Kid Final Research

WACHEMO UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION
DERARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT
THE CAUSE AND IMPACT OF POOR QUALITY CONTROL IN

PUBLIC BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN THE CASE
HOSSANA TOWN
BY: ID
KIDST BERHANU 004129
AMANUEL TAMIRAT 004450
SISAY TEGEGN ET0958
A Research Paper Submitted to the College of Engineering and Technology of Wachemo
University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of
Science in Construction Technology and Management
JUNE, 2023
HOSSANA, ETHIOPIA
WACHEMO UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION
DERARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT
THE CAUSE AND IMPACT OF POOR QUALITY CONTROL IN

PUBLIC BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN THE CASE
HOSSANA TOWN
BY: ID
KIDST BERHANU 004129
AMANUEL TAMIRAT 004450
SISAY TEGEGN ET0958
A Research Paper Submitted to the College of Engineering and Technology of Wachemo
University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of
Science in Construction Technology and Management
ADVISOR ENDALKACHEW MAMO. (MSc.)
JUNE, 2023
HOSSANA, ETHIOPIA
The Cause and Impact Of Poor Quality Control in Public Building 2023
Construction Projects In The Case Hossana Town
DECLARATION
This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Kidst Berhanu, Amanuel Tamirat, and Sisay Tegegn,
entitled“the cause and impact of poor quality control in public building construction projects in
the case in Hossana town” and submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements BSc. degree in
Construction Technology and Management complies with the regulations of the University and
meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality.
Name Signature Date
Kidst Berhanu …………………………… ………………….
Amanuel Tamirat …………………………… ………………….
Sisay Tegegn …………………………… ………………….
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APPROVAL SHEET
This is to certify that this BSc. thesis proposal entitled “Assessment on challenges of lower grade
contractors in Hossana, was prepared by Kidst Berhanu wcu/r/004129, Amanuel Tamirat
wcu/r/004450 and Sisay Tegegn ET0958 has met the required standard for submission in partial
fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Construction Technology
and Management.
APPROVED BY
ADVISOR: SIGNITURE: DATE:
MR. ENDALKACHEW M. ------------------- --------------
EXAMINER’S SIGNITURE: DATE
1.------------------------------------- ----------------- --------------
2.-------------------------------------- ----------------- --------------
3.-------------------------------------- ----------------- --------------
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to acknowledge our main advisor Endalikachewu M. (Msc.) for their constructive
comment and great support for the successful accomplishment of this project work. We are also
in debated to those contractors, consultants and project owner who were willing to fill the
questioner and share their views and ideas in the different issues of the project work. Last but not
least, our deepest gratitude goes to our families for their continuous support during our stay in
the university.
WCU, Department Construction Technology Management Page iii

ABSTRACT
The need for achieving quality of the finished product in the public building construction project
is very important. Construction industry plays a vital role in the economy and sustainability. The
general objective of this study is to assess the major causes and impacts of poor quality control
in public building construction projects in Hossana town. This study is intended to provide
consultants, contractors and municipalities with necessary information needed to better manage
the quality of a construction public building projects by identifying the cause and effect of poor
quality control of public building construction projects. The sampling method to be used in this
study is probability sampling i.e. the study is undertaken on randomly selected ongoing projects,
16 contractors, 7 consultants, 3 municipality officials from the target population in the study
area Certain construction companies are identified and a questionnaire survey was carried out.
Then the data from the stakeholders was collected. Using collected data, the cause of poor
quality control and its consequences are identified. Then from the results suitable suggestions
was given to the stakeholders for the effective quality control practice in public building projects
.Poor quality control is one of the construction problems which remain unsolved in public
building construction project and highly affect the performance of construction projects of the
study area.
Key words: Quality, Quality control, poor quality
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION..............................................................................................................................i
APPROVAL SHEET.......................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...........................................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................iv
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the Study........................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the Problem.......................................................................................................2
1.3 Research Questions................................................................................................................2
1.4 Objectives...............................................................................................................................3
1.4.1 General Objective............................................................................................................3
1.4.2 Specific Objectives..........................................................................................................3
1.5 The Significance of the Study................................................................................................3
1.6 Scope and limitation of the study...........................................................................................4
1.6.1 Scope of the Study...........................................................................................................4
1.6.2 Limitation of the study....................................................................................................4
1.7. Structures of the research......................................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................6
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................6
2.1. Quality Control.....................................................................................................................6
2.1.1.Quality.............................................................................................................................6
2.1.2Quality Control.................................................................................................................7
2.2 Causes of Poor Quality in Construction.................................................................................7
2.2.1 Ambiguity of Processes or Methods in the Contract Documents...................................7
2.2.2 Attitude of Site Personnel................................................................................................7
2.2.3 Consultant’s Involvement and Commitment to Monitoring...........................................7
2.2.4 Government Involvement................................................................................................8
2.2.5 Decisions from Any Party...............................................................................................8
2.2.6 Shortage of Technical Personnel for Quality Control.....................................................8
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2.2.8 Low Payment of Labor in Companies.............................................................................8

2.3 Impact of Poor Quality Control.............................................................................................9
2.3.1 Rework............................................................................................................................9
2.3.2 Project Delays, Overspending and Quality Defects........................................................9
2.3.3. Additional Cost...............................................................................................................9
2.3.4 Time Variation..............................................................................................................11
CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................12
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................12
3.1. Description of the Study Area.............................................................................................12
3.2. Research Type.....................................................................................................................12
3.3 Research Approach..............................................................................................................13
3.4 Populations...........................................................................................................................13
3.5 Sampling Technique and Procedure....................................................................................13
3.5.1 Sample Frame................................................................................................................13
3.5.2 Sampling Unit................................................................................................................14
3.5.3 Sampling Method..........................................................................................................14
3.6 Target Population.................................................................................................................14
3.7 Sources of Data....................................................................................................................14
3.8 Instruments of Data Collection............................................................................................15
3.9 Data Analysis and Presentation............................................................................................15
3.9.1 Qualitative Data Analysis..............................................................................................15
3.9.2 Quantitative Data Analysis............................................................................................16
3.10 Ethical consideration..........................................................................................................16
DATA RESULT AND DISCUSSION..........................................................................................17
4.1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................17
4.1.2 Response Rate...............................................................................................................17
4.2.Analysis................................................................................................................................17
4.2.1.Quality Control Practices..............................................................................................18
4.2.3 Consequences of poor quality control...........................................................................23
CHAPTER FIVE...........................................................................................................................26
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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION............................................................................26

