Chapter 4

Chapter Four
Electronic Devices

1- What are the charge carriers in the materials?

- The charge carriers in metals are electrons.

- The charge carriers in semi-conductors are electrons and holes.
- The charge carriers in liquids are positive and negative ions.

2- Give a reason:

 Gases at normal conditions are insulator?

 Because they consist of neutral atoms and molecules, so there is no
charges carrier.

3- How can the conductivity of the gas increases?

The conductivity of the gas increases by ionization, which is giving the gas
enough amount of energy to be ionized into positive ions, negative ions and
electrons.

Sometimes some electrons will join to some atoms forming negative ions.

4- Name some ionizing energies.

Thermal energy – X-ray – mechanical energy – radiation energy – electrical

energy … etc.

5- Give a reason:

 The conductivity of gas joins between metals and liquids?

 Because it is by electrons "same as metals" and by ( ve) ions "same as
liquids".

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6- Explain an activity to show that hot gas is a good conductor.

 Requirements: electroscope – ebonite rod – wool – lighted candle.

 Steps:
1- Rub the ebonite rod with the wool to be
charged.
2- Put the ebonite rod on the metallic plate The charge Charged
will be electroscope
of the electroscope.
removed
Observation:

The leaves of the electroscope will repel.

3- Put the lighted candle next to the metallic plate.

Observation:

The leaves will return back to the normal position.

 Conclusion: The hot gas is a good conductor.

 The reason:
Increasing the temperature around the metallic plate will increase the
kinetic energy of the gas particles, so they will move faster and collide
together causing ionization for the gas particles so their conductivity will
increase.

Discharge of gas

Air pump
It is the conductivity of gas inside the tubes. Cathode Anode

The discharge tube is a glass tube with an air A

V
pump and two metallic plates "anode and
cathode", which are connected to a high voltage
D.C. source "as shown".

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A) At normal pressure and low voltage nothing happens in the tube, because
the gas at normal conditions is insulator.
B) By decreasing the pressure "using the air pump" and increasing the
voltage to (5×104 volts), light appears in the tube, because the distance
between the gas particles will increase causing more free motion which
allow the gas particles to move faster "by higher kinetic energy" so they
will collide together, causing:
1) Excitation: When the gas particles collide together or to the tube by low
energy, they will be excited, then when they return back to the normal
state, they will emit that energy as light.
2) Ionization: When the gas particles collide together or to the tube by high
energy, some of the particles will be ionized forming free electrons, then:
- The electron will gain more kinetic energy by the effect of the energy of
the electrical field "high voltage", so they will collide to another particles
by a process called:

Ionization by electronic collision:

It is the collision that an electron will collide to an atom to ionize it and

producing more electrons.
So number of electrons will increase in the tube and the conductivity of the
gas will increase.

Reunion process: it is the process that some of the free electrons will return
back to the positive ion forming a new atom and emitting energy as light.

Note: The color of the light inside the tube depends on the kind of the gas.

C) At 1808 a German scientist called Bulker decreased the pressure in the

tube into (0.1 mm Hg = 1.3 × 104 bar), then the light disappear from the
tube, and a blue glow appeared near the poles of the tube, then he
discovered that the glow is due to negative rays moved from the cathode
to the anode which are called "Cathode Rays", then they called them
"Electrons"
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Give a reason:

 The ionization by electronic collision is the main reason to start the

discharge in the tube but it is not enough to make it continuous?
 Because the electrons that reach the anode will be out of the tube.

The discharge is continuous due to the following reasons:

a) Secondary electronic emission: It is the emission of electrons from the

surface of the cathode when the positive ions collide to it by high kinetic
energy.
b) Thermal electronic emission: It is the emission of electrons from the
surface of the cathode when it is heated "due to the collision of the
positive ions to it".
Thermal electrons: they are the electrons that are emitted from the
surface of the cathode when it is heated.

Applications of the discharge tubes:

- Gaseous lamps - Cathode ray tube.

Cathode Ray Tube "C.R.T"

It is an evacuated glass tube which is divided into two parts:

A) Narrow Part: which contains two main components:

I) Electron gun: It is the source of the charges in the tube which consists of:
1- Filament: "f": it is a high resistance wire, connected to an electrical
source, to heat the cathode.
2- Cathode: "c" A metallic plate, in front of the filament, which is
connected to a high negative voltage, emits electrons when it is heated.
3- Grid: "g" A thin wire nears the cathode, to control the flow of electrons
from the cathode to the anode.

