. Pre-Climb Meeting
4. Groupings
5. Budgeting
6. Meal plans and equipment
7. Courtesy calls
8. Contact person
9. Post Climb

It is e
GROUP EQUIPMENT asier t
1. Tent o spli
2. Stove t larg
3. Cook set e num
4. Rope bers o
5. Ground sheet/Earth pad f clim
6. Map and compass bers i
7. Trowel nto s
mall groups in every climbing operation consideri
ng the size of the group and with LNT in mind. WHEN LOST
 7 to 9 person in a group  Don’t panic.
 Lead pack -  Assess your position.
The larger group's first batch to hike. The   Take necessary steps to find the
stronger group usually. correct route.
 Middle Pack  When walking in cold weather,
 Tail Group – The last batch of the bigger minimize rest stops to prevent body
group in hiking. form freezing.
 It totally lost, stay on your place. But
HIKING GROUP COMPOSITION avoid place that prone for flash flood,
1. Team Leader landslide, and heavy-wind blow.
2. Lead-Man
3. Middle Man TRAIL SIGNS
4. Medic
5. Sweeper/Tail Man

PACING DURING HIKE

 Don’t walk fast
 When walking with group, walk in
single file 2 to 5 meters away from
each other.
 When walking uphill, lean forward
and place your foot flat on the
ground before pushing up with other
leg.
 When walking downhill, take small
steps and move steady, lean
backward dig with the heel. Use
walking stick.
 When walking on steep slopes,
Place your foot sideways, walking
sick downhill, hold on roots or vines,
make sure these are sturdy.

REST INTERNATIONAL WHISTLE CODE

 5 minutes per 1 hour walk for flat  Three Blast – Means “I NEED
terrain. HELP!”
 5 minutes per 30 minute walk in  Two Blast – Means “I’M
ascending terrain. HERE/COME HERE”
 5 minutes per 15 minute walk in  One Blast – Means
steep ascending. “ATTENTION/WHERE ARE
 Don’t sit/lie down, keep standing for YOU?”
30 sec. before sitting. Take a sip of
water only. KNOT TYING
 5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
Bowline: this knot may be used as a static
Knot tying is a basic and essential life skill. There anchor knot. However, this should
are lots of different kinds of knot that are useful NEVER be used in moving
for different purposes. Learning basic knots is not application because it can
only cool and interesting but could even save untie when going over an edge.
your life one day. In mountaineering, knowledge Remember to always safely the loose
and skills in rope are necessary for pitching tent, end.
preparing a turf, climbing and ascending, packing 6. Butterfly Knot: this is a bridle knot that
things, and many more. Below are few examples provides a midline attachment point. This
for knots that can be used in mountaineering: knot is designed to take a
three-dimensional pull.
Different types of Knot Tying 7. Double Fisherman’s Bend: this is used to
join two ropes of equal (or slightly
1. Overhand knot: this knot is used as a unequal) diameter together for
safety knot with the purpose of securing load
loose ends. bearing
2. Figure-8 stopper knot: is used to stop the applications.
end of the rope from moving through a 8. Square knot: this is used in binding two
device such as a rappel rack. ropes, with the same diameter, together.
3. Figure-8 on a Bight: this is an anchor To know if a square knot is
knot that creates a single loop that will done correctly, the tail
not slip. It can be attached to ends should emerge from
elements of a the same side of knot. But
rescue system with remember, square knot
carabiners. should not be used in
4. Double loop Figure-8: this anchor knot load-bearing application or
provides more load-bearing surface area to support a human load.
due to its two-loop 9. Clove Hitch: this is an adjustable anchor
configuration. hitch often tied around anchor points,
When you need horizontally or vertically.
to tie around a 10. Cow Hitch: this is used to anchor, is also
tight object like a called the lark’s head is a hitch knot used
carabiner, this to attach a rope to an
knot is
object.
slightly more
efficient.
CAMPING AND PITCHING TENT
The primary role of a tent is to provide protection
from the rain, wind, sun, cold, and insects. They
also provide privacy.
When looking for a campsite, remember:
 Look for durable surfaces include
established trails and campsites, rock,
gravel, or dry grasses.
 Protect riparian areas by camping at
least 61 meters (200FT) from lakes and
streams.
 Good campsites are found, not made.
Altering a site is not necessary.
TARP - A sheet waterproof fabric that have been
stitched together. Most tarps are
Lighter in weight and cost less than most
tents. Compare to tent, a tarp gives less
protection from heat loss wind, and none
at all from insects or rodents, and
requires ingenuity and some cooperation
from the landscape to set up.

