Learning

objectives
Participants are able to understand structure and written expression (C4, A3)

Indicators
1. Participants are able to identify affirmative (+), negative (-), interrogative (?),
negative question (-?) sentences
2. Participants are able to identify modals
3. Participants are able to identify imperatives sentence
4. Participants are able to identify passive voice
5. Participants are able to identify conditional sentence
Affirmative (+), Negative (-), Interrogative (?),
Negative Question (-?) Sentences

Simple past
(+) The midwives took care of pregnant women yesterday.
(-) The midwives did not (didn’t) take care of pregnant women yesterday.
(?) Did the midwives take care of pregnant women yesterday?
(-?) Didn’t the midwives take care of pregnant women yesterday?

Simple present
(+) The midwives take care of pregnant women three times a week.
(-) The midwives do not (don’t) take care of pregnant women three times a week.
(?) Do the midwives take care of pregnant women three times a week?
(-?) Don’t the midwives take care of pregnant women three times a week?

(+) The midwife is at the labor wards every day.

(-) The midwife is not (isn’t) at the labor wards every day.
(?)Is the midwife at the labor ward every day?
(-?) Isn’t the midwife at the labor ward every day?

Simple future
(+) The midwives will take care of pregnant women three times a week.
(-) The midwives will not (won’t) take care of pregnant women three times a week.
(?) Will the midwives take care of pregnant women three times a week?
(-?) Won’t the midwives take care of pregnant women three times a week?

Past progressive
(+) The nurse was preparing the medical instruments by the time the doctor arrived.
(-) The nurse was not preparing the medical instruments by the time the doctor arrived.
(?) Was the nurse preparing the medical instruments by the time the doctor arrived?
(-?) Wasn’t the nurse preparing the medical instruments by the time the doctor arrived?

Present progressive
(+) The midwife is taking care of pregnant women next week.
(-) The midwife is not (isn’t) be taking care of pregnant women next week.
(?) Is the midwife taking care of pregnant women next week?
(-?) Isn’t the midwife taking care of pregnant women next week?
Future progressive
(+) The midwives will be taking care of pregnant women next week.
(-) The midwives will not (won’t) be taking care of pregnant women next week.
(?) Will the midwives be taking care of pregnant women next week?
(-?) Won’t the midwives be taking care of pregnant women next week?

Past perfect
(+) The midwife had taken care of pregnant women by this week.
(-) The midwife had not (hadn’t)taken care of pregnant women by this week
(?) Had the midwife taken care of pregnant women by this week?
(-?) Hadn’t the midwife taken care of pregnant women by this week

Present perfect
(+) The midwife has taken care of pregnant women by this week.
(-) The midwife has not (hasn’t)taken care of pregnant women by this week
(?) Has the midwife taken care of pregnant women by this week?
(-?) Hasn’t the midwife taken care of pregnant women by this week?

Future perfect
(+) The midwife has been taking care of pregnant women by this week.
(-) The midwife has not (hasn’t) been taking care of pregnant women by this week
(?) Has the midwife been taking care of pregnant women by this week?
(-?) Hasn’t the midwife been taking care of pregnant women by this week?

Exercise 1
(+) The midwife is taking the patient’s blood pressure now.
(-)
(?)
(-?)

(+) The lady delivered the breech baby safely.

(-)
(?)
(-?)

(+) She stays in maternity clinic.

(-)
(?)
(-?)
(+) The midwives were in hurry to carry the patient to the operating theater this morning.
(-)
(?)
(-?)

(+) The midwife will make some postpartum visit to patients tomorrow.
(-)
(?)
(-?)
MODALS
We will learn about the use of:
Will/would Shall/should
Can/could May/might
Must Ought to

Affirmative (+)
1. I will go to Surabaya to attend a seminar next week.
2. Dr. Stewart can teach the students this month.
3. Susan must do the retake test on communication.
4. They should be quiet during the examination.
5. We may submit the assignment after lunch today.

Negative (-)
1. I will not (won’t) go to Surabaya to attend a seminar next week.
2. Dr. Stewart cannot (can’t) teach the students this month.
3. Susan must not (mustn’t) do the retake test on communication.
4. They should not (shouldn’t) be quiet during the examination.
5. We may not submit the assignment after lunch today.

Interrogative(?)
1. Will I go to Surabaya to attend a seminar next week?
2. Can Dr. Stewart teach the students this month?
3. Must Susan do the retake test on communication?
4. Should they be quiet during the examination?
5. May we submit the assignment after lunch today?

Negative Interrogative (-?)

