FM4017 Project 2023 - With Project Descriptions

FM4017 Project
Projects Fall 2023

This document describes the group projects. Please send an email to Lars.A.Tokheim@usn.no, specifying
your student number, your name, your programme and your preferred project tasks (where 1 is your
highest priority) – if possible give a priority to at least 6 projects). The deadline for choosing project is
Thursday 24 August at noon (12:00, Norwegian time). Please note that you need to have passed at least
40 credits to take part in a project. If you are an online students, i.e. not present on campus, please check
that the projects you select don’t require your presence on campus (this is indicated in the project
description). The abbreviation “res.” means “reserved” (as specified in the project description).
Student number: ____________________
Student name: ____________________
Programme (EET / EET-online / EPE / IIA / IIA-online / IIA-IM / PT / PT-online): _________________
ID Title Students Supervisor(s) Pri (1-6)

1 Computational modelling of oil–water PT Amaranath S. Kumara
two-phase flow in pipes
2 Simulation Of Oil Recovery Through EET, PT Britt M. E. Moldestad, Ali
Advanced Multilateral Wells Using Moradi
Dynamic Integrated Well-Reservoir
Models
3 Medium and Large Capacity Energy EET, EPE or Carlos F. Pfeiffer
Storage Systems for Sustainable PT students
Development (at least one
from EPE)
4 Optimal Scheduling of Temperature EET, EPE, Carlos F. Pfeiffer
Setpoints in Buildings for Energy IIA, PT (at
Saving least one
from IIA)
5 Use of multi-stage crossflow fluidised EET, PT Chandana Ratnayake
bed classifier for refractory wastes
6 Thermal Radiation from Hydrogen Jet EET, PT Dag Bjerketvedt, Mathias
Flames Henriksen
7 Induced currents in high voltage cables EPE Elin Fjeld
8 Life cycle assessment of an innovative EET, PT Eshetu Janka, Gamunu L.
CFIC® process comparing to traditional Samarakoon Arachchige
MBBR system for wastewater treatment
in Norway
9 Averaging level control IIA Finn Aakre Haugen
10 Performance Analysis of Flow Control PT, EET Geir Elseth and Soheila
Technologies in Reservoirs Using CO2 Taghavi Hosnaroudi
Enhanced Oil Recovery – Simulations
and Cost Estimation
11 Implementation of advanced control and IIA Gaurav Mirlekar
optimization algorithms for industrial
processes
12 Life cycle assessment (LCA) of EET, PT Gamunu Samarakoon
vermicomposting process Arachchige, Nabin Aryal,
Marianne Sørflaten Eikeland
13 Exploration of LoRaWAN Sensors and IIA Hans-Petter Halvorsen
Infrastructure for IoT Applications
14 Development of Mobile Application for IIA Hans-Petter Halvorsen
Integration of LoRaWAN Sensors and
Infrastructure
15 Subsea hydrogen storage for energy PT, EET Joachim Lundberg, Knut
storage Vågsæther
16 Thermal runaway propagation in Li-ion EET, EPE, Knut Vågsæther
battery systems PT
17 Adversarial machine learning attacks IIA (2-3 Leila Ben Saad
students)
18 Process simulation, cost estimation and Reserved Lars Erik Øi
comparison of CO2 capture using
carbonate or amine based solvents
19 CFD Simulation of Ammonia and PT, EET Mathias Henriksen, Dag
Hydrogen Jet Flames Bjerketvedt, Petar Bosnic
20 Life cycle assessment with openLCA EET, PT Marianne S. Eikeland,
and Ecoinvent database Gamunu L. S. Arachchige
21 Process simulation for biomethane EET, PT Nabin Aryal, Vafa Amadi
production using biofilm-based reactors
22 Alternative fuels for the maritime EET, PT Nabin Aryal
industry and its impact on flue gas
composition
23 Investigation of the Impact of Miscible EET, PT Nora C.I. Furuvik, Soheila
CO2 Injection on Reservoir Fluid Taghavi Hosnaroudi
Properties
24 Simulation of ammonia cracker process EET, PT Per Morten Hansen, Lars Erik
with HYSYS Øi
25 Experiments and simulations of a PT Rajan K Thapa, Rajan Jaiswal
bubbling fluidized bed reactor with side
nozzles as inlet flow boundary
conditions
26 Machine vision for autonomous driving IIA Roshan Sharma, Fredrik
with TurtleBot3 mobile rover Hansen
27 Machine learning assisted estimation of IIA Ru Yan, Saba Mylvaganam
flow-related parameters in multiphase
flow using ultrasonic flowmeters and
accelerometers on the USN flow rig
28 Correlations for the physical properties EET, PT Sumudu S. Karunarathne, Lars
and thermodynamic properties of liquid Erik Øi
mixtures (absorbents) in post-
combustion CO2 capture processes
29 Comparative analysis of energy system EPE Sambeet Mishra
models in terms of performance
30 Hardware set up of edge computing unit EPE Sambeet Mishra, Thomas
to simulate a microgrid Øyvang and Emil Ghieh
Melfald
31 Grid following converter with renewable EPE Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban
integrated power system
32 High-rate anaerobic digestion of EET Wenche Hennie Bergland,
pretreated sludge Thea Indrebø
Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, Campus Porsgrunn
FM4017 Project
Title: Computational modelling of oil–water two-phase flow in pipes
USN supervisor: Amaranath S. Kumara
External partner: None
Task background:
The simultaneous flow of oil and water in pipelines is a common occurrence in the chemical
and petroleum industry. The accurate prediction of velocity profile, pressure gradient and
void fraction in oil-water two-phase flow is of both scientific and technological interest.
However, very few studies were reported on this subject.
In this project, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques will be applied for the
simulation of oil-water two-phase flow in pipes. The model will be validated using the
experimental work performed by Kumara et al., 2010 (https://www-sciencedirect-
com.ezproxy2.usn.no/science/article/pii/S000925091000206X) and Kumara et al. 2009
(https://iopscience-iop-org.ezproxy2.usn.no/article/10.1088/0957-0233/20/11/114004/pdf).
The experiments have been performed in a 15 m long stainless-steel pipe section with
internal diameter 56 mm at room temperature and atmospheric outlet pressure. Exxsol D60
oil (density 790 kg/m3 and viscosity 1.64 mPa s) and water (density 996 kg/m3 and viscosity
1.00 mPa s) were used as test fluids. The pipe inclination was changed in the range from 5°
upward to 5° downward. The different flow regimes were determined based on visual
observations. The particle image velocimetry (PIV) was utilized to obtain non-invasive
instantaneous velocity measurements of the flow field. Based on the instantaneous local
velocities, mean velocities, root mean squared velocities and Reynolds stresses are
calculated, see Figure 1 and Figure 2 for typical experimental measurements.
Figure 1: Mean axial velocity, turbulence, and water volume fraction measurements for
horizontal oil-water flow at mixture velocity =0.50 m/s and water cut =0.50.
Figure 2: Comparison of pressure drop measurements at different mixture velocities for
horizontal oil–water flow.
Task description:
The main objective of this project is to develop computational model for oil-water flow in
pipes using OpenFOAM. The project includes the following key activities:
1. Perform in-depth literature study on computational models developed for two-phase

oil-water flow in pipes.
2. Implementation of computational model for oil-water flow pipe flow using
OpenFOAM. The model will incorporate the presence of interfacial friction,
turbulence damping effects and secondary flows etc. The advanced multiphase and
turbulence model correlations will be implemented in OpenFOAM.
3. Validation of CFD model based on the experimental work performed by Kumara et al.
2009 and 2010, see references above.
Student category: PT students
The task is suitable for students not present at the campus (e.g. online students): Yes
Practical arrangements:
All the practical issues will be discussed at the kick-off meeting.
Signatures:
Supervisor (date and signature):
Students (write clearly in all capitalized letters + date and signature):