When setting up a tent:

1. Remove all pointed objects or stones.
2. Place ground sheet.
3. Place tent on top of ground sheet with
pegs properly installed and tent properly
oriented according to wind direction.
4. Insert tent-poles.
5. Install fly sheet and taut lines.

Type of tent
 Ridge/A-frame
 Dome
 Tunnel
 Geodesic
 Cabin MAP READING AND COMPASS USE
 Pyramid
Map - Is a flat and graphic
representation, drawn into scale, of a
portion of Earth’s surface as seen from
above.
There are many types of map such as
Parts of tent Political map, Military map, Economic
map, Topographic map, Climatic map,
Fly/Rain etc.
Sheet
PARTS OF MAP
Entrance  Title - What the
map is, on the
Pe top of the map.
g
Guy
line
Pol Tent
e Body
  Scale - Tells you how to read the
distance
on the
map.
 Compass
Rose -
Shows
the
directions
on the
map.
 Legend -
Lists each symbol and explains
what it shows on the map.
MAP DIRECTION
 4 Cardinal points (North, South,
East, and West).
 Further divided in 16 divisions.
 Each division is approximately
22.5 mils or 500 mils.
THE NORTH
 True North - The direction of the
Earth’s North Pole, which is 90
degrees north. The North Pole
star is directly above the North
Pole.
 Magnetic North - The direction of
the Earth’s magnetic pole, i.e.
the direction in which the needle
of the compass point.
 Grid North - The direction of the
vertical grid line called eastings.
NOTE: all three North do not point at the same
direction.
COMPASS
Compass - Is a navigation and orientation
instrument that shows direction relative to
geographic directions.
There are many types of compass such as
Protractor compass or
Orienteering compass,
Lensatic compass, Thumb
compass, Digital apps,
GPS, Specialty compass
(gyrocompass, and
geological compass). For
mountaineering the
protractor compass is the
commonly use in
navigation.
PARTS OF ORIENTEERING COMPASS
ORIENTEERING A MAP
 Lay down the map flat on
surface, place the compass over
the map.
 Place the compass hair line in
line with the grid line.
 Rotate the map until the
compass north is in line with grid
line.
 Locate the direction of
navigation with the direction
arrow.
Orienteering a map is a method of synchronizing
the lines & direction of a map and the compass to
have a defined direction to navigate.
 trees and shrubs that snap off
Method use in identifying own location: easily when bent. Never use
 Resection – method of locating branches or woods that are still
one’s position on a map by green in color.
determining grid azimuth to at 4. KINDLING - Should be dry.
least well-defined locations that Don’t gather wet woods from the
can be pinpointed on the map. forest floor. Look for branches
 By known line and distance from that are dead and down, not on
known feature. the tree.
 By known line and azimuth from 5. FUEL - Should be dry, split
known feature. larger wood if possible and a
good sized stack on hand before
Method use in identifying Other Location:
you light the fire.
 Intersection – method of locating
an unknown point by
LNT FIRE BUILD TIPS F
successively occupying at least
two (better three) known
FIRE RING
positions on the ground and then
map sighting on the unknown
location. Used to locate distant
or inaccessible points.
 By azimuth and distance.
Azimuth – defined as a
horizontal angle measured
clockwise from a north base line.
When using azimuth, the point
from which the azimuth Type
originates is the center of
imaginary circle. The circle is
divided into 360 degrees.
FIRE BUILDING
Building fire from natural source is allowable only
in case of emergency or if it is allowed in the
camp site. Remember the following LNT rules
with regards to minimizing camp fire impact.

