Cloud Computing

1. What are the advantages of Cloud Computing?

Cloud Computing technology helps the users avail of a more extensive network of global web servers. This directly
boosts the productivity and performance of the web platform and makes development efficient in terms of cost and
time. Cloud computing also increments the data storage and data backup capacities of the web servers. Due to the
boosted interaction between different web servers, the server capabilities are made much more powerful.

2. Define Cloud computing architecture

 A front-end platform that can include fat clients, thin clients, and mobile devices
 Back-end platforms, such as servers and storage
 Cloud-based delivery
 A network (internet, intranet)

3. Components of cloud computing

 Hardware
 Virtualization
 Storage
 Network

4. Technologies Behind Cloud Computing

 Virtualization
 Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
 Cluster Computing
 Grid Computing (distributed computing)
 Utility Computing

5. Difference between Cluster and Grid Computing

CLUSTER COMPUTING
Nodes must be homogenous i.e. they should have
same type of hardware and operating system.
Computers in a cluster are dedicated to the same
work and perform no other task.
Computers are located close to each other.
Computers are connected by a high speed local
area network bus.
Computers are connected in a centralized network
topology.
Scheduling is controlled by a central server.
Whole system has a centralized resource manager.
Whole system functions as a single system.
GRID COMPUTING
Nodes may have different Operating systems and
hardwares. Machines can be homogenous or
heterogenous.
Computers in a grid contribute their unused processing
resources to the grid computing network.
Computers may be located at a huge distance from one
another.
Computers are connected using a low speed bus or the
internet.
Computers are connected in a distributed or de-
centralized network topology.
It may have servers, but mostly each node behaves
independently.
Every node manages it’s resources independently.
Every node is autonomous, and anyone can opt out
anytime.
 6. Describe the different cloud service models?
There are predominantly three models of cloud service. Each come with their own sets of advantages and are at
variance with each other with regards to one or the other features. Before opting for one of them, let’s understand their
characteristics and gauge how they fit within our individual requirements.

IaaS- Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) consists of highly automated compute resources. Businesses can avail of on-
demand hardware resources through IaaS without having to make any upfront hardware purchase. IaaS is highly
scalable and can assist in quickly accessing and monitoring computers, database storage, and other networking services.
PaaS-Platform as a Service (PaaS) is helpful in customizing applications that require cloud components. PaaS helps in
streamlining the workflow in the situations which involve more than one developer. While developers can manage the
applications, businesses get to use the network and storage.
SaaS- Software as a Service (SaaS) refers to the service model where applications are delivered to the user using cloud
platforms, and the third party can then manage the applications. They are incredibly convenient to use since they do not
require any additional installations.

7. List out different layers which define cloud architecture?

 CLC or Cloud Controller
 Walrus
 Cluster Controller
 SC or Storage Controller
 NC or Node Controller

8. What are system integrators in Cloud Computing?

In Cloud Computing, systems integrator provides the strategy of the complicated process used to design a cloud
platform. Integrator allows to create more accurate hybrid and private cloud network, as integrators have all the
knowledge about the data center creation.

9. What are the different models for deployment in cloud computing?

 Private cloud
 Public cloud
 Hybrid cloud
 Community cloud

10. Explain what is the use of “EUCALYPTUS” in cloud computing?

“Eucalyptus” is an open source software infrastructure in cloud computing, which is used to implement clusters in cloud
computing platform. It is used to build public, hybrid and private clouds. It has the ability to produce your own data
center into a private cloud and allows you to use its functionality to many other organizations.

11. What is the difference between cloud computing and mobile computing?
Mobile computing and cloud computing are slightly same in concept. Mobile computing uses the concept of cloud
computing . Cloud computing provides users the data which they required while in mobile computing, applications run
on the remote server and gives user the access for storage and manage.

