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Transportation Research Procedia 44 (2020) 361–368

LOGI 2019 – Horizons of Autonomous Mobility in Europe

LOGI 2019 – Horizons of Autonomous Mobility in Europe
Parking Information Guidance Systems and Smart Technologies
Parking Information Guidance Systems and Smart Technologies
Application Used in Urban Areas and Multi-storey Car Parks
Application Used in Urban Areasa,and Multi-storey Car Parks
Jiří Hanzla,*
a
Jiří Hanzl *
Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Department of Transport and Logistics, Okružní 517/10, České Budějovice 370 01,
a Czech Republic
Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Department of Transport and Logistics, Okružní 517/10, České Budějovice 370 01,
Czech Republic

Abstract
Abstract
The aim of the paper is to familiarize the reader with the basic possibilities of guiding drivers to car parks in urban areas and with
intelligent
The aim oftechnologies used
the paper is to in multi-storey
familiarize car with
the reader parksthe
designated for easier of
basic possibilities orientation of drivers
guiding drivers when
to car parking.
parks in urbanThe introductory
areas and with
intelligent
part of thistechnologies
paper presentsused in multi-storey
individual car parks
traffic control designated
systems for easier
including orientation
parking of drivers
systems and whenthen
equipment, parking. The introductory
it describes two basic
part
waysofofthis paper drivers
guiding presentstoindividual
car parkstraffic
(usingcontrol systems
“online” includingcontrol
and “offline” parking systems
mode) andand
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selected smart describes two
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used for
ways easier orientation
of guiding of parks
drivers to car road users
(usingin“online”
multi-storey car parks
and “offline” whenmode)
control searching for free
and also parking
selected smartspaces. All mentioned
technologies that are
used for easier
technologies are orientation
presented onofpractical
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examples. In the finalcar
partparks
of thewhen searching
paper, foradvantages
individual free parking
and spaces. All mentioned
disadvantages of using
technologies
these systemsareinpresented on practical
urban areas examples.and
are summarized In the
the final part of
benefits thatthethese
paper, individual advantages
technologies and transport
bring to both disadvantages of using
and logistics
processes
these are evaluated.
systems in urban areas are summarized and the benefits that these technologies bring to both transport and logistics
processes are evaluated.
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
© 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This
© 2019is an open
The accessPublished
Authors. article under the CC BY-NC-ND
by Elsevier Ltd. license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review
This is an line:
open Peer-review
access article under
under responsibility
the CC BY-NC-ND
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committeeof the scientific
license thecommittee of –the LOGI 2019 – Horizons of
of https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
LOGI 2019 Horizons of Autonomous Autonomous
Mobility in Europe.
Peer-review line: Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the LOGI 2019 – Horizons of Autonomous
Mobility in Europe
Mobility inCar
Keywords: Europe
parks occupancy; PGS system; static and dynamic vehicle guidance; variable traffic sign; vertical traffic sign
Keywords: Car parks occupancy; PGS system; static and dynamic vehicle guidance; variable traffic sign; vertical traffic sign

1. Introduction
1. Introduction
With a growing number of cars in cities and agglomerations, the need to create new parking spaces also rises
With a growing
proportionally. We number of cars
distinguish two in cities
basic and agglomerations,
concepts the need
related to parking: to create
putting new
vehicles parking
aside spaces also
and parking rises
vehicles.
proportionally.
The Webedistinguish
first term can defined astwo basica vehicle
placing conceptsinrelated
an areatooutside
parking:
the putting vehicles
lanes when aside and
the vehicle parking
is not in use,vehicles.
usually
The first term can be defined as placing a vehicle in an area outside the lanes when the vehicle is not in use, usually

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +420-387-842-180.