Building Fire Procedure

of
1. GATHER - Tinder, kindling and
Fire Build
fuel together.
2. BUILD - The fire by adding
kindling wood to the burning
tinder and adding fuel to the fire
as it grows.
3. TINDER - From dead twigs REFERENCES:
found on the lower branches of
 1. LNT.Org(2016). Seven Leave No Trace
Principles, LNT.Org
2. Mc Manners (1995). The Backpacker’s
Handbook, DK Publication, London, UK
3. UP Mountaineer’s Club (2017). UPM
Basic Mountaineering Course Handbook,
Diliman, Quezon City.
4. Jiro Kenshikuro (2017). Mountaineering
for Beginners.
Prepared By: Danna Kristalene Pedroza Orpiana
FITT 4 - Intructor 1
MOUNTAINEERING
HANDOUTS
FITT 4
"TAKE NOTHING BUT PICTURES, LEAVE
NOTHING BUT FOOT PRINTS, KILL NOTHING
BUT TIME."
Definition of Terms
 Mountaineering - Is an outdoor-
recreational activity that aims to reach
the peak of a forest mountain. It
includes hiking,
camping, climbing, river
crossing, navigation, and other
activities in the
natural setting.
 Hiking – Is an outdoor activities that
involves walking in natural surroundings,
often on mountainous or other
scenic terrain.
 Trekking - A long and difficult walk, or
one that makes you feel really tired.
Generally over mountains, Hills, or
forests.
 Camping - The act of staying and
sleeping for one or more days and nights
in the outside field, usually in a
tent.
 Orienteering - A team sports in which
players find their way to different
checkpoints throughout the rough
country with the help of a
map and a compass, the
winner being the one with
the lowest time span.
 Cairn -
A pile of rock or wood used to mark a giv
en path.
 Free Climb -
A climb using one's hands and feet only; 
without artificial helps.
 Break Camp -
Disassembling tents, clean campsite and 
getting ready to leave camp.
 Trail water/food - easily accessible bottle
of water or snacks for refreshment along
the trail.
 Trail Signs - Rocks, strings, foliage,
branches, or hack signs on tree trunks
that mark the designated route.
 Take 5 - Take 5 minutes rest.
 E-camp - Emergency camp.
Values of Mountaineering
8. Self-reliance
9. Wilderness survival
skills
10. Leadership and team-
work
11. Environmentalism/
Ecological Education
12. Helping local economy
13. Eco-Tourism
14. Outdoor fitness activity
CLIMB ETHICS
 Local Cultural Sensitivity
 Respect what is scared to them.
 Be conscious of your behavior, as it
may be offensive to their traditions
and practices.
  Make a courtesy call to the local
officials.
 Local Economy
 Plan carefully.
 Determine beforehand or consult local
officials for the standard rates for
professional services such as guide
and porter fee.
 Give only tokens for appreciation so
that giving of material things will not
be misunderstood as an exchange for
favors.
 Low-impact mountaineering
 Every mountaineer must be fully
conscious of the fragile balance of
nature and the importance of leaving
the mountain in its original state as
much as possible.
 Inter-action with fellow-mountaineers
 In the spirit of sportsmanship and
camaraderie, we should establish and
strengthen our ties with our fellow
mountaineers by behaving with
propriety.
7. Each member of the club is equal
regardless of gender, sexual orientation,
creed, age, and race.
8. Respect for individual rights should be
observed at all times.
9. Greet fellow mountaineers or local folks
that you meet along the trail.
10. Offer your hand for a handshake.
11. Introduce yourself.
12. State the name of your club.
LEAVE NO TRACE PRINCIPLE
8. Plan ahead and be Prepared
9. Travel and camp on durable
surfaces
10. Respect wildlife
11. Leave what you find
12. Dispose of waste properly
13. Minimize camp-fire impact
14. Be considerate to other visitors
LNT 1: Plan ahead and be prepared
 Know the regulations and special concerns
for the area you'll visit.
 Prepare for extreme weather, hazards, and
emergencies.