5. 1 Conclusion..............................................................................................................................26
5.1.1 Existing Practice............................................................................................................26
5.1.2 Causes of Poor Quality Control.....................................................................................26
5.1.3 Consequences of Poor Quality......................................................................................27
5.3 Recommendation.................................................................................................................27
APPENDIX A................................................................................................................................31
APPENDIX B................................................................................................................................34
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List of Tables
Table 4.1 Response rate................................................................................................................17
Table 4.2.Inspection of construction work is performed throughout the execution of project.....18
Table 4.3 There are individuals who worked on the project and disregard the quality procedures
and start on short-cuts processes without quality checks..............................................................18
Table 4.4 Client satisfies for the product quality...........................................................................19
Table 4.5 Construction accomplished in accordance with the requirements.................................19
Table 4.6.Cause of poor quality control in public building construction......................................20
Table 4.7 Was there any re-work done where the quality standards were not acceptable?...........23
Table 4.8 There is Project Delays due to poor quality control......................................................24
Table 4.10.Was there claim is happened due to poor quality control............................................25
List of Figures
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Figure 3. 1 Map of the study area..................................................................................................12

Figure 3. 2 Sampling Technique and Procedure............................................................................13
Figure 3. 3 Sources of Data...........................................................................................................15
Figure 4. Cause of poor quality control………………………………………………………. 23
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CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The quality movement can trace its roots back to medieval Europe, where workers began
organizing into unions called guilds in the late 13th century. Manufacturing in the industrialized
world tended to follow this craftsmanship model till the mid- 1750s when the factory system,
with its emphasis on product inspection, started in Great Britain and developed into the Industrial
Revolution in the early 1800s. In the early 20th century, manufacturers began to include quality
processes in quality practices. At the beginning of World War II, quality became a critical
component of the war effort as a product manufactured in one of the states had to work
consistently with products from another state hence the eventual adoption of sampling techniques
for inspection, aided by the publication of military-specification standards and training course
(Shewhart, 1920).
In Nigeria the construction industry has been identified as occupying a significant segment of the
capital base of the Nigerian economy and also attracts a significant percentage of the labor force
in the economy. Due to its prime position within the economy, the successful or non-successful
performance of the industry impacts either positively or negatively the whole economy. The
construction industry has been slow to apply total quality management, which is standard for
most manufacturing concerns, despite the construction industry’s capital requirement being equal
to many years of output from a typical manufacturing organization (Anda Sanusi, 2009).
The construction industry in Ethiopia is sector that opens the door for the growth of many other
industries. Building works require high input. For instance, they require different metal products,
clay works, and cement and cement products, etc. As such, the growth of these industries will
surely follow the growth of the construction industry. Similarly, when the construction and
renovation of housing increase, the demand for household furniture increased; thereby,
indirectly, opening the door for the growth of the furniture industry. All in all, the construction
industry is a sector that can entertain big micro companies, that is widely labor based. All these
being taken into consideration, the industry policy of the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia has sought to pay special attention to the construction industry of the country
(W0rku, 2020).
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1.2 Statement of the Problem

(Love,et al, 2019) Errors on construction sites occur frequently and can be costly for the
contractors and owners of constructed facilities. In fact, 6-15% of construction cost is found to
be wasted due to rework of defective components detected late during construction and 5% of
construction cost is wasted due to rework of defective components detected during maintenance.
These observations suggest that a thorough inspection of construction sites is needed and that
current quality control problems need to be improved.
From the research of (Ashokkkumar, 2018) poor supervision on site contributes to the poor
workmanship on construction site. In addition, the ability of management on the construction site
is the primary cause that affects labors daily productivity. And (Hoonakker, P., Carayon, P., &
Loushine, T., 2019) Many Disputes happened among clients, owners and parties involved in
construction (especially contractors) on construction defects cases Poor quality control in public
building construction project may also be one of the problems in different construction projects
of Ethiopia, and this can lead to negative impact in different stages of the life cycle of
construction projects, and this may be caused by rent seeking, lack of professional in an
organization related to quality control.
Therefore, it is to identify the cause and assess the impact of poor quality control in public
building construction projects that we need to study this senior project.
1.3 Research Questions

This study will be guided by the following leading questions: -
 What is the current practice quality control in public building construction projects in
Hossana Town?
 What are causes of poor quality control in public building construction in Hossana town?
 What is the consequence of poor quality control in public building in Hossana Town?

1.4 Objectives
1.4.1 General Objective
The general objective of this study is to assess the major causes and impacts of poor quality
control in public building construction projects in Hossana town.
1.4.2 Specific Objectives
Specifically, this study is intended to

 To identify quality control practices in public building construction projects in Hossana
town.
 To identify the causes of poor quality control in public building construction in the
Hossna town.
 To explain the consequences of poor quality control in public building construction in the
Hossana town.
1.5 The Significance of the Study

Most countries have used quality standards to ensure building construction quality. Therefore, it
is necessary to investigate the cause and impact of poor quality control in construction projects to
provide specific recommendation for the problems related to poor quality control in the Hosanna
town. After assessing the cause and impact of poor quality control in building construction, the
significance of this senior project lies in the possibility of adding to the wealth of information on
quality control and its impact. The study can also be important for different project stockholders
to improve their quality control practice in the Hossana town. The study will help contractors,
clients, and government organizations to develop strategies that can improve construction
quality. Finally, this study can also be used as a spring board for others who want to conduct
further study on the topic.