* E-mail hanzl@mail.vstecb.cz
address:author.
Corresponding Tel.: +420-387-842-180.
E-mail address: hanzl@mail.vstecb.cz
2352-1465 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is an open
2352-1465 access
© 2019 Thearticle under
Authors. the CC BY-NC-ND
Published license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review line:
This is an open Peer-review
access underthe
article under responsibility
CC BY-NC-ND of thelicense
scientific committee of the LOGI 2019 – Horizons of Autonomous Mobility in Europe
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review line: Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the LOGI 2019 – Horizons of Autonomous Mobility in Europe

2352-1465  2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the LOGI 2019 – Horizons of Autonomous Mobility in Europe.
10.1016/j.trpro.2020.02.030
362 Jiří Hanzl / Transportation Research Procedia 44 (2020) 361–368
2 Jiří Hanzl / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

for a longer time, such as parking a vehicle in a garage after arrival from work. The term parking refers to temporary
placement of a vehicle outside the lanes for a shorter time, usually for several hours.
If the vehicle is not parked longer than two hours from the driver’s arrival, it is a short-term parking, otherwise it
refers to a long-term parking according to Rovňaník (2015). Examples of short-term parking are “K+R” car parks at
large transport terminals (stations, airports, ports). On the other hand, long-term parking is possible in "P+R" car
parks that are linked to public transport or places where the vehicle is parked for several hours and the passengers
are expected to continue the journey.
The following part of the paper first introduces the individual traffic service systems, including parking systems
and devices, which aim to increase the capacity and fluency of traffic in car parks. Chapters 3 and 4 then describe the
basic ways of guiding drivers to car parks, as well as selected smart technologies, whose aim is to safely guide
drivers of vehicles to free parking spaces in a clear and understandable way (Bukova et al., 2018); (Skrúcaný et al.,
2019).

2. Traffic control systems

According to Nantl (2006), the aim of traffic control systems is to reduce traffic volumes in cities and the area-
wide demands for static traffic, and to support the use of public transport as an alternative to individual car transport.
Currently several transport control systems can be distinguished:

 P+R (“Park and Ride“) - These parking facilities refer to large car parks mostly situated in the vicinity of access
roads to cities linked to large capacity means of public transport (the underground, trams). The main purpose of
introducing such car parks is the effort to push (or at least reduce) individual car traffic from the centres of large
cities. These car parks attract drivers due to low parking rate (as opposed to city centre parking rate), large
capacity and good connection to fast public transport (often discounted fares when parking in the car park).

 P+G (“Park and Go“) - This system is similar to "P+R", but when a car is parked, its driver continues on foot. It
is important to set up car parks of this type where pedestrian traffic is acceptable both in terms of time and
distance of these car parks to the city centre. In this case too, the rate for using the car park is lower than the rate
in city centres. The main purpose of introducing such car parks is to divert static traffic from city centres as
noticed by Nantl (2006).

 K+R (“Kiss and Ride“) - As mentioned in the introductory part of this article, the "K+R" system is most often
found at large transport terminals (stations, airports, ports) and public transport stations. The principle is that a
vehicle may only be stopped for the time necessary for getting in and getting off, and the vehicle will then
immediately continue riding.

 B+R (“Bike and Ride“) - According to Nantl (2006), it is similar to the “P+R” system, with the difference that a
bicycle is used instead of a car. Bikes are most often parked in bicycle storage in this parking facility. The
cyclists then use public transport to get to the destination.

 B+G (“Bike and Go“) - The last system of traffic service is the use of a bicycle from the start of the journey to
the parking facility, from where the cyclist continues their journey to the destination on foot. The basic
requirement is the shortest travel time and direct connection of destinations as described in TP 179 (2017).

2.1. Parking systems

There are four types of parking systems according to the equipment used and the car park service. These include
typical surface parking systems, semi-automatic surface systems, automatic surface systems, and multi-storey car
parks. The typical surface parking system is the simplest example without any parking equipment and service (only
with necessary maintenance) (Hernandez et al., 2019). These may be unregulated car parks (free of charge) or priced
car parks (paid) equipped with a payment terminal as mentioned by Novotný (2017). The semi-automatic surface
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Jiří Hanzl / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 3