12. What are some of the popularly used cloud computing services?
Cloud computing has come to be used widely across industries. Some of the top players, in this case, are Windows
Azure, Amazon Web Services, and iCloud, which is exclusively for the iOs users. These are the broadly used cloud
platforms. However, there are emerging cloud services available in the market.
 13. What are the most essential things that must be followed before going for cloud computing platform?
 Compliance
 Loss of data
 Data storage
 Business continuity
 Uptime
 Data integrity in cloud computing

14. Define Hybrid Cloud

Hybrid cloud integrates private and public cloud services to support parallel, integrated, or complementary tasks.

15. What is the difference between the Hybrid Cloud and Hybrid IT?
The hybrid cloud term is supposed to be integrating public and private clouds. Hybrid IT is what results when hybrid
cloud efforts in organizations become more of advanced virtualization and automation environments with various
features. And there haven’t been a lot of success stories of organizations being able to really build and maintain real
hybrid clouds.

16. What is The Packaging of Hybrid Cloud? What are the two main types of packaged hybrid cloud?
Packaged hybrid means you have a vendor-provided private cloud offering that is packaged and connected to a public
cloud in a tethered way. Azure Stack from Microsoft is an excellent example of this packaging, but there is another
approach as well. We call these two main approaches “like-for-like” hybrid and “layered technology” hybrid (spanning
different technology bases).

17. What is a Distributed Cloud?

The distributed cloud may be defined as the distribution of public cloud services to different physical locations. In
contrast, operation, governance, updates, and the evolution of the services are the responsibility of the originating
public cloud provider.

18. Define what MultiCloud is?

Multicloud computing may be defined as the deliberate use of the same type of cloud services from multiple public
cloud providers.This term has been challenging because, while there are three main use cases, there are other uses of
the term in common use as well. And one of them is the use of multiple cloud providers for different purposes. A
prevalent situation is for an organization to use AWS for infrastructure and Office 365 for the cloud office.

19. What is a multi-cloud strategy?

The way most organizations adopt the cloud is that they typically start with one provider. They then continue down that
path and eventually begin to get a little concerned about being too dependent on one vendor. So they will start
entertaining the use of another provider or at least allowing people to use another provider.

They may even use a functionality-based approach. For example, they may use Amazon as their primary cloud
infrastructure provider, but they may decide to use Google for analytics, machine learning, and big data. So this type of
multi-cloud strategy is driven by sourcing or procurement (and perhaps on specific capabilities), but it doesn’t focus on
anything in terms of technology and architecture.

20. What is Cloud-Native

Cloud-native definition: Something is cloud-native if it is created to leverage cloud characteristics. Those cloud
characteristics are part of the original definition of cloud computing. It’s all about capabilities delivered as a service that
is scalable and elastic, metered by use, service-based, ubiquitous by means of internet technologies, and shared.
Sometimes people will trade off one or more of these. For example, sharing can be problematic for some, and they may
accept less elasticity as a result of not enabling sharing.

21. What is meant by Edge Computing, and how is it related to the cloud?
Unlike cloud computing, edge computing is all about the physical location and issues related to latency. Cloud and edge
are complementary concepts combining the strengths of a centralized system with the advantages of distributed
operations at the physical location where things and people connect. Edge is very common in IoT scenarios and is very
different from the cloud. Cloud has never been about location. In fact, it has always been about the independence of
location. That’s why private, public hybrid and all these other terms exist.

22. What is the difference between scalability and elasticity?

Scalability is a characteristic of cloud computing which is used to handle the increasing workload by increasing in
proportion amount of resource capacity. By the use of scalability, the architecture provides on demand resources if the
requirement is being raised by the traffic. Whereas, Elasticity is a characteristic which provides the concept of
commissioning and decommissioning of large amount of resource capacity dynamically. It is measured by the speed by
which the

23. Different between cloud and traditional data center

Data centers are construed in two ways. One is in-house data center where the IT is maintained and managed by the
organization's technical professionals. The second form where an organization houses the IT at a third-party data center
and utilize their servers and other infrastructure to make their data accessible to consumers. The data center has a
limited capacity which can be increased only with additional purchasing of equipment.