1.6 Scope and limitation of the study
1.6.1 Scope of the Study
This study is geographically limited to public building construction projects in Hossana town and
thematically to assess the causes and impact of poor quality control in public building
construction projects by taking certain indicators of poor quality control such as (cost overrun,
time delay, construction defects) and certain construction projects which are believed to have
poor quality control in the Hossana town. Sample projects are selected randomly by assuming
their physical status of projects. Random sampling helps the researcher to select appropriate
number of study projects by giving equal chance for all construction projects in the Hossana
town.
1.6.2 Limitation of the study
The study has limitations on; - Only assessing to the area of management system for poor
quality control in Hossana Town for public building through assessing different parameters of
the management control system and avoiding the impacts of it. The research is bounded due to
certain constraints time, tests, information and money.
1.7. Structures of the research

This research is organized in five chapters. The rest of this paper is organized as follows:-
Chapter one - Introduction: Presents the background of the study, statement of problem,
objective of the research, research question, and significance of the research, scope and
limitation of the research and structure of study.
Chapter two - literature review: This includes the theoretical review in its first section which is
followed by the review of previous studies related to the impact of design And specification
change on the progress of construction project.
Chapter three - Research methodology: It describes the study area, research design; sample size
and sampling techniques used, data collection techniques adapted, data interpretation and
analysis,
Chapter four –Result and discussion: presents the result and discussion about the paper.

Chapter five - Conclusion and recommendation: It summarizes the main issue of the research and
it provides an over view of the main findings. It also recommends suggestions based on the
findings of the study.
Finally reference of related literature is referred while writing the paper and appendices are
including after chapter five.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Quality Control
2.1.1. Quality
According to (Burstein, D., 2016) Quality can be defined as meeting the legal, aesthetic and
functional requirements of a project. Requirements may be simple or complex, or they may be
stated in terms of the end result required or as a detailed description of what is to be done.
However, the quality is obtained if the stated requirements are adequate, and if the completed
project conforms to the requirements. Some design professionals believe that quality is measured
by the aesthetics of the facilities they design.
According to (Hoonakker, P., Carayon, P., & Loushine, T, 2019) this traditional definition of
quality is based on such issues as how well a building blends into its surroundings. Quality can
also be defined from the view point of function, by how closely the project conforms to its
requirements. The concept of quality management is to ensure efforts to achieve the required
level of quality for the product which are well planned and organize.
(Exmada, april19, 2012) State that Quality is the symbol of human civilization and with the
progress of human civilization, quality control will play an incomparable role in the business. It
can be said that if there is no quality control, there is no economic benefit. There are plenty of
factors affecting the quality of construction, such as design, materials, machinery, topography,
geology, hydrology, meteorology, construction technology, methods of operation, technical
measures, management systems, and so on. Because of the fixed project location, large volume
and different location of different projects, the poor control of these factors may produce quality
problems. During controlling the whole process of construction, only accord with the required
quality standards and user promising requirements, fulfilling quality, time, cost, etc.,
construction companies could get the best economic effects. Construction companies must
adhere to the principle of quality first, and insist on quality standards, with the core of artificial
control and prevention, to provided

2.1.2Quality Control
Quality control is the part of quality management that ensures products and service comply with
requirements. It is a work method that facilitates the measurement of the quality characteristics
of a unit, compares them with the established standards, and analyses the differences between the
results obtained and the desired results in order to make decisions which will correct any
differences. Technical specifications define the type of controls that must be carried out to ensure
the construction works are carried out correctly. They include not only products materials, but
also the execution and completion of the works (Koskela, 2017).
2.2 Causes of Poor Quality in Construction

In spite of this effort to categorize the contractors into size and capability, there is poor
contractor performance within each defined category, with major indicators being poor quality
and late completion of projects (Abadir, 2016). Several attempts have been made to identify the
causes of poor quality in construction. Even though researchers have applied different methods
and definitions, all indicate the problems associated with traditional way of undertaking projects
such as the problem in communicating design intents from owner to design team.
2.2.1 Ambiguity of Processes or Methods in the Contract Documents
Contract documents are also important factor in maintaining the quality of construction. The
purpose of conditions of contract which are incorporated in construction contracts is to amplify
and explain the basic obligations of parties to the contract (Akshay &Wankhade, 2015).
2.2.2 Attitude of Site Personnel
Organizational culture is a complex phenomenon. Organizational culture is embedded in

behavioral norms, hidden assumptions and human nature, and consists of many levels
(Hoonakker, P., Carayon, P., & Loushine, T., 2017).
2.2.3 Consultant’s Involvement and Commitment to Monitoring
Lack of commitment, inadequate guidelines, policies and procedure, Inadequate training of

personnel to carry the task affect the quality. Improper documentation if reports, drawings,

specification other documents that used for supervision documented properly otherwise faulty
work may happened (Hoonakker, P., Carayon, P., & Loushine, T., 2019).
2.2.4 Government Involvement
Government involvement for public safety and health, environmental consideration,

conformance with applicable laws regulation codes and standards (Abdul Rahman H, 2018).
2.2.5 Decisions from Any Party

Sharing the managerial levels with decision making will lead to better implementation and
performance of a project and will satisfy the three parties to a greater degree. Lack of decision
making and communication skills affect quality of the project.
2.2.6 Shortage of Technical Personnel for Quality Control

Lack of qualified quality personnel in quality to be able to carry out the big task is difficulties in
project quality control. This factor is very important for parties because availability of personnel
with high experience and qualifications assist them to implement their project with a professional
and successful performance. There should be customized training plans for management,
engineers, technicians, home and field office staff, support personnel and field labor (Arditi, D.
and Gunaydin, H. M, 2015).
2.2.7 Weather Condition
Weather is one of the several important limitations because it sometimes cannot be prevented.
The environment within which a Construction project is sited may impact considerably on its
quality, as construction projects are always affected by physical influences (Hoonakker, P.,
Carayon, P., & Loushine, T, 2019).
2.2.8 Low Payment of Labor in Companies
Unfortunately, many of the structural factors behind low wage growth show no sign of
immediate change – meaning low wage growth could continue for a significant time. This low
wage growth is also more problematic when combined with rising living costs.