system is a combination of parking equipment and service. Parking fees are paid at the cashier of the operator who
also operates the barriers. The disadvantage of this system according to Kapustová (2013) is the necessity of the
presence of the operator to ensure the functioning of the car park.
The third type of parking system is an automatic surface system, which is fully equipped with an automatic
parking equipment that ensures the operation of the entire car park. Parking fees are paid through payment terminals
and this system can be equipped according to CROSS Zlín, a.s. (2016) with other equipment such as a camera
system, communication with security, etc.
The last (and probably the most spacious) type of parking systems are multi-storey car parks, which are used
mainly where it is not possible to expand the parking area, and it is advisable to increase the capacity for parking
vehicles (city centres, department stores etc.). Multi-storey car parks provide a high number of above-ground and
underground parking spaces as mentioned in Peprník (2010). Multi-storey car parks are mostly fully automatic and
equipped with smart technologies, which are used to make it easier for vehicle drivers to find parking spaces (see
chapter 4). The rate for parking in multi-storey car parks is usually lower than in car parks in city centres (Bubelíny
et al., 2019).

2.2. Parking equipment

Parking equipment is used to operate car parks, regulate parking spaces and control the entry/exit of vehicles
to/from car parks as described in TP 142 (2013). The basic parking equipment includes terminals (entrance, exit),
barrier, traffic lights, information panel and payment terminal - parking meter according to CROSS Zlín, a.s. (2016)
and TP 142 (2013), see Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Illustration of a car park with parking equipment. Source: Novotný (2017).

According to CROSS Zlín, a.s. (2016), the entrance terminal is usually located at the entrance to the car park.
This device is equipped with parking tickets issued to vehicle drivers. Each ticket contains basic information about
the time of entry of the car to the car park, the service provider and a bar code for the subsequent payment of the
parking fee. In the case of entrance to private or company car parks, the entrance terminal can also be equipped with
various readers, which, after putting an RFID card or chip to the reader, communicate with the device and allow the
entry of other vehicles. The exit terminal, on the other hand, is used for the exit of vehicles - it identifies parking
tickets (RFID card or chip), and the vehicle is allowed to leave the car park after meeting the specified conditions,
usually by paying the parking fee. Other parking equipment described in TP 142 (2013) is the barrier, which is
a physical barrier preventing unauthorized entry or exit. It consists of a crossbar and a post. The crossbar is a
movable part that extends into the passage area of the road. In addition, the barrier communicates with the entrance
and exit terminal. Traffic lights are built at the entrance to car parks and are mostly two-colour informing drivers
about the possibility of entry. These devices have a green "Free" and a red "Stop" lights as mentioned in TP 81
(2015) or (CZ) Decree No. 294/2015 Coll. (2016). Information panels are mostly used in modern car parks, where
they provide, by means of a light board, basic information about the occupancy of the car park, i.e. the number of
free parking spaces. The last parking equipment is the payment terminal (automatic cash register), whose main task
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is to identify the parking ticket and then receiving payment of the parking fee in the given amount, which is
according to AUTOGARD (2014) most often based on the length of parking (Lakhmetkina et al., 2019).

3. Parking information guidance systems

To navigate drivers to car parks in cities and urban areas, there are two basic ways of guidance. Static ("offline")
guidance works on the principle of permanent traffic signs along roads, which by means of their pictograms and data
provide the drivers with information on the direction of travel and possibly the distance to a car park, thus informing
and guiding the drivers towards a place to park their cars (Bartuska et al., 2016). The advantage of this guidance
system is its durability and ease of maintenance without the need to connect it to a power source. The disadvantage
of this system is that it provides no additional information about the occupancy of car parks (free parking spaces)
except for the direction and possibly the distance to the destination. An example of such a system (guidance method)
is shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2. Static (“offline”) parking system of guidance: Source: author

The other way of guiding drivers in cities is dynamic guidance (“online”), which, unlike the offline version,
provides drivers with information about the occupancy of car parks (number of free parking spaces). This
information may also be supplemented with the type of vehicles to which the occupancy applies (most often cars,
buses, motorcycles, or lorries, caravans, etc.). The technical design of the dynamic driving guidance to the car park
takes the form of either a permanent vertical traffic sign supplemented by a display showing the occupancy of the
car park (see Fig. 3.a) or a separate variable traffic sign (see Fig. 3.b).

