Mathematical Aid

10h 70ms 1ohm 110h s 1ohm

m
Toh
Im

Iga X c lot a

9 2 778

Lha x es ex a
y ethos a Ince x

Lh a b s ha Lhb

Lh ft s 2ha Lhb

h Cahl shilha
 Physical laws
s fat 2s at sa

ax bate so

I
h Ifat xn
za
2

f object distant
f
t o s

i image distant

y A sin za fit

As maximum displacement

F frequency Ht hertz

ht
A Ho ie
 cicle s surfacewarea Tir w Zar

sphere s surface area ur't volumes v31

radian definition as

page 7 problems

3
1 70 3 0.001

2 407
11.75 10 7,0 1510

02 7
2
100
744
8
3 39 707 3 3.9.7

Y O 0047

5 2 195 21920 29157 129451 4 21

Ly 110000 U Logan 7 2
6 X 4 314 Xtb 3

3 4 0

7 sinx o 72 sin s sinks 0.77

sins 0.36 22.70

8 10000 2 e Ln so the

Lisa o o s X 3 X 16.7

9 Y v3 11 7 3 451.83 3 r
t3 r 0.62in

70 80 801 11451

9 700
physical Quantities and their units

Et unit B

scalar a quantity without spatial direction

example temperature

vector a quantity with spatial direction

si units

i
Booster
 page to problems

É 0.005 PJ B 32.9 fmol c 1200km

al 5.78317J B 3.29 757m01 c 72.73km

a 5.70 3.707 PJ 13 3 29.7 7.15 4 c 7.2.1 3.7 3km

a 5.70 15 B 3.29 756m01 c 7 2.106km

a 0.2469m 2.46.10 mm 2.46.75.7 6 12 46.782

b 3.2982 MJ 3 3.3.7065

c 723.59J 7.235.75295 71235 7077510 1.275.754

3
a 0.0025ms 2 5.753ms 2 Smm

b 0.033.708W 3 3.706W 3.3MW

c 3.70 mot 3mmol

d 2.7073 12 0102.7 H2 0.02PM Z

5.2.1585 52 1595 52 ns

bl 3.70 3m01 3 mmol

C 87 5.7065 875 MJ

5
5.706.75 Smot 5.759 5 hmol

300cm 300.152.7527 300.754 0.03 m2

12dm 753.12 72.75 706 1211.3 ch

25m15 25 3.6 90km h

6

2
al 013 OW 300MW b 0.3m 3 0cm
also cm 7.70 3dm d a km h 3.6
6
Lom's
memories

exa E 1078 Peta p lo's teva t 70

giga 6709 mega M 706 kilo k 703

Hecto h 10 deca da to deci d 10

centi c 782 milli m 153 micron nib

nano n 759 piso p 15 femto f 7575

atto a 1878
 Mechanics kinematics
s
translation

Totation

velocity v v
ft
s v t

acceleration cat a
Ya
V a t Vo

F Ve VI

F Voth
2
A

Z
acceleration of the body is zero

velocity is constant
so

I
si it

with acceleration

J t
 t

Angular velocity Iwl

Angular displacement Dal

w 89
or

G wit
a ie
9
vs
51 8 r ra
period t duration of one cycle in a

repeating event

Frequency 1ft number of occurrences of a

repeating event per unit time

1
I
f 2

2
W 251 I 29

problems page 15
6 0 5
v ft 4 7 8
Ky

108 3 6 307
2

v t s

730 6 178 17s t 118

t E Lst
9min Sh
EI I 9.83 see

vasoomis t 80ms 8.155

5
s v t 7500.8 70 0 am

The distant for the body surface 0.06m bcm

4

t sees V 3 omit

330 S 7650m 7.65km

Ion gy
 10 91
S B O V N
Vn
S V

6
sat v at
a.m
V 9 87 0.0 28.3 km h 7.85ms
9am
b Js Von V s 0 7 85 3 93 mis
2 Z

t o ds s S Vit 3 93 0.8 3 74m

at Kbkmin

36 316 2
km jbm V 369
My
7.02sec
It
b 5.7102 5.7 m
8 7670km
j

6370 1670 8040 km

r 6370 C 2h
8 04.706m

a Ts 2h

b F F s 2.31.6 7.39.75 H2

C W 29 f 6.28 7 39.754 8.73 70 s

d v r W 810hlob 8.73.10 470207 2531 tf

e 7.24 768 768 2 84 revolutions

at 8m 3.5min 20 revolutions

T 3.4.60 270 70.55

2,1

7
b f f s s 0.0912 HZ

C W 295 0.5905

di v r W 8 0198 4.79 mil

 statics and dynamics

Force the product of mass lml and acceleration

lat of the body exposed to the force

m a

kg
Is unit N newton i N y I

force is a vector quantity

Newton Laws

1 when viewed in a inertial reference frame an

object either remains at rest or continues to

