Introduction to Outdoor Recreation Romeo Roberto “Romi” Garduce

 First filipino to climb the 7 summits of the world

Outdoor
1. Mt. Aconcagua of Argentina in Jan. 2005
 is a space outside an enclosed area.
2. Mt. Everest o Nepal in May 2006
 Includes the natural environment and resources which
3. Mt. Elbrus of Russia in Aug. 2007
comprises the land, water, wildlife, vegetation, open
4. Mt. Mckinley or Denali peak of Alaska in Jun. 2008
space, and scenery.
5. Mt Kosciuszko of Australia in Dec. 2008
6. Mt. Carstensz Pyramid of Indonesia in July 2011
Recreation
7. Vinson Massif on Antartica of 2012
 Is derived from the latin word recreare which means “to
be refreshed”
Hiking and Trekking
Outdoor Recreation
 Yosemite Decimal System (YDS)- describes mountain
 Is an organized activities done during one’s free time for
terrains
his/her own personal reasons, where an interaction
 National Climbing Classification System- describes the
between man and an element of nature is present.
overall nature of the climb
 Is an interaction between man and nature
 NCCS Grades-Commitment grades
Longest coastline: Philippines
Organized climb may also mean trekking
Department of tourism: It’s more fun in the Philippines!
How did mountaineering began in the Philippines?
Benefits
Jose Oyanguren (1852) and Senor Real (1870)
1. Physical Health  Two filipinos who attempts to reach the highest peak of
Mt. Apo but failed
2. Psycho-Emotional
3. Social Don Joaquin Rajal (October 10, 1880)
 Reached the peak of Mt. Apo
4. Economic
5. Spiritual  The successful expedition was led by Don Joaquin Rajal
Green space is now called the Screen Space on October 10, 1880. Prior to his expedition, he had to
get the permission of the Datu Manig, the Bagobo
7 Leave no Trace Principle (PTDLMRB)
chieftain. However, the datu did not immediately give
1. Plan ahead and Prepare consent. He demanded that a human sacrifice be made
2. Travel and camp on durable ground first to offer to the god Mandarangan. Datu Manig
3. Dispose of waste properly waived his demand later on and allowed Don Joaquin.

4. Leave what you find

Preparation
5. Minimize campfire impacts 1. Physical Conditioning
6. Respect wildlife i. Carbo-loading : boosting energy
7. Be considerate of other visitors ii. Hitting the wall : carbohydrates reserves depletes
 Recommended ascent rate: 300 meters per hour
Mountaineering Activities
2. Trip Planning
 Britannica defines mountaineering or mountain climbing
as a sport in attaining or attempting to attain high
Nutritional Considerations
points in mountainous regions, mainly for pleasure of
the climb. 1. Calorie Requirement
 Alpinism: mountaineering in europe  50%-60% carbohydrates
 20%-30% fats
3 basic forms of climbing  15% proteins
1. Rock climbing- depending on the track condition
2. Snow and Ice Climbing- involves slopes and avalanches
3. Mixed Climbing- combination of rocky and ice routes 2. Hydrating the body
 Atleast 1/2 to 1 cup every 30-45 mins