Fig. 3. (a) dynamic (“online”) parking system of guidance by permanent traffic signs with information display; (b) dynamic (“online”) parking
system of guidance. Source: Economic Newspaper (2017).

Dynamic guidance in comparison to static one not only guides the drivers to car parks, but also informs them of
their occupancy. The main advantage of this system from the driver's point of view is the choice between different
parking alternatives according to the current number of free parking spaces and the associated safety and fluency of
traffic on the access roads to the car parks (drivers do not "wander" but drive to a specific place). The disadvantage
of this system compared to the first guidance method lies mainly in the high investment costs of implementation,
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since each traffic sign (information panel) must be powered by its own power source. Another disadvantage is the
accuracy of the number of free parking spaces depending on the technology used to detect vehicles in the car parks -
if there are large variations in the determination of free parking spaces, this system is rather counterproductive and it
is better to switch to the offline guidance mode.

4. Smart technologies application

There are a variety of systems and technologies for guiding drivers to free parking spaces in car parks or large
garages in shopping centres that differ in the way of their operation (used technique of free parking space detection),
service and operating costs. From the driver's point of view, the advantage of these guidance systems is their
simplicity and easy orientation in the car park, which also means minimizing the time needed to find a free parking
space, increasing safety and environmental friendliness of traffic (Stopka et al., 2019).
From the system administrator's point of view, these systems provide important information about the occupancy
of parking spaces in relation to time (parking statistics), which can be used to set the optimal parking policy with
respect to daily (yearly) time according to the capacity of individual parking spaces resulting in increasing the
operational efficiency of traffic (Bartuska et al., 2017). The disadvantages of these systems from the administrator's
point of view are the high costs of their acquisition and correct implementation. From the driver's point of view, the
disadvantage of these systems may be their reliability and vehicle detection accuracy, which may not always reach
100%.
Given the scope of this article, the following subchapters only briefly introduce three systems (smart
technologies) for guidance to free parking spaces used in large garages and multi-storey car parks.

4.1. GPP PGS2 Guidance System

Parking space guidance system from GREEN Center s.r.o. (2019) labeled GPP PGS2 works on the principle of
ultrasound. Sensors detect and evaluate the availability of individual parking spaces by means of an ultrasonic
signal. The availability of free parking spaces is subsequently signalized by means of LED indicators. Part of the
system also includes information displays which show the number of free spaces in each parking zone and can also
serve as a navigation element (see Fig. 4.). The navigation module minimizes car traffic in the car park caused by
the search for a free parking space. The main advantages of the system include the fact that its users (drivers) save
fuel and time, which at the same time contributes to the reduction of exhaust emissions.

Fig. 4. GPP PGS2 Guidance systems in car parks – component. Source: GREEN Center s.r.o. (2019).

4.2. CrossPark Parking System

The CrossPark system is a variable and universal parking system of CROSS Zlín, a.s. (2019) covering a wide
range of optional components for controlled entry and exit of vehicles, equipment for navigation inside and outside
car parks, including monitoring of free parking spaces. The system also includes payment instruments for both the
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general public and for special payments (residents, conference participants, clients, etc.). The main application of
this system can be found in large shopping centres, office buildings, public multi-storey car parks, airports,
hospitals, hotels and universities (campuses).
Originally, this system, like the GPP PGS2 system, used sensors based on ultrasound, later optical sensors.
Currently, these sensors can be replaced by camera units that monitor four parking spaces at the same time. The
main advantage of this system is both identification of license plates at the entrance/exit to/from car parks, and
visual monitoring of the current situation at a specific parking space. Other benefits of the CrossPark system include
“Find my car” function, which allows drivers to locate quickly the position of a parked car by entering the
registration number in the payment terminal. After locating the vehicle, the sensor on the nearest camera unit
flashes, and in larger car parks it is possible to light up the way to the vehicle. At the same time, according to
CROSS Zlín, a.s. (2019), the system informs the driver very accurately of the available parking capacity and guides
them to free parking spaces.