1. Won’t I go to Surabaya to attend a seminar next week?
2. Can’t Dr. Stewart teach the students this month?
3. Mustn’t Susan do the retake test on communication?
4. Shouldn’t they be quiet during the examination?
5. May we not submit the assignment after lunch today?
Exercise 2
Underline the correct modal verb in these sentences.
1. Are you saying that giving up smoking should/can/must improve our chances of having a
baby?
2. May/Must/Can the epileptic drugs I'm taking affect the baby if I get pregnant?
3. Are there things I can/ought to/may be careful about during the first few weeks
4. of pregnancy?
5. Can't/Mustn't/Shouldn't the baby be lying the other way around?
6. Do we have to/ought to/need to give up smoking and drinking then if we want to try for
a baby?
7. Can't/ Must/Should I see a specialist? Isn't it possible?
8. Do I must/ need to/ should have my baby in hospital? Can't I have it at home? 8. The
doctor says I can/must/should rest for a couple of days. There is no alternative.
9. You think it must/needs to be to do with my blood pressure?
10. Can't/Shouldn't/Mustn't I just have one or two drinks during the pregnancy?
IMPERATIVE
We use this construction when giving instruction or telling where a place is.

Examples:
1. Knock on the door before you enter the room.
2. Go to the dispensary next to cashier.
3. Don't put the trays on the table.

Common Prepositions of place

On
Next to
In back of
In
In front of
Between
Across from/opposite
Before
After
On the corner of
Near/close to

Exercise 3
Find the meaning from the words above.
On :
Next to :
In back of :
In :
In front of :
Between :
Across from/opposite :
Before :
After :
On the corner of :
Near/close to :
PASSIVE VOICE
The PASSIVE is used by using the following formula:
Subject + to be + past participle

Examples in some tenses:

1. The Simple Past
They first case of AIDS was described in 1984. (Passive)
They described the first case of AIDS in 1984. (Active)
2. The Present Perfect
A new treatment has been given to the patient.
The doctor has given a new treatment to the patient.
3. The Simple Present
The most interesting cases are reviewed every day in the clinical session.
They review the most interesting cases in the clinical session every day.
4. The Simple Future
The blood pressure of the patient will be checked before the operation.
They will check the blood pressure of the patient before the operation.
5. The Past Continuous
The injured person was being carried on a stretcher to the hospital.
They were carrying the injured person on a stretcher to the hospital.
6. The Simple Present
When the cervix is open, the baby is pushed out of the womb.
When the cervix is open, contractions push the baby out of the womb.
7. The Present Continuous
The pregnant woman is being taken care in the maternity unit.
The midwife is taking care of the pregnant woman in the maternity unit.

Notice 1:
1. We often use the passive when we do not know who or what does something.
Example: My mobile phone was stolen last night. (I do not know who stole the phone).

2. We also use the passive when we are not interested in who or what does something.
Example:
• This hospital was built in1981.
• Tony has been invited to the party.
In these sentences, we are interested in the hospital and tony, not who built the hospital
or who invited Tony.
3. We also use the passive when we do not want to say who or what does something.
Compare:
Active : The surgeon made a mistake.
Passive : A mistake was made!

4. Also, to describe a process, a procedure, an experiment or an operation – it is important to

know how the procedure is done, not who does it.

Notice 2:
Not all active sentence can be changed to passive sentences. Look at the sentence below:
1. David has lived in Bogor since last January.
2. Peter and Nina have worked at the company for five years.
3. He has been very sick lately.
4. Alice went to Egypt last month.
5. They are jogging in the park.
6. I am very happy.
Sentences 1,2,4, and 5 has verbs but has no objects, and sentences 3 and 6 has no verbs and
objects. So, the sentences cannot be changed to Passive Sentences.

Exercise 4
Change the sentences to passive sentence
1. Look. The technician is repairing my audio player now.
2. He painted the house last week.
3. William also writes a letter every week.
4. They explain the lesson very clearly.
5. I read a newspaper every night.
6. Loraine has finished the work.
7. She sent the documents last week.
8. I read a magazine every night.
9. Linda is installing a program now.
10. They serve the guests very patiently.
11. She broke the vase last night.
12. My younger sister drives the car sometimes.
CONDITIONAL
Conditional Sentences have two parts:
1. If-Clause
2. Main Clause

In the sentence “If I were you, I would go to the annual meeting of orthopedics”, “If I were
you” is the if-clause, and “I would go to the annual meeting of orthopedics” is the main clause.
The if-clause can come before or after the main clause. We often put a comma when the if-
clause come first.