2.3 Impact of Poor Quality Control

Most construction have deployed some type of quality initiative in their operations Yet, a
number of infrastructure projects have quality problems leading to re-work, cost and time
overruns, disputes, accidents as the major problems.
2.3.1 Rework
Lack of adequate planning, scheduling, materials management, quality control and quality
assurance are chronic problems of construction. The effects of these problems are well known
and include low productivity, poor safety, inferior working conditions, and inadequate quality
(Burstein, D., 2016) rework has various synonymous terms which include: quality
deviations ,on-conformance, defects and quality failures and (Love,et al, 2019) characterize
rework as unnecessary effort of redoing a process or activity that was incorrectly implemented
the first time. The terms used to refer to rework indicate that it is an endemic symptom of an
obstacle that hinders work from being done right the first time. Although there is no industry-
wide standard to measure rework, a pilot study by (Abadir, 2016) indicates that almost every
infrastructure project has some level of rework even those reputable organizations which have
some sound quality management systems.
2.3.2 Project Delays, Overspending and Quality Defects
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research (Koskela, 2018) While the above are common
problems besetting the project delivery process of infrastructure projects, these problems cannot
be entirely blamed on the project implementing team alone but also the client requirement
changes which translate to changes in specifications. A number of decisions during project
delivery are made based on assumptions using the existing information and experience. Often the
assumptions made lead to changes (internal or external) that mostly affect delivery time, cost and
quality.
2.3.3. Additional Cost
According to (Burstein, D., 2016) building Construction projects are always expected to create a
balance between cost, time and quality. Even though, improving quality is not always the major

objective of the project the poor quality could create cost to organization. The cost of poor
quality refers to the costs associated with providing poor quality product or service. The cost due
to failure, appraisal and prevention are three major cost categories that could be directed by poor
quality. As further mentioned, failure cost could be occurred as internal and external failures.
Internal failure cost includes rework, crap, reinsertion, re-testing, redesign, material review etc.
whilst external failure cost includes processing customer complaints, customer returns, warranty
claims and repair costs, product liability and product recalls. Further, appraisal cost could incur
while performing measuring, evaluating, or auditing to assure the quality conformance. These
costs include first time inspection, checking, testing, process or service audits, calibration of
measuring and test equipment, supplier surveillance, receipt inspection etc. The prevention cost
include the costs related to all activities of preventing defects from occurring and to keep
appraisal and failure to a minimum, such as, new product review, quality planning, supplier
surveys, process reviews, quality improvement teams, education and training etc. Quality costs
can be classified as conformance costs and nonconformance costs (failure costs).Conformance
costs are the costs for achieving satisfactory quality and non-conformance costs are the costs
originated from low quality level.
Prevention costs are incurred by the contractor for activities which are undertaken to prevent
internal or external non-conformance issues.
Appraisal costs are incurred by the contractor in the process of conducting inspections, making
evaluations and collecting data.
Internal Failure costs are incurred upon the contractor due to unsatisfactory results prior to the
owner’s acceptance of the building (failure).
External Failure costs incur upon the contractor when poor quality is discovered after the owner
accepts the building (defect).

Table 2. 1 Cost of Conformance and Non conformance.
Cost of Conformance Cost Of Nonconformance:
(P) Planning – pre-construction quality (I) Scrap – wasted material due to inefficient
management use
(P) Training- of management and field (I) Rework – direct cost of poor techniques or
personnel management
(P) Process System – construction quality (I) Expediting – crashing a schedule to make-
management system up for lost time
(P) Equipment Maintenance – proper tool (I) Additional Material – needed due to
maintenance ensures quality damage or transportation
(A) Testing & Inspections – in-house and third (E) Warranty Costs – call-backs during one
party testing and inspections year warranty (defects)
(A) System Process Control – cost engineer (E) Litigation – arbitration and/or litigation
analysis and reporting work cost
(A) Surveys & Studies – process of measuring (E) Repeat Business – loss of additional
quality success or failure profitable work
(A) Evaluation of Outcomes – post (E) Poor Image – loss of potential jobs not
construction quality management considered
2.3.4 Time Variation
Effective time control is challenged by different factors. According to (Burstein, D., 2016) the
top five factors inhibiting effective project time control in descending order are: design changes,
inaccurate evaluation of projects time/duration, complexity of works, risk and uncertainty
associated with projects and ill-performance of subcontractors and nominated suppliers. Factors
that influence delay in ascending order as improper planning, lack of effective communication,
design errors, shortage of supply like steel, concrete and slow decision making.

CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Description of the Study Area
Hosanna town is one of the emerging town of Ethiopia and center in Hadiya zone. The town was
occupied by the Italians on 11 February 1937. By 1958 Hosanna was one of 27 places in
Ethiopia ranked as First Class Township. The town has an area of 10,414.3 hectares, out of this
4585.48 hectares of the town has been master planned ((Development, 2013)).
According to Central Statistical Agency (CSA, 2016) the total population in Hosanna town was
69,957 and from these 14,035are households. Having 35503 (50.7 %) male and 33454(49.3 %)
female sex ratio. From the above data, the household number of the town is 10648 (76%) male
an
00 d 3387 (24%) female.(CSA, 2016).
Figure 3. 1 Map of the study area
3.2. Research Type

The researcher employs descriptive type research design. The reason to select this design is that
it helps to describe the existing situation on the cause and impact of poor quality control in
construction projects of the study area; also this design helps to describe the major factors that
contributed for ineffective quality control. The research design is also help the researcher to

recommend appropriate quality control practices that may be used in promoting good quality
control in the study area.
3.3 Research Approach

