data("CO2")

> View(CO2)
> dim(CO2)
[1] 84 5
> #dim is for dimensions, in this case it is 84obs. and 5
variables
> head(CO2)
Plant Type Treatment conc
1 Qn1 Quebec nonchilled 95
2 Qn1 Quebec nonchilled 175
3 Qn1 Quebec nonchilled 250
4 Qn1 Quebec nonchilled 350
5 Qn1 Quebec nonchilled 500
6 Qn1 Quebec nonchilled 675
uptake
1 16.0
2 30.4
3 34.8
4 37.2
5 35.3
6 39.2
> tail(CO2)
Plant Type Treatment conc
79 Mc3 Mississippi chilled 175
80 Mc3 Mississippi chilled 250
81 Mc3 Mississippi chilled 350
82 Mc3 Mississippi chilled 500
83 Mc3 Mississippi chilled 675
84 Mc3 Mississippi chilled 1000
uptake
79 18.0
80 17.9
81 17.9
82 17.9
83 18.9
84 19.9
> CO2[c(1,3,5,7)]
Error in `[.data.frame`(CO2, c(1, 3, 5, 7)) : undefined
columns selected
> CO2[c(1,3,5,7),]
Plant Type Treatment conc uptake
1 Qn1 Quebec nonchilled 95 16.0
3 Qn1 Quebec nonchilled 250 34.8
5 Qn1 Quebec nonchilled 500 35.3
7 Qn1 Quebec nonchilled 1000 39.7

> CO2[2:5]
Type Treatment conc uptake
1 Quebec nonchilled 95 16.0
2 Quebec nonchilled 175 30.4
3 Quebec nonchilled 250 34.8
4 Quebec nonchilled 350 37.2
5 Quebec nonchilled 500 35.3
6 Quebec nonchilled 675 39.2
7 Quebec nonchilled 1000 39.7
8 Quebec nonchilled 95 13.6
9 Quebec nonchilled 175 27.3
10 Quebec nonchilled 250 37.1
11 Quebec nonchilled 350 41.8
12 Quebec nonchilled 500 40.6
13 Quebec nonchilled 675 41.4
14 Quebec nonchilled 1000 44.3
15 Quebec nonchilled 95 16.2
16 Quebec nonchilled 175 32.4
17 Quebec nonchilled 250 40.3
18 Quebec nonchilled 350 42.1
19 Quebec nonchilled 500 42.9
20 Quebec nonchilled 675 43.9
21 Quebec nonchilled 1000 45.5
22 Quebec chilled 95 14.2
23 Quebec chilled 175 24.1
24 Quebec chilled 250 30.3
25 Quebec chilled 350 34.6
26 Quebec chilled 500 32.5
27 Quebec chilled 675 35.4
28 Quebec chilled 1000 38.7
29 Quebec chilled 95 9.3
30 Quebec chilled 175 27.3
31 Quebec chilled 250 35.0
32 Quebec chilled 350 38.8
33 Quebec chilled 500 38.6
34 Quebec chilled 675 37.5
35 Quebec chilled 1000 42.4
36 Quebec chilled 95 15.1
37 Quebec chilled 175 21.0
38 Quebec chilled 250 38.1
39 Quebec chilled 350 34.0
40 Quebec chilled 500 38.9
41 Quebec chilled 675 39.6
42 Quebec chilled 1000 41.4
43 Mississippi nonchilled 95 10.6
44 Mississippi nonchilled 175 19.2
45 Mississippi nonchilled 250 26.2
46 Mississippi nonchilled 350 30.0
47 Mississippi nonchilled 500 30.9
48 Mississippi nonchilled 675 32.4
49 Mississippi nonchilled 1000 35.5
50 Mississippi nonchilled 95 12.0
51 Mississippi nonchilled 175 22.0
52 Mississippi nonchilled 250 30.6
53 Mississippi nonchilled 350 31.8
54 Mississippi nonchilled 500 32.4
55 Mississippi nonchilled 675 31.1
56 Mississippi nonchilled 1000 31.5
57 Mississippi nonchilled 95 11.3
58 Mississippi nonchilled 175 19.4
59 Mississippi nonchilled 250 25.8
60 Mississippi nonchilled 350 27.9
61 Mississippi nonchilled 500 28.5
62 Mississippi nonchilled 675 28.1
63 Mississippi nonchilled 1000 27.8
64 Mississippi chilled 95 10.5
65 Mississippi chilled 175 14.9
66 Mississippi chilled 250 18.1
67 Mississippi chilled 350 18.9
68 Mississippi chilled 500 19.5
69 Mississippi chilled 675 22.2
70 Mississippi chilled 1000 21.9
71 Mississippi chilled 95 7.7
72 Mississippi chilled 175 11.4
73 Mississippi chilled 250 12.3
74 Mississippi chilled 350 13.0
75 Mississippi chilled 500 12.5
76 Mississippi chilled 675 13.7
77 Mississippi chilled 1000 14.4
78 Mississippi chilled 95 10.6
79 Mississippi chilled 175 18.0
80 Mississippi chilled 250 17.9
81 Mississippi chilled 350 17.9
82 Mississippi chilled 500 17.9
83 Mississippi chilled 675 18.9
84 Mississippi chilled 1000 19.9
> CO2[-(5:84),]
Plant Type Treatment conc uptake
1 Qn1 Quebec nonchilled 95 16.0
2 Qn1 Quebec nonchilled 175 30.4
3 Qn1 Quebec nonchilled 250 34.8
4 Qn1 Quebec nonchilled 350 37.2
> names(CO2)
[1] "Plant" "Type" "Treatment" "conc"
[5] "uptake"