linearly at a constant velocity

2 The acceleration of an object and the

force acting on the object are proportional

to each other

F mid
more than one force

Ef mia

3 Law of equal action and reaction

E E
Equilibrium An object remains in equilibrium

if the net force acting on it is Eto consequent

it's acceleration will be zero

Law of universal gravitation a particle attracts

every other particle in the universe with a

force

ma ma
Fs G 2
r

G gravitational constant G 6.67.78 m31kg

F N
Gravity If gravity 98752

g G
m
earth
2
Earth

F gravity mig

weight wt

Hooke's law f s k S Im
problems 19

1 a
14 083.1 tosh
F m a 0.01 f 1051 s t un
N

b Dss V t v0.0.002 0.2m J 12 1

Nott 7 0

Icm 2

2
Ms is so
kg sooooo 700km t s 3.15
27 n l
8.97
a
It 5.1
Em a 7500.896 73440

Ts Soknih
Dl
Ng s

s V t 3.7 73 8 43.05 m
3 M 2 5.7525kg f 7.6.70 N

at F mid 1.6 7512 2 5.154 a

9 6 4.707272

bl Dt Tons 758 DV a Dt 6 4.182.158

6.4.70 Ms
Y M 70kg a
0.57
jg
9
9877 Pfd
Ef Fg Fd

Ef Mia 70 0.5 35 N as

Fgravity my 70.9 81 687 N

f drag fguavity 35 687 35 65214

5

105N
a f mia is 25kg

90 25 a t 5sec
a
3.67
3 6.5
b a
It D 187
o s V t 9.545cm

b m 20kg t 6.1sec 5 912m

al V votat s vo.tt

C2S 2Vot
2
a A a 12.9.2
6 72
2 6

as 0.494 72
su ta b 1

Us a bi y a 6.7 V l 194.6171
7 o 194 f7
3
029
 s

bl a It Ii's o
nasty

I f min 20 0.495 9.9N

7
S 700pm m 1167.70 kg m 9.11.70 kg
7167.70 27.9.71 y 37
F G Mima 6.67.7577 7.07.78
v2

8
Fs Gmg 6.67.78 2 0
30010 s IN
22

9 m no kg

at fgravity Mig 409.87 392 N

bl Frope fgravity 392N third law Newton

4 Ef gravity frope ma

392 40 2 372111 472N

10
F K 5 3.105.0 002 600 N

11
M 2kg e 25cm f 2.9.83
F 79611
Fsk's k 11 78.4dm

12 A

13

a B b A C D
fo fo f

s
I t
5 work and energy

work if a constant force facts on a

object that moves in moves in the direction

of the force along a straight line

W f S

W f s cos a Joule J

power the rate of doing work calculated

as the work done divided by the duration

of work
W
P
t
SI unit Watt w
Energy the ability of a system to

work 1er 7618795 7cal 4.19J

perform

kinetic energy Ek the energy of an object

due to it's motion

El 12m V2

Wsf's my Y't m v2

potential energy energy that results from

a position or configuration

Gravitational potential energy Eyot

Epot m g h

W Fis mg h
Elastic potential energy IEelastic

Elastic E KS

W F s 12kt s s ks

conservation of energy the total amount of

energy in an isolated system

Ekin t Epott Eclectic constant

Mass energy equivalence

2
E m c

3.708 mist
problems page 24
7

al F 30N V2.5 mis lominsboosec

Ws 30.750 450 05 45115

bl 535 kcal 535000 479 224165 J

y sooo 0.02bar
2247650

c p f 48 Aw

d it the same f 30N

2

al meant t 72sec v t o km h 6 27 s
n leg

F Mia as t 2.3747
F 7210.2 374 2778 N
HI S V t 5 3 6.2 12 767 m

Cl W f s Izmir 2.72 13 3 463115

4
di p 4 20 37.8kW

E Ek 2mV 12.12 013112 46365

3
m 3049 Vs Umts seam

a
Ek 1mV 3 30.42 2405

3 The same force of work but negative

signs 240J
Cl W Fis
Ffs Y 53 10N
y

al m tog V 30cm s s 15cm

E Mgh E O 070.9 87 0.75 0.1035

b Ele Em V2 0.003J
 6
C tons p Y 8 0.53
5
m 72kg s 8m so Smit

a Fgs 9.87.12 718N

b W f 3 718 8 9445
9
I p Y 6 59 W

di 108kcal
6
K 52
Ee E h o 0.05 v
SJ
7
Ep K 52 12 3.705 0.0022 0 6J
8
m 304kg 520m

