- Derived from the ancient Greek word “anatome”;

‘dissection’

- is the branch of biology concerned with the

study of the structure of organisms and their
parts.

- It is an old science, having its beginnings in

prehistoric times. The discipline of anatomy is
divided into macroscopic and microscopic.
Types of macroscopic
anatomy
This specialty is divided into
the following branches or types:
Macroscopic anatomy is the study of
•General, systematic or
descriptive anatomy
organs or parts of the body that are large
enough to be seen with the naked eye and
•Regional anatomy
without the need to use a microscope.
•Topographic anatomy Macroscopic anatomy makes it possible to
•Physiological anatomy analyze and study these organs through
•Surface anatomy
direct or indirect observation, that is,
through the use of instruments that allow
•Artistic anatomy
it.
•Applied or clinical anatomy

Portrait of Anna Antoinette
Weber-van Bosse. Copyright
holder: University of
Amsterdam, Artis Library
is a branch of anatomy that relies on the use of
microscopes to examine the smallest structures of
the body; tissues, cells, and molecules. The extent
to which microscopic anatomy can be examined is
limited by the equipment available. Through a
simple dissecting microscope, tissues can be
viewed, organized and described.
This is known as histology (his-TOL-o-je; the study
of tissues). Cytology (si-TOL-o-je; the study of cells)
has been expanded to include the sub-cellular
components of cells (known as organelles), and
even the molecules that make up these
organelles.
 Branches of Human Anatomy –
Gross, Surface, Clinical & Other
Clinical anatomy

Gross anatomy Living anatomy Embryology Histology Surface anatomy

Surface anatomy (also called superficial
anatomy and visual anatomy) is the study of
the external features of the body of an animal.

In particular, in the case of human surface

anatomy, these are the form and proportions of
the human body and the surface landmarks
which correspond to deeper structures hidden
from view, both in static pose and in motion.

Surface anatomy deals with anatomical Surface projections of the major

features that can be studied by sight, organs of the trunk, using
the vertebral column and rib
without dissection. cage as main reference points of
surface anatomy.
The detailed study of the morphology of
a part or region of the body of an
animal.

The study of regional anatomy is most

commonly applied to regional human
anatomy.

This is in contrast, but supplementary, to

the study of organ systems, such as the
cardiovascular system, where all the
structures pertaining to the system are
studied in their continuity.
 The parts and
In this systemic anatomy method you examples of systemic
will learn the different organs system anatomy are –
serially without going the details osteology,
anatomy of the surroundings. syndesmology,
Systemic anatomy is a method of study myology,
anatomy that consisting of different splanchnology,
system of organs or apparatus (from the angiology, neurology,
animal body) that are similar in origin special sense organs
and structure; associated in and common
performance a specific or certain integuments.
functions.
 Biochemistry is the study of life processes at the
molecular level. Learn about the various fields, their
applications, and their significance.

1. Cellular biochemistry
DNA structure This branch focuses on the chemical processes within cells. It includes studying
how cells produce energy, store and use nutrients, and how they produce and
maintain their structure.
2. Molecular biochemistry
This branch looks at the structure and function of biomolecules, such as
proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates. It includes understanding how these
molecules carry out biochemical reactions and how they interact.
3. Metabolic biochemistry
This branch focuses on the chemical reactions in the body to maintain life. It
includes studying energy production, nutrient metabolism, and detoxification.
4. Biochemical genetics
Chemistry of life This branch investigates the role of genes in biochemical processes. It includes
understanding how genes are involved in synthesizing proteins and other
biomolecules and how they function.
•Branches of biochemistry •Major Branches of Biochemistry
• 1. Structural biochemistry • 1. Molecular biology
• 2. Bio-organic Chemistry • 2. Genetics
• 3. Enzymology • 3. Biochemistry of proteins
• 4. Metabolic Biochemistry • 4. Biochemistry of DNA
• 5. Xenobiotics • 5. Biochemistry of carbohydrates
• 6. Immunology • 6. Biochemistry of lipids
• 7. Endocrinology • 7. Biochemistry of hormones
• 8. Neurochemistry • 8. Biochemistry of the cell nucleus
• 9. Chemotaxonomy • 9. Biochemistry of the cell membrane
• 10. Chemical ecology • 10. Biochemistry of the cell organelles
• 11. Virology • 11. Biochemistry of the cell
• 12. Molecular genetics and genetic • 12. Biochemistry of cancer
engineering
• 13. Molecular biology
• 14. Cell biology
"Cellular Biochemistry" covers all
biochemical aspects of cellular
biology and physiology including
metabolism, regulation of gene
expression, regulation of protein
activities, intracellular trafficking,
organellar function and
interactions, cell division,
differentiation, cell polarity and
cell death. Papers that provide
insight into the roles of specific
biochemical pathways and
processes in inherited and
acquired diseases, including
cancer, are also welcome.
Molecular biochemistry involves
the investigation of chemical
processes that take place within
living organisms at the molecular
level. Molecular biochemistry
focuses on macromolecules, such
as viruses, membranes or
enzymes, or more specifically,
their function and structure.
Biochemists utilize tools such as
electron microscopes, lasers,
spectrometers and computer
software.
Metabolic biochemistry Biochemical genetics involves
entails the study of diagnosing and treating metabolic
intermediary diseases. These are problems with
metabolism and the how the body makes, breaks down
structures involved. This or uses proteins, fats or
unit is concerned mainly carbohydrates. They are caused by
with the metabolic genes that are not normal and
processes involved in cannot make the enzymes the
the inter-conversion and body needs. (Enzymes are found
storage of metabolic in the blood, organs, saliva and
energy, the regulation of other parts of the body. They are
these processes and the important to all bodily functions.)
associated molecules.
a branch of biology that deals with the
functions and activities of life or of living
matter (such as organs, tissues, or cells) and
of the physical and chemical phenomena
involved
Research in physiology helps us to understand how the
body works in health and how it responds and adapts to
the challenges of everyday life; it also helps us to
determine what goes wrong in disease, facilitating the
development of new treatments and guidelines for
maintaining human and animal health.
Physiology is itself a branch of the larger
discipline of biology. Dedicated to the form
and function of organisms, physiology is a
diverse and broad field that encompasses
several sub-disciplines.
Comparative Physiology
Human and Animal Physiology
Developmental Physiology
Practical Physiology
Microscopic Physiology
Comparative Physiology
Comparative physiology compares the
physiology of multiple organisms, and may
incorporate elements of developmental
physiology to make the comparisons more
complete.

Human and Animal

Physiology
Human and animal physiology are actually part of the same
discipline, and may be covered as one coherent whole. Sometimes
the two disciplines are separated, though. Within these sub-
disciplines, the field can be further divided into other branches,
including pathophysiology, which examines the physiology of
disease, and system physiology, which evaluates body systems such
as the cardiovascular system.
Developmental Physiology
Developmental biology tracks the ways in which physiological
systems change across the life span. For example, many
animals are born with cartilage that later turns into bone, and
human fetuses resemble other animals -- such as fish -- at
various phases in their development.

Practical Physiology
This field includes disciplines such as exercise and high-
altitude physiology. Medical and nursing students may take
classes in these branches of the discipline, or the information
from these branches may be incorporated into other courses.
 Microscopic Physiology
Microscopic physiology This field of physiology has significant
analyzes small crossover with human and animal
organisms, and is usually physiology, since bacteria and viruses
subdivided into cellular so frequently affect larger living
physiology, bacterial organisms. Because cells are the
physiology and viral building blocks of organs and
physiology. physiological systems, cellular
physiology may be covered as a part of
human or animal physiology.