HSM Mar 2022 Magazine

Pakistan’s First Monthly E-Magazine for Civil Services Aspirants
Publishers
Monthly
Russia-Ukraine War
March 2022 Humanitarian
Corridors
Current Affairs
Democracy Report 2022
Autocratization Changing Nature?
MCQs
February 2022
·Pakistan Ranked 117th out of 179 countries.
The 117th Meeting of the Umbilical Cord blood NFT

Permanent Indus Commission and its signicance Non-Fungible Tokens
UPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
CSS Times International Affairs 03
Humanitarian Corridors
The Humanitarian Corridors are a safe and assistance for the Protocol Lebanon – France.
legal programme of transfer and integration
in Europe of vulnerable refugees such as
minors, disabled people, persons with
serious illnesses, single parents with minor
children, persons with mental disorders,
elderly people.
The Humanitarian Corridors based on
Memorandum of Understanding (or
Protocols) signed with public authorities in
charge, the Community of Sant'Egidio and
other organizations in Italy and France:
the Federation of Evangelic Churches in
Italy and the Tavola Valdese (Waldensians Context:
Church), for the Protocol Lebanon – Italy; They are demilitarized zones, in a specific
area and for a specific time — and both sides
Episcopal Conference of Italy (CEI) for the of an armed conflict agree to them.
Protocol Ethiopia – Italy; · The United Nations considers
Episcopal Conference of France, Caritas humanitarian corridors to be one of
France, Protestant federation of France several possible forms of a
and federation of Protestant Mutual temporary pause of armed conflict.
Monthly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | Mar 2022 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.com
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
What are they used for? conflict. It's usually limited to neutral
Via these corridors, either food and medical actors, the UN or aid organizations such as
aid can be brought to areas of conflict, or the Red Cross.
civilians can be evacuated. · They also determine the length of
Need for and significance of these time, the area and which means of
corridors: transport — trucks, buses or planes —
· The corridors are necessary when cities are allowed to use the corridor.
are under siege and the population is · In rare cases, humanitarian corridors
cut off from basic food supplies, are only organized by one of the
electricity and water. parties to the conflict. This happened
· In cases where a humanitarian with the American airlift after the
catastrophe unfolds because the Berlin blockade by the Soviet Union in
international law of war is being 1948-1949.
violated, humanitarian corridors can What corridors have been established
provide crucial relief. in Ukraine?
In eastern Ukraine, a five-hour cease-fire was
to be in place on Saturday, March 5, 2022 to
allow around 200,000 people from Mariupol
and 15,000 residents from the city of
Volnovakha to leave.
But the initiative failed after a few hours. The
Mariupol city administration said the
evacuation had been "postponed for security
reasons" because Russian troops continued
to bomb the city and its surroundings.
Russia however said the corridors set up near
Mariupol and Volnovakha had not been used.
Russian news agency RIA said "nationalists"
prevented the civilians from escaping, and
that Russian troops also came under fire
during the cease-fire.
Ukraine also said that in the port city of
Kherson, Russia had not fulfilled the promise
of a corridor and that 19 vehicles with
Who sets them up? humanitarian aid had not been allowed
In most cases, humanitarian corridors are through.
negotiated by the United Nations. Sometimes
they're also set up by local groups.
Concerns over misuse:
They can be used by UN observers, NGOs
and journalists to gain access to contested
areas where war crimes are being committed.
· However, there is a risk of military or
political abuse. For example, the
corridors can be used to smuggle
weapons and fuel into besieged cities.
· Who gets access?
· Access to humanitarian corridors is
determined by the parties to the
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
Instead, the Russians themselves planned to A Russian military statement says it will carry
send high-profile support to the civilian out “uninterrupted objective control of the
population, Kherson Mayor Igor Kolykhaiev evacuation, including with the use of drones”.
wrote in a Facebook post: "First they brought Why have the humanitarian corridors been
the situation to a critical state, and then they criticised?
rescue us so that we can thank our The corridors have been criticised for
'benefactor' for the cameras." providing Ukrainians with routes to Russia
What is Russia offering? and Belarus – the countries that are attacking
Russia said it would hold fire and open their home.
humanitarian corridors from four Ukrainian Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky said:
cities. “This is a completely immoral story. People's
suffering is used to create the desired
television picture.
“These are citizens of Ukraine, they should
have the right to evacuate to the territory of
Ukraine.”
James Cleverly, UK Government minister for
Europe and North America, told BBC
Breakfast: “Providing evacuation into the arms
of the country that is currently destroying
yours is a nonsense.”
The humanitarian corridors came at the direct
request of French President Emmanuel
Macron.
The routes will only extract people to Russia,