Cloud is an online storage system that runs on the virtualization technology. It scales seamlessly and offers efficient
backup and recovery solutions. The providers offer the infrastructure and do the maintenance too. Cloud can be set up
and starts running instantly. Cloud is accessible from anywhere. The providers use multiple data centers to
accommodate the cloud servers and resources. Organizations can choose either of the platforms. Cloud is more
affordable but offers limited powers in comparison to data centers.

24. Why API's is used in cloud services?

 API's (Application Programming Interfaces) is used in cloud platform because:
 It provide an alternative way that you don't need to write the fully fledged program.
 It makes communication between one or more applications.
 It creates applications and link the cloud services with other systems.
 Virtualization
1. What is virtualization? Mention the types of virtualization?
Virtualization is technology that lets you create useful IT services using resources that are traditionally bound to
hardware. It allows you to use a physical machine’s full capacity by distributing its capabilities among many users or
environments.
Types of Virtualization are as follows:
 User Virtualization
 Application Virtualization
 Hardware virtualization
 Desktop Virtualization
 Network Virtualization
 Server Virtualization

2. Benefits of virtualization?
 Cost and resource reduction.
 Reduces hardware dependency for running giant applications.
 Allows installing multiple systems on a single platform.
 Reduces the amount of space involved in installing data centers.

3. What is Hypervisor?
Hypervisor is an IT system that is used to create and manage virtual machines. It is the middle layer between the
hardware and virtual machines.

4. What is the difference between full virtualization & para virtualization ?

Full virtualization & para virtualization both comes under the Hardware virtualization. Some of the difference between
them are listed below:
Full Virtualization: It is a virtualization in which guest machine(virtual machines) is unware that it is in virtualized
environment therefore hardware is virtualized by the host operating system so that the guest can issue commands to
what it thinks is actual hardware but really are just simulated hardware devices created by the host
Para Virtualization: It is a virtualization in which guest machine is aware that it is in virtualized environment . If guest
machine require resources like memory & cpu , it issues command to guest operating system instead of directly
communication with actual hardware.

5. What are different hypervisors available in Linux?

Xen & KVM are two hypervisor available in linux.

6. What is Type-1 and Type-2 hypervisor?

Type-1 hypervisor is bare metal hypervisor runs on bare metal of hardware. Hyper-V and ESXI Server are the examples
of type-1 hypervisor.
Type-2 hypervisor is hosted by operating system. Examples of type-2 hypervisor are Microsoft Virtual Server & VMware
Server.

7. What is Desktop Virtualization?

As the name suggests, desktop virtualization is the technology in which users access personalized desktop on any
computer in a network. Virtualized desktops installed on the central server, instead of personal hardware.

8. What is Docker?
Docker is an open-source technology helps in developing and running application and it isolates the application from the
host infrastructure.
AWS
1. What is AWS?
AWS stands for Amazon Web Services. It is a service which is provided by the Amazon that uses distributed IT
infrastructure to provide different IT resources on demand. It provides different services such as an infrastructure as a
service, platform as a service, and software as a service.

2. Write down the brief history of AWS

 2006: AWS (Amazon Web Services) was officially launched.
 2010: In 2010, amazon.com retail web services were moved to the AWS, i.e., amazon.com is now running on
AWS.
 2012: AWS hosted a first customer event known as re:Invent conference. First re:invent conference occurred in
which new products were launched.
 2013: In 2013, certifications were launched. AWS started a certifications program for software engineers who
had expertise in cloud computing.
 2014: AWS committed to achieve 100% renewable energy usage for its global footprint.
 2015: AWS breaks its revenue and reaches to $6 Billion USD per annum. The revenue was growing 90% every
year.
 2016: By 2016, revenue doubled and reached $13Billion USD per annum.

