PHYS 131 Fall 2017

Week 14 Recitation: Chapter 13: 10, 12, 20, 25 and Chapter 15: 3, 13

Chapter 13
10. A wall in a house contains a single window. The window consists of a single pane
of glass whose area is 0.16 m2 and whose thickness is 2.0 mm. Treat the wall as a slab of
the insulating material Styrofoam whose area and thickness are 18 m2 and 0.10 m,
respectively. Heat is lost via conduction through the wall and the window. The
temperature difference between the inside and outside is the same for the wall and the
window. Of the total heat lost by the wall and the window, what is the percentage lost by
the window?

REASONING The heat lost by conduction through the wall is Qwall and that lost
through the window is Qwindow. The total heat lost through the wall and window is
Qwall + Qwindow. The percentage of the total heat lost by the window is

 Qwindow 
=
Percentage   × 100% (1)
 Qwall + Qwindow 

The amount of heat Q conducted in a time t is given by

Q=
( k A∆T ) t (13.1)
L

where k is the thermal conductivity, A is the area, ∆T is the temperature difference,

and L is the thickness.

SOLUTION Substituting Equation (13.1) into Equation (1), and letting the symbols “S”
denote the Styrofoam wall and “G” the glass window, we have that
 Qwindow 
=
Percentage   × 100%
 Qwall + Qwindow 

 kG AG ( ∆T ) t   kG AG 
 LG   LG 
=  =× 100%   × 100%
 kS AS ( ∆T ) t kG AG ( ∆T ) t   kS AS + kG AG 
 +   L 
 LS LG   S LG 

Here we algebraically eliminated the temperature difference ∆T and the time t, since
they are the same in each term. According to Table 13.1 the thermal conductivity of
glass is kG = 0.80 J/ ( s ⋅ m ⋅ C° ) , while the value for Styrofoam is
kS = 0.010 J/ ( s ⋅ m ⋅ C° ) . The percentage of the total heat lost by the window is
 PHYS 131 Fall 2017
Week 14 Recitation: Chapter 13: 10, 12, 20, 25 and Chapter 15: 3, 13

 kG AG 
 LG 
Percentage 
=  × 100%
 kS AS + kG AG 
 L LG 
 S 



(
0.80 J/ ( s ⋅ m ⋅ C° )  0.16 m 2 ) 

 2.0 × 10−3 m 
  × 100% =
( ) ( )
97 %
 0.010 J/ ( s ⋅ m ⋅ C° )  18 m 0.80 J/ ( s ⋅ m ⋅ C° )  0.16 m 2
2

 + 
 0.10 m 2.0 × 10−3 m 

*12. Review Conceptual Example 5 before attempting this problem. To illustrate

the effect of ice on the aluminum cooling plate, consider the drawing shown here and the
data that it contains. Ignore any
limitations due to significant figures. (a) Calculate the heat per second per square meter
that is conducted through the ice–aluminum combination. (b) Calculate the heat per
second per square meter that would be conducted through the aluminum if the ice were
not present. Notice how much larger the answer is in (b) as compared to (a).

REASONING The energy Q conducted through a layer of material (thickness L and

surface area A) in a time t is Q =

( k A ∆T ) t (Equation 13.1), where ΔT is the
L
temperature difference between the two surfaces of area A and k is the thermal
conductivity of the material. The heat conducted per second per square meter of area
is
Q k ∆T
= (1)
At L
SOLUTION
a. Before Equation (1) can be applied to the ice-aluminum combination, the
temperature T at the interface must be determined. We find the temperature at the
interface by noting that the heat conducted through the ice must be equal to the heat
PHYS 131 Fall 2017
Week 14 Recitation: Chapter 13: 10, 12, 20, 25 and Chapter 15: 3, 13

conducted through the aluminum: Qice = Qaluminum. Applying Equation 13.1 to this
condition, we have
 kA∆Tt   kA∆Tt 
  =  (2)
 L ice  L aluminum
or

[ 2.2 J / (s ⋅ m ⋅ C°)] A[( −10.0 °C) − T ] t = [ 240 J / (s ⋅ m ⋅ C°)] A[T − ( −25.0 °C)] t
0.0050 m 0.0015 m
The factors A and t can be eliminated algebraically, and the thermal conductivities
are given in Table 13.1. Solving for T gives T = –24.959 °C for the temperature at
the interface.

Applying Equation (1) to the ice leads to

Q [2.2 J / (s ⋅ m ⋅ C°)][ ( −10.0 °C) − ( −24.959 °C)]
  = =6.58 × 103 J/(s ⋅ m 2 )
 ice
At 0.0050 m
Since heat is not building up in the materials, the rate of heat transfer per unit area is
the same throughout the ice-aluminum combination. Thus, this must be the heat per
second per square meter that is conducted through the ice-aluminum combination.

b. Applying Equation (1) to the aluminum in the absence of any ice gives:
Q [240 J/(s ⋅ m ⋅ C°)][ ( − 10.0 °C) − ( − 25.0 °C)]
  = = 2.40 × 106 J/(s ⋅ m 2 )
 At  Al 0.0015 m
PHYS 131 Fall 2017
Week 14 Recitation: Chapter 13: 10, 12, 20, 25 and Chapter 15: 3, 13

20. Light bulb 1 operates with a filament temperature of 2700 K, whereas light bulb 2
has a filament temperature of 2100 K. Both filaments have the same emissivity, and both
bulbs radiate the same power. Find the ratio A1/A2 of the filament areas of the bulbs.