4.3. Siemens Smart Parking System

It is a system of navigation to free parking spaces in car parks by means of sensors placed in the road - ground
parking sensors (see Fig. 5.). This network of sensors cannot only guide the drivers to a free parking space by means
of a mobile phone, but it is also able to navigate drivers to a doctor. The wireless parking sensor works on the
principle of infrared radiation, and if the infrasensor is covered (for example with snow in winter), the detection is
carried out by electromagnetic induction. Resistance to temperature fluctuations ranges from -10 °C to +55 °C as
described by Siemens, s.r.o. (2019).

Fig. 5. Wireless parking sensor located on the road. Source: Siemens, s.r.o. (2019).

Other important features of the system include, for example, an integrated RFID chip that can be used to provide
special parking permits for disabled people or residents. The flexibility and dynamics of collecting parking fees
provided by the sensory network is also important. The parking time or the amount of fees can be continuously
adjusted depending on the current traffic situation in the city. As mentioned by Siemens, s.r.o., this parking system
not only reduces parking costs for drivers, but also contributes to reducing emissions and facilitates smoother traffic
in cities.

4.4. Advanced Parking Management System

The last smart parking technology (Intelligent Parking System) is Advanced Parking Management system by
Siemens, s.r.o. (2019). It works on the principle of placing radar sensors in street lighting lamps or on facades of
building, constantly monitoring parking areas and providing information on their occupancy. The city administration
collects this information, uses it and at the same time passes it on to drivers. The principle of the whole system is
 Jiří Hanzl / Transportation Research Procedia 44 (2020) 361–368 367
Jiří Hanzl / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 7

simple: the sensors about the size of an adult's fist send microwaves to a predetermined space, and if the waves hit
an obstacle, they bounce back to the sensor that catches them (see Fig. 6.) (Ondrus and Karon, 2017).

Fig. 6. Radar sensors mounted on facades of buildings or street lighting lamps. Source: Siemens, s.r.o. (2019).

According to Siemens, s.r.o. (2019), a special algorithm then calculates whether the detected object is in the
parking space and, if so, how large and in what position it is. The radar sensors of this system have a lower
resolution than conventional surveillance cameras. In this case, however, this is an advantage, since only
a schematic representation can be obtained, so that the right to the protection of personal data is not affected. Also,
these sensors are not much influenced by bad weather. The pilot project of this system was launched in September
2015 in Berlin, where sensors placed in public lighting are mapping a 250-meter long section of a street. The system
is also connected to the multifunctional route planner, so if there is no free space in the monitored section, the
planner immediately gives advice on where to park and how to get there by public transport.

5. Conclusion

As mentioned earlier in the paper, two basic ways of guiding drivers to car parks in cities and urban areas are
used: static guidance (“offline”) and dynamic guidance (“online”). The advantage of the “offline” guidance system
is its lifetime and easy maintenance without the necessity of its connection to a power source. On the other hand, the
“online” guidance system also provides drivers with information about the current occupancy of car parks (number
of free parking spaces) and possibly the types of vehicles and the distance to the car park. To guide drivers to free
parking spaces within car parks, for example in multi-storey car parks or large garages, smart technologies are used
facilitating the orientation of road users in search of a space for parking. Some of the technologies were introduced
in the previous chapters including individual advantages and disadvantages of their application. Nowadays, traffic
management in modern large car parks lies in the mutual synergy of these systems, which are furthermore desirable
to interconnect with other intelligent transport systems in cities (e.g. guidance systems, smartphone applications,
information systems) in order to optimize transport and logistics processes.

Acknowledgements

This manuscript was supported within solving the research project entitled “Autonomous mobility in the context
of regional development LTC19009” of the INTER-EXCELLENCE programme, the VES 19 INTER-COST
subprogramme.

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