Library Classes

Note:
Package is a collection of classes.
By default, java.lang package is imported in a Java program.
The user can create a data type by using a class.
The data type int is included in Integer wrapper class.
Wrapper class uses first letter in upper case.
String data is converted to float type by using Float.parseFloat(String) function.
Conversion from primitive type to wrapper object is called as autoboxing.
Each character oriented function uses a wrapper tag Character.

State whether the following statements are True/False

Java class library includes all the packages True
Wrapper classes belong to java.util package. False
Array is a non-primitive data type. True
Class is a composite data type. True
Integer.toString() converts integer data to String. True

Choose appropriate option for the following statements

Question 1
A package contains:
1. tags
2. classes ✓
3. data
4. arrays
Question 2
Each primitive data type belongs to a specific:
1. block
2. object
3. wrapper class ✓
4. none
Question 3
Automatic conversion of primitive data into an object of wrapper class is called:
1. autoboxing ✓
2. explicit conversion
3. shifting
4. none
Question 4
The parseInt() function is a member of:
1. integer wrapper class ✓
2. character wrapper class
3. boolean wrapper class
4. none
Question 5
valueOf() function converts:
1. Primitive type to String
2. String to primitive type ✓
3. character to String
4. None
Answer the following questions
Question 1
What is a package?
In Java, a package is used to group related classes. Packages are of 2 types:
 1. Built-In packages — These are provided by Java API
2. User-Defined packages — These are created by the programmers to efficiently
structure their code.
java.util, java.lang are a couple of examples of built-in packages.

Question 2
What is the significance of '*' while importing a package?
The asterisk(*) sign indicates that all the classes in the imported package can be used in
the program.

Question 3
Define a wrapper class.
Wrapper classes wrap the value of a primitive type in an object. Wrapper classes are
present in java.lang package. The different wrapper classes provided by Java are Boolean,
Byte, Integer, Float, Character, Short, Long and Double.

Question 4
Differentiate between:
(a) isUpperCase() and toUpperCase()
isUpperCase() toUpperCase()
It is used to check if the character given as its It is used to convert the character given as its
argument is in upper case or not. argument to upper case
Its return type is boolean Its return type is char
(b) parseInt() and toString() functions
parseInt() toString()
It converts a string to an integer It converts an integer to a string
Its return type is int Its return type is String
(c) primitive type and composite type data
Primitive Data Types Composite Data Types
Primitive Data Types are Java's fundamental data Composite Data Types are created by
types using Primitive Data Types
Primitive Data Types are built-in data types defined by Composite Data Types are defined by the
Java language specification programmer
Examples of Primitive Data Types are byte, short, int, Examples of Composite Data Types are
long, float, double, char, boolean Class and Array

Question 5(i)
int res = 'A';
What is the value of res?
Value of res is 65.

Question 5(ii)
Name the package that contains wrapper classes.
java.lang

Question 5(iii)
Write the prototype of a function check which takes an integer as an argument and returns a
character.
char check(int n)
Write the purpose of the following functions
Question 1
Float.parseFloat()
It is used to convert string data into float data.

Question 2
Double.toString()
It is used to convert double data to a string.

Question 3
Integer.valueOf()
It is used to convert string data into the Integer wrapper object.

Question 4
Character.isDigit()
It is used to check if the character given as its argument is a digit.

Question 5
Character.isWhitespace()
It is used to check if the character given as its argument is a whitespace.
Find the output of the following program snippets

Question 1
char ch = '*';
boolean b = Character.isLetter(ch);
System.out.println(b);
Output
false
Explanation
As Asterisk (*) is not a letter so Character.isLetter() method returns false.

Question 2
char c = 'A';
int n = (int) c + 32;
System.out.println((char)n);
Output
a
Explanation
int n = (int) c + 32 ⇒ 65 + 32 ⇒ 97
So, variable n get the value of 97. 97 is the ASCII code of small a so casting n to char, prints a to
the console.