 Schedule your trip to avoid times of high use.
 Visit in small groups when possible. Consider
splitting larger groups into smaller groups.
 Repackage food to minimize waste.
 Use a map and compass or GPS to eliminate
the use of marking paint, rock cairns or
flagging.
 Prepare your Physical and Mental health
LNT 2: Travel and camp on durable land
 Durable surfaces include maintained
trails and designated campsites, rock,
gravel, sand, dry grasses or snow.
 Protect riparian areas by camping at
least 200 feet from lakes and streams.
 Good campsites are found, not made.
Altering a site is not necessary
In popular areas:
 Concentrate use on
existing trails and
campsites.
 Walk single file in the
middle of the trail, even
when wet or muddy.
Common visitors created impact:
9. Garbage
10. Trampled vegetation
11. Trails
12. Forest fires
13. Wildlife dependence to human food
14. Vandalism
15. Contaminated water sources
16. Name carved on trees and caves
  Keep campsites small.
Focus activity in areas
where vegetation is
absent.
 In pristine areas:
 Disperse use to prevent the
creation of campsites and trails.
 Avoid places where impacts are
just beginning.
LNT 3: Respect wildlife
 Observe wildlife from a distance. Do not
follow or approach them.
 Never feed animals. Feeding wildlife
damages their health, alters natural
behaviors, [habituates them to humans],
and exposes them to predators and other
dangers.
 Protect wildlife and your food by storing
rations and trash securely.
 Control pets at all times, or leave them at
home.
 Avoid wildlife during sensitive times:
mating, nesting, raising young, or winter.
LNT 4: Leave what you find
 Preserve the past: examine, photograph,
but do not touch cultural or historic
structures and artifacts.
 Leave rocks, plants and other natural
objects as you find them.
 Avoid introducing or transporting non-
native species.
 Do not build structures, furniture, or dig
trenches.
LNT 5: Dispose of waste properly
 Pack it in, pack it out. Inspect your
campsite, food preparation areas, and
rest areas for trash or spilled foods. Pack
out all trash, leftover food and litter.
 Utilize toilet facilities whenever possible.
Otherwise, deposit solid human waste in
catholes dug 6 to 8 inches deep, at least
200 feet from water, camp and trails.
Cover and disguise the cathole when
finished.
 Pack out toilet paper and hygiene
products.
 To wash yourself or your dishes, carry
water 200 feet away from streams or
lakes and use small amounts of
biodegradable soap. Scatter strained
dishwater.
LNT 6: Minimize campfire impact
 Campfires can cause lasting impacts to
the environment. Use a lightweight stove
for cooking and enjoy a candle lantern
for light.
 Where fires are permitted, use
established fire rings, fire pans, or
mound fires.
 Keep fires small. Only use down and
dead wood from the ground that can be
broken by hand.
 Burn all wood and coals to ash, put out
campfires completely, then scatter cool
ashes.
LNT 7: Be considerate to other visitors
 Respect other visitors and protect the
quality of their experience.
 Be courteous. Yield to other users on the
trail.
 Step to the downhill side of the trail when
encountering pack stock.
 Take breaks and camp away from trails
and other visitors.
 Let nature's sounds prevail. Avoid loud
voices and noises.
 Descend first before ascending.
SUGGESTED PHYSICAL
CONDITIONING
- Cardio preparation can be
running/jogging for 30minutes to 1 hour;
twice a week.
- Backpack walking, loaded about 10 to 15 25. Folding knife/Multi tools
kilos. 26. Notebook and pencil
- Calisthenics 2 sets and progress to 5 27. Mess kit
sets: 28. Wind breaker/Rain Gear/ Poncho
Jumping Jack in 2 count 29. Plastic bags/trash bags
20 reps 30. Sandals
Push-up 31. Backpack
20 reps 32. Hiking boots
Two-leg squats 33. Toiletries
20 reps 34. First aid kit
Alternate lunges
20 reps
Burpees
10 reps
Low Plank
1 minute