Belarus or other parts of Ukraine.
Here are the routes being offered:
· Kyiv to Hostomel, Rakivka, Sosnovka,
Ivankiv, Orane or Chernobyl (all
Ukraine) and Gomel (Belarus), then by
air to Russia
· Kharkiv to Nekhoteyevka or Belgorod
(both Russia), then by air, road or rail
· Mariupol to Novoazovsk (Ukraine), However, he has said he did not request for
Taganrog or Rostov-on-Don (both corridors to be made into Russia.
Russia), then by air, road or rail to a “The president of the Republic has neither
chosen destination or temporary requested nor obtained corridors to Russia
holding place after his conversation with Vladimir Putin,”
· Mariupol to Portivske, Mangush, the Elysee presidential palace told BFMTV.
Respublika, Rosivka, Bilmak, Polohi, “The president of the Republic insistently asks
Orekhiv or Zaporizhzhya (all Ukraine) to let the civilian populations leave and to
· Sumy to Sudzha or Belgorod (both allow the transport of aid.
Russia) then by any transport “It's another way for Putin to push his
· Sumy to Golubivka, Romny, narrative and say that it is the Ukrainians who
Lokhvitsya, Lubny or Poltava (all are the aggressors and they are the ones who
Ukraine) offer asylum to everyone.”
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
Where else have they been used? C-130 aircraft with food and medical supplies
Humanitarian corridors have been put in along with a PIA flight delivering World
place since the mid-20th century. For Health Organization (WHO) aid, warned that
example, during the so-called Kindertransport a sluggish response from the international
from 1938 to 1939, Jewish children were community could cause grave humanitarian
evacuated to the United Kingdom from areas consequences in Afghanistan.
under Nazi control. Pakistan continues to host more than 3
Humanitarian corridors were also created million Afghan refugees for over four decades
during the 1992-1995 siege of Sarajevo, and has through the years earmarked “over 1
Bosnia and the 2018 evacuation of Ghouta, billion USD for development projects in
Syria. Afghanistan.
However, there are many wars and conflicts The UN has urged the world to raise $606
where calls for civilian corridors or a pause in million for Afghanistan, which is home to
fighting have been made in vain. In the around 38 million people. The development
ongoing war in Yemen, for instance, the UN came amid reports that food supplies could
has so far failed in its negotiations. run out in Afghanistan Pakistan and other
Pakistan had and “humanitarian corridor” regional states have been engaged in efforts
Pakistan had established a “humanitarian
for an inclusive government in Afghanistan
corridor” for the delivery of relief goods to
and to avert a looming humanitarian crisis.
Afghanistan, where roughly 18 million people
Beijing announced it would send $31 million
desperately await humanitarian aid.
Poverty and hunger are spiraling in the war- worth of food and health supplies, while
battered country since foreign aid dried up Islamabad, besides sending supplies such as
amid Western distrust of the Taliban, who cooking oil and medicine, called for the
took over the country on August 15, 2021. unfreezing of Afghan assets held abroad.
Islamabad, which has so far dispatched three
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
Suspend Russia!
The Council of Europe & the New Cold War
Context: Obolon district, which is less than 10 km away
Russia's membership in the Council of from Central Kyiv – the government's seat of
Europe has been suspended after its invasion power.
of Ukraine. Resolution against Russia's position on
Ukraine:
Permanent representatives of its 47 member · The resolution was presented by the
states “agreed to suspend the Russian US and Albania, and co-sponsored by
Federation from its rights of representation in several other nations.
the Council of Europe,” invoking Article 8 of · The Council's resolution reaffirmed its
its statute, a statement said. commitment to the sovereignty,
The decision takes effect immediately and independence, unity and territorial
affects the rights of representation of Russia integrity of Ukraine within its
in the Committee of Ministers and in the internationally recognised borders.
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of · It demanded that Russia “shall
Europe (PACE). immediately, completely, and
unconditionally withdraw all of its
What's the issue? military forces from the territory of
Russia has launched a full-blown attack on Ukraine within its internationally
Ukraine, with Russian forces entering the recognised borders”.
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
Then, the Russian delegation in the PACE was
deprived of voting rights.
Russia responded by boycotting the sessions
of the assembly and suspending the payment
of contribution to the council's budget.
The dispute was resolved and Russia's rights
restored in 2019 in a deal championed by
French President Emmanuel Macron – then
seeking to rekindle relations with Russia – but
which infuriated Kyiv.
Council of Europe Secretary General Marija
Pejcinovic Buric described the attack on
Ukraine as a “flagrant violation” of the statute
However the decision does not affect the of the Council of Europe and the ECHR which
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), the body oversees.
which is part of the Council of Europe.
“This is a dark hour for Europe and everything
The Russian judge remains a member of the it stands for,” she said.
court and applications introduced against
Russia will continue to be examined and
decided by the court, it said.
“Suspension is not a final measure but a
temporary one, leaving channels of
communication open,” the Council of Europe
emphasized in the statement.
Article 8 of the Council of Europe's statute
allows the suspension of a member's
representation rights and – in a later step –
even exclusion from the body. About the Council of Europe:
· The Council of Europe is an
Russia, a Council of Europe member since international organization founded in
1996, has already in the past been the target the wake of World War II to uphold
of such sanctions – after its annexation of the human rights, democracy and the rule
Ukrainian Black Sea peninsula of Crimea in of law in Europe.
2014. · Founded in 1949 (Treaty of London
(1949)), it has 46 member states
(including all 27 EU members), with a
population of approximately 820
million, and operates with an annual
budget of approximately 500 million
euros.
· Headquarters: Palace of Europe,
Strasbourg, France.
Roles and responsibilities:
The Council of Europe cannot make binding
laws, but it does have the power to enforce
select international agreements reached by
European states on various topics.
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
Sweden, Finland, & NATO

Context: NATO membership is certain to become a
A historic shift is taking place in Finland. For hot election topic in both Sweden and
the first time, most Finns want to join NATO. Finland based on fresh opinion polls since
Across the Baltic Sea, Swedes are becoming Feb. 24 that indicate popular majorities, for
more favorable towards membership as well. the first time, to joining NATO as part of
Sparked by Russia's full-scale invasion of enhanced national security strategies.
Ukraine, this might lead to a major foreign- As NATO's relations with Russia continue to
trend downward, the issue of Sweden and
policy shift for the militarily non-aligned
Finland's potential membership in the
Nordic states. But it is not easy to take out Alliance is likely to gain renewed salience.
insurance when the house is already on fire. Both countries share the core political values
Finland and Sweden have dismissed Russia's on which NATO has been founded for 70
warnings that their potential NATO years and they have much to offer as
membership would have “serious military- strategic partners and military allies. The best
political consequences” for the two countries. policy is to continue strengthening the
· However, Russia has voiced political and especially military ties between
concern about what it described as these countries and NATO. Sweden and
efforts by the United States and some Finland can demonstrate their importance in
of its allies to “drag” Finland and order to increase the chances that NATO
Sweden into NATO and warned that Allies would come to their aid in the event of
a Baltic crisis. Though outside an Article 5
Moscow would be forced to take
commitment, this guarantee could become
retaliatory measures if they join the implicit in the reality of the deepening
alliance. cooperation and would enhance deterrence
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
Background part of both Sweden and Russia. For almost