FM4017 Project
Title: Simulation Of Oil Recovery Through Advanced Multilateral Wells Using Dynamic
Integrated Well-Reservoir Models
USN supervisor: Prof. Britt M. E. Moldestad and Ali Moradi
External partner: Equinor and SINTEF
Task background:
Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) is one of the most technologically advanced petroleum
regions in the world and has great potential to supply petroleum to the global market. To
secure the competitiveness of the NCS in the international market, OG21 (Oil and gas for the
21st century) has developed a national technology strategy for guiding research efforts in the
field of petroleum technology. The main strategic objective of OG21 is to obtain efficient,
secure, and environmentally friendly value creation from the Norwegian oil and gas resources
for several generations.
In line with the OG21 strategy, in collaboration with Equinor and SINTEF, there is an ongoing
research project called DigiWell (digital wells for optimal production and drainage) at USN.
The project aims at developing new methods, algorithms, and tools for the prediction of oil
production under uncertain conditions in order to maximize profit margins by minimizing
production costs. As a part of this project, it is of great interest to model and evaluate the
performance of advanced multilateral wells with the goal of improving oil recovery.
One of the main principles to achieve cost-effective and efficient oil recovery is maximizing
the well-reservoir contact by using long horizontal wells. One of the main challenges of using
such wells is early gas and/or water breakthrough due to the heel-toe effect and
heterogeneity along the horizontal wells. To tackle this problem, Advanced Multilateral Wells
(AMWs) are widely applied today. The term “advanced” refers to horizontal wells completed
with downhole Flow Control Devices (FCDs), Sand Control Screens (SCSs), Annular Flow
Isolation (AFI), as well as other equipment such as sensors, downhole pumps, and separators,
etc. Figure 3 illustrates the schematic of advanced well completions.
Figure 3. Schematic of Troll Q21 BYH advanced well completion [Halvorsen et al., 2012].
AMWs are capable of contacting a larger portion of the formation, as well as multiple discrete
oil-bearing zones. Besides, the production of unwanted fluids (water or gas) can be
considerably reduced by applying such wells. However, the drilling and completion costs of
AMWs are much higher compared to those of conventional wells. As a result, a significant
improvement in economic recovery is required to justify their utilization. To make this
judgment, having reliable simulation results describing the performance of AMWs across the
lifespan of the reservoir is crucial. Advanced wells are able to delay water and/or gas coning
and also reactively (or actively) choke the unwanted fluids back after the breakthrough. This
is a dynamic process and the simulation model must be able to capture the transient
interaction between the reservoir and well during this process. Therefore, for accurate
simulation of oil recovery through advanced multilateral wells, a dynamic fully-coupled well-
reservoir model is required. The aim of this project is to generate more insight into the long-
term performance of AMWs completed with different types of FCDs in waterflooding oil
recovery by developing and employing suitable dynamic well-reservoir models.
Task description:
The objective of this research project can be achieved by completing the following tasks:
1. Literature study
• Advanced multilateral wells
2. Developing suitable models for the simulation of oil recovery through AMWs
• OLGA which is a dynamic multiphase flow simulator in combination with ECLIPSE
which is a reservoir simulator should be used for this purpose.
3. Evaluating the performance of AMWs in waterflooding oil recovery
• The performance of AMWs completed with different types of FCDs as well as AFI
in the PUNQ-S3 reservoir with water injection should be simulated and analyzed.
4. If time permits, preparing a paper based on the results for the next SIMS conference is
highly appreciated.
Student category: EET and PT students
The task is suitable for online students (not present at the campus): No
Practical arrangements: Necessary software will be provided by USN.
Signatures:
Student (write clearly in all capitalized letters):
Student (date and signature):

FM4017 Project
Title: Optimal Scheduling of Temperature Setpoints in Buildings for Energy Saving
USN supervisor: Carlos F. Pfeiffer
External partner: Yodiwo (Greece)
Task background:
Yodiwo is a Swedish/Greek company that provides Energy Management Services for large
buildings. As part of an ongoing collaboration project with USN, it is important to analyse the
variables and strategies for energy savings in large buildings, especially energy used for
heating, cooling and air conditioning, which usually represent the largest consumption of
energy in buildings.
Task description:
This project requires several activities:
• Short literature review on publications and previous research work at USN addressing
modelling and strategies for energy saving in buildings.
• Analysis of data from existing buildings and data produced through simulation, to
determine the variables that have the most impact in energy consumption in heating
and air conditioning of large buildings.
• Determination of the time constant for heating/cooling of buildings, using available

data and different kind of models. Consider difference in time constants after long
periods of no occupancy (since the thermal mass of the buildings may take longer to
heat or cool down).
• Selection of additional variables for optimal temperature scheduling in large

buildings, including available weather forecast, energy prices forecast, building
occupancy, acceptable comfort ranges for interior temperatures, and possible
operation and policies constraints.
• Formulation of the scheduling of the set points temperatures of the building as an

optimization problem to minimize energy consumption and/or energy costs. The
variables, optimization horizon, cost function and constraints should be clearly
stated.
• Select a solver in Python to solve the previous models and compare the results
utilizing different scenarios.
• Propose an algorithm to automize the process.
• Writing a the project report and presenting the results.

Student category: (EET, EPE, IIA or PT students). It is recommended that at least one of the
students is from IIA.
The project requires frequent video conference meetings with the external partner company
engineers (Yodiwo).
Signatures:

FM4017 Project
Title: Medium and Large Capacity Energy Storage Systems for Sustainable Development
USN supervisor: Carlos F. Pfeiffer
External supervisor: Skagerak Energi (Jørgen Nyhus)
Task background:
To reduce carbon emissions and mitigate the impacts of climate change, there is a
worldwide tendency to the deployment of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind
power. However, the availability of renewable energy is intermittent, subject to weather
conditions, which make it essential to develop efficient and reliable energy storage systems
that can bridge the gap between production and demand. By storing excess energy during
periods of high production and releasing it during low production periods, energy storage
systems can help achieve a higher share of renewable energy in the overall energy mix, and
support sustainable development.
This goal of this project is to investigate the state of the art (in research and application) of
medium and large capacity energy storage systems and analyse which of these technologies
are more promising to be applied in the South-East region of Norway (Telemark and
Vestfold).
Task description:
This project requires several activities:
• Literature review on publications about research and applications of different energy

storage systems, including compress air systems, pumped-storage hydroelectricity,
gravity energy storage (for example lifting weights or different materials in
abandoned mines), fly wheels energy storage (inertial batteries), batteries banks,
hydrogen production and storage, etc. Thermal storage systems are not included in
this project.
• An analysis of the articles reviewed to stablish advantages and disadvantages of each

technology, including capital investment for megawatt-hour of energy stored,
requirements, installation, operation constraints, etc.
• Research on available documents and data describing the local needs for energy
storage in the South-East part of Norway (Telemark and Vestfold).
• Identify the most viable technologies for energy storage that could be deployed in
the South-East part of Norway, considering economic, geographic, and weather
aspects.
• Write a project report and present the results.

Student category: EET, EPE or PT students. It is recommended that at least one of the
students is from EPE.
Signatures:

FM4017 Project
Title: Use of multi-stage crossflow fluidised bed classifier for refractory wastes
USN supervisor: Chandana Ratnayake
External partner: Franz Otto von Hafenbrädl (SINTEF Tel-Tek)
Task background:
The classification and separation of particles hold a pivotal role within the framework of
circular economy practices. This essential function enables the recovery of reusable
elements and components from waste streams, thereby ensuring the ongoing and
sustainable flow of these processes. Particles from refractory waste, specifically those with a
size less than 5–10 mm, are commonly categorized as fine powders or bulk solids. Their
behaviour is primarily influenced by collective statistical characteristics rather than the
attributes of individual particles. Unfortunately, due to the limited fundamental
understanding of fine particle behaviour under varying process conditions, several universal
challenges persist in the realm of particulate material handling and processing.
The current state of particle separation methods has not sufficiently evolved to provide
readily available solutions for the effective treatment of fine refractory waste. This
deficiency is negatively affecting circular economy aspects across multiple industries. It
hampers the efficient valorisation of reclaimed raw materials from diverse by-streams and
industrial waste applications, posing a significant obstacle to the optimal utilization of these
resources.
Task description:
The project is focused on using previously developed multi-stage crossflow fluidised bed
classifier [1] for refractory waste materials to sort them into predefined size classes. It
involves relevant literature study to recognise the state-of-the art of particle separation
methods/technologies and laboratory scale test trials using the sample materials to develop
direct and customised sorting methods. The selection of Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) simulation techniques for enhancing the current configuration will hinge on the
candidates' individual expertise and areas of interest.
Student category: EET and/or PT students
The task is suitable for students not present at the campus (e.g. online students): Yes/No
The test samples will be provided by SINTEF. The powder testing facilities at SINTEF Tel-Tek
(Powder Hall) will be used for the project activities. USN will provide other requirements
(software licenses, office rooms, etc).
Signatures:

Ref:
1. C. K. Jayarathna, M. Balfe, B.M.E. Moldestad, L.A. Tokheim, 'Improved multi-stage
cross-flow fluidized bed classifier', Powder Technology, Volume 342, 2019, Pages
621-629, ISSN 0032-5910, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2018.10.026.
FM4017 Project
Title: Thermal Radiation from Hydrogen Jet Flames
USN supervisor: Prof. Dag Bjerketvedt and Assoc Prof. Mathias Henriksen
External partner: HYDROGENi and SH2IFT-2
Task background:
There is a constant search for technology and products to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Hydrogen has become increasingly popular as alternative fuels and for storing energy.
However, hydrogen poses a risk since they are flammable and thus can potentially cause
severe damage to infrastructure and humans. This project's main task is to experimentally
study the thermal radiation of hydrogen jet flames and compare the results with the
HyRAM-code.
Task description:
• Formulate problem descriptions.
• Literature review on the hazards of hydrogen leaks
• Assemble the experimental jet flame set-up in the laboratory.
• Perform jet flame experiments with two different heat flux sensors.
• Simulate the experiment using the HyRAM code.
• Model flow rates versus cylinder volume and pressure for the set-up.
Is the task suitable for students not present at the campus (e.g., online students)? No
Signatures:

FM4017 Project
Title: Induced currents in high voltage cables
USN supervisor: Elin Fjeld
External partner: USN Research Group - Electrical Power Systems
Task background:
High voltage cables have different designs, depending on the application. The figure to the left
shows a single-phase high voltage cable design which has been used in the underground
distribution grid in Norway for more than 30 years. If the cable is grounded in both ends (and
so forms a closed loop where an induced current can flow), one must ensure that the total
cross-sectional area of the Cu screen and Al laminate (applied to prevent radial water ingress)
are properly dimensioned, and that these layers have good electrical contact. Despite the long
use of this type of cable, mistakes are unfortunately made which might cause local
overheating and cable failure, as seen in the figure to the right (taken from the Follo railway).
[Nexans] [BaneNor]
Task description:
The students should investigate the induced current in a high voltage cable system grounded
in both ends. This should involve:
• Investigate what the cable standard says about screen cross-section and how much
the Al laminate will increase the cross-section.
• Analytical calculations of the induced current and power loss for different cable
dimensions, cable configurations, load currents etc.
• COMSOL simulations of the heat generation and heat dissipation to find possible
loading of cables grounded in one/two ends and compare with tabulated values from
cable manufacturer.
• Perform experiments to verify the results.
• Give a description of the initial cable configuration of the Follo railway and use the
results from calculations/experiments/simulations to explain what caused the cable
problems. Describe the new, improved configuration.
Student category: EPE
Is the task suitable for students not present at the campus? No

A lab arrangement with high voltage cables is available in the high current lab at USN. USN
also has licence to the simulation tool COMSOL.
Signatures:

FM4017 Project
Title: Life cycle assessment of an innovative CFIC® process comparing to traditional MBBR
system for wastewater treatment in Norway
USN supervisor: Eshetu Janka and Gamunu L. Samarakoon Arachchige
External partner: Biowater Technology (Shuai Wang and Anirudh Bhanu)

(https://www.biowater.no/ )
Task background:
MBBR technology has been invented and developed in Norway since 1980s and been
implemented worldwide for various wastewater treatment. Biowater Technology as one of
the major MBBR technology suppliers has delivered over 150 plants in over 10 countries
since 2007. Based on the state of art MBBR solution, Biowater has also developed an
innovative Continuously Flow Intermittent Cleaning (CFIC®) biofilm process, a more compact
and highly efficient solution.
To align with UN’s sustainable development goals and EU’s green deal initiatives, low carbon
emission and energy neutral wastewater treatment solutions will be highly desired and
promoted. For certain projects in Norway, prioritization and emphasis for wastewater
process selection are evaluated based on parameters such as: Chemical and energy
consumption; Cleaning beyond the minimum requirements in the discharge permit;
Footprint (compactness / area and building requirements); Complexity and skill
requirements, operational stability, and robustness; Investment and operating costs. To
verify Biowater’s solution over traditional technologies in above mentioned criteria, a LCA
analysis shall be applied.
Life cycle assessment (LCA): LCA is commonly referred as a methodology used to evaluate
the environmental impact of a product, process, or activity throughout its entire lifecycle,
from raw material extraction to production, use, and disposal.
The goal of LCA is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the environmental footprint
of a product or process, helping businesses, researchers, and policymakers make more
informed decisions about sustainability and resource management.
Task description:
• Understand the technologies of MBBR and CFIC

• Visit actual wastewater treatment sites using MBBR and CFIC
• Define goal and scope of the study
• Perform LCA screening to compare the impacts of MBBR and CFIC Technology
• Collect samples and perform analysis of all required parameters to perform LCA screening
(optional)
• Draw conclusions to improve impacts of CFIC
Student category: EET or PT students
The task is suitable for students not present at the campus (e.g. online students): No
Practical arrangements: Data collection, analysis, and treatment plants site visit
Signatures:

FM4017 Project
Title: Averaging level control
USN supervisor: Finn Aakre Haugen, dosent/professor (finn.haugen@usn.no)
Task background:
Averaging level control is important in e.g. the inlet part of water resource recovery
facilitites (water treatment plants) and separators in the oil and gas production. A number of
portable laboratory buffer tanks have been built at USN in Porsgrunn to test and
demonstrate averaging level control. The master project is based on one of these tanks.
Task description:
• Relevant literature studies and case studies.
• Mathematical modeling.
• Simulator implementation.
• Design and implementation of relevant state estimators and controllers applied to
both the simulator and the real process.
Student category: IIA
The task is suitable for students not present at the campus (e.g. online students): Yes,
assuming the experimental part is accomplished by project members who can work on
campus.
Experiments must be accomplished on one of the tanks at USN in Porsgrunn. However, a
substantial part of the project can/should be based on a simulator of the tank, and this part
can be accomplished off campus.
Signatures:

FM4017 Project
Title: Performance Analysis of Flow Control Technologies in Reservoirs Using CO2 Enhanced
Oil Recovery – Simulations and Cost Estimation
USN supervisor: Associate Professor Geir Elseth and Soheila Taghavi Hosnaroudi
External partner: InflowControl AS
Task background:
Carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) offers a potential solution to mitigate the
effects of anthropogenic CO2 and to reduce the direct CO2 emissions from stationary sources
into the atmosphere (Safi et al., 2016). The captured CO2 can be injected into the depleted oil
fields or saline aquifers, or into the oil fields for storage and/or enhanced oil recovery (EOR).
To improve the sweep efficiency of CO2 flooding, applying the alternating injection of CO2 and
water is a common practice (WAG). However, the injected CO2 can be reproduced without
contributing to EOR. This is due to the breakthrough of CO2 into the well. Also, the corrosive
mixture of CO2 and water can be produced from the production well. This may cause damages
to the pipeline and process equipment on the platform. Advanced wells completed with flow
control technologies are able to mitigate these problems. They may reduce or stop the
reproduction of CO2 from the zones with CO2 breakthrough and reduce the production of CO2
water mixture. Utilization of advanced wells results in a better distribution of CO2 in the
reservoir, increased EOR, larger storage capacity and more CO2 storage are achieved.
The main objective of this project is modelling, simulation and cost estimation of CCUS in a
heterogenous reservoir using CO2 EOR in combination with advanced wells. The simulation
models will be developed using the commercial software Computer Modelling Group, CMG,
by utilizing different available modules. Builder and STARS modules are planned to be used in
this project.
Task description:
The objective of the research project can be achieved by completing the following tasks:
1. Comprehensive literature study
• Reservoir rock and fluid properties
• Improved oil recovery (IOR) and EOR methods by focusing on CO2 water
alternating gas (WAG)-EOR
• Miscible CO2 EOR mechanism and Potentials
• Advanced wells and their impact on increased EOR
• CO2 and reservoir fluids characteristics
• CO2 storage in oil reservoirs and challenges
• Study the parameters affecting on CCUS economic.
2. Modelling and Simulation

• Develop a model for oil production using CO2-EOR in the CMG software.
• Simulate the oil production by using advanced wells.
• Evaluate the performance of different flow control technologies in advanced
wells.
3. Execute cost estimation and evaluate the impact of different parameters on rate of
return.
4. If time allows prepare a paper based on the obtained results for the next SIMS
conference is highly appreciated.
Student category:
EET and PT students. It is an advantage for the students to have a good knowledge in Fluid
Mechanics.
Is the task suitable for students not present at the campus (e.g. online students)? No
Necessary software will be provided by USN.
References
Safi, R., Agarwal, R. K., & Banerjee, S. (2016). Numerical simulation and optimization of CO2 utilization for
enhanced oil recovery from depleted reservoirs. Chemical Engineering Science, 144, 30-38.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2016.01.021
Signatures:

FM4017 Project
Title: Implementation of advanced control and optimization algorithms for industrial
processes
USN supervisor: Gaurav Mirlekar, Associate Professor
External partner: SINTEF
Task background:
European union (EU) has set an ambitious target to reach carbon neutrality by 2050, which
pushed industries to draw the roadmap that would lead them to achieve this goal. Industrial
processes, for example post-combustion carbon capture (PCC) and hydrogen production
technologies play an important role in addressing climate and energy challenges. These
processes are typically simulated in a process simulation software platform based on first-
principle models obtained from mass and energy balances of the system. The
implementation of advanced control and optimization methods facilitate automation and
operation of these processes in an efficient manner. The main objective of the thesis is to
design an advanced control and optimization framework considering Model Predictive
Control (MPC) or biologically inspired strategies, such as, genetic algorithm or heuristic
methods for industrial processes, for example, PCC or proton exchange membrane (PEM)
water electrolyser for hydrogen production. Key indicators, such as efficiency, carbon
emissions and cost should be considered in the performance analysis.
Task description:
1. Literature review on industrial processes, such as post-combustion carbon capture
(PCC) or proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolyser for hydrogen
production.
2. Literature review on advanced control and optimization algorithms/methods.
3. Evaluate possible process configuration in simulation software, such as Aspen HYSYS.
4. Design the system and program a code to enable advanced algorithm
implementation using MATLAB or Python tools.
5. Perform process simulation, conduct optimization and critically analyse the
performance.
Student category: IIA students
Practical arrangements: A computer and software are required to perform simulation,

modelling, optimization, and control tasks.
Signatures:
Supervisor (date and signature): Gaurav Mirlekar 09.08.2023