The study employs both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The rational that the researcher
uses a mixed approach is that, it provides a better opportunity to understand the causes and
impact of poor quality control in construction projects in depth and breadth. This is due to that in
this study the data obtained through field observation, questionnaire, and interview.
3.4 Populations
According to (Castillo, 2015 )when the target population is below 10,000 in number it is possible
to take 20 percent of the target population for the study. Besides, according to Hossana
Municipality there are 17 contractors, 8 consultants, and 3 government employed design and
construction supervisors in the study area.
3.5 Sampling Technique and Procedure

Sample Technique and Procedure are: -
Sample frame
Sampling Unit
Sampling Method
Sample Size Determination
Figure 3. 2 Sampling Technique and Procedure
3.5.1 Sample Frame
The sample frames are list of ongoing construction projects, list of contractors, list of consultants
and design and construction supervisors in Hossana Town where the information is as available
in the municipality office.
3.5.2 Sampling Unit
The sample unit of the study include: individuals i.e. the contractor’s site supervisors,
construction supervisors assigned by the town’s municipality for construction projects in the
study area, and consultants who are consulting projects under construction in Hossana Town.
3.5.3 Sampling Method
The sampling method to be used in this study is probability sampling i.e. the study is undertaken
on randomly selected ongoing projects, 16 contractors, 7 consultants, 3 municipality officials
from the target population in the study area. Random sampling is taken because it provides equal
chance for all available projects in the study area to be taken as a sample for this research work.
3.6 Target Population

The study target is ongoing construction projects 16 contractors, 7 consultants, 3 municipality
officials mainly design and construction supervisors in the study area Hossana Town
municipality, (2022). They are taken as part of the target population due to the reason that they
have better information concerning the issue under investigation.
N
n=
1+ N ( e ) 2
Where n is the sample size, N is the population size, and e is the level of precision or expected
error. By using this formula at confidence level and level of precision the sample size was as
follows: -
n=28 ÷¿ )
n=26Samples sizes
3.7 Sources of Data

The researcher use both primary and secondary data as a source of information. Combinations of
qualitative and quantitative data are gathered through interview and questionnaires as a primary
source of information for the study. The information obtained from primary sources is supported
by secondary data. Secondary Data which include narrative reports, legal documents; journals,
books from internet, and proclamations is used.
Source of Data
Primary Data Secondary Data
Interview and Site Books, Journal,

Documents, Dissertation,
Contractor (16) Consultant (7) Government

(16) Organization (3)
Figure 3. 3 Sources of Data
3.8 Instruments of Data Collection

The instruments to be employed for data collection by the researcher in this study include
questionnaires and field interviews. The questionnaires prepared are closed type and easy for
communication purpose. Information was collected from respondents by the group members
involved in this study.
3.9 Data Analysis and Presentation
3.9.1 Qualitative Data Analysis
The primary and secondary data are analyzed to address the research questions. The data
collected through interview and analyzed using content analysis. The first step in qualitative data
analysis is organizing and preparing the collected data for analysis by balancing with document
notes. After analyzing and interpreting the data, the research findings are presented using a
variety of data presentation tools such as tables, charts and, photographs.

3.9.2 Quantitative Data Analysis
In analyzing quantitative data, the researcher use excels mainly for the data to be obtained from
questionnaires. To analyze the data descriptive analysis used to analyze the frequency of
respondents and their level of agreement with the given statement under each question.
Mean index ═∑ (n*d)/t,
Percentage%= ∑ f /N
Were N= number of respondent
n= coefficient
t=total mark
d= degree of the option
f=frequency
3.10 Ethical consideration

The researcher study can free from any cultural, social and political affection. But our study not
affected any ethics of each group and their tradition. We were creating a good researching area
without affecting the tradition, culture and other of the community academic purposes.

CHAPTER FOUR
DATA RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Introduction
This chapter mainly focuses on the study of case and impact of poor quality control in Hosanna
town. The result of finding presents in the text, figure and table. In order to realize the objective
of the study, the researchers assess in Hossana town.
4.1.2 Response Rate
As it is presented in the methodology part of the study, self-administered questionnaires have

been prepared to collect relevant primary data from sample respondents.
Table 4.1 Response rate
Respondents Distributed In No. Returned In No. Returned in %
Consultant 7 4 57.14
Contractor 16 10 62.5
Government organization 3 2 66.67
Total 26 16 61.54
According to 26 questionnaires were distributed to Consultant, Contractor, and Government

organization or municipalities in Hossana Town. Out of 26 respondents, 16 respondents returned
the questionnaires to the researcher and thus the response rate was 61.54%. Interview was
conducted with site employee of public building construction projects in Hossana Town.
4.2. Analysis
The primary data collected by survey questionnaire were analyzed quantitatively by using
frequency, and percentage of descriptive statistics.

4.2.1. Quality Control Practices
Table 4.2.Inspection of construction work is performed throughout the execution of project
Option Frequency Percent
10 62.5
yes
no 6 37.5
total 16 100
The inspection of construction work is performed throughout the execution of project.

Inspection is an ongoing activity to physically check the installed works. Checklists are
submitted by the contractor to the consultant to inspect the executed work/installations. As we
see in the table 62.5% of the respondents agree that there is inspection of the project in there
company whereas based on the interview and our observation still there is some problems in the
project site like some work defects problem, so we conclude that there is an inspection practice
in public building project in Hossana town but still there is problem and stakeholders are not
effective for quality control because Quality in construction is achieved through proper control at
every stage of execution and installation of works.
Table 4.3 There are individuals who worked on the project and disregard the quality procedures
and start on short-cuts processes without quality checks.
yes 11 68.75
no 5 31.25
Total 16 100
The majority respondents or 68.75 % there is an individual who worked on the project and
disregard the quality procedures and start on short-cut processes without quality checks and

based on the interview that we checked there is information of some employee reject the quality
control this implies that even if quality supervision is present there is problem.
Table 4.4 . Client satisfies for the product quality
yes 10 62.5
no 6 37.5
Total 16 100
As (Arditi, D. and Gunaydin, H. M, 2015) mentioned that, quality of any construction project is
meeting the requirements of the designer, constructor and regulatory agencies as well as the
owner.
Client satisfaction should be meeting specially for quality work construction of the project so we
use this to identify the current situation of the quality control practice of the public building
construction projects as the data indicated in the table 62.5% of the respondents agree that the
client is satisfies for the product but the rust is not satisfies and based on the answer of the
interview indicates that there is some problems in the building after completion of the project
such as defect is happened before completion of defect liabilities period therefore our finding is
that even if there is client satisfies there will be problem of quality control.
Table 4.5 Construction accomplished in accordance with the requirements
yes 8 50
no 8 50
total 16 100