Finland's unique relationship with Russia is 700 years, Finland was a part of Sweden until
largely a result of its history. Prior to the Finnish War of 1809 when Finland
independence in 1917, Finland had been a became an autonomous part of the Russian
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
Empire. The Winter War (1939) and
Continuation War (1941-44) significantly
shaped Finnish-Soviet Union relations. The
foreign policy approach adopted by President
Paasikivi and President Kekkonen, the
Paasikivi-Kekkonen doctrine, positioned
Finland as a neutral country during the Cold
War while maintaining good relations with its
neighbor to the East. This doctrine was
enabled by the Agreement of Friendship,
Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (FCMA)
signed in 1948 by Finland and the Soviet
Union. This treatywould serve as the main Warsaw Pact nations in refusing Marshall Plan
instrument in Finno-Soviet relations from aid, the economic circumstances of post-war
1948 to 1992. To honor the doctrine and not Sweden and the attraction of economic aid
provoke the Soviet Union, Finland declined offered by the United States brought Sweden
funding from the Marshall Plan. It is widely into the Western orbit. In exchange for
held that this treaty was signed under recovery assistance, Sweden provided secret
pressure from the Soviet Union, but it intelligence to Western powers throughout
granted Finland enough freedom to become the Cold War, both bilaterally and through
a prosperous democracy. NATO. A clear example of this was Amber
Nine, a secret flight path over southwest
Sweden. In 1981, a Soviet Whiskey-class
submarine carrying nuclear weapons washed
up on a rocky outcropping near a Swedish
military base, prompting a fierce debate over
Swedish neutrality, in an incident that came
to be known as “Whiskey on the Rocks.”
Despite its public posture of neutrality
throughout much of the Cold War, behind
closed doors Sweden became a key partner
of NATO in Northern Europe.
Neutrality
The question of Sweden and Finland's
Sweden has not joined a military alliance or neutrality is central to the larger question of
participated in any war since 1814, a peace NATO membership. For both countries,
spanning over 200 years. After World War II, neutrality is fundamentally pragmatic as they
Sweden was at a crossroads in its defense rely on trade with Russia and the United
policy as traditional powers fell and new States. The maneuverability offered by
powers arose. Rather than joining the U.S. neutrality allows dialogue with both powers.
side of the Cold War but with no interest in Neutrality remains an appealing alternative to
aligning with the Soviet Union, Sweden the great power competition that defines
sought a third way to ensure its defense and today's world.
regional stability. Sweden's attempt to create Finland is militarily non-aligned with an
a neutral Scandinavian Defense Alliance in emphasis on a credible national defense.
1948 was ultimately unsuccessful. Norway Politically, Finland has been a member of the
and Denmark aligned with NATO instead, European Union since 1995 and is bound by
prompting Sweden to return to its policy of the common foreign and security policy
neutrality. Unlike Finland, which joined the (CFSP) outlined in the 1992 Maastricht treaty.
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
Within the CFSP, the Common Security and · In December, Moscow set out its
Defence Policy decrees the member state to security demands in two documents: a
commit and deploy resources for military or proposed treaty with the US, and an
civilian missions for peace-keeping, “conflict agreement with NATO.
prevention and crisis management … and · Essentially, Russia now wants
guarantees that NATO will halt its
influence policies violating international law
eastward expansion, rule out
or human rights, or policies disrespectful of membership for Ukraine and other
the rule of law or democratic principles.” former Soviet countries, and roll back
Furthermore, Finland is an observer at the its military deployments in Central and
North Atlantic Cooperation Council (1992). Eastern Europe.
The current Finnish President, Sauli Niinistö, What is the source of Russia's dispute
has repeatedly emphasized that Finland is with NATO?
politically aligned with the EU, but militarily · Russian leaders have long been wary
of the eastward expansion of NATO,
unaligned, yet it retains the option to join
particularly as the alliance opened its
NATO at any given time. doors to former Warsaw Pact states
and ex-Soviet republics in the late
1990s (the Czech Republic, Hungary,
and Poland) and early 2000s (Bulgaria,
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania,
Slovakia, and Slovenia).
· Their fears grew in the late 2000s as
the alliance stated its intent to admit
Georgia and Ukraine at an unspecified
point in the future.
What is Russia demanding of NATO
and the United States today?
What does Russia want? Russia has put forth two draft agreements
Tensions between Russia and the West have that seek explicit, legally binding security
been building ever since Vladimir Putin guarantees from the United States and
NATO, respectively:
started his proxy war in eastern Ukraine and
· The draft calls for NATO to end its
annexed Crimea.
eastward expansion, specifically, deny
· In response, NATO sent future membership to ex-Soviet states,
reinforcements to countries seen as such as Ukraine. It would also ban the
vulnerable to Russian aggression. United States from establishing bases
in or cooperating militarily with former
Soviet states.
· It would block both signatories from
deploying military assets in areas
outside their national borders that
“could be perceived by the other party
as a threat to its national security.”
Events on the ground in Ukraine will likely
dictate whether and how soon Sweden
and Finland apply for NATO
membership, and how readily the
Alliance might admit them. But with
the contours of European security
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
irrevocably altered since Russia's invasion of in favour from the last poll that had been
Ukraine, the direction of thinking in both conducted in 2019.
countries—especially Finland—is getting clearer According to a report by The Local (Sweden),
by the day. From Moscow's perspective, the public support for the country joining NATO
result might be another unwanted consequence has increased over the past few years. In
of its needless and reckless aggression. December 2020, a Swedish parliamentary
Do Finland & Sweden have domestic majority was in favour of readiness to join
support? NATO as a possible security policy option
To be granted NATO membership, the emerged for the first time, Reuters had
countries would need to demonstrate reported.
substantial public support for the move. However, the Swedish government remained
In a poll conducted recently by Finland's largest opposed to such a move. At that time,
daily Helsingin Sanomat, Sweden's Foreign Minister Ann Linde had said
approximately 28% of respondents wanted that the government had no such plans. “These
Finland to join NATO, while 42% were against kinds of sudden changes based on fairly weak
and the rest were unsure, according to majorities, it's not good. It undermines the
Reuters. The figures suggested that there was credibility of Swedish security policy,” Linde had
an 8 percentage point rise in numbers of those said.
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant

The Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant, built more southern cities in their march to control
between 1984 and 1995, is the largest nuclear the Black Sea coast, intensifying the deadly
power plant in Europe and the ninth largest destruction and chaos from the eight-day-old
in the world. It has six reactors, each invasion.
generating 950MW, and a total output of Russia and Ukraine accused each other of
5,700MW, enough energy for roughly 4m having recklessly damaged the nuclear site in
homes. southern Ukraine in a fight for control, and
In normal times it produces one-fifth of the precise cause of the fire was unclear. But
Ukraine's electricity and almost half the the mere possibility of a radiation leak in
energy generated by the country's nuclear Ukraine, home to the world's worst nuclear
power facilities. accident in Chernobyl 36 years ago, invited
The plant is located in south-east Ukraine in new global rebukes aimed at Russia.
Enerhodar on the banks of the Kakhovka “By the grace of God, the world narrowly
reservoir on the Dnieper river. It is about averted a nuclear catastrophe last night,”
200km from the contested Donbas region Linda Thomas-Greenfield, the U.S.
and 550km south-east of Kyiv. ambassador to the United Nations, told the
Main Points U.N. Security Council at an emergency
· It is located in Ukraine. session that was convened to discuss the new
· It is the largest in Europe. hazards raised by Russia's armed takeover of
· It is among the 10 largest in the world. Zaporizhzhia.
· It was built by the Soviet Union.
· It is located on the southern shore of
the Kakhovka Reservoir on the Dnieper
river.
Why in News?
Russia has seized this nuclear plant. Russian
forces in Ukraine seized Europe's biggest
nuclear power plant on Friday, tightened their
noose around the capital and threatened
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
CSS Times Pakistan Affairs 23
The 117th Meeting of the

Permanent Indus Commission
Commissioners of India and Pakistan was
held from March 1-3, 2022 in Islamabad,
Pakistan.. Under the provisions of the Indus
Waters Treaty (Treaty), signed between India
and Pakistan in 1960, the two Commissioners
are required to meet at least once every year,
alternately in India and Pakistan. The last
meeting of the Permanent Indus Commission
(PIC) was held from March 23-24, 2021 in
New Delhi.
· Under the Indus Water Treaty, it is
mandatory to hold a meeting at least once
Context: every year ending March 31.
The 117th Meeting of the Permanent Indus The meeting is scheduled for March 1-3 in
Commission (PIC) comprising of Indus Islamabad. The Indian delegation's visit was
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
CSS Times Pakistan Affairs 24
earlier scheduled for mid-January, but it was Jhelum, and Chenab — amounting to around
postponed at the request of India due to 135 MAF annually are largely for Pakistan.
COVID-related restrictions. · Under the provisions of the Indus
Under the provisions of Article VIII (5) of the Waters Treaty, signed between Pakistan and
Indus Waters Treaty, the Permanent Indus India in 1960, all the waters of the eastern rivers
Commission is required to meet regularly at — the Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi — amounting to
least once a year, alternately in Pakistan and around 33 MAF (million acre-feet) annually is
India. The last meeting of the Commission was allocated to India for unrestricted use.
held on March 23-24 2021 in New Delhi. The right to generate hydroelectricity:
India has agreed to provide additional data on Under the Treaty, India has been given the
several western hydropower projects to right to generate hydroelectricity through a
Pakistan during this annual meeting between run of the river projects on the western rivers
the officials of the two countries held here subject to specific criteria for design and
under the Permanent Commission on Indus operation.
Waters (PCIW). · It also gives the right to Pakistan to raise
concerns on the design of Indian hydroelectric
projects on western rivers.
Permanent Indus Commission:
· The Permanent Indus Commission is a
bilateral commission of officials from Pakistan
and India, created to implement and manage
goals of the Indus Waters Treaty, 1960.
· The Commission according to the treaty
must meet regularly at least once a year,
alternately in Pakistan and India.
The functions of the Commission are:
· to study and report to the two
Governments on any problem relating to the
Significance: development on the waters of the rivers.
In a first since the signing of the Indus Water · to solve disputes arising over water
Treaty between the two countries, three female sharing.
officers will also be part of the Indian · to arrange technical visits to projects'
delegation, which will be advising the Indian sites and critical river head works.
Commissioner on various issues during the · to undertake, once in every five years, a
meeting. general tour of inspection of the Rivers for
Focus areas: ascertaining the facts.
Pakistan's objections on Indian hydroelectric · to take necessary steps for the
projects namely Pakal Dul (1,000 MW), Lower implementation of the provisions of the treaty.
Kalnai (48 MW) and Kiru (624 MW) in Chenab The meeting is taking place amid the chill in
basin in Jammu and Kashmir and few small bilateral relations over the Kashmir issue.
hydroelectric projects in Ladakh are likely to be Since annual meetings, under the treaty, are to
on the agenda for discussion. be held before March 31 each year, alternately
About the Indus Water Treaty: in the two countries, the Pakistani delegation
· It is a Water-Distribution Treaty, signed had paid a two-day visit to New Delhi from
in Karachi on 1960, between India (Pm March 23 to 24 last year. During the meeting,
Jawaharlal Nehru) and Pakistan (President Ayub the participants discussed Pakistan's objections
Khan), brokered by the World Bank. to the designs of Pakal Dul, Lower Kalnai and
How is the Indus water share between other hydroelectric projects, including 19MW
Pakistan and India? Durbuk and 24MW Nimu-Chilling plants, and
· The waters of western rivers — Indus, other data-related issues.
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
CSS Times International Reports 26
Context: Sweden's University of Gothenburg.