FM4017 Project
Title: Life cycle assessment (LCA) of vermicomposting process
USN supervisor: Gamunu Samarakoon Arachchige, Nabin Aryal, Marianne Sørflaten Eikeland
External partner: Edelmark AS
Task background:
Vermicompost: Worm-compost (Vermi-compost) is the product of earthworm digestion and

aerobic decomposition of organic material using the activities of micro- and macro-
organisms and the composting earthworms at room temperature. This process is known as
“vermicomposting”.
Founded in 2020 as AS, Edelmark has been playing a leading role in vermicomposting
research here in Norway after established as a sole proprietorship since 2013. In the
company’s initial phase, its core business has been to research, develop and promote small-
scale earthworm composting (vermicompost) and organic plant cultivation solutions at a
small farm in Hokksund. Edelmark currently produces a four years research result liquid
fertilizer product based on vermicomposting process and have focus on research and
development on solid composting product. Currently, Edelmark AS is working on a research
project called ‘’Different bio wastes to diverse products’’ in cooperation with USN and
Høgskolen i Innlandet (INN). The main objective of this project is to test and document
conversion of different types of organic wastes into organic fertilizers and soil amendments
through earthworm composting, thereby establishing efficient and profitable production of
nutrient-rich and eco-friendly organic products in solid and liquid form
Life cycle assessment (LCA): Life Cycle Assessment is commonly referred as a methodology
used to evaluate the environmental impact of a product, process, or activity throughout its
entire lifecycle, from raw material extraction to production, use, and disposal.
The goal of LCA is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the environmental footprint
of a product or process, helping businesses, researchers, and policymakers make more
informed decisions about sustainability and resource management.
Task description:
The primary aim of the project is to conduct a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of vermicompost
products in order to discern their environmental impact. To achieve this objective, the
following tasks have been outlined:
- Conduct an extensive literature review of the vermicompost process to pinpoint
potential environmental emissions associated with the process.
- Perform a literature review of modelling methodologies used for LCA within the
vermicompost process or similar industries.
- Develop an LCA model for the vermicompost process.
- Identify environmental impact potentials stemming from the process and determine
key areas of concern within the process stream. Subsequently, propose mitigation
techniques designed to alleviate these impacts.
Is the task suitable for students not present at the campus (e.g. online students)?: Yes
OpenLCA software and the Ecoinvent database are the tools of choice for LCA. The relevant
process descriptions and analyse data are available by Edelmark.
Signatures:

FM4017 Project
Title: Exploration of LoRaWAN Sensors and Infrastructure for IoT Applications
USN supervisor: Hans-Petter Halvorsen
External partner: Altibox
Task background:
Data from different LoRaWAN Sensors located at USN needs to be stored and monitored. In
this project the LoRaWan Infrastructure from Altibox should be used and data should be
stored and monitored.
Since the autumn of 2018, the Altibox and Altibox partnership has expanded the LoRaWAN
Sensor Network in Norway and currently has coverage for more than 1,000,000 households
in 100 municipalities. The LoRaWAN Sensor Network is a natural extension of the fiber
network with major synergies of established infrastructure and the development continues.
Altibox and Partners now offer IoT Access as a commercial service, so that more people can
use the Sensor Network for their own sensors. More information:
https://www.altibox.no/iot/
Task description:
Examples of activities that should be performed:
• Get an overview of LoRaWan and other relevant protocols used in IoT in general
and in context of this work.
• Get an overview of the Altibox LoRaWan Infrastructure.
• Logging and Monitoring of Data using available LoRaWAN sensors.
• The system should be Open-source and should be available at GitHub with proper
documentation.
• Microsoft Teams and GitHub should be used during project planning and
development.
• The system should be properly documented in form of a technical report,
documentation on GitHub and e.g., on YouTube.
More project details and activities will be discussed in collaboration with Altibox when the
project starts. For online students it is possible to adapt the activities and the content of the
project so it can be adjusted to the activities that are relevant for the company that you
work in.
Student category: IIA (both for campus students and online students)
The task is suitable for students not present at the campus (e.g., online students): Yes, but
some time on campus to install and configure the hardware may be expected, then most of
the project can be done online. A mix of Campus students and Online students is also
possible.
Practical arrangements: None

Signatures:

FM4017 Project
Title: Development of Mobile Application for Integration of LoRaWAN Sensors and
Infrastructure
USN supervisor: Hans-Petter Halvorsen
External partner: Altibox
Task background:
Data from different LoRaWAN Sensors located at USN needs to be stored and monitored. In
this project the LoRaWan Infrastructure from Altibox should be used and data should be
stored and monitored. Since the autumn of 2018, the Altibox and Altibox partnership has
expanded the LoRaWAN Sensor Network in Norway and currently has coverage for more
than 1,000,000 households in 100 municipalities. Altibox and Partners now offer IoT Access
as a commercial service, so that more people can use the Sensor Network for their own
sensors. More information: https://www.altibox.no/iot/
Task description:
Examples of activities that should be performed:
• Get an overview of LoRaWan and other relevant protocols in general and in
context of this work.
• Get an overview of the Altibox LoRaWan Infrastructure.
• Get an overview of Mobile Development in general and in context of this work.
• Development of Mobile Application for Monitoring of Data from available
LoRaWAN sensors.
• The system should be Open-source and should be available at GitHub with proper
documentation.
• Microsoft Teams and GitHub should be used during project planning and
development.
• The system should be properly documented in form of a technical report,
documentation on GitHub and e.g., on YouTube.
More project details and activities will be discussed in collaboration with Altibox when the
project starts. For online students it is possible to adapt the activities and the content of the
project so it can be adjusted to the activities that are relevant for the company that you
work in.
Student category: IIA (both for Campus students and Online students)
Is the task suitable for students not present at the campus (e.g., online students)?
Yes, but some time on campus to install and configure the hardware may be expected, then
most of the project can be done online. A mix of Campus students and Online students is
also possible.
Practical arrangements: None

Signatures:

FM4017 Project
Title: Subsea hydrogen storage for energy storage
USN supervisor: Joachim Lundberg (co-supervisor: Knut Vågsæther)
External partner: Green Platform project
Task background:
Hydrogen is a key energy carrier in the global green transition, enabling decarbonisation of
industry, heavy transport and can act as a large scale energy storage. To secure stable supply
of hydrogen, safe large scale storage is needed. Storing hydrogen subsea is a novel concept
and provides a safer and more economical solution for storing large volumes of energy close
to demand centres vs onshore storage. Led by TechnipFMC, a Norwegian consortium
representing the entire supply chain aims to develop an industrial size demonstrator in
Sørfjorden. The project goal is to qualify the subsea storage system from small scale
prototype to Technology Readiness Level 8 (ready for commercial projects) as well as
prepare the supply chain for industrialization and efficient scale up for a rapidly growing
hydrogen market. However, storing hydrogen subsea represents a new safety issue and
needs to be clarified.
Task description:
• Perform a literature study on subsea gas releases.
• Use models to evaluate accidental hydrogen releases from subsea storages.
• Perform preliminary experiments on subsea releases.
Student category: PT, EET
Practical arrangements: -
Signatures:

FM4017 Project
Title: Thermal runaway propagation in Li-ion battery systems
USN supervisor: Knut Vågsæther
External partner: Corvus Energy
Task background:
A Li-ion battery system consists of several modules which in turn has a number of Li-ion
battery cells. External or internal effects can cause one cell to experience a thermal event
where thermal runaway is the most violent. The safety of Li-ion battery systems depends on
cell-to-cell or module-to-module thermal runaway propagation as the increase in released
energy from the batteries will pose an increasing hazard. This project will compile existing
work on research into thermal runaway propagation to get a total image of the mechanisms
controlling the events. Modelling of the processes will help the understanding of these
mechanisms.
Task description:
- Literature review on thermal runaway propagation in Li-ion battery systems
- Literature review on initiation of thermal runaway
- Mathematical modelling of thermal runaway propagation, based on heat transfer
between cells and from vented gasses as well as electrical effects on/from the failing
cell.
Student category: EET, EPE and PT students
As a general rule, the students are entitled to 15-20 hours of supervision. This includes
necessary time for the supervisor to prepare for supervision meetings (reading material to
be discussed, etc).
Signatures:

FM4017 Project
Title: Adversarial machine learning attacks
USN supervisor: Leila Ben Saad
External partner: -
Task background:
Recent studies reported the need for better protecting machine learning from a growing
threat, which is adversarial machine learning [1]. The latter is a technique where malicious
actors attempt to trick machine learning models by introducing small perturbations to the
model inputs in order to manipulate the behavior of machine learning algorithms and deceive
the model's output. Adversarial attacks can easily fool machine learning algorithms in making
predictions, potentially leading to catastrophic consequences in critical applications, which
have a reduced tolerance for erroneous predictions. Therefore, there has been an increasing
need to develop robust algorithms to defend machine learning in several applications from
adversarial attacks.
Task description:
The aim of this project is to study adversarial machine learning and implement some
adversarial attacks. In this project, you will do the following tasks:
1- Inspect the state-of-the-art of adversarial machine learning.