Erin O Epots M g h 0.3.9 87.20 58.865

E total 0 58.86 58.865

b Epit so
Et tale E total 58.865

Ekin Epotz 58.86 58.865

0
Etotal

a v
281in 2 306 79.87 71 3

m o 81cg h 2m h 7.2m

E pot m g h o 8.9.87 2 15.696 J

EpotE Mig h o 8.9.87 72 9.47765

Epot Epot 6.285

70
E m i 9.71.7537 13.10872 8.2 153 8.2.1
7.6.7079
6 pressure

symbol P SI unit 1m21

F

P F
A A V

1bar 105pA 1 Atm 7.07705pA

ImmHg 733pA

Denisty p
viii n
p mu

191cm 1kg dm Hooky m

Hydrostatic pressure

W m g v g
p A h g
p
Pitt s n g
P Y p

Atmospheric pressure lol kpa Clatm

problems
1
p s 20,000Pa 2 kPa
y

2 F 700 11 7mm

p 140 1 oompa
3

p s 101 34.3 kpa

70.9.87
p f 0.04
7.72 Mpa
Y
Am 70,000cm v ath 10,008.719 790 ocm

79dm 79L
82000
b p 4 79000
771038,43 7038km3
5

a 7913kg b p p big

P 19.3 01.981 78.9 kpa

denisty 1g cm sooo kg im

Psp big 7000 10.9.81 98700Pa 98.1 kpa

bl P total 98.1 1 1 799 kpa

I 55.75 mz ftp.a 199000.5570 6 70.9 N

7
p p g h 108.103.1000 9.81 10 6 Mia
8

al Fk I 0 057 4.7070 2104.75 N

 12 8
2 04 70 7102 7 m 7.02.10 spa
D o s yz mz

I
7.02.75 t n oo 9.01170 98 kpa
f s tf
p hp g 1 7.9.81 7050 77.5 kpa
70

a 780 Hg mm 23.9 kpa

b 76 kpa 720149mm

C 2 5bar 250 kpa

d 760 Hgmm 7101bar stat m

oscillations

period T duration of one cycle in a

repeating event unit sec

frequency f number of cycle per unit

1
f T

SI unit HZ

Angular frequency wi 2T times frequency

W 2A f

SI unit s

pointof equilibrium point around which system

oscillates
Displacement y the monetary distance

of the oscillating object from the point of

equilibrium

Amplitude Al maximal displacement

tarmoni oscillation oscillation along a

straight line in which the displacement is a

sine function of time

y A sin CW.tt 601

V W A cos wit Got

Vmax W A

a s w A sin ar t 160
F m a s m W A sin cw.tt 60 s mw

it
M

an
or

M se

oscillator a physical system capable of

oscillation A system is called simple harmonic

oscillator
Mass on spring oscillator a system of mass

attached to a spring with spring constant k

f 1a fm

ft mazy
ksm.at
Fs k S

W Fm f ka ta.fm
Damped oscillation oscillation subjected to

energy loss

yo

Ust
Driven oscillation an external periodic

Resonance vibrating together

resonance curve shows that the amplitude

increases until it reaches its maximum

An
resonance curves
I
weak damping
I
1

gjndamping I

f driving
Problems 33
1
at 120 2
760 X 2.67142

b f I 167 0.375sec

2 10 wings 75 see

al l 71 7.5 see

bl f 75 0.667 HZ

3 13 wings 1min Go see

T Fs f s
f 7571min 0.25 Ht

4 Length som m s
30kg I swing see see

al Ts 71sec f f Ts 2h
ft 7 75 s see

f sat so 0645 HZ
DI 24 60.60 5574
13

5 5 440 HZ

f 440 1 T Fu 2.27ms

b 7 70001 12 4.783sec

f I 7000
1 Ts 0.007 4.753
a soy
54 Waves

7 f I
7800 7 T
8 556ps

Harmonic oscillation c the restoring force is

proportional to the displacment

9 A 3cm and T 20sec

al 0 295 35 0.3147 60 0

y A sina.tl 3 sin 0.314 t

V H W cos CW.tl 3 0.314 cos 0.3747 tl

0 094217 cos o
3147 t1

a s A W sin wit s 3cm o 9867260.3747 t

0.29692 sin 0.314 t.tl

b maximum velocity 0.942cm's

Cl maximum acceleration 0.296 mis

d t 3 see y 3 sin 0.374 3 3 01809 2 43cm

V 314.3 0510.374 3 0.554

O
Cy
 as o 3742.3 sin o 374 3 o 2391mg
10

y 3cm sin co f t

a amplitude A 3cm

b angular frequency w 0.53

c frequency W 2k 0.5 2714 f 0.0796

4,1
d period f f 0.0716 7 7 12.56 see

e maximum velocity V A W collar t

V S 3 cos 10157 6 Uma s 1

O
Say
fl maximum acceleration as A W sina.tl

3 0.5 sin Lois t Amass 0175 Cma

g y 3 sin o s 2 2.52 Cm

as 3 o s s in co st 2 0.631072

V O S 3 s s Lois 2 0.81 CT
71

The velocity is maximum at the lowest bottom

oosition A 3 mis The acceleration is maximum at

2
the highest tuning point Aw 3 mis

w It w 3mm i t

y A sin lw.tl 3m sin 1 t.tl

72

al f ta fi s
f Fg a 59 HZ

s T
I g 0.629 See

al lo cm
3
3
T
29ft 2 5
295
3
2.2957 29
My
ng sht s um mto 03 m o 07kg slog
74

a 3 2957 2 2 1 Fmo's
k

m and
9
44 atheism
K
91C ha m ti ti m o d

a i m o 4 4 m s am 4 I shh s Sm 4 l

Ms m 0.9kg

6 9 4512.0 9 1 3 95 Mg
K
15

a Ws 014.9187 3.92111

W f 3.92 k s s 6.54cm

bl 5 29 E T 29 0.0876 7 0.513 see

Mechanics waves

wave propagation of oscillation

Wavelength I the distance between two points