According to(Koskela, 2018)Quality control is the part of quality management that ensures
products and services comply with requirements. It is a work method that facilitates the
measurement of the quality characteristics of a unit, compares them with the established
standards, and analyses the differences between the results obtained and the desired results in
order to make decision.
In most construction projects one of the problem is the division of the work with contract
document also sometimes this problem is happened as the data we get from the respondents
shows that 50% of the respondent is agree that currently this problem is familiar to many public
building constructions. And based on the interview question our finding is balanced to the side of
the respondents which are agreed with there is division of some requirement specified in the
contract.
4.2.2Causes of poor quality control
Table 4.6.Cause of poor quality control in public building construction
No Cause of Poor Quali (1)Strongl (2) (3)Strongl (4)Dis (5)Don’ Mean Rank
ty y agree Agree y agree t know index
Control
disagreed
1 Ambiguity or 4 10 0 2 0 2.13 2
processes methods the
in
contract documents
2 Organization 4 6 0 6 0 2.67 6
capacity
3 Attitude of Site 10 3 1 2 0 1.8 1

Personnel
4 Consultant’s and 2 10 0 4 0 2.53 5

involvement to
commitment
monitoring
5 Improper 4 8 0 4 0 2.4 4
documentation
6 Government 2 9 0 5 0 2.67 7
involvement
7 Decisions from 3 6 1 6 0 2.8 8
any party
8 Shortage of Technical 1 9 0 6 0 2.87 9

Personnel for quality
control
9 Weather Condition 5 7 0 4 0 2.33 3
10 Low Payment of Labor 3 4 0 9 0 3.13 10

in companies
Total 38 72 2 48 0
Present (%) 23.75% 45% 1.25% 30%
1) Mean index ═ (4*1+10*2+0*3+2*4+0*5)/15= 2.13where 15= 1+2+3+4+5
2) Mean index ═ (4*1+6*2+0*3+6*4+0*5)/15= 2.67
3) Mean index ═ (10*1+3*2+1*3+2*4+0*5)/15= 1.8
4) Mean index ═ (2*1+10*2+0*3+4*4+0*5)/15= 2.53
5) Mean index ═ (4*1+8*2+0*3+4*4+0*5)/15= 2.4
6) Mean index ═ (2*1+9*2+0*3+5*4+0*5)/15= 2.67

7) Mean index ═ (3*1+6*2+1*3+6*4+0*5)/15= 2.8
8) Mean index ═ (1*1+9*2+0*3+6*4+0*5)/15= 2.87
9) Mean index ═ (5*1+7*2+0*3+4*4+0*5)/15= 2.3
10) Mean index ═ (3*1+4*2+0*3+9*4+0*5)/15= 3.13
1) Percentage%= ∑ total /160=38/160= 23.75% 160= total no of respondents
2) Percentage%= ∑ total /160=72/160= 45%
3) Percentage%= ∑ total /160=2/160= 1.25%
3.5 3.13
3 2.67 2.67 2.8 2.87
2.33 2.4 2.53
2.5 2.13
2 1.8
1.5
1
0.5
0
Figure 4. 1 Cause of poor quality control
As indicated in the table, most public building construction has partially the problem of cause of
poor quality control depending on percentage measurement which highest value indicated under
the row of “agree” and its value is 45% from the collected data. Depending on mean index
method most values are in the value of (2) digits which expressed as “agree” and its meaning
partially there is the problem in public building construction projects. From the table the lowest
mean index shows that the most respondent is agreed that the above problems are cause for poor
quality control in public building construction project in Hossana Town.
The minimum mean index value indicates that the main cause that are response by the
questioner. Like improper documentation, attitude of site personnel to work, consultant
involvement and commitment, decisions from any parties, government involvement to monitor
the construction in accordance with rules and regulation; such causes are leads to many.
Problems in overall construction (Love,et al, 2019) if reports, drawings, specification other
documents that used for supervision documented improperly faulty work may happen.
In the quality plan, the generic documented procedures are integrated with any necessary
additional procedures particular to the project to attain specified quality objectives. This factor is
also contributed for poor quality control of public building projects.
Organizational culture is a complex phenomenon. Organizational culture is embedded in

behavioral norms, hidden assumptions and human nature (Koskela, 2018). Especially in public
building construction projects the attitude of the worker for quality is poor as we observed on the
project site due to the reason that the only concern of the stakeholder reducing the cost in
different ways this is happened due to lose control of the government and low concern of
Construction Company for quality.
4.2.3 Consequences of poor quality control
Table 4.7 .Was there any re-work done where the quality standards were not acceptable?
Option Frequency Percent (%)
yes 10 62.5
no 6 37.5
total 16 100
Lack of adequate planning, scheduling, materials management, quality control and quality
assurance are chronic problems of construction. The effects of these problems are well known
and include low productivity, poor safety, inferior working conditions, and inadequate quality