2- Study the classification of adversarial machine learning attacks.
3- Implement some adversarial machine learning attacks in a specific application e.g.,
intrusion detection systems, images, ….
4- Evaluate the performance of machine learning algorithms under specific adversarial
attacks and give insight about the security vulnerabilities.
5- Discuss the existing defenses proposed in the literature to these specific adversarial
attacks.
Requirements:
Advanced coding skills in Python. Knowledge about linear algebra, and machine learning
toolbox PyTorch may be needed.
References:
[1] Leon Reznik, "Adversarial Machine Learning," in Intelligent Security Systems: How Artificial
Intelligence, Machine Learning and Data Science Work For and Against Computer Security, IEEE,
pp.315-335, 2022.
Student category: 2-3 students from IIA
Is the task suitable for students not present at the campus (e.g. online students)? Yes
Signatures:

FM4017 Project
Title: Process simulation, cost estimation and comparison of CO2 capture using carbonate or
amine based solvents
USN supervisor: Lars Erik Øi
External partner: TCM Mongstad (Koteswara Putta)
Task background:
CO2 can be captured from atmospheric exhaust by the help of amine solutions. Master
projects from 2007 at the University of South-Eastern Norway and Telemark University
College have included cost estimation in a spreadsheet connected to an Aspen HYSYS
simulation. The cost estimation can be performed by different tools. USN has collaborated
with different companies (SINTEF Tel-Tek, Equinor, Aker Solutions, Norcem, Yara and TCM
Mongstad) working on CO2 capture.
Task description:
The general aim is to develop further models in Aspen HYSYS and/or Aspen Plus for
calculation, equipment dimensioning, cost estimation and comparison of CO2 capture by
atmospheric exhaust gas absorption into an amine or carbonate solution. A special aim is to
compare carbonate and amine as solvents.
1. Process description of a typical CO2 capture process by absorption into an amine solution
(preferably MEA) and/or a carbonate solution and implementation in Aspen HYSYS/ Aspen
Plus. A literature search on cost comparison of CO2 capture based on amine and carbonate
based solvents.
2. Aspen HYSYS and/or Aspen Plus simulations of different alternatives. Calculation of

dependencies of different process parameters.
3. Process equipment dimensioning and equipment cost estimation using some of the
alternatives, preferably using spreadsheet facilities. Cost optimization of different
parameters for some of the alternatives.
4. Evaluation of possibilities for further work on cost comparisons of CO2 capture carbonate
and amine based solvents.
Student category:
The project is reserved for the student group Mohammad Emadian (student number
259025), SeyedAmin Hatami (259009), Ali Reza Pirouzfar (258977), Matin Teymouribavan
(259002).
Signatures:

FM4017 Project
Title: CFD Simulation of Ammonia and Hydrogen Jet Flames
USN supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Mathias Henriksen, Prof. Dag Bjerketvedt, Stip. Petar Bosnic
External partner: HYDROGENi
Task background:
There is a constant search for technology and products to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Hydrogen and ammonia have become increasingly popular as alternative fuels and for
storing energy. However, both hydrogen and ammonia pose a risk since they are flammable,
and thus can potentially cause severe damage to infrastructure and humans. The main task
of this project is to study the flame length and radiative properties of hydrogen and
ammonia numerically using the CFD tool OpenFOAM.
Task description:
• Formulate problem descriptions
• Literature review on experimental and numerical jet flame studies
• Simulate jet fires using the CFD tool OpenFOAM
Practical arrangements: The student should have taken or be enrolled in the CFD course.
Signatures:

FM4017 Project
Title: Life cycle assessment with openLCA and Ecoinvent database
USN supervisor: Marianne S. Eikeland (main supervisor) and Gamunu L. S. Arachchige
External partner: -
Task background:
Life cycle assessment is a method used to assess the environmental impact of a product, a
process, or a service. Over the past years, USN has developed knowledge and experience with
the LCA method and is using the software openLCA for the simulations. Developing skills in
LCA is important for the industry, and many companies will acquire knowledge in
environmental accounting and LCA in the future. One main goal of this project is to provide
students with knowledge and skills in LCA, which will be useful in a master’s thesis and relevant
for future job opportunities.
GreenDelta openLCA has provided several case studies that can be used for the master project
free of choice, e.g.:
• Environmental impacts of bike sharing services
• Environmental impacts of different types of scooters
• Environmental impacts of longer and heavier vehicles
• Environmental impacts of hooded sweaters
In this project the students will study the LCA of their chosen product or service, learn to
perform a LCA with openLCA using the Ecoinvent database. Sensitivity analyses can be
performed to study changes in the energy supply, transport alternatives, material composition
and choice of methodology.
Task description:
The primary aim of the project is to conduct a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a chosen case
to evaluate the environmental impact of the product/process/service. The following tasks
have been outlined:
• Give a review of the LCA methodology.
• Conduct a literature review of the product, process, or service to pinpoint potential
environmental emissions associated with the product/process/service.
• Describe the Ecoinvent databases and relevant methodologies suitable for the study.
• Perform the chosen case study in openLCA.
• Perform sensitivity analysis with different relevant parameters to identify
uncertainties in the study.
Student category: EET or PT
openLCA is a free software to be downloaded from https://www.openlca.org/
Ecoinvent databases are licenced and will be provided by the supervisor.
Signatures:

FM4017 Project
Title: Process simulation for biomethane production using biofilm-based reactors
USN supervisor: Nabin Aryal (co-supervisor: Vafa Ahmadi)
External partner: -
Task background:
Microbial biofilms offer several benefits in bioprocessing and play an essential role in several
industrial and remediation processes. Biofilm formation at abiotic surfaces leads to interaction
between the two, often resulting in an electron exchange from solid surfaces. Biofilm-
containing carrier material-based wastewater treatment, trickle bed reactor, and microbial
electrosynthesis (MES) from CO2 are some emerging technologies based on microbial biofilm.
Biofilm-based technology needs to be optimized for the commercial application of industrially
relevant products. The metabolic modelling of a biofilm-based reactor allows for an in-depth
analysis of mechanisms to reduce CO2 within a microorganism, thereby supporting the
efficiency of the MES reactor. This MSc project will investigate the electron transfer
mechanism in biofilm for methane production using relevant pathways such as
hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. Students will apply one of the simulation tools to
investigate the electron transfer mechanism in biofilm.
Task description:
1. A literature review study on the modelling of the biofilm-based reactor.
2. Simulation of hydrogenotrophic methanogen pathways.
3. MSc thesis writing and preparation for scientific article writing.
Signatures:

FM4017 Project
Title: Alternative fuels for the maritime industry and its impact on flue gas composition
USN supervisor: Nabin Aryal
External partner: Kongsberg Digital (Pramod Ghimire)
Task background:
The maritime sector plays a significant role in international transportation and trade. That also
results in a substantial contribution to gas emissions such and nitrogen oxide (NOx), sulphur
oxide (SOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC). Therefore, maritime industries are
searching for an alternative to reduce global GHG emissions. Some of the selected choices are
applications of alternative renewable fuels such as Biogas, methanol and ammonia. This MSc
thesis will investigate the applications of renewable fuels, mostly biomethane, methanol and
ammonia, and compare gas composition emissions. Students will apply one of the simulation
tools to investigate the composition and propose alternatives to minimize the emission.
Task description:
1. A literature review study on the application of biogas, methanol, and ammonia as a
fuel
2. Simulation and comparative investigation on alternative fuels application
3. Research on flue gas composition after the application of alternative fuels
4. MSc thesis writing and preparation for scientific article writing
Signatures:

FM4017 Project
Title: Investigation of the Impact of Miscible CO2 Injection on Reservoir Fluid Properties
USN supervisors: Associate Professor Nora C.I. Furuvik and Soheila Taghavi Hosnaroudi
External partner: InflowControl AS
Task background:
Carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) offers a potential solution to mitigate the
effects of anthropogenic CO2 and to reduce the direct CO2 emissions from stationary sources
into the atmosphere (Safi et al., 2016). The captured CO2 can be injected into depleted oil
fields or saline aquifers for storage and/or enhanced oil recovery (EOR).
Figure 1 shows a cross section of a reservoir with CO2 Water-Alternating-Gas (WAG) in which
oil and CO2 displacement is illustrated. The interaction between oil and CO2 can be either
immiscible and miscible, or a multi-contact miscible process (Gozalpour et al., 2005). If the
injection process is higher than minimum miscible pressure (MMP), the CO2 is miscible in thr
oil. The injection process may help in maintaining the reservoir pressure above the MMP of
the oil, securing a more desirable miscible flood. The best effect of EOR is achieved when CO2
is miscible in oil in the reservoir.
Figure 1. Cross section of a reservoir with CO2 WAG.(Halland et al., 2012)
To analyse the phase behaviour of the reservoir gas and oil systems, to characterize the
reservoir fluids, and to generate PVT (pressure-volume-temperature) data for simulation
studies are of great importance in this context.
The main objective of this project is to investigate the impact of miscible CO2 Injection on the
reservoir fluid properties.
The commercial software Computer Modelling Group, CMG, will be used for this project.
WinProp and GEM are the modules that are planned to be used in this project.
WinProp is CMG's equation of state multiphase equilibrium property package featuring fluid
characterization, matching of laboratory data through regression, phase diagram
construction, and more.
Task description:
The objective of the research project can be achieved by completing the following tasks:
1. Comprehensive literature study on
• Reservoir rock and fluid properties
• Improved oil recovery (IOR) and EOR methods by focusing on CO2 water alternating
gas (WAG)-EOR
• Miscible CO2-EOR mechanism and Potentials
• CO2 and its effect on reservoir fluids
• Thermodynamic properties of hydrocarbon fluids
• PVT experiments
• CCUS; technical and economic aspects
2. Matching equation of state (EOS) for the available experimental PVT data using
WinProp:
• Calculate MMP
3. Modelling and Simulation:

• Develop a model for CO2 injection in a synthetic reservoir using CMG GEM to
investigate the impact of CO2 on reservoir fluid behaviour and characteristic.
• Study the impact of CO2 on oil recovery by injection in both oil zones and in the
aquifer.
4. If time allows prepare a paper based on the obtained results for the next SIMS
conference is highly appreciated.
Student category:
EET and PT students. It is an advantage for the students to have a good knowledge in
Thermodynamics.
Necessary software will be provided by USN.
Signatures:

References
Gozalpour, F., Ren, S. R., & Tohidi, B. (2005). CO2 Eor and Storage in Oil Reservoir. Oil & Gas Science and
Technology - Rev. IFP, 60(3), 537-546. https://doi.org/10.2516/ogst:2005036
Halland, E. K., Johansen, W. T., & Riis, F. (2012). CO2 Storage ATLAS Norwegian Sea. N. P. Directorate.
https://www.npd.no/en/facts/publications/co2-atlases/co2-storage-atlas-of-the-norwegian-sea/
Safi, R., Agarwal, R. K., & Banerjee, S. (2016). Numerical simulation and optimization of CO2 utilization for
enhanced oil recovery from depleted reservoirs. Chemical Engineering Science, 144, 30-38.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2016.01.021
FM4017 Project
Title: Simulation of ammonia cracker process with HYSYS
USN supervisor: Per Morten Hansen, Lars Erik Øi
External partner: Wärtsilä, Grønn Plattform Project
Task background:
Ammonia and hydrogen are zero-emission energy carriers that both could play vital roles in
the shift towards more sustainable energy systems. An option is to transport the energy
carrier as ammonia by ship and then transfer it to another ship equipped with an onboard
cracker unit. The ammonia could then be converted into hydrogen in the cracker process
before it is transported to the onshore (and offshore) end-users. Plans exists for building a
maritime pilot/demonstration facility for ammonia cracking within the next couple of years.
However, there is a need for additional research and development to obtain the level of
knowledge needed to meet these objectives. Simulation of the ammonia cracker process is
an important step in the development. This project will explore the use of Aspen HYSYS for
simulation of the ammonia cracker process.
Task description:
- Set the scope for the project
- Literature review of previous work on modelling and simulation of ammonia cracker
processes
- Description of the ammonia cracking process
- HYSYS calculations of the ammonia cracker process
- Calculations on unit operations for ammonia cracking process
- Evaluation of the uncertainties and limitations in using HYSYS for these calculations
As a general rule, the students are entitled to 15-20 hours of supervision. This includes
be discussed, etc).
Signatures:

FM4017 Project
Title: Experiments and simulations of a bubbling fluidized bed reactor with side nozzles as
inlet flow boundary conditions
USN supervisor: Rajan K Thapa, Rajan Jaiswal (co-supervisor)
External partner: -
Task background:
Fluidized bed reactors are widely used for several industrial applications like waste to energy
conversion, chemical synthesis, granulation, drying of pharmaceutical products and raw
agricultural products, chemical looping, catalyst regeneration, biomass gasification, pyrolysis
etc. Recently, the fluidized bed has gained popularity due to its advantageous properties like
uniform heat and mass transfer, better temperature control, and good mixing. The efficiency
of the fluidized bed reactors largely depends on the gas distribution inside the reactor since
the gas distribution influences the conversion process and the fluidization regime under
which the reactor is operated. For instance, during the gasification of biomass or wastes
using a bubbling fluidized bed reactor, the carbanions feedstock is converted into higher
calorific value gases in the presence of a limited amount of oxidizing agent. The amount of
oxidizing medium present for the feedstock conversion depends on how well the fluidizing
gas is distributed across the reactor cross-section. Similarly, the hot bed material which acts
as a thermal flywheel is set into continuous motion by supplying fluidizing gas through the
particle bed. Additionally, the mixing phenomena of large biomass particles with bed
material are determined by the fluidizing gas to the reactor.
The fluidizing gas can be supplied to the particle bed through the air distributor or nozzles.
The most common method has been the use of a distributor plate. However, the use of an air
distributor plate increases the auxiliary power consumption required to pump the gas through
the reactor. Additionally, the distributor plate has to be selected depending on the reactor
types and process as the distributor plays a critical role in the reactor performance. In addition,
there are challenges in operating the reactor with the distributor plate, which requires regular
cleaning and maintenance due to the clogging of the pores of the distributor plate by the fine
particles and sintering. Alternatively, a nozzle can be employed to fluidize the particle bed
which can overcome the challenges associated with air distribution. There is not much
research on this topic.
This research work will focus on the modification of a bubbling fluidized bed reactor located
at USN. The side nozzles will be added to the reactor as air supply boundary conditions. A
series of experiments will be conducted on the rig with a binary mixture of Geldart B and
Geldar D particles to characterize the fluid dynamics behaviour of the reactor. Additionally, a
CPFD model in Barracuda VR will be used to predict the flow behaviour of the hot bed
conditions with side nozzles as flow boundary conditions.
Task description:
Experimental tasks:
➢ Add extra side nozzles to an existing cold model of a bubbling fluidized bed
reactor.
➢ Carry out experiments on the bubbling fluidized bed reactor.
➢ Characterization of the fluidizing behaviour (minimum fluidization, mixing and
segregation) of Geldart D and Geldart B particles from the experimental data.
➢ Compare the experimental data measured from the modified reactor with the
experimental data obtained from the reactor with the air distributor.
Simulation tasks:
➢ Develop a CPFD model of the reactor and validate it with experimental data.
➢ Simulate hot bed conditions and compare the simulation results with the
experimental data obtained from the gasifier at USN.
Student category: PT students
Extra side nozzles will be added in an existing cold flow reactor at USN, Porsgrunn and
experimental works will be carried out using the reactor.
A CPFD simulation software barracuda will be available for a certain period.
Signatures:

FM4017 Project
Title: Machine vision for autonomous driving with TurtleBot3 mobile rover
USN supervisor: Associate Professor Roshan Sharma (USN), Senior Engineer Fredrik
Hansen (USN)
External partner: -
Task background:
TutleBot3 Waffel Pi is a programmable mobile rover that is based on ROS (Robot Operating
System) and has been widely used in research and robotic education in many universities all
around the world. A picture of TurtleBot3 Waffle Pi is shown in Figure 1. It has two wheels
for driving around together with a camera at the front for acquiring images and videos, and a
360 degree distance sensor which is a LIDAR sensor (a rotating laser sensor for 3D scanning).
It is powered up by a raspberry pi computer. This setup makes it useful for generating or
building maps of the local area where the rover is moving around by making use of
algorithms such as SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping). The camera is used for
visual perception. Computer vision and calibration becomes an important part to properly
identify the road edges, traffic signs, traffic lights etc., and this is a crucial step needed for
autonomous driving. USN has recently purchased several units of a turtlebot 3 waffle pi
mobile rovers, and has built an autonomous driving track.
Aim:
It is of interest to use this mobile rover with ROS platform for creating an autonomous driving
vehicle research/educational platform here at USN. To motivate you have a look at this YouTube
video at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O1mTL5VBfGs
Task description:
The main task of this project is to give an “eye” to this rover so that it can see things infront
of it. To make this happen, a fish eye lens camera should be used to obtain images and
videos. The students should setup the camera, interface it with ROS and raspberry pi. The
setup should further be used for visually identifying different traffic signs, traffic light, vacant
parking space, road edges etc. For this proper calibration of the camera should be
performed. Testing can be done by using a joystick to move the rover in the autonomous
driving track at USN, or by using navigation packages for turtleBot3. The following are the
main tasks:
a) Students will be provided with a turtlebot3 waffle pi and a fish eye lens camera.
Installation of ROS in Linux platform, followed by installation of various ROS packages
for turtlebot3 waffle pi rover.
b) Set up and calibration of the camera, together with image processing, feature
detection and parameter configuration in connection to autonomous driving.
c) Testing the developed computer vision algorithm both in a simulated environment
and in the real driving track.
d) If time permits, contribute in the establishment of the robot lab by adding a road
tunnel to the current driving track platform.
e) Document the work in a report. Presentation of the work.
Is the task suitable for students not present at the campus (e.g. online students)? No. IIA
campus students only – only campus students should choose this project since real/physical
robot available at USN should be extensively used. Some assembling tasks may also be
performed which is only possible if the student is present at campus. Similarly, the student
should work actively in building a racing rig which is a physical unit that requires student’s
presence at campus Porsgrunn.
Turtlebot3 waffle pi and fish eye lens camera (and a standard raspberry pi camera) will be
provided to the students, together with access to the robot lab and driving track at USN.
Signatures:

FM4017 Project
Title: Machine learning assisted estimation of flow-related parameters in multiphase flow
using ultrasonic flowmeters and accelerometers on the USN flow rig
USN supervisor: Ru Yan, Saba Mylvaganam
External partner: -
Task background:
The multiphase flow rig in the University of South-Eastern Norway (USN) was built and modified
many times with funding from the major actors in the oil and gas industries in Norway and the
Research Council of Norway. This multiphase rig has been used in various computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) studies, testing different flowmeters, and predicting real-time flow regimes in
multiphase flows, i.e., water/oil, oil/water, air/oil, air/water, for more than three decades. Based
on extensive experimental work, USN has developed a set of test matrices with details of
different compositions of air, water, and oil flows for generating different types of flow regimes
for the multiphase flow loop in the Process lab of campus Porsgrunn. These test matrices
provide a reliable means of repeating many experiments with the same flow-related parameters
accurately.
Along with conventional measurements, such as temperature/ pressure /flow/ and absorption of
gamma rays, electrical resistance, capacitance, and impedance tomographic (ERT/ECT/ERT)
equipment are also part of the multimodal sensor suite. Recently ultrasonic, acoustic emission
and acceleration sensors have been used to interrogate multiphase flows.
This project focuses on the usage of ultrasonic sensors and accelerometers via machine learning
applications for estimating flow-related parameters of all the phases.
Task description:
(1) Brief literature survey of multiphase flow and multiphase flow metering focuses on the latest
developments especially emphasizing the usage of accelerometers and ultrasonic sensors.
(2) Giving an overview of the USN multiphase flow test rig regarding its geometry setup, i.e.,
2D/3D details of the pipe installation including pumps and valves referring to existing reports,
and describing the installed instruments.
(3) Details of how the measurement data are taken, transferred, and stored.
(4) Go through the data from earlier experiments done at USN using the relevant sensors, make
a test plan as needed, run experiments on the flow rig according to the test plan and implement
data collection.
(5) Performing exploratory data analysis (EDA) on the experimental data.
(6) Developing new models and/or extending already existing models for estimating flow
velocities, phase fractions, and identification/prediction of flow and flow regimes. Note: Here
you should focus on utilizing the measurements from ultrasonic sensors and accelerometers;
other recorded process data, i.e., from pressure and temperature sensors, and tomographic
modules can be included in your EDA if necessary.
(7) Using signal processing, e.g., FFT/SFT and Stockwell transform, to obtain signal
representations and develop machine learning-based image recognition models for estimating
volume fraction and flow velocities of component phases using spectrograms obtained from the
ultrasonic sensors.
(8) Present the results in a comprehensive way to highlight the pros and cons of these methods
and select three methods for further usage.
(9) Compare the performance of all the algorithms comprehensively and suggest methods for
real-time implementation.
(10) Submitting a Master project report following the guidelines of USN with necessary well-
documented programs.
Is the task suitable for students not present at the campus (e.g. online students)? No. Only
campus students should choose this project, as it necessitates conducting experiments using
the multiphase flow test rig at the USN.
The students will be trained to run the multiphase test rig at campus Porsgrunn and will
have access to the test rig throughout the project period. Necessary experimental data from
previous tests also will be provided by USN.
Signatures:

FM4017 Project
Title: Correlations for the physical properties and thermodynamic properties of liquid
mixtures (absorbents) in post-combustion CO2 capture processes
USN supervisors: Sumudu S. Karunarathne, Lars E. Øi
External partner: -
Task background:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) removal from natural gas using amine-based absorption and desorption
processes is a matured technology. Various research has been performed in the areas of both
solvent and process development to apply the technology in post-combustion CO2 capture.
Currently, post-combustion CO2 capture is considered as a commercially available technology
with several technology suppliers around the world.
Characteristics of the solvent, mainly an aqueous amine mixture plays a vital role in the
process. Physicochemical properties like density and viscosity are essential in designing of
process equipment as they appear in most of the mass transfer and interfacial area
correlations of the random and structured packing in the absorption column. Density and
viscosity of various potential solvents have been measured and reported in the literature
under conditions like different amine concentrations, pressures and temperatures. Measured
properties can be fitted to empirical correlations to represent the data and such correlations
are useful to calculate the properties at unmeasured conditions.
Task description:
• Perform a literature search on measured density and viscosity data of different

solvents for post-combustion CO2 capture.
• Perform laboratory experiments to generate more density and viscosity data for one
or two selected solvents. (Necessary laboratory training will be provided)
• Develop new density and viscosity correlations using measure and available data in the
literature.
• Evaluate the accuracy of developed correlations and compare it with what is

measured.
Signatures:

FM4017 Project
Title: Comparative analysis of energy system models in terms of performance
USN supervisor: Sambeet Mishra
External partner: The Arctic University of Norway (UiT), Chiara Bordin (co-supervisor)
Task background:
Several energy system models are developed for long term investment planning such as
PyPSA and GENeSys-MOD. Most of the models are to facilitate decision-making and policy
building. However, the model structure and performance vary significantly. This brings the
challenge how to select an existing open-source model for a specific decision such as
investment planning. In addition, how to compare and measure the effectiveness of a model
for a specific type of research question.
Task description:
This project work will investigate how the open-source energy system planning models stack
up against each other. A selection of open-source planning models will be identified. Several
scenarios based on the long-term Nordic energy system outlook will be drawn up. Existing
comparison metrics for measuring performance such as time to reach solution and energy
usage will be used to compare the models. In addition, new comparison metrics will be derived
to compare the models.
Note: The task details will be further shaped together with the candidate upon accepting the
proposal. An understanding of programming languages such as Python are relevant.
Is the task suitable for online students (not present at the campus)? Yes
Supervision:
As a general rule, the student is entitled to 15-20 hours of supervision. This includes
be discussed, etc). The consultations are by appointment.
Signatures:
Student (write clearly in all capitalized letters + date and signature):