Rememb
A
B
C
D

MOUNTAINEERING EQUIPMENT
“Travel Small”
6. Essential Gears
7. Group Equipment
8. Food Provision
9. Survival and Repair Kit
10. Optional Items

ESSENTIAL GEARS
18. ID Card
19. Water (1L)
20. Cellphone or other communication
device Backpack – ideal weight should not exceed
21. Money one-third 1/3 of your body weight.
22. Whistle and Mirror
23. Flashlight and extra
batteries/power bank
24. Fire starter
 PACING DURING HIKE

GROUP EQUIPMENT
9. Tent
10. Stove
11. Cook set
12. Rope
13. Ground sheet/Earth pad
14. Map and compass
15. Trowel
16. Bolo  Don’t walk fast
 When walking with group, walk in

CLIMB PREPARATION AND PLANNING CLIMB CATEGORIES

10. Climb Objectives (level of 7. Minor Climb (Fun or recreational climb, experiential
preparation, what do the group climb).
want to achieve). 8. Major Climb (High level of difficulties, need more
11. Nature of Climb (level of preparation and other consideration).
difficulty, nature of terrain, 9. Training Climb (For developing and skills progress of
mountain elevation). climb members).
12. Pre-Climb Meeting 10. Clean-up Climb (Organized climb, tree planting)
13. Groupings 11. Exploratory Climb (Expedition, needs more planning
14. Budgeting and preparation).
15. Meal plans and equipment 12. Guide-ship Climb (A tour-aid type climb).
16. Courtesy calls
17. Contact person
18. Post Climb single file 2 to 5 meters away from
each other.
It is easier to split large numbers of climbers into   When walking uphill, lean forward
small groups in every climbing operation consider and place your foot flat on the
ing the size of the group and with LNT in mind. ground before pushing up with other
 7 to 9 person in a group leg.
 Lead pack -  When walking downhill, take small
The larger group's first batch to hike. The  steps and move steady, lean
stronger group usually. backward dig with the heel. Use
 Middle Pack walking stick.
 Tail Group – The last batch of the bigger  When walking on steep slopes,
group in hiking. Place your foot sideways, walking
sick downhill, hold on roots or vines,
HIKING GROUP COMPOSITION make sure these are sturdy.
6. Team Leader
7. Lead-Man REST
8. Middle Man  5 minutes per 1 hour walk for flat
9. Medic terrain.
10. Sweeper/Tail Man
 5 minutes per 30 minute walk in  Two Blast – Means “I’M
ascending terrain. HERE/COME HERE”
 5 minutes per 15 minute walk in  One Blast – Means
steep ascending. “ATTENTION/WHERE ARE
 Don’t sit/lie down, keep standing for YOU?”
30 sec. before sitting. Take a sip of
water only. KNOT TYING

WHEN LOST
 Don’t panic.
 Assess your position.
 Take necessary steps to find the
correct route.
 When walking in cold weather,
minimize rest stops to prevent body
form freezing.
 It totally lost, stay on your place. But
avoid place that prone for flash flood,
landslide, and heavy-wind blow. Knot tying is a basic and essential life skill. There
are lots of different kinds of knot that are useful
for different purposes. Learning basic knots is not
TRAIL SIGNS only cool and interesting but could even save
your life one day. In mountaineering, knowledge
and skills in rope are necessary for pitching tent,
preparing a turf, climbing and ascending, packing
things, and many more. Below are few examples
for knots that can be used in mountaineering:

Different types of Knot Tying

11. Overhand knot: this knot is used as a

safety knot with the purpose of securing
loose ends.
12. Figure-8 stopper knot: is used to stop the
end of the rope from moving through a
device such as a rappel rack.
13. Figure-8 on a Bight: this is an anchor
knot that creates a single loop that will
not slip. It can be attached to
elements of a
rescue system with
carabiners.
14. Double loop Figure-8: this anchor knot
INTERNATIONAL WHISTLE CODE
provides more load-bearing surface area
 Three Blast – Means “I NEED due to its two-loop
HELP!”
 configuration. The primary role of a tent is to provide protection
When you need from the rain, wind, sun, cold, and insects. They
to tie around a also provide privacy.
tight object like a
carabiner, this When looking for a campsite, remember:
knot is  Look for durable surfaces include
slightly more established trails and campsites, rock,
efficient. gravel, or dry grasses.
15. Bowline: this knot may be used as a  Protect riparian areas by camping at
static anchor knot. However, this should least 61 meters (200FT) from lakes and
NEVER be used in moving streams.
application because it can  Good campsites are found, not made.
untie when going over an edge. Altering a site is not necessary.
Remember to always safely the loose
end. When setting up a tent:
16. Butterfly Knot: this is a bridle knot that 6. Remove all pointed objects or stones.
provides a midline attachment point. This 7. Place ground sheet.
knot is designed to take a 8. Place tent on top of ground sheet with
three-dimensional pull. pegs properly installed and tent properly
17. Double Fisherman’s Bend: this is used to oriented according to wind direction.
join two ropes of equal (or slightly 9. Insert tent-poles.
unequal) diameter together for 10. Install fly sheet and taut lines.
load
bearing Type of tent
applications.  Ridge/A-frame
18. Square knot: this is used in binding two  Dome
ropes, with the same diameter, together.  Tunnel
To know if a square knot is
 Geodesic
done correctly, the tail
 Cabin
ends should emerge from
the same side of knot. But  Pyramid
remember, square knot
should not be used in
load-bearing application or
to support a human load.
19. Clove Hitch: this is an adjustable anchor
hitch often tied around anchor points, Parts of tent
horizontally or vertically.
20. Cow Hitch: this is used to anchor, is also Fly/Rain
Sheet
called the lark’s head is a hitch knot used
to attach a rope to an Entrance
object.
Pe
g
CAMPING AND PITCHING TENT
Po
e

TARP - A sheet waterproof fabric that have been
stitched together. Most tarps are
Lighter in weight and cost less than most
tents. Compare to tent, a tarp gives less
protection from heat loss wind, and none
at all from insects or rodents, and
requires ingenuity and some cooperation
from the landscape to set up.
 Legend - Lists each symbol and
explains what it shows on the
map.
MAP DIRECTION
 4 Cardinal points (North, South,
East, and West).
 Further divided in 16 divisions.
 Each division is approximately
22.5 mils or 500 mils.