(Akshay &Wankhade, 2015). As indicated in the literature review it support our finding which
(62.5 %) rework is done in public building construction of the study area due to poor quality
control and due to the cause that identified later.
Table 4.8 . There is Project Delays due to poor quality control
yes 11 68.75
no 5 31.25
total 16 100
According to (Akshay &Wankhade, 2015) factors inhibiting effective project time control in
descending order are design changes, inadequate supervision of projects, complexity of works,
risk and uncertainty associated with projects and ill-performance of contractors and nominated
suppliers Project delays, are happened due to many factors but in our findings 68.75% of the
respondents agree that poor quality control leads such problems delays in public building project
of the study area.
Table 4.9 There is Project Delays due to poor quality control
yes 11 68.75
no 5 31.25
total 16 100
According to (Akshay &Wankhade, 2015) factors inhibiting effective project time control in
descending order are design changes, inadequate supervision of projects, complexity of works,
risk and uncertainty associated with projects and ill-performance of contractors and nominated
suppliers Project delays, are happened due to many factors but in our findings 68.75% of the

respondents agree that poor quality control leads such problems delays in public building project
of the study area.
Table 4.9.Was there claim is happened due to poor quality control
yes 8 50
no 8 50
total 16 100
According to (Abadir, 2016)Most construction have deployed some type of quality initiative in
their operations Yet, a number of infrastructure projects have quality problems leading to
rework, cost and time overruns, disputes. As the percentage indicates 50% of respondents agree
that claim is happened due to poor quality control the rest 50% not agree but based on the
interview the claim is one of the issue in the construction` industry due to many factors out of
those poor quality control is the factor which contributed for claim and it leads to other factors
like delay.

CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5. 1 Conclusion
This chapter presents conclusions and recommendations on the causes and effect of poor quality
control in public building construction project in Hossana town. The first part explores
conclusion drawn from findings, interpretations and discussions that were presented in chapter
four. The second part looks at the recommendations suggested to solve the specified problems in
the study area.
5.1.1 Existing Practice
Poor quality control is one of the construction problems which remain unsolved in public
building construction project and highly affect the performance of construction projects of the
study area.
 There is an inspection practice in public building project in Hossana Town but

still there is problem and stakeholders are not effective for quality control because
Quality in construction is achieved through proper control at every stage of
execution and installation of works.
 In most construction projects one of the problems is the division of the work with
contract document. Currently this problem is familiar to much public building
construction. And based on the interview question our finding is balanced to the
side of the respondents which are agreed with there is division of some
requirement specified in the contract.
5.1.2 Causes of Poor Quality Control
Like improper documentation, attitude of site personnel to work, consultant involvement and
commitment, decisions from any parties, government involvement to monitor the construction in
accordance with rules and regulation; such causes lead to many problems in overall construction.
 If documents that used for supervision documented improperly an obstacle for good
quality of the project.

 Especially in public building construction projects the attitude of the worker for quality is
poor as we observed on the project site due to the reason that the only concern of the
stakeholder is reducing the cost in different ways. This is happened due to lose control of
the government and low concern of Construction Company for quality.
5.1.3 Consequences of Poor Quality
 As indicated in the literature review it support our finding which rework is done in
public building construction of the study area due to poor quality control and due to the
cause that identified later.
 Project cost overrun as a consequence of the poor quality control in the study area. The
cost due to failure, appraisal and prevention are three major cost categories that could be
directed by poor quality.
 Project delays, are happened due to many factors and also in our findings, the
respondents agree that poor quality control leads such problems delays in public
building project of the study area.
5.3 Recommendation
The supervisor should be a person who solves problems but not the cause for less quality work.
The supervisor diligently avoids any mistake and problems in construction industry.
Understanding the project design schedule and all requirements, plan in advance and using
checklist during supervision. When we generalized statement of the problem and expressed in
this point on what factually learned from the research. To prevent this problem, the following
points taken under consideration.
 Creating good pictures in quality in the company’s government is a vital role in the
different ways by preparing several seminars for construction companies and giving
training to them in the issue of quality Introduce proper supervision for stake holders so
as to develop multi view skills for future practices.
 The supervisors should develop acceptable practices for their quality of construction
project management to overcome easily the problem phased. Developing the awareness
of the individuals and raising the supervision skill of the professionals who participate in
the construction industry’s
 To have good management with organization to that according to contraction regarding

all issues specification, proper documentation and design should be delivered on time to
site, so that all stakeholders safe in terms of claims. The construction industry will be
seriously damaged the economy of the country as well as the social welfare. To avoid
this, the construction industry supervised by the schedule which implemented before.
 Consultant should be monitor and involve in the supervision trusty and they should have
to commit to monitor the work according to the design and specification. Avoiding
cheating due to improper project and less quality by giving special attention should be
given to the specification.
 The scope of planning in the construction in public building sector is small and shall be
given emphasis. Since planning and monitoring is critical for project success, it is
mandatory to prepare material, equipment, labor and cash flow plan.

References
Abadir. (2016). Project Management Maturity in the Construction Industry of Developing

Countries .
Abdul Rahman H. (2018). Capturing the cost of quality failures in civil engineering.
International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management.
Akshay &Wankhade. (2015). Assessment of Factors Affecting QualityManagement in

Construction Industry .
Anda sanusi . (2009). General overview of the Nigerian construction industry .
Arditi, D. and Gunaydin, H. M. (2015). Total quality management in the construction process.
International Journal of Project Management .
Ashokkkumar. (2018). Study of Quality Management in Construction Industry. International

Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology .
Burstein, D. (2016). Cost Overrun and Time Delays in Highway and Bridge Projects in
Developing Countries Experience from Cameroon. .
Burstein, D. (2016). Cost Overrun and Time Delays in Highway and Bridge Projects in
Developing Countries Experience from Cameroon .
Exmada. (april19, 2012). Cost Overrun and Time Delays in Highway and Bridge Projects in
Developing Countries Experience from Cameroon.
Hoonakker, P., Carayon, P., & Loushine, T. (2019). Barriers and benefits of quality management
in the construction industry: .