Basic skills in hiking

1. Setting a Hiking Pace
2. Establishing Your Rhythm
3. Taking breaks
Hiking Essentials and other essential things c. Tents
1. Backpack d. Cooking and Eating Utensils
2. Footwear
Methods in getting water
3. Trekking Poles  Filtering
4. First aid kit  Iodine Tablets
5. Water  Bleach Solution
6. Trail food  Aquamira
7. Topographic map  Baling
8. Compass What kind of foods should we bring?
9. Extra layers and rain gears For FCC: almost any food
10. Firestarter and matches For BCC: does not spoil and with consideration of the calorie
11. Multi-tool or knife content, food preparation, and weight of the food.
12. Flashlight or headlamp or extra batteries
What other essential items should be brought?
13. Sunscreen and sunglasses
14. Insect repellant General EQ. Safety EQ. First Aid Kit
1. Lantern 1. Flashlight 1. Adhesive Bandages
15. Camera/Binoculars
2. Toilet paper 2. Extra batteries 2. Gauze Pads
16. GPS/Altimeter watches
17. Extra batteries for mobile devices/memory card 3. Biodegradable soap 3. Waterproof matches 3. Tweezers
4. Insect repellant 4. Pocket knife 4. Salt Tablets
Camping 5. Paracetamol
5. Small thermos bottle 5. Topographic maps
6. Duct tape 6. Compass 6. Aspirin
1. Front country camping or car camping - camping on
planned campgrounds 7. Safety pins 7. Sun protection 7. Antihistamine
2. Back country camping - requires physical exertion to 8. Medicine for diarrhea
8. Shovel (if BCC) 8. Rope
travel to the location.
9. Water treatment 9. Razor blade
Thomas Hiram Holdings 10. Moleskin
 Father of modern camping 11. Tube of antibiotic
 Founded Association of Cycle Campers in 1901
ointment
In 1932, first international camping was organized and the 12. Anti-sting relief
Federation Internationale de Camping et de Caravanning cream
(FICC) was founded.
Camping skills
What to prepare? 1. Washing dishes
1. Identifying the participants in the activity. To clean dishes in BCC:
2. Location  All food in the plate must be eaten
3. Date  Scrape the remaining food in a plastic
4. Itinerary bag and carry it in the back.
 Move 200 feet away from cook site,
What to bring? sampsite and water source
a. Clothes
 Dig a hole about 8 inches deep as a wash
Layer 1: Base layer or Skin Layer site
 Cotton for warm and hot conditions  Use biodegradable soap and strain
 Thermal undergarment for cold washcloth when rinsing
temperatures  Air dry dishes
 Wool for cold conditions 2. Campfires
Layer 2: Insulating Layer 3 elements: Fuel, heat source, air
 Wool or fleece To start campfire:
Layer 3: Wind and/or Rain barrier layer  Lay a piece of cloth on the ground
 Usually made from Nylon  Put 3-5 inches thick soil over it
 Circumference should be wider than the
b. Sleeping bag and pad intended size of the fire to allow the
a. Kind of insulating material spreading of coal.
b. Loft 3. Sanitation of Campsite: Cathole
c. The shape of the bag  6-8 inches deep, 6 inches wide
a) Mummy-shaped bag  200 feet away from water source
b) Barrel-shaped bag  Cover with 2-4 inches of soil before
c) Rectangular-shaped bag covering with leaves.
Aquatic Hazards
1. Jellyfish/Portuguese Man-of-War/Fire Corals
Get the person first out of the water
First Aid:To stop stinging
a. Wash the are with seawater
b. Rinse the area with vinegar or baking soda
c. Soak the area in hot water or cold packs
d. Use mild hydricortisone cream or oral
antihistamine to relieve itching and swelling
+ Bring to the nearest medical facility if:
a. The person exhibits severe allergic reactions
b. The sting covers more than half an arm or leg
c. The sting came from box jelly fish
2. Sea Urchin/Weever Fish
First Aid: SU puncture and WF stings
a. Remove large spines carefully with
tweezers.
b. Scrub wound with soap rinse with fresh
water
c. Do not close the wound with tape
+ Call for urgent medical attention if severe allergic
reactions are observed.
3. Stingray
+ Call a lifeguard and seek medical help as there are
no antidote for stingray venom.
First Aid: Control Pain
a. Immerse affected area in hot water for 30-
90 minutes
b. Remove large spines with tweezers
c. Clean wound using soap ang fresh water.
d. Do not cover wound
Environmental Hazards
1. Poison Ivy/Poison Oak/Poison Sumac/Wood Nettle
 These plants have a substance called the
urushiol which causes the rash. The rash usually
disappears in one to three weeks.
First Aid:
a. Remove the stinging hairs
b. Wash exposed area with soap and warm
water
c. Remove contaminated clothing
d. Ease the itching discomfort by applying cool
compress for 15-30 minutes.
e. Avoid topical antihistamine, anesthetics, and
antibiotic ointment-they can make skin more
sensitive.