Main Types of Conditional Sentences

Type 1

To talk about things that always are true (general truths).

If you inject insulin to a person, the glucose blood level decreases.

If you drink too much alcohol, you get a sore head.
If you take drugs habitually, you become addicted.

Note that the examples above refer to things that are normally true. They make no reference
to the future; they represent a present simple concept. This is the basic (or classic) form of the
conditional type 1.

There are possible variations of this form. In the if-clause and in the main clause we can use
the present continuous, present perfect simple or present perfect continuous instead of the
present simple. In the main clause we can also use the imperative instead of the present
simple:

Example: Residents only get a certificate if they have attended the course regularly.

Present forms include the present simple, present continuous, present perfect and present
perfect continuous.
Type 2

To talk about future situations that the speaker thinks are likely to happen (the speaker is
thinking about a real possibility in the future).

If + simple present + future simple (will):

Example:
• If I find something new about the treatment of myocardial infarction, I will tell you.
• If we can analyze genomes, we will be able to infer laws and principles about them.

These examples refer to future things that are possible and it is quite probable that they will
happen. This is the basic (or classic) form of the conditional type 2.

There are possible variations of the basic form. In the if clause we can use the present
continuous, the present perfect or the present perfect continuous, instead of the present
simple. In the main clause we can use future continuous, future perfect simple or future
perfect continuous instead of the future simple. Modals such as can, may, or might are also
possible.

Future forms include the future simple, future continuous, future perfect simple, and future
perfect continuous.

Type 3

To talk about future situations that the speaker thinks possible but not probable (the speaker
is imagining a possible future situation) or to talk about unreal situations in the present.

If + simple past + conditional (would):

Example:
• Peter, if you studied harder, you would be better prepared for doing your job.
The above sentence tells us that Peter is supposed to be studying hard.
• If I were you, I would go to the Annual Meeting of Cardiology (but I am not you).
• If I were a resident, I would go to Harvard Medical School for a whole year to complete
my training period (but I am not a resident).

There are possible variations of the basic form. In the if-clause we can use the past continuous
instead the past simple. In the main clause we can use could or might instead of would.
Type 4

To talk about past situations that didn’t happen (impossible actions in the past).

If + past perfect + perfect conditional (would have):

Example:
If I had known the patient’s diagnosis, I would probably have saved his life.
As you can see, we are talking about the past. The real situation is I didn’t know the patient’s
diagnosis so that I couldn’t save his life.

This is the basic (or classic) form of the third type of conditional. There are possible variations.
In the if-clause we can use the past perfect continuous instead of the past perfect simple. In
the main clause we can use the continuous form of the perfect conditional instead of the
perfect conditional simple. Would probably could or might instead of would are also possible
(when we are not sure about something).

Exercise 5
Put the verb into the correct form.
1. They would be rather offended if I didn’t go to see them. (not/go)
2. If you took more exercise, you would feel better. (feel)
3. If I was offered the job, I think I ________ it. (take)
4. I’m sure Amy will lend you the money. I’d be very surprised if she ________ (refuse).
5. If I sold my car, I ________ much money for it. (not/get)
6. A lot of people would be out of work if the factory ________ (close down)
7. What would happen if I ________ that red button? (press)
8. Liz gave me this ring. She ________ very upset if I lost it. (be)
9. Mark and Carol are expecting us. They would be disappointed if we ________ (not come).
10. Would Tim mind if I ________ his bicycle without asking him? (borrow)
11. If somebody ________ in here with a gun, I’d be very frightened. (walk)
12. I’m sure Sue ________ if you explained the situation to her. (understand)
Exercise 6
Put the verb into the correct form.
1. I didn't know you were in hospital. If I'd known (l/know), I would have gone ( go) to visit
you.
2. Ken got to the station in time to catch his train. If,... (he/miss) it... (he/be) late for his
interview.
3. It's good that you reminded me about Ann's birthday. ... (I /forget)if... (you/ not/remind)
me.
4. Unfortunately, I didn't have my address book with me when I was in New York. If...
(l/have) your address, ... (l/send) you a postcard.
5. A: How was your holiday? Did you have a nice time?
B: It was OK, but (we/enjoy) it more if... (the weather/be) better.
6. I took a taxi to the hotel but the traffic was very bad.... (it/be) quicker if... (I/ walk).
7. I'm not tired. If... (l/be) tired, I'd go home now.
8. I wasn't tired last night. If... (l/be) tired, I would have gone home earlier.
Reference
Oley, Leonard. 2014. English for Midwifery Students: Conversation-Grammar-Reading.
Jakarta. EGC