The latest edition of Democracy Report was · The study was titled 'Democracy
released recently by the V-Dem Institute at Report 2022: Autocratisation
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
Changing Nature?' Component Index, at 118.
About the report: · In South Asia, Pakistan is ranked below
The report classifies countries into four Sri Lanka (88), Nepal (71), Bhutan (65)
regime types based on their score in the and India (93) in the LDI.
Liberal Democratic Index (LDI): Liberal General Observations:
Democracy, Electoral Democracy, Electoral · More than twice as many countries are
Autocracy, and Closed Autocracy. undergoing Autocratisation as are
witnessing democratization.
· The level of democracy enjoyed by
the average global citizen in 2021 is
down to 1989 levels, with the
democratic gains of the post-Cold War
period eroding rapidly in the last few
years.
· Autocratisation is spreading rapidly,
with a record of 33 countries
autocratising.
· The level of democracy enjoyed by the
average global citizen in 2021 is down
The Democracy Report 2022 also points to to 1989 levels.
this shift in the nature of autocratization.
· While Sweden topped the LDI index,
Various pieces of evidence point to leaders
becoming bolder and taking more drastic other Scandinavian countries such as
actions, leading to further autocratization. Denmark and Norway, along with
Pakistan's performance: Costa Rica and New Zealand make up
· It classifies Pakistan as an electoral the top five in liberal democracy
autocracy ranking it 117th on the LDI, rankings.
out of 179 countries. Reasons behind the overall situation:
· Ranked 117th in the LDI, Pakistan One of the biggest drivers of autocratisation
figures in the “bottom 50%” of is “toxic polarisation”: It is a dominant trend
countries. in 40 countries, as opposed to 5 countries
· It has slipped further down in the that showed rising polarisation in 2011.
Electoral Democracy Index, to 116, and · Autocratisation is defined as a
even lower in the Deliberative phenomenon that erodes respect of
counter-arguments and associated
aspects of the deliberative
component of democracy.
Misinformation as a policy tool: The report
identified “misinformation” as a key tool
deployed by autocratising governments to
sharpen polarisation and shape domestic and
international opinion.
Repression of civil society and censorship
of media: These were other favored tools of
autocratising regimes.
Rise of political hate speeches has also
impacted the situation.
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
Taliban Take-Over in Afghanistan
Following the US-Taliban Doha Agreement on education. 8 Over the past twenty years, they
February 2020, the Taliban takeover on 15th attacked girls' schools,9 universities,10 and
August 2021 meant a rapid transition to closed educational centers11 across the country. In
autocracy. Taliban-controlled areas, girls were barely
The media and free press are among the worst allowed to attend secondary school “beyond
affected by new media regulations, 2 with puberty”.
arbitrary detainment, harassment and torture of Promises to re-open girls' schools now are thus
journalists. Since the takeover, 40% of the open to doubt.
Afghan media have shut down and 60% of Figure 2 exposes the massive declines in rights
journalists are unemployed. Self-censorship, as of Afghan women since the Taliban takeover.
well as Taliban censorship efforts, are rigid. While rights are in decline for everyone,
Freedom of association is close to eradicated women's liberties are close to nil. Access to
and civil society repression has intensified. Pro- justice for women dropped to the absolute zero
democracy movements are suppressed by point on the V-Dem measure. Afghan female
kidnapping, beating, threatening, and attacks judges, lawyers, and those previously employed
on protesters. Criticism of the Taliban or just in the justice sector are forced into hiding by
expression of alternative socio-political and those they convicted during the former
religious views, is strongly prohibited. 6 All government.
aspects of deliberation have been undermined. In the Republic of Afghanistan, women held
Figure 1 evidences the changes showing the 27% of seats in parliament, occupied 20% of
top 20 changing indicators on the LDI and the the civil servants' positions, ran their own
Deliberative Component Index (DCI) over the businesses, and many had paid employment.
past year. Women are now denied entry to both public
Cutbacks on freedoms and liberties are and private workplaces,16 and their property
particularly grave for women.In six months, the rights are on a new low. Freedom of movement
Taliban regime dismantled for women is close to the absolute zero-point
close to all rights Afghan women gained over following mobility restrictions enforced by the
the past 20 years. For example, the Taliban Taliban. Unaccompanied Afghan women are
banned education for girls beyond class 6. 7 harassed on streets or denied public transport,
During their rule from 1996 to and sports for women is banned”.
2001 they entirely banned women's
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
Executive Summary
DEMOCRACY WORLDWIDE IN 2021
The level of democracy enjoyed by the Dictatorships on the Rise
average global citizen in 2021 is down to The increasing number of closed autocracies
1989 levels. The last 30 years of democratic – up from 25 to 30 countries with 26% of the
advances are now eradicated. world population –contributes to the
Dictatorships are on the rise and harbor 70% changing nature of autocratization.
of the world population – 5.4 billion people. Electoral autocracy remains the most
There are signals that the nature of common regime type and harbors 44% of the
autocratization is changing. world's population, or 3.4 billion people.
Back to 1989 Levels Ten Years Ago – A Different World
Liberal democracies peaked in 2012 with 42 A record of 35 countries suffered significant
countries and are now down to the lowest deteriorations in freedom of expression at the
levels in over 25 years – 34 nations home to hands of governments – an increase from
only 13% of the world population. only 5 countries 10 years ago.
The democratic decline is especially evident A signal of toxic polarization, respect for
in Asia-Pacific, Eastern Europe and Central counter-arguments and associated aspects of
Asia, as well as in parts of Latin America and the deliberative component of democracy
the Caribbean. got worse in more than 32 countries –
another increase from only 5 nations in 2011.
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
CSS Times 33
Context: What are NFTs?

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) seem to have An NFT is a digital asset that represents real-
exploded out of the ether this year. From art world objects like art, music, in-game items
and music to tacos and toilet paper, these and videos. They are bought and sold online,
digital assets are selling like 17th-century frequently with cryptocurrency, and they are
exotic Dutch tulips—some for millions of generally encoded with the same underlying
dollars. software as many cryptos.
NFTs are gaining massive popularity now Although they've been around since 2014,
because they are becoming an increasingly NFTs are gaining notoriety now because they
popular way to showcase and sell your are becoming an increasingly popular way to
digital artwork. buy and sell digital artwork. A staggering
· Billions of dollars have been spent on $174 million has been spent on NFTs since
NFTs since its inception—which date November 2017.
backs to 2015.
NFTs are also generally one of a kind, or at
least one of a very limited run, and have
unique identifying codes. “Essentially, NFTs
create digital scarcity,” says Arry Yu, chair of
the Washington Technology Industry
Association Cascadia Blockchain Council and
managing director of Yellow Umbrella
Ventures.
This stands in stark contrast to most digital
creations, which are almost always infinite in
supply. Hypothetically, cutting off the supply
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
CSS Times 34
should raise the value of a given asset, distributed public ledger that records
assuming it's in demand. transactions. You're probably most familiar
But many NFTs, at least in these early days, with blockchain as the underlying process
have been digital creations that already exist that makes cryptocurrencies possible.
in some form elsewhere, like iconic video Specifically, NFTs are typically held on the
clips from NBA games or securitized versions Ethereum blockchain, although other
of digital art that's already floating around on blockchains support them as well.
Instagram. An NFT is created, or “minted” from digital
objects that represent both tangible and
intangible items, including:
· Art
· GIFs
· Videos and sports highlights
· Collectibles
· Virtual avatars and video game skins
· Designer sneakers
· Music
For instance, famous digital artist Mike