f. Put calamine lotion to alleviate itching.
g. If itchiness makes it difficult to sleep, give
oral antihistamine.
2. Leeches
+ Antihistamine may serve as first aid.
3. Snake bites
 According to the World Health Organization
("Venomous Snakes", 2010) of the 3,000 species of
snake there are, only 600 are venomous.
 These are the poisonous snakes:
a. Cobra
b. Copperhead Coral snake
c. Cottonmouth (water moccasin)
d. Rattlesnake
e. Various snakes found in zoos
First Aid: treatment before patient reaches the hospital.
a. Reassure or calm the victim
b. Lay him/her down. Immobilize the bittenlimb
with splint or sling.
c. Apply pressure if necessary.
d. Avoid any interference.
e. Bring the patient to the hospital
f. Antivenom is the only effective antidote for
snake venom.
DO NOT :
a. Tire patient.
b. Use tourniquet.
c. Use an ice pack on the bite marks.
d. Puncture, pinch, or scrape the bitten area.
e. Suck in venom from the patient's open wound.
f. Give medication not prescribed by the doctor.
g. Elevate the wound at the same level or higher
than the chest/heart area.
4. DROWNING
 According to a report presented in the 2011 World
Conference on Drowning Prevention, eight people die
everyday in the Philippines due to drowning, UNICEF
survey also showed that drowning has been ranked as
the fourth leading cause of death in the Philippines
(Sebellino, 2011).
First Aid:
a. Call for help.
b. Turn the drowning person's head to the side to
allow any water to drain from his or her mouth
and nose. Turn the head back to the center.
c. Check for breathing and pulse. If both are not
present, perform CPR.
d. If there is pulse but no breathing, begin mouth-
to-mouth resuscitation.
e. Give two rescue breathe in the mouth of the
person as you pinch his or her nose.
f. Check pulse and repeat cycle if there is no pulse
until emergency personnel arrive.
g. It is important to bring victim to a hospital even
if he/she has started breathing.
Lightning Strike
Call for help
First Aid: while waiting we should do
a. Assess situation
b. A lightning strike may cause a heart attack
so check if the victim is breathing or has
pulse. If both are not present, then do the
CPR. If with pulse but the victim is not
breathing, then do rescue breathing until
help arrives.
c. If the place is cold or wet, put protective
layer on the ground to avoid risk of
hypothermia.
d. Lightning also causes injuries such as burns,
shock, and trauma. Treat each of the
injuries with first aid until help arrives.
 First Aid Kit Orienteering- an outdoor activity where participants' goal is
finding the various checkpoints (with specific sequence) in a
Basic Things Medication pre-set course using a especially created detailed map and
1. assorted adhesive bandages 1. pain-relievers the compass to navigate in an unfamiliar terrain.
2. wound-closure strips
2. antiseptic solution and
3. nonstick sterile pads towelette History
3. compound tincture of benzoin
4. butterfly bandages/adhesive 1886: as a military word that meant crossing unknown
4. Antacids grounds using maps and compass.
5. gauze pads
5. insect-sting relief
6. medical adhesive tape 1897 The world's first orienteering match held in Norway.
6. antibacterial ointment
7. athletic tape 1919 Major Ernst Killander of Sweden, the "father of orienteering"
7. aloe vera gel designed a cross-country competition where participants
8. splinter (fine-point) tweezers
had to decide their own routes with the use of map and
8. hydrocortisone cream
9. cotton compass.
9. Antihistamine
10. blister treatment 1941- A Finnish army officer, Piltti Heiskanen, setup
10. calamine lotion 1943 orienteering activities in Dartmouth College.
11. safety pins
11. anti-diarrhea and laxative The IOF or the International Orienteering Federation was for
12. disposable gloves med in Copenhagen,Denmark where the founding members
12. cough and cold medications were Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark,Federal Republic of
13. plastic bags (different sizes) 1961
Germany, Finland, German Democratic Republic, Hungary,No
13. anti-malarial medication
14. multipurpose utility tool rway, Sweden, and Switzerland.
14. salt tablets and rehydration
15. ear plugs 1966 The first World Orienteering Championships held in Finland.
tablets
16. clinical thermometer 15. emollient (eye drops) 1967 Orienteering activities became part of the U.S. Marine Corps
Physical Fitness Academy at Quantico, Virginia,
17. whistle 16. Sunscreen under assistant director Jim "Yoggi" Hardin.
17. Insect repellant
OCT. 19 The first U.S. Orienteering Championships held at Southern I
18. first aid manual and 70 llinois University.