3. The top ten AWS users based on EC2 monthly spend are:
 Netflix: $19 million
 Twitch: $15 million
 LinkedIn: $13 million
 Facebook: $11 million
 Turner Broadcasting: $10 million
 BBC: $9 million
 Baidu: $9 million
 ESPN: $8 million
 Adobe: $8 million
 Twitter: $7 million

4. What are Regions and Availability Zones in AWS?

Regions: A region is a geographical area which consists of 2 or more availability zones. A region is a collection of data
centers which are completely isolated from other regions.
Availability zones: An Availability zone is a data center that can be somewhere in the country or city. Data center can
have multiple servers, switches, firewalls, load balancing. The things through which you can interact with the cloud
reside inside the Data center.

5. Motion the number regions and availability zones in AWS

Despite its relatively humble beginnings, AWS has grown to be the worldwide leader in cloud computing. It now
operates 77 availability zones within 24 geographic regions around the world. There are also 14 more availability zones
in the works, along with five more regions including China.

6. Best practices for choosing AWS Regions

In general, try to follow these best practices when you choose a region, to help ensure top performance and resilience:
 Proximity: Choose a region closest to your location and your customers’ location to optimize network latency.
  Services: Try and think about what are your most needed services. Usually, the newest services start on a few
main regions then pop up in other regions later.
 Cost: Certain regions will cost more than others, so use built-in AWS calculators to do rough cost estimates to
inform your choices.
 Service Level Agreement (SLA): Just as with cost, your SLA details will vary by region, so be sure to be aware of
what your needs are and if they’re being met.
 Compliance: You may need to meet regulatory compliance needs such as GDPR by hosting your deployment in a
specific — or multiple regions.

7. What is VPC?
VPC stands for Virtual Private Cloud. It allows you to customize your networking configuration. It is a network which is
logically isolated from another network in the cloud. It allows you to have your IP address range, internet gateways,
subnet and security groups.

8. What are NAT gateways?

Ans: Network Address Translation (NAT) allows instances to connect in a private subnet with the internet and other AWS
services. NAT prevents the internet to have an initial connection with the instances.

9. What is CloudFront?
CloudFront is a content delivery network offered by AWS, and it speeds up the distribution of dynamic and static web
content such as .css, .js, .html and image files to the users. It delivers the content with low latency and high transfer
speed to the users. AWS provides CDN for less price and it suits best for startups.

10. Explain what S3 is?

S3 stands for Simple Storage Service. You can use S3 interface to store and retrieve any amount of data, at any time and
from anywhere on the web. For S3, the payment model is “pay as you go.”

11. What is AMI?

AMI stands for Amazon Machine Image. It’s a template that provides the information (an operating system, an
application server, and applications) required to launch an instance, which is a copy of the AMI running as a virtual
server in the cloud. You can launch instances from as many different AMIs as you need.

12. Mention what the relationship between an instance and AMI is?
From a single AMI, you can launch multiple types of instances. An instance type defines the hardware of the host
computer used for your instance. Each instance type provides different computer and memory capabilities. Once you
launch an instance, it looks like a traditional host, and we can interact with it as we would with any computer.

13. Mention some AWS services

 AWS EC2
 Amazon RDS
 Amazon S3
 Amazon CloudFront
 Amazon VPC
 Amazon SNS
 Amazon Elastic Beanstalk
 AWS Lambda
 AWS Auto Scaling
 AWS IAM
 14. Mention what the difference between Amazon S3 and EC2 is?
EC2 S3
It is a cloud web service used for hosting your application It is a data storage system where any amount of data can be stored
It is like a huge computer machine which can run either It has a REST interface and uses secure HMAC-SHA1 authentication
Linux or Windows and can handle application like PHP, keys
Python, Apache or any databases

15. What is AWS Lambda?

AWS Lambda is a compute service that runs your code without managing servers. Lambda function runs your code
whenever needed. You need to pay only when your code is running.