THE NORTH
 True North -
The
direction of
the Earth’s
North Pole,
which is 90
degrees north. The North Pole
star is directly above the North
Pole.
 Magnetic North - The direction of
the Earth’s magnetic pole, i.e.
the direction in which the needle
of the compass point.
MAP READING AND COMPASS USE  Grid North - The direction of the
vertical grid line called eastings.
Map - Is a flat and graphic
NOTE: all three North do not point at the same
representation, drawn into scale, of a
direction.
portion of Earth’s surface as seen from
above.
COMPASS
There are many types of map such as
Political map, Military map, Economic
Compass - Is a navigation and orientation
map, Topographic map, Climatic map,
instrument that shows direction relative to
etc.
geographic directions.
There are many types of
PARTS OF MAP
compass such as
 Title - What the map is, on the
Protractor compass or
top of the map.
Orienteering compass,
 Scale - Tells you how to read the Lensatic compass, Thumb
distance on the map. compass, Digital apps,
 Compass Rose - Shows the GPS, Specialty compass
directions on the map. (gyrocompass, and
geological compass). For mountaineering the
protractor compass is the commonly use in
navigation.
PARTS OF ORIENTEERING COMPASS
ORIENTEERING A MAP
 Lay down the map flat on
surface, place the compass over
the map.
 Place the compass hair line in
line with the grid line.
 Rotate the map until the
compass north is in line with grid
line.
 Locate the direction of
navigation with the direction
arrow.
Orienteering a map is a method of synchronizing
the lines & direction of a map and the compass to
have a defined direction to navigate.
Method use in identifying own location:
 Resection – method of locating
one’s position on a map by
determining grid azimuth to at
least well-defined locations that
can be pinpointed on the map.
 By known line and distance from
known feature.
 By known line and azimuth from
known feature.
Method use in identifying Other Location:
 Intersection – method of locating
an
unknown
point by
successively occupying at least
two (better three) known
positions on the ground and then
map sighting on the unknown
location. Used to locate distant
or inaccessible points.
 By azimuth and distance.
Azimuth – defined as a
horizontal angle measured
clockwise from a north base line.
When using azimuth, the point
from which the azimuth
originates is the center of
imaginary circle. The circle is
divided into 360 degrees.
FIRE BUILDING
Building fire from natural source is allowable only
in case of emergency or if it is allowed in the
camp site. Remember the following LNT rules
with regards to minimizing camp fire impact.
Building Fire Procedure
6. GATHER - Tinder, kindling and
fuel together.
7. BUILD - The fire by adding
kindling wood to the burning
tinder and adding fuel to the fire
as it grows.
 8. TINDER - From dead twigs 7. UP Mountaineer’s Club (2017). UPM
found on the lower branches of Basic Mountaineering Course Handbook,
trees and shrubs that snap off Diliman, Quezon City.
easily when bent. Never use 8. Jiro Kenshikuro (2017). Mountaineering
branches or woods that are still for Beginners.
green in color.
9. KINDLING - Should be dry.
Don’t gather wet woods from the
forest floor. Look for branches
that are dead and down, not on Prepared By: Danna Kristalene Pedroza Orpiana
the tree. FITT 4 - Intructor 1
10. FUEL - Should be dry, split
larger wood if possible and a
good sized stack on hand before
you light the fire.

