ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Can identify the metabolic states of various
ANATOMY tissues. This technique is particularly useful in
analyzing the brain. When cells are active, they
 is the scientific discipline that are using energy The energy they need is supplied
by the break down of glucose (blood sugar).
investigates the body’s structures
 Anatomy examines the relationship PHYSIOLOGY
between the structure of a body part and  The scientific investigation of the
its function. processes or functions of living things.
 The major goals when studying human
TYPES OF ANATOMY
physiology are to understand and predict
Developmental Anatomy studies the structural changes that occur between
fertilisation and adulthood. the body’s responses to stimuli.
 Embryology considers changes from conception to the end of the
eighth week of development.
TYPES OF PHYSIOLOGY
Histology: The study of tissue. histo=tissue,
Cytology: The study of cells. cyto=cell, ology="study Cell Physiology examines the processes occurring in cells.
of" Systemic Physiology considers the functions of organ systems.
Neurophysiology focuses on the nervous system, cardiovascular physiology
Gross Anatomy study of Structures inside of organs and organs systems that deals with the heart and blood vessels.
can be seen with the naked eye. can be approached either systemically or
regionally. Physiology often examines systems rather than regions
 System is a group of structures that have one or more common because a particular function can involve portions of a
functions
system in more than one region.
In systemic anatomy, the body is studied system by
system.
In regional anatomy, the body is studied area by area.

Surface Anatomy involves looking at the exterior of the body to visualize

structures deeper inside the body.
 Health prof use these as anatomical landmarks to identify regions
of the heart and points on the chest where certain heart sounds
can best be heard.

MEDICAL IMAGING
Anatomical imaging uses radiographs ultrasound, magnetic resonance
imaging and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures.
 Allows medical personnel to look inside the body with amazing CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
accuracy and without the trauma and risk of exploratory surgery.

In 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen (1845–1923) became the first medical scientist to Cellular Composition
use x-rays to see inside the body.  All living organisms are composed of cells, which are the basic
units of life.
Metabolism
 All living organisms can carry out chemical processes
x-ray
-Provides a view of internal body Structures (metabolism).
-Use Ionized Radiation.  These metabolic processes can build up or break down chemicals
in the body.
Excretion
 All living organisms can excrete waste products. These are
Ultrasound products that the organism no longer needs.
The second oldest imaging technique, was first Growth
developed in the early 1950s from World War II  All living organisms should be able to increase in cell size or
sonar technology. Once a computer analyzes the increase in number of cells.
pattern of sound waves, the information is transferred Responsiveness
to a monitor to be visualized as a sonogram (sonogram) image.
 All living organisms should be able to respond to environmental
Computer Tomography (CT) changes known as "stimuli".
Developed in 1972 and originally called Movement
computerized axial tomographic (CAT) scans,  Motion in two or more cells or movement within the organism
are computer analyzed x-ray images. itself.
Gathers data using ionized radiation
Reproduction
 All living organisms should be able to reproduce cells to replace
Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) damaged or old cells(mitosis) Organisms should also be able to
Is one step beyond CT scanning. A 3-D reproduce similar offspring(meiosis)
radiographic image of an organ, such as the brain,
Then a radiopaque dye is injected into the blood, and
MITOSIS MEIOSIS
a second radiographic computer image is made.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

directs radio waves at a person lying inside a
large electromagnetic field. Gathers data using
magnetic radiation

LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

Chemical Level Frontal Plane also known as the
 The smallest level of organization. Chemicals can range from atoms "coronal" plane, can divide the
which are very small to larger structures called molecules. These body or body partinto anterior
tiny atoms make up the complex structures of molecules. and posterior sections.
Cellular Level
 Molecules combine to form cellular structures.
Oblique Plane, which is less a standardized
Tissue Level
type of plane, is taken at an angle.
 Two or more cells working together to carry out a specific function. It is useful for examining structures
Organ Level such knee joints.
 Two or more tissue types combined form a specific structure called
an organ.

Organ System Level

 An organ system is composed of two or more organs working
together to carry out a broad function.
Organism Level
 Organ systems function together to make up the human body, an PLANES OF SECTION
organism.

ANATOMICAL
In Anatomical Position, the body is standingPOSITION
up straight, shoulder and feet
width apart, upper limbs at sides of trunk, head and palms facing forward.

ALWAYS refer to the body as if it's in anatomical position.

Left and right is always referred to the left or right side of the
body we are describing, not our own left and right.

Anterior or Ventral: Front

ex: The esophagus is anterior to the spinal cord
Posterior: Back
ex: The spinal cord is posterior to the esophagus.
Superior or Cranial: Toward the head. crani=head
ex: The eyes are superior to the nose.
Inferior or Caudal: Away from the head, or toward the tail. Caud=tail
ex: The lips are inferior to the nose.

Inferior and Superior terms are only used to reference

positions on the head, neck, and trunk. For limbs we use
proximal and distal.

Proximal: Closer to point of origin.

ex: The shoulder is proximal to the elbow.
Distal: Farther away from point of origin.
ex: The wrist is distal to the elbow.
Medial: Closer to the midline of the body.
ex: The ear is medial to the shoulder.
Lateral: Farther away from the midline of the body.
ex: The shoulder is lateral to the chest.
Superficial: Closer to the surface of the body.
ex: The skin is superficial to the muscles.
Deep: Structures farther away from the surface of the body.
ex: The bone is deep to the muscles THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
Regions of the body are divided into different cavities.
A cavity is any fluid filled space inside of the human body.
Body cavities protect our internal organs so that they may function, move, and
PLANES OF SECTION expand as needed.
There are three main planes of section:
 Sagittal plane
There are two main cavities within of the body:
 Frontal Plane
Dorsal Body Cavity: Located on the dorsal (posterior) or back side of the
 Transverse Plane
body.
There is also an Oblique Plane, which
Ventral Body Cavity: Located on the ventral (anterior) side of the body.
is a less standardized type of plane.
Dorsal Body Cavity Within the Dorsal Body Cavity,
There are two subtypes:
The Cranial Cavity
 Located within the skull.
 Protects the brain.
Sagittal Plane divide the body or body part into right and left sections. The Spinal Cavity ANATOMICAL POSITION
There are two types of the Sagittal Plane:  Located along the vertebral column.
Midsagittal Plane  Protects the spinal cord.
 Divides the body or body part into  Also called the "Vertebral" cavity.
equal left and right parts. Both the cranial and spinal cavity are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
 Also known as the median plane. This fluid keeps the brain and the spinal cord floatable. cerebro="head"
Parasagittal Plane
 Para meaning "near" Ventral Body Cavity Cranial cavity Within the Ventral Body Cavity, there
 Divides the body or body part are two subdivisions.
into unequal left and right sections. Both are separated by a dome shaped muscle called the diaphragm. The
diaphragm is a muscle in the body that functions in respiration.
The Thoracic Cavity
Transverse Plane also known as the  Located superior to (above) the diaphragm.
"horizontal" plane or "cross section",  Encloses the thorax area.
divides the superior and inferior part of  Left and right pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, and mediastinum
the body in half. cavity.
The transverse plane can also divide the
limbs into proximal and distal parts
The Abdominopelvic Cavity
 Located inferior to (below) the diaphragm.
 Encloses the abdomen and pelvis.
 Abdominal and pelvic cavity.