16. What is Auto Scaling?

Auto Scaling is a feature in aws that automatically scales the capacity to maintain steady and predictable performance.
While using auto scaling, you can scale multiple resources across multiple services in minutes. If you are already using
Amazon EC2 Auto- scaling, then you can combine Amazon EC2 Auto-Scaling with the Auto-Scaling to scale additional
resources for other AWS services.

17. What is an EIP?

EIP (Elastic IP address) is a service provided by an EC2 instance. It is basically a static IP address attached to an EC2
instance. This address is associated with your AWS account not with an EC2 instance. You can also disassociate your EIP
address from your EC2 instance and map it to another EC2 instance in your AWS account.

18. Differences between Security group and Network access control list?
Security Group NACL (Network Access Control List)
It supports only allow rules, and by default, all the It supports both allow and deny rules, and by default, all
rules are denied. You cannot deny the rule for the rules are denied. You need to add the rule which you
establishing a connection. can either allow or deny it.
It is a stateful means that any changes made in the It is a stateless means that any changes made in the
inbound rule will be automatically reflected in the inbound rule will not reflect the outbound rule, i.e., you
outbound rule. For example, If you are allowing an need to add the outbound rule separately. For example, if
incoming port 80, then you also have to add the you add an inbound rule port number 80, then you also
outbound rule explicitly. have to explicitly add the outbound rule.
It is associated with an EC2 instance. It is associated with a subnet.
All the rules are evaluated before deciding whether to Rules are evaluated in order, starting from the lowest
allow the traffic. number.
Security Group is applied to an instance only when you NACL has applied automatically to all the instances which
specify a security group while launching an instance. are associated with an instance.
It is the first layer of defense. It is the second layer of defense.

19. What are the edge locations in AWS?

Edge locations in AWS are referred to as the area where the contents will be cached. When a user tries to access any
content than in such case the content automatically searches for the edge location.
 20. What is a Snowball in AWS?
Answer: A Snowball in AWS is a data transport option. It uses the source appliances to a large amount of data for getting
into and out of AWS. Snowball can be used for the transfer of massive data from one place to another. It also helps in
reducing networking costs.

21. What is Glacier?

Ans: Amazon Glacier is one of the most important services provided by AWS. The Glacier is an online web storage
service that provides you with low cost and effective storage with security features for archival and data backup. With
Glacier, you can store the information effectively for months, years, or even decades.

22. What is Redshift?

Redshift is a big data product used as a data warehouse in the cloud. It is the fast, reliable and powerful product of a big
data warehouse.

23. What is an ELB?

Ans: Elastic Load Balancer is a load balancing service offered by AWS. It distributes incoming resources and controls the
application traffic to meet traffic demands.

24. What are the types of load balancers in EC2?

There are three types of load balancers in EC2. They are as follows:
 Application Load Balancer: Application load balancer designed to make routing decisions at the application layer.
ALC supports dynamic host port mapping and path-based routings.
 Network Load Balancer: Network load balancer is designed to make routing decisions at the transport layer. It
handles millions of requests per second. Using the flow hash routing algorithm, NCL selects the target from the
target groups after receiving a connection from the load balancer.
 Classic Load Balancer: Classic load balancer is designed to make routing decisions either at the application layer
or transport layer. It requires a fixed relationship between container instance port and load balancer port.

25. What is Elastic Beanstalk?

Elastic Beanstalk is the best service offered by AWS for deploying and managing applications. It assists applications
developed in Java, .Net, Node.js, PHP, Ruby, and Python. When you deploy the application, Elastic beanstalk builts the
selected supported platform versions and AWS services like S3, SNS, EC2, cloud watch and autoscaling to run your
application.

26. What is EBS in AWS?

Elastic block storage (EBS) is a storage system that is used to store persistent data. EBS is designed to provide block-level
storage volumes and to use EC2 instance for both transactions and throughput intensive workloads at any scale.

27. What is the maximum size of an S3 bucket?

The maximum size of an S3 bucket is 5 terabytes.