Question 3
String s= "7";
int t =Integer.parseInt(s);
t=t+1000;
System.out.println(t);
Output
1007
Explanation
Integer.parseInt() converts "7" into an int value i.e. the decimal number 7. t+1000 adds the number
7 to 1000 giving 1007 as the output.
Question 4
char c = 'B';
int i = 4;
System.out.println(c+i);
System.out.println((int)c+i);
Output
70
70
Explanation
In the expression c + i, c is of type char and i is of type int. As int is the higher type so char gets
promoted to int. Thus, ASCII code of 'B' which is 66 is added to 4 giving the output as 70. This is
an example of implicit type conversion.
In the next expression (int)c + i, c which is of char type is explicitly casted to int. Again, ASCII code
of 'B' which is 66 is added to 4 giving the output as 70. This is an example of explicit type
conversion.

Question 5
char ch = 'y';
char chr = Character.toUpperCase(ch);
int p = (int) chr;
System.out.println(chr + "\t" + p);
Output
Y 89
Explanation
Character.toUpperCase()method converts small y to capital Y so chr gets the value of 'Y'. Casting
chr to int gives the ASCII code of 'Y' which is 89.

Question 6
int n = 97;
char ch = Character.toUpperCase((char)n);
System.out.println(ch + " Great Victory");
Output
A Great Victory
Explanation
97 is the ASCII code of small a so Character.toUpperCase((char)n) returns capital A which is
stored in ch.

Question 7
char ch = 'x'; int n = 5;
n = n + (int)ch;
char c = (char)n;
System.out.println((char)((int)c-26));
Output
c
Explanation
As ASCII code of 'x' is 120, so the expession n + (int)ch ⇒ 5 + 120 ⇒ 125. After that, the
expression (char)((int)c-26) ⇒ (char)(125 - 26) ⇒ (char)99 ⇒ 'c' as ASCII code of 'c' is 99. So, c is
the final output.

Question 8
char ch = 'A';
char chr = Character.toLowerCase(ch);
int n = (int)chr-32;
System.out.println((char)n + "\t" + chr);
Output
A a
Explanation
Character.toLowerCase() converts 'A' to 'a'. ASCII code of 'a' is 97. n becomes 65 — (int)chr-32 ⇒
97 - 32 ⇒ 65. 65 is the ASCII code of 'A'.

Java Programs
Question 1
Write a program in Java to input a character. Find and display the next 10 th character in the ASCII
table.
import java.util.Scanner;

public class TenthChar

{
public static void main(String args[]) {

Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter a character: ");
char ch = in.next().charAt(0);
char nextCh = (char)(ch + 10);
System.out.println("Tenth character from "
+ ch + " is " + nextCh);
}
}

Question 2
Write a program in Java to input a character. Display next 5 characters.
import java.util.Scanner;

public class FiveChars

{
public static void main(String args[]) {
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter a character: ");
char ch = in.next().charAt(0);

System.out.println("Next 5 characters from "

+ ch + " are:");

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

System.out.println(++ch);
}
}
}

Question 4
Write a program to input a set of 20 letters. Convert each letter into upper case. Find and display
the number of vowels and number of consonants present in the set of given letters.
import java.util.Scanner;
public class 20LetterSet {
 public static void main(String args[]) {
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter any 20 letters");
int vc = 0, cc = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
char ch = in.next().charAt(0);
ch = Character.toUpperCase(ch);
if (ch == 'A' ||
ch == 'E' ||
ch == 'I' ||
ch == 'O' ||
ch == 'U')
vc++;
else if (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z')
cc++;
}
System.out.println("Number of Vowels = " + vc);
System.out.println("Number of Consonants = " + cc);
}
}

Question 6
Write a program to input two characters from the keyboard. Find the difference (d) between their
ASCII codes. Display the following messages:
If d=0 : both the characters are same.
If d<0 : first character is smaller.
If d>0 : second character is smaller.
Sample Input :
D
P
Sample Output :
d= (68-80) = -12
First character is smaller
import java.util.Scanner;

public class ASCIIDiff

{
public static void main(String args[]) {
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter first character: ");
char ch1 = in.next().charAt(0);
System.out.print("Enter second character: ");
char ch2 = in.next().charAt(0);
int d = (int)ch1 - (int)ch2;
if (d > 0)
System.out.println("Second character is smaller");
else if (d < 0)
System.out.println("First character is smaller");
else
System.out.println("Both the characters are same");
}}