FM4017 Project
Title: Hardware set up of edge computing unit to simulate a microgrid
USN supervisor: Sambeet Mishra, Thomas Øyvang and Emil Ghieh Melfald
Task background:
In the evolving landscape of electric power engineering, the integration of distributed energy
resources (DER) into microgrids has become increasingly important. Microgrids, being small-
scale versions of the centralized electric grid, offers possibilities for more flexibility and
resilience by allowing the DERs to supply a limited section of the large power system, making
islanded operation possible. As these microgrids become more sophisticated and
interconnected, accurate simulation tools are essential to ensure their optimal operation
and seamless integration into the broader power network.
The traditional centralized simulation methods, though effective for larger grids, can become
computationally intensive and less efficient for microgrid simulations. This limitation arises
due to the intricate, dynamic interplay of diverse DERs within a microgrid. With the rise of
edge computing, there's potential to harness its distributed computational capabilities to
simulate microgrids more efficiently.
Task description:
Edge computing, characterized by processing data closer to the source of data generation,
can mimic the decentralized nature of microgrids. Leveraging a Raspberry Pi cluster, with its
cost-effectiveness and scalability, offers an opportunity to develop a distributed computing
framework tailored for microgrid simulations.
This project aims to converge the domains of edge computing and electric power
engineering by establishing a hardware setup that allows for robust, scalable, and efficient
simulation of microgrids. Through the creation of this Raspberry Pi cluster, students will not
only gain hands-on experience in distributed computing but also delve deeper into the
intricacies of microgrid simulations. The main objective of this project is therefore to design,
build, and utilize a Raspberry Pi cluster that employs edge computing principles to efficiently
simulate microgrids. The following list s a set of possible activities that should be done to
achieve the main objective:
• Perform a literature review about the usage of edge computing in electric power
systems.
• Construct and deploy an 8-node raspberry pi cluster. A tutorial for this will be
provided.
• Create and execute several study cases related to the simulation of the power system
using distributed computation. The study cases may be of the nature of:
o Distributed power loss calculations.
o Plant-controller dynamics where the two are computed in separate nodes.
o Multi-time-scale simulation utilizing several distributed nodes. E.g., dynamic
vs steady-state simulation.
• Document the findings in a project report.
Is the task suitable for students not present at the campus? No
The Raspberry Pi will be purchased as soon as students have been selected for the project
work.
Signatures:
___________________________
Sambeet Mishra (main supervisor)
___________________________ ___________________________
Emil Melfald (co-supervisor) Thomas Øyvang (co-supervisor)
Student (write clearly in all capitalized letters + date and signature):

FM4017 Project
Title: Grid following converter with renewable integrated power system
USN supervisor: Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban
External partner: Emre OZSOY, Senior Engineer, Danfoss A/S, USA
Task background: Distributed renewable power generation (RPG) through island/grid-

connected combination with energy storage systems can produce a clean electric power
supply with enhanced ancillary services to the electric grid. In such applications, classical dc–
ac converters are utilized, and practiced by industries for cost and reliability aspects. In this
master's degree project, a modified classical algorithm will be developed to enhance the
capacity under robust variations/environmental changes to adjust the grid following the
converter strategy, which comprises fewer losses and ensures power quality. Grid
following/connected converter (GFC) enables the integrated power management of batteries
and photovoltaic (PV) array, a battery unit, a supercapacitor bank, and the battery of a
standard grid stimulator. The power circuit of the proposed classical inverter is based on
power flow and enables to connect of the PV/batteries source directly to the dc link. Enables
implementation through Typhoon (Software in the loop (SIL)) of the maximum power process
without the need to regulate the power flow independently, as well as to control the power
flow between its PV/batteries. On the control part a delay-compensating stabilizing feedback
control for a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV)/batteries as a hybrid energy storage system
(HESS). The controller will be based on delay-compensating, and it features real-time
feasibility and robust asymptotic stability to desired reference trajectories. Real-time
simulation results of a grid-connected PV/HESS will verify the efficacy while ensuring the
delivery of desired power to the grid.
Task description:
1. Learning Typhoon software.
2. Developing modulation for inverter (3-Phase).
3. Developing control algorithms based on IEEE Transactions reference.
4. Testing State of the Charge (SoC) characteristics for the battery from the industry
manufacturer parameters.
5. Testing the overall system in Typhoon (SIL)
Is the task suitable for students not present at the campus? Yes
Practical arrangements: Software analysis Typhoon and MATLAB (on requirements)
Signatures:

Additional information:
References
1. I. Bhogaraju, J. N. Forestieri, M. Malisoff, and M. Farasat, "Delay-Compensating Stabilizing
Feedback Controller for a Grid-Connected PV/Hybrid Energy Storage System," in IEEE
Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 1875-1883, July 2023, doi:
10.1109/TCST.2022.3227501.
2. I. Roditis, M. Dakanalis, E. Koutroulis, and F. D. Kanellos, "Three-Phase Multiport DC–AC
Inverter for Interfacing Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Systems to the Electric Grid," in
IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 982-
994, July 2023, doi: 10.1109/JESTIE.2023.3274472.
Learning outcomes
1. Testing of batteries for SoC with real-time parameters.
2. Testing the basics of 3-phase inverter, control, and modulation.
3. Basic understanding of real grid parameters and simulation.
4. Learning advanced simulation real-time software Typhoon HIL.
FM4017 Project
Title: High-rate anaerobic digestion of pretreated sludge
USN supervisor: Wenche Hennie Bergland and Thea Indrebø
External partner: Scanship and Lindum
Task background:
Biomass is a major energy source where the wet biomass often is suitable for Anaerobic
digestion (AD) processes to produce biogas. AD is a well-established and industrialized
technology, where the increasing amounts of biomethane fuel produced is sustainable and
especially suited for ships and heavy vehicle long transport.
A new process line is evaluated by Scanship and USN where both AD and Pyrolysis is
included. Pyrolysis is a heat treatment of biomass producing biochar, biooil and syngas.
Combining these processes may increase the usage of waste biomass and contribute to
increased carbon storage through biochar utilization in agriculture. This is currently being
analysed by a USN PhD student where two high-rate AD reactors are just started at USN
Porsgrunn on thermally hydrolyzed and filtered sludge from Lindum Drammen.
AD consists of biological processes involving different microbial communities. Microbial

communities are sensitive to technological and operational changes that may cause
operational instability in the biogas process. Factors affecting the AD process are often
linked to both process parameters and raw materials that collectively affect bacterial
growth, biogas composition and methane yield.
Modelling is a method used in the AD industry to predict, quantify, and simulate the process
for predicting the effect of changes in process parameters or biogas substrates. Modelling is
also a useful tool for recognizing key parameters in the biogas process, and the model insight
will contribute to increased operational stability and increased biogas production.
Task description:
The task includes:

• Literature study
• Laboratory work related to analysis of laboratory scale biogas reactor operation.
• Modelling
Student category: EET students (or other students that have completed the course EET2110)
Laboratory work will be done at campus Porsgrunn.
Signatures:

FM4017 Project 2023 - With Project Descriptions

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

FM4017 Project 2023 - With Project Descriptions

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FM4017 Project

Projects Fall 2023

Student number: ____________________

Student name: ____________________

Programme (EET / EET-online / EPE / IIA / IIA-online / IIA-IM / PT / PT-online): _________________

ID Title Students Supervisor(s) Pri (1-6)

USN supervisor: Amaranath S. Kumara

External partner: None

1. Perform in-depth literature study on computational models developed for two-phase

Student category: PT students

Supervisor (date and signature):

Students (write clearly in all capitalized letters + date and signature):

USN supervisor: Prof. Britt M. E. Moldestad and Ali Moradi

External partner: Equinor and SINTEF

Student category: EET and PT students

Practical arrangements: Necessary software will be provided by USN.

Supervisor (date and signature):

Student (write clearly in all capitalized letters):

Student (date and signature):

USN supervisor: Carlos F. Pfeiffer

External partner: Yodiwo (Greece)

• Determination of the time constant for heating/cooling of buildings, using available

• Selection of additional variables for optimal temperature scheduling in large

• Formulation of the scheduling of the set points temperatures of the building as an

• Propose an algorithm to automize the process.

• Writing a the project report and presenting the results.

Supervisor (date and signature):

Students (write clearly in all capitalized letters + date and signature):

USN supervisor: Carlos F. Pfeiffer

External supervisor: Skagerak Energi (Jørgen Nyhus)

• Literature review on publications about research and applications of different energy

• An analysis of the articles reviewed to stablish advantages and disadvantages of each

• Write a project report and present the results.

Supervisor (date and signature):

Students (write clearly in all capitalized letters + date and signature):

USN supervisor: Chandana Ratnayake

External partner: Franz Otto von Hafenbrädl (SINTEF Tel-Tek)

Student category: EET and/or PT students

Supervisor (date and signature):

Students (write clearly in all capitalized letters + date and signature):

Title: Thermal Radiation from Hydrogen Jet Flames

External partner: HYDROGENi and SH2IFT-2

Student category: EET and PT students

Supervisor (date and signature):

Students (write clearly in all capitalized letters + date and signature):

USN supervisor: Elin Fjeld

External partner: USN Research Group - Electrical Power Systems

Student category: EPE

Is the task suitable for students not present at the campus? No

Supervisor (date and signature):

Students (write clearly in all capitalized letters + date and signature):

USN supervisor: Eshetu Janka and Gamunu L. Samarakoon Arachchige

External partner: Biowater Technology (Shuai Wang and Anirudh Bhanu)

• Understand the technologies of MBBR and CFIC

Student category: EET or PT students

Supervisor (date and signature):

Students (write clearly in all capitalized letters + date and signature):

USN supervisor: Finn Aakre Haugen, dosent/professor (finn.haugen@usn.no)

External partner: None

Student category: IIA

Supervisor (date and signature):

Students (write clearly in all capitalized letters + date and signature):

External partner: InflowControl AS

2. Modelling and Simulation