Winklemann, better known as “Beeple”
crafted a composite of 5,000 daily drawings
to create perhaps the most famous NFT of
the moment, “EVERYDAYS: The First 5000
Days,” which sold at Christie's for a record-
breaking $69.3 million.
Anyone can view the individual images—or
even the entire collage of images online for
free. So why are people willing to spend Even tweets count. Twitter co-founder
millions on something they could easily Jack Dorsey sold his first ever tweet as
screenshot or download? an NFT for more than $2.9 million.
Essentially, NFTs are like physical collector's
Because an NFT allows the buyer to own the items, only digital. So instead of getting an
original item. Not only that, it contains built-
actual oil painting to hang on the wall, the
in authentication, which serves as proof of
buyer gets a digital file instead.
ownership. Collectors value those “digital
They also get exclusive ownership rights.
bragging rights” almost more than the item
That's right: NFTs can have only one owner at
itself.
a time. NFTs' unique data makes it easy to
What makes NFTs unique from other verify their ownership and transfer tokens
digital forms? between owners. The owner or creator can
It is backed by Blockchain technology. also store specific information inside them.
· NFT transactions are recorded on For instance, artists can sign their artwork by
blockchains, which is a digital public including their signature in an NFT's
ledger, with most NFTs being a part of metadata.
the Ethereum blockchain. Differences between NFT and
How do NFTs work? Cryptocurrency:
NFT works on blockchain as it gives users Cryptocurrency is a currency and is
complete ownership of a digital asset. fungible, meaning that it is interchangeable.
NFTs exist on a blockchain, which is a
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
CSS Times 36
· For instance, if you hold one crypto Even celebrities like Snoop Dogg and Lindsay
token, say one Ethereum, the next Lohan are jumping on the NFT bandwagon,
Ethereum that you hold will also be of releasing unique memories, artwork and
the same value. But NFTs are non- moments as securitized NFTs.
fungible, that means the value of one Popular NFT Marketplaces
NFT is not equal to another. Every art OpenSea.io
is different from other, making it non · : This peer-to-peer platform bills itself
fungible, and unique. a purveyor of “rare digital items and
What Are NFTs Used For? collectibles.” To get started, all you
Blockchain technology and NFTs afford artists need to do is create an account to
and content creators a unique opportunity to browse NFT collections. You can also
monetize their wares. For example, artists no sort pieces by sales volume to discover
longer have to rely on galleries or auction new artists.
houses to sell their art. Instead, the artist can Rarible
sell it directly to the consumer as an NFT, · : Similar to OpenSea, Rarible is a
which also lets them keep more of the profits. democratic, open marketplace that
In addition, artists can program in royalties so allows artists and creators to issue and
they'll receive a percentage of sales whenever sell NFTs. RARI tokens issued on the
their art is sold to a new owner. This is an platform enable holders to weigh in on
attractive feature as artists generally do not features like fees and community rules.
receive future proceeds after their art is first Foundation
sold. · : Here, artists must receive “upvotes”
or an invitation from fellow creators to
post their art. The community's
exclusivity and cost of entry—artists
must also purchase “gas” to mint
NFTs—means it may boast higher-
caliber artwork. For instance, Nyan Cat
creator Chris Torres sold the NFT on
the Foundation platform. It may also
mean higher prices — not necessarily
a bad thing for artists and collectors
seeking to capitalize, assuming the
demand for NFTs remains at current
Art isn't the only way to make money with levels, or even increases over time.
NFTs. Brands like Charmin and Taco Bell have Risks associated with buying NFTs:
auctioned off themed NFT art to raise funds · In the recent past, several incidents of
for charity. Charmin dubbed its offering NFT scams have been reported
“NFTP” (non-fungible toilet paper), and Taco including: emergence of fake
Bell's NFT art sold out in minutes, with the marketplaces, unverified sellers often
highest bids coming in at 1.5 wrapped ether impersonating real artists and selling
(WETH)—equal to $3,723.83 at time of copies of their artworks for half prices.
writing. · NFRs unquestionably have negative
Nyan Cat, a 2011-era GIF of a cat with a pop- impact on the environment. In order
tart body, sold for nearly $600,000 in to validate transactions, crypto mining
February. And NBA Top Shot generated more is done, which requires high powered
than $500 million in sales as of late March. A computers that run at a very high
single LeBron James highlight NFT fetched capacity, affecting the environment
more than $200,000. ultimately.
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
CSS Times 37
Umbilical Cord blood

and its Signicance
Context: What is HIV and how is it transmitted?
A woman of mixed race appears to be the · Human immunodeficiency virus or HIV
third person ever to be cured of H.I.V., is an infection that attacks the immune
using a new transplant method involving system by destroying the body's
umbilical cord blood that opens up the immune cells called CD4, which help it
possibility of curing more people of respond to infection.
diverse racial backgrounds than was · Once HIV attacks the CD4 cells, it
previously possible, scientists announced starts replicating and destroying the
on Feb. 22, 2022. cells, weakening the body's immune
· She has become the third person in system and making it more prone to
the world, and the first woman, to certain “opportunistic infections” that
be cured of HIV. take advantage of the weak immune
system.
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
CSS Times 39
Why is this significant?
· This was the first time an umbilical
cord blood transplant was successfully
carried out on an HIV patient. This
approach is likely to make treatment
more widely available.
· Since this breakthrough treatment only
requires partial matches and not exact
matches, it opens up treatment
options for people from diverse racial What Can It Be Used For?
backgrounds. The umbilical cord fluid is loaded with
stem cells.
· They can treat cancer, blood diseases
like anemia, and some immune system
disorders, which disrupt your body's
ability to defend itself.
· The fluid is easy to collect and has 10
times more stem cells than those
collected from bone marrow.
· Stem cells from cord blood rarely carry
any infectious diseases and are half as
likely to be rejected as adult stem cells.
Concerns associated with stem cell
banking:
· Over the past decade, stem cell
banking has been aggressively
What is Cord Blood? marketed even as its use is still in
Cord blood (short for umbilical cord blood) experimental stages. But these
is the blood that remains in the umbilical companies charge enormous fees
cord and placenta post-delivery. from parents to preserve cells.
· It contains special cells called · The concern here is that it is merely
hematopoietic stem cells that can be by emotional marketing that
used to treat some types of diseases. companies convince parents to bank
What is Cord blood banking? the cells for several years promising
Cord blood banking is the process of future therapeutic use.
collecting the cord blood and extracting Infection with H.I.V. is thought to progress
and cryogenically freezing its stem cells differently in women than in men, but while
and other cells of the immune system for women account for more than half of H.I.V
potential future medical use. cases in the world, they make up only 11
· Globally, cord blood banking is percent of participants in cure trials.
recommended as a source of
hematopoietic stem cell
transplantation for haematological
cancers and disorders where its use
is recommended.
· For all other conditions, the use of
cord blood as a source of stem cells is
not yet established.
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
CSS Times CURRENT AFFAIRS MCQs 41
National & International

