COE

371
Linear Electronic Circuits
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Andrew Selasi Agbemenu

• Department of Computer Engineering KNUST

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition

1
Sedra/Smith
 Outline
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Introduction
• Signals and Spectrum, Analog and Digital Signals, Introduction to
Amplifiers and their circuit models, Frequency Response of Amplifiers
• Operational Amplifiers
• Bipolar Junctions Transistors
• MOS Field Effect Transistors
• Building Blocks of IC Amplifiers
• Differential and Multistage Amplifiers
• Frequency Response
• Feedback
• Filters and Oscillators
• Output Stages and Power Amplifiers
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition
2
Sedra/Smith
 Textbooks
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Course textbook
• Microelectronic Circuits by Sedra and Smith
• Highly Recommended Textbook
• Microelectronics by Behzard Razavi
• Recommended Textbooks
• Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design by Neamen
• Microelectronic Circuit Design by Jaeger and Blalock

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition

3
Sedra/Smith
 Lecture 1
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• INTRODUCTION

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition

4
Sedra/Smith
 Outline
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Signals
• Frequency Spectrum of Signal
• Amplifiers
• Signal Amplification, Amplifier circuit symbol, Voltage gain,
Power and Current gain, Power Supplies, Amplifier saturation,
symbol convention
• Circuit model for Amplifiers
• Frequency Response
• Measuring amplifier frequency response, amplifier bandwidth,
evaluating frequency response, Single-Time-Constant
networks, classification of amplifier based on frequency
response

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition

5
Sedra/Smith
 Lecture Objectives
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Understand signals and their ability to be processed by

electronic circuits
• Understand the Thevenin and Norton representation of
signal sources
• The representation of signals as a sum of sine waves
• Understand signal amplification and the signal amplifier
• Understand that amplifiers are classified as circuit
blocks irrespective of their internal circuitry
• Calculate the frequency response of an amplifier

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition

6
Sedra/Smith
 Signals
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Signals contain information about a variety of

things in our physical world
• Real life signals are first converted to electrical
signals before they can be processed
• Electrical signals are either voltage, v(t) or current,
i(t)

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition

7
Sedra/Smith
 Signals
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• The figure shows electrical signal representation as

voltage source or current source

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition

8
Sedra/Smith
 Signals
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Signals are time varying

quantities
• The electrical quantity
varies with time and can
therefore take up any
value (voltage or
current) at any point in
time
• These electrical
quantities vary between
a limit usually depending
on the transducer used

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition

9
Sedra/Smith
 Frequency Spectrum of Signals
mhm
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• The frequency
spectrum describes
the magnitude of each
frequency component
within a signal
• This can be obtained
by using Fourier series
and Fourier Transform
• Using these tools each
signal can be
represented by a sum
of sine wave signals of
different frequencies
and amplitudes

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition

10
Sedra/Smith
 Frequency Spectrum of Signals
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Fourier series allow us to

represent a periodic signal
as a sum of an infinite
number of polynomials
whose frequencies are
harmonically related

****Review Fourier series and Transform

The symmetrical square wave signal can be expressed as:

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition

11
Sedra/Smith
 Frequency Spectrum of Signals
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Frequency spectrum of the periodic square wave

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition

12
Sedra/Smith
 Amplifiers
REFL Yue
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Signal amplification is the simplest signal

processing task
• Signal amplification is necessary because
transducers produce very weak signals and
therefore contain very little energy to be
subsequently processed
• Signal amplifiers increase the energy of these
signals for processing
• Linearity is a property of any good signal amplifier.
The amplified signal should be an exact replica of
the inmput
COE 371 – Linear Electronic Circuits
13
A. S. Agbemenu
 Amplifier Circuit Symbols

Et
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Amplifiers are two port networks

• They are represented as triangles with distinct
input and output
• The diagrams below show two representation of
amplifiers
dbounty

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition

14
Sedra/Smith
 Amplifier Gain
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Amplifier gain is the ratio of the output quantity to

the input quantity
• Amplifier gains are classified into:
• Voltage Gain
• Current Gain
• Power Gain