REASONING According to Equation 6.10b, power P is the change in energy Q divided

by the time t during which the change occurs, or P = Q/t. The power radiated by a
filament is given by the Stefan-Boltzmann law as
Q
=
P = eσ T 4 A (13.2)
t

where e is the emissivity, σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature

(in kelvins), and A is the surface area. This expression will be used to find the ratio
of the filament areas of the bulbs.

SOLUTION Solving Equation (13.2) for the area, we have

P
A=
eσ T 4

Taking the ratio of the areas gives

P1
A1 e σT4
= 1 1
A2 P2
e2 σ T24
Setting e2 = e1, and P2 = P1, we have that

P1
A1
=
e1 σ T14
= =
T24 ( 2100 K=)4 0.37
A2 P1 T14 ( 2700 K )4
e1 σ T24
PHYS 131 Fall 2017
Week 14 Recitation: Chapter 13: 10, 12, 20, 25 and Chapter 15: 3, 13

25. ssm A person eats a dessert that contains 260 Calories. (This “Calorie” unit,
with a capital C, is the one used by nutritionists; 1 Calorie = 4186 J. See Section 12.7.)
The skin temperature of this individual is 36 °C and that of her environment is 21 °C. The
emissivity of her skin is 0.75 and its surface area is
1.3 m2. How much time would it take for her to emit a net radiant energy from her body
that is equal to the energy contained in this dessert?

REASONING According to the discussion in Section 13.3, the net power Pnet radiated
( )
is Pnet eσ A T 4 − T04 , where e is the emissivity, σ is the Stefan-
by the person=
Boltzmann constant, A is the surface area, and T and T0 are the temperatures of the
person and the environment, respectively. Since power is the change in energy per
unit time (see Equation 6.10b), the time t required for the person to emit the energy
Q contained in the dessert is t = Q/Pnet.

SOLUTION The time required to emit the energy from the dessert is

Q Q
=t =
(
Pnet eσ A T 4 − T 4
0 )
 4186 J 
The energy is Q = ( 260 Calories )   , and the Kelvin temperatures are
 1 Calorie 
T = 36 °C + 273 = 309 K and T0 = 21 °C + 273 = 294 K. The time is

( 260 Calories ) 
4186 J 

=t  1 Calorie  = 1.2 ×104 s
( 0.75) 5.67 ×10−8 (
J/ s ⋅ m ⋅ K
2
)(
4 

2 
)

4 4
1.3 m ( 309 K ) − ( 294 K ) 

PHYS 131 Fall 2017
Week 14 Recitation: Chapter 13: 10, 12, 20, 25 and Chapter 15: 3, 13

Chapter 15
3. ssm A system does 164 J of work on its environment and gains 77 J of heat in the
process. Find the change in the internal energy of (a) the system and (b) the environment.

REASONING Energy in the form of work leaves the system, while energy in the form
of heat enters. More energy leaves than enters, so we expect the internal energy of
the system to decrease, that is, we expect the change ∆U in the internal energy to be
negative. The first law of thermodynamics will confirm our expectation. As far as
the environment is concerned, we note that when the system loses energy, the
environment gains it, and when the system gains energy the environment loses it.
Therefore, the change in the internal energy of the environment must be opposite to
that of the system.

SOLUTION
a. The system gains heat so Q is positive, according to our convention. The system
does work, so W is also positive, according to our convention. Applying the first law
of thermodynamics from Equation 15.1, we find for the system that

As expected, this value is negative, indicating a decrease.

b. The change in the internal energy of the environment is opposite to that of the
system, so that ∆U environment = +87 J .
PHYS 131 Fall 2017
Week 14 Recitation: Chapter 13: 10, 12, 20, 25 and Chapter 15: 3, 13

13. ssm (a) Using the data presented in the accompanying pressure–volume graph,
estimate the magnitude of the work done when the system changes from A to B to C
along the path shown. (b) Determine whether the work is done by the system or on the
system and, hence, whether the work is positive or negative.

REASONING AND SOLUTION

a. Starting at point A, the work done during the first (vertical) straight-line segment
is

W1 = P1∆V1 = P1(0 m3) = 0 J

For the second (horizontal) straight-line segment, the work is

W2 = P2∆V2 = 10(1.0 × 104 Pa)6(2.0 × 10–3 m3) = 1200 J

For the third (vertical) straight-line segment the work is

W3 = P3∆V3 = P3(0 m3) = 0 J

For the fourth (horizontal) straight-line segment the work is

W4 = P4∆V4 = 15(1.0 × 104 Pa)6(2.0 × 10–3 m3) = 1800 J

The total work done is

W = W1 + W2 + W3 + W4 = +3.0 × 103 J

b. Since the total work is positive, work is done by the system .