information 1971 The birth of U.S. Orienteering Federation in Virginia.

911: the national emergency number of the Philippines since 1988 Orienteering was accepted as a U.S. Olympic Committee Clas
August, 1 2016 s C sport or an affiliated sport.

RISK MANAGEMENT OF OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES

Equipment used:
 Hazards are things that have the potential to harm white A. Distance on Map
risk is the likelihood of realizing such potential. a) This is the scale that the map used- 1:10,000 ,
1:15,000 or 1:25,000.
1. Hazards from Human Factor b) 1:25,000 actually states that 1 cm on the map is
Human factors include hazards coming from the 25,000 centimeters or 250 meterson the ground
participants and the leaders or organizers of the c) The widely used scale in orienteering competition
activity. is 1:15,000 and the 1:10,000 scale.
2. Hazards from Equipment
Equipment includes the basic things to be used in B. Magnetic North Lines
the activity. a) Magnetic north is the direction that a compass
3. Hazards from the Environment needle points to as it aligns with the Earth's
Weather condition tops the list of environment magnetic field. What is interesting is that the
hazard. magnetic North Pole shifts and changes over time
in response to changes in the Earth's magnetic core.
b) Orienteering maps have lines representing
magnetic north.
c) There are 3 norths
1. True north - is the direction of the north pole
directly under the north star.
2. Magnetic north is where the compass normally
points and this is what is used in orienteering.
3. The grid north is what is used on maps.
C. Legends
 It will describe the terrain, roads, buildings, rivers, How is the orienteering compass used?
etc. using symbols. The symbols and what they
represent will give an idea how the place looks like.

 Orienteering may be done as a none or a competitive

sport. The objective is finding all the control points
Color symbol indicated on a map given to the participants.
Blue- water feature
Black- rock, man-made feature  2 Popular forms of Orienteering are the:
White- normal, open woods a. SCORE-0 - can freely navigate control points.
Green- thick vegetation b. Point-to-Point - must follow ascending order when
Yellow- non-wooded land navigating control points.
Brown- natural non rock feature and contour lines
 The locations are marked by orange and white control
The International Orienteering Federation (IOF) has flags. Each control marker has a unique identifier such
published all accepted symbols for the use of orienteering as a three digit number.
maps, which include boulders, rocky field, cliffs, etc. Some
symbols used for normal orienteering maps are as follows:  Each participant is assigned a start time; this is to
prevent participants from trying to follow others.

How does one navigate using the map and compass?

 To determine how many paces it will take for one to
travel 100 meters or 300feet, measure a distance of 100
meters with a tape measure

 Starting at one end of the measured distance, walk with

the normal stride until the other end Count how many
paces it took for you to reach the end of the 100-meter
distance.

 Do this three times. If the number varies, get the

average.
Navigation Skill 2 and 3: Precision and Rough Map Reading

Navigation Skill 4 & 5: Precision and Rough Compass Reading
 Precision compass reading uses the direction-of-travel
arrows on the compass to travel precisely in astraight
line.
 Rough compass reading is almost the same as precision
compass reading, moves toward the general direction
that the direction-of-travel arrow is pointing

What to do when you got lost?

1. It is best not to panic but instead to stop and take a
break.
2. Look at the surroundings and check the map for
more recognizable features.
3. Check compass and map for direction of travel.
4. If not, go to the nearest safety azimuth or
prominent feature (usually advised by the
organizers) and reorient self using the map and
compass.

Important things to remember while Orienteering?

a. Whistle is used as communication in case of emergency
such as when there is significant injury or a participant is
completely lost.
i. Three short blasts mean "I need help, please
come to me,"
ii. two short blasts mean "I hear you, I am
coming to you."
b. Leave wildlife alone as responsible visitors of wildlife
habitats.

c. Safety azimuth - every event director advises the

participants of safety azimuth.

d. Bring a second compass in case something happens to

your compass during the event.