>

SUMMARY AND MEAN

> head(CO2)
Plant Type Treatment conc uptake
1 Qn1 Quebec nonchilled 95 16.0
2 Qn1 Quebec nonchilled 175 30.4
3 Qn1 Quebec nonchilled 250 34.8
4 Qn1 Quebec nonchilled 350 37.2
5 Qn1 Quebec nonchilled 500 35.3
6 Qn1 Quebec nonchilled 675 39.2
> tail(CO2)
Plant Type Treatment conc uptake
79 Mc3 Mississippi chilled 175 18.0
80 Mc3 Mississippi chilled 250 17.9
81 Mc3 Mississippi chilled 350 17.9
82 Mc3 Mississippi chilled 500 17.9
83 Mc3 Mississippi chilled 675 18.9
84 Mc3 Mississippi chilled 1000 19.9
> CO2[c(1,3,5,7),]
Plant Type Treatment conc uptake
1 Qn1 Quebec nonchilled 95 16.0
3 Qn1 Quebec nonchilled 250 34.8
5 Qn1 Quebec nonchilled 500 35.3
7 Qn1 Quebec nonchilled 1000 39.7
> names(CO2)
[1] "Plant" "Type" "Treatment" "conc"
[5] "uptake"
> mean(CO2$uptake)
[1] 27.2131
> mean(CO2$conc)
[1] 435
> CO2$uptake
[1] 16.0 30.4 34.8 37.2 35.3 39.2 39.7 13.6 27.3 37.1
[11] 41.8 40.6 41.4 44.3 16.2 32.4 40.3 42.1 42.9 43.9
[21] 45.5 14.2 24.1 30.3 34.6 32.5 35.4 38.7 9.3 27.3
[31] 35.0 38.8 38.6 37.5 42.4 15.1 21.0 38.1 34.0 38.9
[41] 39.6 41.4 10.6 19.2 26.2 30.0 30.9 32.4 35.5 12.0
[51] 22.0 30.6 31.8 32.4 31.1 31.5 11.3 19.4 25.8 27.9
[61] 28.5 28.1 27.8 10.5 14.9 18.1 18.9 19.5 22.2 21.9
[71] 7.7 11.4 12.3 13.0 12.5 13.7 14.4 10.6 18.0 17.9
[81] 17.9 17.9 18.9 19.9
> #use dollar sign since the data is not attached in R.
But if you're attaching the data you can use the just the
variable and get the mean, however, this type of data can
easily get overwritten.
>
> attach(CO2)
> mean(conc)
[1] 435
> mean(uptake)
[1] 27.2131
> conc
[1] 95 175 250 350 500 675 1000 95 175 250
[11] 350 500 675 1000 95 175 250 350 500 675
[21] 1000 95 175 250 350 500 675 1000 95 175
[31] 250 350 500 675 1000 95 175 250 350 500
[41] 675 1000 95 175 250 350 500 675 1000 95
[51] 175 250 350 500 675 1000 95 175 250 350
[61] 500 675 1000 95 175 250 350 500 675 1000
[71] 95 175 250 350 500 675 1000 95 175 250
[81] 350 500 675 1000
>
>
> detach(CO2)
> mean(conc)
Error: object 'conc' not found
> #now we can see that R isn't recognizing the variable
>
> attach(CO2)
> names(CO2)
[1] "Plant" "Type" "Treatment" "conc"
[5] "uptake"

> class(CO2)
[1] "nfnGroupedData" "nfGroupedData" "groupedData"
[4] "data.frame"

> class(Plant)
[1] "ordered" "factor"

> class(uptake)
[1] "numeric"

> class(conc)
[1] "numeric"

> class(Type)
[1] "factor"

> class(Treatment)
[1] "factor"

> levels(Treatment)
[1] "nonchilled" "chilled"

> levels(Type)
[1] "Quebec" "Mississippi"

> levels(Plant)
[1] "Qn1" "Qn2" "Qn3" "Qc1" "Qc3" "Qc2" "Mn3" "Mn2"
[9] "Mn1" "Mc2" "Mc3" "Mc1"
> #levels command will help in knowing the levels within
a particular factor

>
> summary(CO2)
Plant Type Treatment
Qn1 : 7 Quebec :42 nonchilled:42
Qn2 : 7 Mississippi:42 chilled :42
Qn3 : 7
Qc1 : 7
Qc3 : 7
Qc2 : 7
(Other):42
conc uptake
Min. : 95 Min. : 7.70
1st Qu.: 175 1st Qu.:17.90
Median : 350 Median :28.30
Mean : 435 Mean :27.21
3rd Qu.: 675 3rd Qu.:37.12
Max. :1000 Max. :45.50

> x<-c(0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0)
>
> class(x)
[1] "numeric"
> summary(x)
Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.375 1.000 1.000
> x<- as.factor(x)
>
> class(x)
[1] "factor"
> summary(x)
0 1
5 3
> #to change x as factor and this will give summary n the
form of frequencies

>