COE 371 – Linear Electronic Circuits

15
A. S. Agbemenu
 Voltage Gain
Avni
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

No

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition

16
Sedra/Smith
 Power Gain and Current Gain
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Unlike a transformer and other electrical machines, an

amplifier delivers power to the load which is greater
than the source power

Av Ai

COE 371 – Linear Electronic Circuits

17
A. S. Agbemenu
 Expressing Gain in Decibels
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Gains are traditionally expressed in logarithmic

quantities called decibels.
• A negative gain means there is a 180o phase change

COE 371 – Linear Electronic Circuits

18
A. S. Agbemenu
 Ap dB 10 log

P V
Yuma
Ap CdB lo
lg TI
An LB 20h
Yi
20 hg
Ai dis

Apk why
to
fight to
An IdB 10
741 Aika

Ap d B Aucastted
 Amplifier Power Supplies
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Since the power delivered to the load is greater

than the signal source, one might think the
amplifier has an efficiency of more than 100%
• The extra power delivered to the load come from
the dc power supply that is required to power the
amplifier
• Amplifier symbols generally do not show the dc
power supply since that is usually not of interest in
the analysis

COE 371 – Linear Electronic Circuits

19
A. S. Agbemenu
 Amplifier Power Supplies
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• The figures below explicitly show the dc power

supplies

TY
Ps

Pt Ps VaIot VEEIE
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition
20
Sedra/Smith
Py Ps VaIot VEEIE

KI t VE IE
PI
Pi Ps Pac Pac 2 Ps
Pt t Be
Pc Power Shunt t load
w
R
BE
x
 Amplifier Power Supply
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• The dc power delivered to the amplifier is defined

• The total power balance equation of the amplifier

• Since the power from signal source is very small, the

efficiency of the amplifier is defined

COE 371 – Linear Electronic Circuits

21
A. S. Agbemenu
 Amplifier Saturation
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Practically speaking,
the amplifier transfer
characteristics only
remains linear over a
limited range of input
and output voltages
• To avoid distortion in
the output signal, the
input signal swing
must be kept within
the linear range of
operation

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition

22
Sedra/Smith
 Amplifier Models
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• The internal circuitry on amplifiers can be very

complex
• The terminal behaviours of the amplifiers can be
divided into four models
• Voltage Amplifiers
• Current Amplifiers
• Transconductance amplifers
• Transimpedance/transresistance amplifiers

COE 371 – Linear Electronic Circuits

23
A. S. Agbemenu
 as
É Ict

item
Ice Colt Current Amphion
Vict Colt Trans conductance Amphter
it Volt Transresistance
Trans impedance Aphra

ÉEIII
 Voltage Amplifiers
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Input voltage is amplified to produce an output voltage

• The model consists of a voltage-controlled-voltage source
• The gain of the amplifier is defined by

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition

24
Sedra/Smith
 O
Avi
Au Vo
Eez D

Vi Vs
É D

Ar
Y E RI Avo

Ro 0 R

Ideal
Voltage Amplifier
 The Four Amplifier Models
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Refer to course textbook

Ri RIO RIO R D

Voltage Amplifier Current Amplifier

Ro Ri O R O
Ris D

Transconductance Amplifier Transresistance Amplifier 25

 i
OEO O
r

Ai
Iq to Aish
fer
is is
EIR
Ai Ais

Ro 8 R
1
Ideal Current Aphra

FEITH PoweAyhan
 Frequency Response of Amplifiers
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Amplifiers can be characterized in terms of its

response to input sinusoids of different frequencies
• Remember how signals are represented using
Fourier series
• Frequency response will be treated extensively in
your Classical Control Systems course

COE 371 – Linear Electronic Circuits

26
A. S. Agbemenu
EMMI
si

X
u
II
Irc
ÉIn
E
 Frequency Response of Amplifiers
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition

27
Sedra/Smith
 Bode Plots: Low Pass Reponse
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Bode plots
show
magnitude
and phase
response
of the
amplifiers

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition

28
Sedra/Smith
 Bode Plots: High pass Response
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition

29
Sedra/Smith
 Derive an Expression for the transfer
function of the circuits shown below
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Figure 1.22 Two examples of STC networks: (a) a low-pass network and (b) a high-pass network.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition

30
Sedra/Smith
 Classification of Amplifiers based
on Frequency Response
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Frequency response for (a) a capacitively coupled amplifier, (b) a direct-coupled amplifier,
and (c) a tuned or bandpass amplifier.
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition
31
Sedra/Smith
 Next Week: Lecture 2
DEPT. OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Operational Amplifiers

COE 371 – Linear Electronic Circuits

32
A. S. Agbemenu