Liku W0rku.(2020). Historical Background of the construction industry.
Koskela. (2017). Lean Production in Construction. The 10th International Symposium

onAutomation and Robotics in Construction .
Koskela. (2018). Lean Production in Construction. The 10th International Symposium

onAutomation and Robotics in Construction.
Love,et al. (2019). Quantifying the causes and costs of rework in construction .
Walter, Shewhart ., $ William Deming. (1920). The origin of quality management.

APPENDIX A
Questioners
Part One: General Information of respondents
1. Type of organization:
Consultant contractor government organization
2. Company size :( number of employees):
Number of employees in your company is .........................employee
3. Job title of the respondent:
Project Manager Site Engineer
Office engineer others (specify)
4. Years of experience of the respondent:
Number of experience years of the respondent is............................ Year
Part two: instruction: read the following statements and choose your level of agreement (use √
for your answer)
1. Do inspection of construction work is performed throughout the execution of project?
Yes No
2. Do you coordinate your schedule with master schedule of the project?
Yes No
3. Does your company have any standards for quality like ISO?
Yes No

4. Do you have continuous material test during execution of the work
Yes No
5. Do you think public building construction errors because of ambiguity or contradictions of

processes or methods in the contract documents?
Yes No
6. Did you get any problem that had an effect on quality because of the material testing?
Yes No
7. Was there any re-work done where the quality standards were not acceptable?
Yes No
8. As an organization are you fully capacitated at all positions that required the right candidates
for efficient quality control throughout the project?
Yes No
9. Do you think there are individuals who worked on the project and disregard the quality
procedures and start on short-cuts processes without quality checks?
Yes No
10. Do you have formal procedures for quality evaluation after the completion of each
Project?
Yes No
11. Construction accomplished in accordance with the requirements specified in the contract
Yes No
12. There is claims for extra costs, delay due to poor quality control?
Yes No

No strongly agree strongly disagree I don’t no

agree disagree
1 Consultant’s involvement and

commitment to Monitoring
2 There is Shortage Of Labor

&Technical
Personnel for quality Control
3 Attitude of Site
Personnel Towards Work is good
4 Ambiguity of processes or methods

in the contract documents
5 Improper documentation
6 Government involvement, rules and

regulation support quality control
practice
7 Decisions from any party
8 Organization capacity
affect the quality control
9 Weather Condition is the problem for

supervision
10 Low Payment of Labor in companies

APPENDIX B
INTERVIEW QUATIONS
1. What is quality control in your company? And effectiveness of the stakeholders?

2. Does quality control plan implement in your company? What is your effectiveness?
3. Does organizational chart show all quality control personnel and how integrate each
other?
4. Coordinate contractors with consultant for inspection and meeting about quality
problems?
5. Inadequate design and specification challenges for quality control?
6. Social environment, Political environment, Economic environment affect your quality of
construction in what way?
7. Do contractors prepare monthly, daily, progress report for construction? Form of
communication between project stakeholders Formal or informal
8. What is the cause of poor quality control in public building construction?
9. is there poor contractor performance within size and capacity which are major indicators
for poor quality
10. Are There Project Delays, Overspending and Quality Defects, safety problem due to poor
quality control? If yes which one is the major problem in public building construction
project?
11. Is there cost incurred for rework, crap, reinsertion, re-testing, redesign, material review in
public building construction please mention costs related to poor quality

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WACHEMO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CAUSE AND IMPACT OF POOR QUALITY CONTROL IN

KIDST BERHANU 004129

AMANUEL TAMIRAT 004450

SISAY TEGEGN ET0958

A Research Paper Submitted to the College of Engineering and Technology of Wachemo

University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of

Science in Construction Technology and Management

THE CAUSE AND IMPACT OF POOR QUALITY CONTROL IN

KIDST BERHANU 004129

AMANUEL TAMIRAT 004450

SISAY TEGEGN ET0958

A Research Paper Submitted to the College of Engineering and Technology of Wachemo

University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of

Science in Construction Technology and Management

ADVISOR ENDALKACHEW MAMO. (MSc.)

Name Signature Date

Kidst Berhanu …………………………… ………………….

Amanuel Tamirat …………………………… ………………….

Sisay Tegegn …………………………… ………………….

WCU, Department Construction Technology Management Page i

ADVISOR: SIGNITURE: DATE:

MR. ENDALKACHEW M. ------------------- --------------

EXAMINER’S SIGNITURE: DATE

1.------------------------------------- ----------------- --------------

2.-------------------------------------- ----------------- --------------

3.-------------------------------------- ----------------- --------------

WCU, Department Construction Technology Management Page ii

WCU, Department Construction Technology Management Page iii

Key words: Quality, Quality control, poor quality

WCU, Department Construction Technology Management Page iv

WCU, Department Construction Technology Management Page i

2.2.8 Low Payment of Labor in Companies.............................................................................8

WCU, Department Construction Technology Management Page ii

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION............................................................................26

WCU, Department Construction Technology Management Page iii

WCU, Department Construction Technology Management Page iv

Figure 3. 1 Map of the study area..................................................................................................12

WCU, Department Construction Technology Management Page v

1.2 Statement of the Problem

1.3 Research Questions

WCU, Department Construction Technology Management Page 2

1.4.1 General Objective

1.4.2 Specific Objectives

Specifically, this study is intended to

1.5 The Significance of the Study

WCU, Department Construction Technology Management Page 3

1.6 Scope and limitation of the study

1.6.1 Scope of the Study

1.6.2 Limitation of the study

1.7. Structures of the research

WCU, Department Construction Technology Management Page 4

WCU, Department Construction Technology Management Page 5

WCU, Department Construction Technology Management Page 6

2.2 Causes of Poor Quality in Construction

2.2.1 Ambiguity of Processes or Methods in the Contract Documents

2.2.2 Attitude of Site Personnel

Organizational culture is a complex phenomenon. Organizational culture is embedded in

2.2.3 Consultant’s Involvement and Commitment to Monitoring

Lack of commitment, inadequate guidelines, policies and procedure, Inadequate training of

WCU, Department Construction Technology Management Page 7