LNT FIRE BUILD TIPS FIRE PAN

FIRE RING

Type of Fire Build

REFERENCES:
5. LNT.Org(2016). Seven Leave No Trace
Principles, LNT.Org
6. Mc Manners (1995). The Backpacker’s
Handbook, DK Publication, London, UK

Discussion 1:
Mountaineering -
Quiz 1
 
1. this is the set of outdoor activities
that involves ascending tall
mountains. *
mountaineering
6. this is the disassembling and take
down a tent or the tents of an
encampment when ready to leave. *
break camp
2. this is a natural exercise that
promotes physical fitness is
economical and convenient. *
hiking
4. a pile of rock or wood use to mark a
given path. *
cairn
3. is an outdoor activity involving
overnight stay away from home either
without shelter or using basic shelter
such as a tent or a recreational
vehicle. *
camping
9. ___________ is a group of sports that
requires navigational skills using a map
and compass to navigate from point to
point in diverse and usually unfamiliar
terrain while moving at speed. *
Orienteering
7. this is the definition of _____________
"be conscious of your behavior, as it
may be offensive to their traditions and
practices. *
local cultural sensitivity
10. ___________ is a form of rock
climbing in which the climber may use
climbing equipment such as ropes and
other means of climbing protection. *
free climb
5. it is used to indicate things such as
the beginning and end of a change of
direction or an intersection. *
Trail sign
8. the act of making a long journey
across difficult country on foot usually
for pleasure. *
Trekking
Discussion 2: Equipment - Quiz 2
18 of 20 points   2. this is fun or recreational climb,
10. the ___________ is responsible for
bringing up the rear line formation on
narrow trails should be single file. *
sweeper/tail man
 
8. a __________ is a person who provides
guidance, instructions, direction and
leadership to a group of individuals. *
team leader
4. this type is for developing and skills
progress of climb members. *
training climb
5. this is the last batch of the bigger
group in hiking. *
tail group
1. this __________ is the ideal weight
should not exceed one third 1/3 of your
body weight. *
backpack
6. this type of climb is organized climb,
tree planting for the forest. *
clean up climb
experiential climb. *
minor climb
 
7. the larger group's first batch to hike
and the stronger group usually. *
lead pack
 
9. the ____________ is a qualified
journeyman who works closely with
project supervision to direct the work
activities. *
lead man
 
3. for the mountaineer the high level of
difficulties, need more preparation and
other consideration. *
major climb
Discussion 3:
Camping and Pitching
Tent - Quiz 3
 2. is a flat and graphic representation,
drawn scale of a portion of earth's surface
as seen from above. *
map
5. remember the following __________
with regards to minimizing camp fire
impact. *
LNT rules
1. this is the primary role of a tent is to
provide protection from the rain, wind, sun,
cold, and insects. *
camping and pitching tent
4. for mountaineering the __________ is
the commonly use in navigation. *
protractor compass
10. what is the meaning of GPS compass *
Global Positioning System
 
8. is a type of compass commonly used in
orienteering, a sport in which map reading
and terrain association are paramount. *
thumb compass
 
9. a _______ is a a type of non-magnetic
compass which is based on a fast spinning
disc and the rotation of the earth. *
gyrocompass
 
3. is a navigation and orientation instrument
that shows direction relative to geographic
directions. *
compass
7. this is magnetic compass having a
magnifying lens for reading the compass
scale. a _______ is often referred to as a
military compass and is typically used by
the U.S military. *
lensatic compass
6. the _______ is a critical piece of
equipment for outdoor travel/activity. *
orienteering compass
 10. the _______ is also called the lark's
head is a a hitch knot used to attach a rope
Discussion 4: Knot Tying - Quiz 4
to an object. *
18 of 20 points
cow hitch knot
FITT 4 - PHYSICAL EDUCATION TOWARDS
HEALTH AND FITNESS 2  
(Outdoor Recreational Activities)
5. this anchor knot provides more loads
  bearing surface area due to its two-loop
configuration. *
1. _______ is a basic and essential life skill.
there are lots of different purposes. * double loop figure 8 knot

knot typing  
  4. this is an anchor knot that creates a
8. this is used in binding two ropes with the single loop that will not slip *
same diameter together. * figure 8 on a bight knot  
square knot
3. the _______ is a type of stopper knot. it
  is very important in both sailing and rock
climbing as a method of stopping ropes
6. this knot may be used as a static anchor
from running out of retaining devices. *
knot. *
figure 8 stopper knot
bowline knot
 

2. the _______ is a stopper, especially

7. this is a bridle knot that provides a mid
when used alone and hence it is very secure
line attachment point. *
to the point of jamming badly. *
butterfly knot
overhand knot
  
 
9. this is an adjustable anchor hitch often
tied around anchor points horizontally and
vertically. *
clove hitch knot