of a wave that have the same phase unit m

velocity of propagation c the velocity of the

points in a wave that are in the same phase

L L 5

Transverse wave the direction of oscillation

is perpendicular to the direction of propagtion

Longitudinal wave the direction of oscillation is

parallel to the direction of propagtion

Linear polarization As mention before in

case of transverse waves many perpendicular

directions of oscillation are possible

In Linearly polarized wave the plane of

oscillation and the direction of propagtion

remains constant with time

wavefront the surface containing points of

waves in identical phases

spherical wave wave originating from a

common point but propagating in every direction

in space

plane wave wave in which the wavefronts from

planes that are parallel to each other but

perpendicular to the direction of propagation

Reflection incident wave tuning back at the

interface between different media

The law of reflection a B

Refraction the change in the direction of

propagation of a wave when passing through an

interface between two media

aw of refraction Snell's Law

f Y
Interference occurs when two or more waves

meet The requriment for interference is that the

waves have identical wavelengths and their phase

difference stays contant in time

standing wave result pattern of interference

between plane waves that propagate against

each other and have identical wavelengths and

amp
length of the string 121

I K I Ck 7 2,3 1

fundamental frequency small frequency has the

longest wavelength

Diffraction change in the direction of wave

sropagation due to an obstacle or slit in the

oath of the wave

huygens fresnel principle a concept of wave

propagation According to this model every

point on wavefront acts as a new elementary waves

Sound mechanical vibration that propagates as

wave in compressible materials

Human hearing

BANDARRENTROIDERMENTERED
speed of sound in different media

speed of light 31081

problems page 42

air t
f int o.am water 2
44 3.37

air 2 4 880 0.375 m

3
muscle T
E f 1.96mm

V l 57 S 6m

0.25 HZ f as
f Y s Ts U see

5
5 252 75 m V31 87 5 4
Y 3 is 719.715.1 12 7790 THZ

6 V 3.708 R f 1800MHz

3 1.8
I s
1 boomuz 0.767 M 76.7cm
7
1
atwater Ff 1,3 494 KHZ

b ultrasound

c air f 494kHz 494.703 334 so 668mm

c mechanical waves propagate as transverse

waves only in solid materials

9 f O SHE V37 S V 27 a boo

Sint hittsin a 7735

a simp sina.tt 33 0.57 35
Y
13 35.3

b X Is 6m a of um
10 C 330 2 7483

sinissinas sinn 0.78

since 81 57.260 57.30

7

sin 22 Cz
al sing.ci Cz Cy 421 137.5 13711

b Issam 4cm

12 2 30 Cm Kloof
2
1 4 so.fm

1
f E 6
3 HZ

K X f f f
1 0.6 3
2 013 b o

3 012 900

4 6.11 1200
13 s 50cm V 1203

7 4 40 I f f 7 72042

14

2
50.05
a 4 1 8

S f 120 200001 C 330

3
e

76.5 C 0.0165
0133cm

Thermodynamics

Thermal energy the sum of the translational

rotational and vibrational energies of particles which

describes in general how powerful thermal motion is

Temperature symbol tort quantity that describes

the state of a body related to its thermal energy

co K

E s t t 273.15
to 27315 700 373
0 273

273 0

Heat cel the process or the amount of thermal

energy transferred between two bodies in thermal

interaction 1cal 4.7865 1kcal spousal

Heat capacity c the ratio of the heat 121

transferred to a body and the resulting temperature

change Dt C
of unit I C Em
 Jt

Q C m DT

thermal expansion most bodies expand when gettin

hotter both length and volume increases and contract

shrink when getting colder length and volume

decrease

state of matter the different forms of

material under different conditions temperature

press he solid liquid gas

phase transition phase change

the transition of a body from one phase

or statel to another accompanied by changes

n its structure and properties

gaining dejsati

solid
tree
É liquid
melting
specific latent heat L the heat cat

absorbed or released during the phase

transition of a body divided by the mass

m of the body L g unit Eg

specific heat of fusion let in case of melting

specific heat of vaporization Lrt boiling
Amount of substance U chemistry in it's