MCQs
Publishers
CURRENT
February
2022
1 Which nation has threatened to detach 2 Which among the following countries is
itself from the International Space Station? not on Russia's list of unfriendly countries?
a) Russia a) Taiwan
b) China b) Saudi Arabia
c) Ukraine c) Japan
d) South Korea d) Australia
Answer: (a) Answer: (b)

Russia has reportedly released a propaganda Saudi Arabia is not on the list of unfriendly
video that shows Russian cosmonauts countries approved by the Russian
disconnecting the Russian ISS modules from government. The list includes countries that
the International Space Station. The video is have imposed sanctions against Russia after
reportedly sort of a joke film or could even be its invasion of Ukraine. The list includes 22
a silent threat from Russia amid complete nations including the United States, United
breakdown of relations with the United States Kingdom and European nations along with
and the west. Japan, Canada and Australia among others.
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
Saudi Arabia and most of the countries in the d) Khmelnytskyi
Middle East and South Asia including India, Answer: (a)
Pakistan and China are not on the list. The Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Station,
3 When is International Women's Day located in southeastern Ukraine near the city
observed? of Enerhodar, is the largest nuclear power
a) March 7th plant in Europe and among the 10 largest in
b) March 8th the world. It accounts for about one-quarter
of Ukraine's power generation. The Russians
c) March 9th captured the nuclear power plant on March 4,
d) March 11th 2022 after intense fighting.
5 Which sports federation has suspended
Vladimir Putin as Honorary President?
a) International Judo Federation
b) International Volleyball Federation
c) International Football Federation
d) International Chess Federation
Answer: (b)
International Women's Day is celebrated
annually across the world on March 8 as a
symbolic reminder of the historic journey that
women have taken globally. The day
commemorates the political, cultural and
socio-economic achievements of women.
4 Which among the following is Europe's
largest nuclear power plant?
Answer: (a)
a) Zaporizhzhia The International Judo Federation has
b) Cernavodă suspended Vladimir Putin as Honorary
c) Bohunice President and Ambassador of the federation
in the light of the ongoing war in Ukraine.
The federation has also cancelled its May 20-
22 Grand Slam event in Kazan, Russia.
6 When is World Wildlife Day observed?
a) March 1st
b) March 2nd
c) March 3rd
d) March 5th
Answer: (c)
World Wildlife Day is observed across the
globe on March 3, 2022. The day aims to
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
celebrate and raise awareness of the world's

wild animals and plants. The 2022 theme of
Volodymyr Zelenskyy, former actor and
the World Wildlife Day is “Recovering key
comedian, is the sixth and current President
species for ecosystem restoration”.
of Ukraine. He won the 2018 Ukrainian
7 Who won Mexico Open 2022 Men's Presidential Elections with 73.2 percent vote,
singles title? defeating his opponent Petro Poroshenko. He
a) Rafael Nadal played the role of a teacher who becomes
President of Ukraine in the TV show 'Srvant of
b) Cameron Norrie the People.’
c) Daniil Medvedev 9 Which nation besides Russia has
d) Stefanos Tsitsipas breached the Olympic Truce?
a) Ukraine
b) United States
c) Israel
d) Belarus
Answer: (d)
Answer: (a)
Rafael Nadal continued his winning streak by
beating Cameron Norrie 6-4, 6-4 and winning
the men's singles title at Mexico Open 2022.
The tennis star had previously won the
Australian Open after beating Russian
opponent Daniil Medvedev in a grueling final.
He, so far, remains unbeaten in 2022.
8 Who is the current President of Ukraine? The Executive Board (EB) of the International
a) Viktor Yanukovych Olympic Committee (IOC) reiterated IOC's
b) Volodymyr Zelenskyy strong condemnation of the breach of the
Olympic Truce by the Russian government as
c) Alar Karis well as Belarus government for supporting
d) Boris Johnson and helping Russian attacks in Ukraine. The
Answer: (b) Olympic Truce had begun seven days before
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
the start of the Winter Olympic Games, on 4 d) Health
February 2022, and is scheduled to end seven Answer: (a)
days after the closing of the Paralympic Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky was
Games, which will take place between March an actor before his entry into politics. He was
4-13. an actor and comedian and had a production
10 Which nation is hosting the ICC company of his own. His famous TV show
Women's World Cup 2022? Servant of the People featured him as a
a) Pakistan school teacher who becomes Ukraine's
president after his rant goes viral.
b) New Zealand 12 Which cricket team arrived in Pakistan
c) Australia for first tour in 24 years on February 27,
2022?
d) West Indies
a) England
b) Australia
c) Sri Lanka
d) New Zealand
Answer: (b)
Answer: (b)
New Zealand is hosting the ICC Women's
World Cup 2022 across six venues from
March 4 to April 3, 2022. The Women's World
Cup will see eight teams clashing including
New Zealand, defending champions England,
Pakistan, Australia, India, South Africa, West
Indies and Bangladesh. Australia arrived in Pakistan for first cricket
11 Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelensky tour in 24 years on February 27, 2022 amid
was formerly a part of which industry? tight security. Australian skipper Pat Cummins
a) Entertainment said that the tight security surrounding their
b) Sports team was comforting and would not be a
distraction.
c) Food 13 Frank-Walter Steinmeier has been re-
elected as the President of which nation?
a) Denmark
b) Finland
c) Sweden
d) Germany
Answer: (d)
Frank-Walter Steinmeier was re-elected as
Germany's president on February 13, 2022.
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
He won the second term after a special b) Latvia

assembly voted for the veteran politician. He c) Lithuania
won 77 percent of support.
d) Ukraine
14 Which among the following countries Answer: (d)
does not border the Black Sea? Ukraine is not a NATO member country, it is a
a) Italy NATO partner country. The other three
b) Bulgaria former Soviet Republics- Latvia, Lithuania and
Estonia are now NATO members.
c) Georgia 16 How many countries are a part of the
d) Turkey NATO Alliance?
Answer: (a) a) 15
b) 20
c) 25
d) 30
The Black Sea is a marginal Mediterranean