gives the number of constituent particles of

body by an arbitary unit called mole

Avogadro's constant Na 6.02.102 mot

if the amount of substance Iv is given then

the number of particles 1111 can be calculated

using the following formula N V Na

 teal gaz a gas that consists of point like

zero volume particles and there are no

infractions between the particles except for

elastic collisions

Ideal gas law a relationship between the

pressure pl volume v amount of substance u

and temperature T of an ideal gas

PV VRT

where R is the universal gas constant 112 813741

ratio of the particle rent and avogadro's ionitan

V Ya KB IA
 PV ART NEAT NKBT

Boltzmann's constant 143 1138.7523 1

constant temperature isothermal

constant pressure isobaric

constant volume isolhoric

problems page 48

37 370 kelvin 273 0

273 37 37

2 20 275 Kelvin 273 0

271 2

3 21020 273 0
20073 112

4 0 2 Liters 60148

looks m3 s 21 52dm 30.002m

M PV 7000101002 2kg DTs bok

Q cm.AT 4780.2 60 50215

5 mstokg AT to.sk

2 3500 0.5 70 723115

b 2kg bock ooo ice or ligs

5025 water 334.4115 mL 0 5 20005

m
sit asks

7 only 02 ice 6.22 of warm 30C Water

so20 0 4780 014 1303 4

boo 303 C 297 C 244

8
Avogadro's constant chat

N V Na 16 6102.1023 9163.702
9
P 5mbar t zsocvsl.sn

50017 s
P Sopa T ask us 01306
8 77 295

N Villa 6.306 6102.7023 1184.7023

10 Vs 6L 6kg 16.702 Na 2.65 11

a 6 2 2.63 2.66 mol

P 1 S
b V s
f amp a
8.31.273

77 if the right side of the equation of the

gas Law formula is constant so the iv in the

left side will remain constant the pressure must

double
12 P 50bar t 720 3720

345 50 50 172 5205

X X s 60 s bar
yz.rs x 72 341

c isoshoric vs constant
74

D isobaric s p constant

is

C isothermal s t constant
 Electricity Electrostatics

Electric charge g

one of the properties of bodies is the

electric interaction which is the basis of the

electric field and electric phenomena

There are two kinds of charges positive and

negative The SI unit of electric charge

is the coulomb lol elementary charge cel

which equals to 1.6.10 c

charge carries particles which have electric

charge The important charge carrier is the

electron e
Coulomb's law is the force Law of electrostatic

interaction which gives the force acting

between two clerically charged point like bodie

their charges are 2 and 921 the so called

coulomb force as a function of the distances

between them

F K 21.22
2
r

where k is a constant 1 9 70 mm c

Electric field a model for the interpretation

of electric interaction which helps to imagine

how two bodies act on each other even if

they are far away

The structure of the force field can be

visualized by field lines

In case of a homogeneous electric field the

force acting on the positive test charge

has the same direction at each point and the

denisty is uniform

The force exerted by an inhomogeneous field

may have different strength and direction in

different Points
Electric dipole two charges of equal magnitude

but opposite sign tq and 21 at a given distance

Idl The electric field The strength of a dipole

is given by the electric dipole moment p

p q d
t's unit is coulomb meter em

debye Dl
Electric field strength E force f acting on

a positive test charge cat a given point of

the electric field divided by the charge ca

F
E
q
unit IN c or Crimi Electric field strength is

a vector quantity

voltage electric tension symbol all

The work W charge 2

Uzi Wg
 SI unit is volt LV TV 1114

Electric potential symbol q let us fix a

reference point lol with an arbitrarily set value of

zero potential 1601 0

Gci Uio

His 61 it G o

42 G 21 6171

Equipotential surface the set of all points

which have the same electric potential value

Electric field lines cross equipotential

surface at a right angle at every point of

 the electric field

capacitor condenser an electrical component

that is capable of storing electric charge and

energy as well as creating homogeneous electric

field its simplest form is the parallel plate

capacitor which consist of two parallel metallic

plates with vacuum

U E d
where d is the distance between the plates

I unit km or

capacitance symbolic the electric charge 21

of a capacitor divided by its voltage 14

C E
SI unit farad Cf F l civ capacitance is the

measure of the charge storing ability of a

capacitor which gives the charge stored in the

capacitor if its voltage is Tv

Surfale area Al

C Eo Er I
where we have a compound proportionality

constant Eo r C Eo 8.85.75 hi 7

The electric energy stored in the capacitor

the work we needed to charge the capacitor

which is stored as energy in the electric field

of the capacitor

C 42
W E q ch

connecting capacitors

it capacitors are connected in parallel the

individual capacitances are added The total

c
capacitance cat is c tht
 if the capacitors are connected in series the

reciprocals are added I I Et It

problems page 54

7 d 700pm 15m Fk 2g
17.6.7592
I 9.709 no i 2 3.758111 23414
p

2 F 9709ft 6.4.75 N

I 77 92
3 9 79 9.219 2 10

4 A The Both forces acting on each object wit

double

5 2 0.1 C CE 72 o

a F 2 E 0.7 1200 72 N

b W f s 120.0102 2.3J
C uz t 33 24 V
 Ef J 96 N

7 2 5hL 2 NV
6

YI
2
c 2.5.75 W 12.2.1.1572 5.75

at W 2 U V 00,000 volts 2 1 6.10 c

77128.70 745
31
h k energy
2hr2 7 28.1 7419.71170 2.681714

E 4 93,2 300,000km

10
E
point
11

The charge 2 c u so.to b sooo 0.25s

b
The energy W Iz s 42 12 s no so 2
6255

12 3070 be so.li't

a 30156 5015 h boor

2
b Ws 50.157 6 4 MJ

73

a in case of parallel connection c Cath 70 7

20nF

b In case of series connection t t.tt t.tt

C Iz Shf
74
3nF 70 30nF I parallel

75 C 70nF Cz 40nF

It I to Inf 38nF
Electricity Electric current

Electric current the collective motion of

articles carrying electric charge

material that contains charge carriers

which can move freely is an electric conductor

if there are no freely moving charge carries in

the material then it is an electric insulator

The current that is constant in time is called

direct current CDs in case of alternating current

call the current changes as sine function over

time
Electric current as a physical quantity

I the amount of charge q passing

through a given cross section of a conductor

divided by the time elapsed Dt

I
It SI unit ampere 1A 75

Ohm's law the electric current I in a

conductor is proportional to the voltage cut

between it two poles I

Y su RI

Electric resistance R ratio of the voltage

int between two poles of a conductor and

the current I that flows through it

 R E SI unit ohmer
Ira 1

The resistance of a conductor can thus be

defined as R p L is the Length

A is the cross sectional area of the conductor

sp is the proportionality constant charactericti

of specific of the material

Eleitric conductance G the reciprocal of

electric resistance G K SI unit siemens

CS is yr

specific conductance or conductivity 6

G
f
connecting resistors

if resistors are connected in series then the

individual resistances are added

R Rat Rat

it resistors are connected in parallel then

the reciprocals of the resistances are added

I s
f th t
The work of the electric current cw

W J I t unit J

W R I t or W E't
Electric power Pell electric work done in

unit of time P E t unit Iw

Electric circuit an interconnection of

electric components