sea lying between Europe and Asia. It lies to
the east of the Balkans in Southeast Europe
and drains into the Mediterranean Sea. The Answer: (d)
countries bordering the Black Sea include NATO alliance has a total of 30 member
Ukraine, Russia, Bulgaria, Georgia, Turkey and countries including 2 North American
Romania. countries, 27 European countries and 1
15 Which among the following former Eurasian country. Under the alliance, the
Soviet Union Republics is not a NATO member countries have agreed to come to
member? one another's aid in the event of armed
a) Estonia attack against any one member state.
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
17 Which country was the last to join 19 The International Space Station will
NATO as a member? cease its functioning by which year?
a) Portugal a) 2025
b) Poland b) 2027
c) Croatia c) 2028
d) North Macedonia d) 2031
Answer: (d)
Answer: (d)
North Macedonia is the last country to join NASA has announced that the International
the NATO alliance as a member state. It Space Station (ISS) will cease its functioning
joined the alliance in 2020. Before that by 2031. The space agency plans to make the
Montenegro joined the alliance in 2017. space station fall in the Pacific Ocean after its
18 Which nation has successfully tested its operation are brought to an end. The ISS has
new naval air defence system called 'C- been in operations for over two decades.
Dome'? 20 Who has recognised two separatist
a) Israel republics in eastern Ukraine as
independent?
b) Iran
a) Vladimir Putin
c) Turkey
b) Joe Biden
d) North Korea
Answer: (a) c) Olaf Scholz
d) Emmanuel Macron
Answer: (a)
Israel has successfully tested a new naval air

defence system called 'C-Dome'. It is a naval
version of Israel's Iron Dome, which is an air
defence system that can intercept and
destroy short range rockets and missiles.
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
Russian President Vladimir Putin announces Answer: (b)
the recognition of two separatist republics in The idea to celebrate International Mother
eastern Ukraine - Donetsk and Lugansk - as Language Day came first from Bangladesh.
independent through a televised address on The idea was approved at the 1999 UNESCO
February 21, 2022. The Russian President has General Conference. The day has been
also ordered the sending of Russian Armed observed every year since the year 2000.
Forces to the two breakaway regions. 23 Which nation's junta leader has been
21 When is International Mother Language inaugurated as the new President?
Day celebrated? a) Ghana
a) February 19th b) Togo
b) February 20th c) Benin
c) February 21st d) Burkina Faso
d) February 23rd Answer: (d)
Burkina Faso junta leader Lieutenant-Colonel

Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba has been
Answer: (c) inaugurated as the new President of the
International Mother Language Day 2022 is country. He was sworn into the post on
celebrated across the world on February 21st February 16, 2022.
to promote awareness of linguistic and 24 Which year was the world's first
cultural diversity and multilingualism. chickenpox vaccine rolled out?
22 Which country had initiated the idea of
observing the International Mother a) 1975
Language Day? b) 1986
a) India c) 1981
b) Bangladesh d) 1969
c) Sri Lanka
d) Nepal
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
Answer: (b)
The Research Foundation for Microbial
Diseases began the rollout of the world's first
chickenpox vaccine in 1986 as the only
varicella vaccine approved by the World
Health Organisation.
25 When was Lantern Festival celebrated
in China this year?
a) February 12th
b) February 13th
c) February 14th
d) February 15th
the next 24 to 48 hours amid growing
concerns of a Russian invasion of Ukraine.
27 Which film has received maximum
nominations at the 94th Academy Awards?
a) Belfast
b) West Side Story
c) The Power Of The Dog
d) Dune
Answer: ©
Answer: (d)
The Lantern Festival was celebrated this year
in China on February 15, 2022. The day wraps
up the 15-day Chinese New Year celebrations.
26 Which country has relocated its
embassy from Kyiv to Lviv?
a) US
b) UK
c) Australia The 'Power Of The Dog' directed by Jane
Campion has the maximum number of
d) Israel nominations at the 94th Academy Awards
Answer: (a) with 12 nominations in key categories
The United States has temporarily relocated including Best Film, Best Director and Best
its embassy in Ukraine from Kyiv to the Actor for Benedict Cumberbatch. Dune
western city of Lviv. The US has also asked its follows closely with 10 Nominations, followed
citizens in Ukraine to leave the country within by West Side Story and Belfast with 7
Nominations each.
Monthly
HSM
Mar 2022
28 Which nation plans to hold military World Wetlands Day was first celebrated in
drills in the Black Sea amid high tension? 1997. The day marks the date of the adoption
a) Russia of the Convention on Wetlands in the Iranian
city of Ramsar on the Caspian Sea shore on
b) China February 2, 1971.
c) US 30 Which country has closed its Tier 1
investor visa route?
d) Japan
(a) US
(b) France
(c) Switzerland
(d) UK
Answer: (d)
Answer: (a)
Russia plans to hold military drills in the Black
Sea. Six Russian warships arrived in the Black
Sea earlier on February 10th, near the
Crimean peninsula Moscow annexed from
Ukraine in 2014 for the naval drills.
29 When was World Wetlands Day first The United Kingdom on February 17, 2022
celebrated? decided to close its Tier 1 investor visa to all
a) 1970 new applicants due to security concerns. The
UK Home Office took the action as the
b) 1971
investor visa route failed to deliver for the UK
c) 1987 people and it seemed to give corrupt elites
d) 1997 access to the country.
Answer: (d)
Publishers

HSM Mar 2022 Magazine

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

HSM Mar 2022 Magazine

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pakistan’s First Monthly E-Magazine for Civil Services Aspirants

The 117th Meeting of the Umbilical Cord blood NFT

The routes will only extract people to Russia,

Sweden, Finland, & NATO

Background part of both Sweden and Russia. For almost

Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant

The 117th Meeting of the

Context: Sweden's University of Gothenburg.

Context: What are NFTs?

For instance, famous digital artist Mike

Umbilical Cord blood

National & International

Answer: (a) Answer: (b)

celebrate and raise awareness of the world's

He won the second term after a special b) Latvia

The Black Sea is a marginal Mediterranean

Israel has successfully tested a new naval air

Burkina Faso junta leader Lieutenant-Colonel

You might also like