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4- Anode: "a" A metallic Evacuated glass tube

cylinder, which is connected G Aِ
ْ Y1
to a high positive voltage, C
X1
F Lighted
increases at the end which is Florescent point
material Screen
far from the cathode, to X2 Y1
Electron Gun
accelerate the electrons and Deflecting system Graphite layer
“Plates”
make them as a narrow
Evacuated glass tube
beam. G A
II) Deflecting system: Two C

pairs of metallic plates "to F Lighted

Florescent point
produce an electrical field" or material Screen
Electron Gun Deflecting system
inductive coils "to produce a “Coils”
Graphite layer
magnetic field" perpendicular
to each other and to the path of the electrons beam, to deflect them to all
directions.
(X1 , X2) are vertical to deflect the electrons horizontally.
(Y1 , Y2) are Horizontal to deflect the electrons vertically.

B) Wide Part: It is a screen which is covered from its inner part "wide part"
by a florescent material such as zinc sulfide "ZnS" to produce light when
the electrons fall on it. The color of the light depends on:
1- Kind of the florescent material.
2- The kinetic energy of the electrons.

The conical part of the screen is covered by a graphite layer, to return the
electrons from the screen to the cathode to allow more electrons to fall on
the screen.

Give a reason:

 CRT is evacuated?
 1- To allow the electrons to move freely.
2- The filament will not burn.
3- Discharge will not take place in the tube.
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Cathode Ray Oscilloscope "C.R.O"

It is a device which is used to study the change in frequency, voltage…etc of

any unknown source, such as sound waves, heart beats… etc.
Structure:
It is a CRT; its deflecting system is plates:
- (X1 , X2) are connected to a scanning circuit, which is an electronic valve
that produces a saw teeth alternating current.
- (Y1 , Y2) are connected to unknown source.
Work:
1- If only (X1, X2) are connected to the scanning circuit, the lighted point
will move on the screen from left to right slowly then it
will return suddenly from right to left.
If the frequency of the scanning circuit is more than 16
Hz, the points will appear on the screen as a straight line.
2- If only (Y1, Y2) are connected to the unknown source,
the lighted point will move on the screen vertically.
3- If both sources are connected at the same time, the
lighted point will be affected by two forces on x-axis
and y-axis, so it will draw a diagram according to the
change in the unknown source moving from left to right.
4- By changing the frequency of the scanning circuit, the diagram will
appear at rest if frequency of the scanning circuit and the unknown source
are equal or multiples.
5- From the diagram on the screen we can study the change of unknown
source, and we can know if it is a simple or complicated source… etc.
Give a reason:
 CRO can draw low or high frequencies?
 Because the moved particles on the screen are electrons, that have low
mass and low inertia, so it is easy to change the direction slowly to draw
low frequencies or quickly to draw high frequencies.

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Radar

The word "RADAR" is a shortcut of "Radio Detecting and ranging".

It is a device which is used to detect the direction, distance and speed of a target
using short electro-magnetic waves (high frequency) "radio waves".
Depends on:
1- Electrical resonance.
2- The echo.
Structure:
1- Sending antenna: Sending
A concave antenna with a coil

metallic coil of an oscillating Sending Receiving coil

circuit in its center. antenna Receiving antenna

2- Receiving antenna: ْ Y1
A concave antenna with a X2

metallic coil of a tuning

circuit in its center. X1ْ Y2
3- Indicator: "Kinescope":
Deflecting Kinescope
A CRT, its deflecting system system
"Plates"
is plates.
(X1 , X2) are connected by an electronic circuit to the sender.
(Y1 , Y2) are connected by an electronic circuit to the receiver.
Work:
1- The sender: It produces high frequency electro-magnetic waves and
rotates around its axis to send them as parallel straight waves to all
directions.
2- The receiver: It receives reflected electro-magnetic waves from the target
"if they reflect from a target" and collects them on the coil of the tuning
circuit. Then converts them to induced current and amplifies them.
3- Indicator: "Kinescope": during sending, an electronic circuit will produce
an electrical signal between (X1 , X2) to move the lighted point from left

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to right, and if there is a received waves, another electronic circuit will

produce electrical signal between (Y1 , Y2) to move the lighted point on
Y-axis to show that there is a target.
By knowing the time difference between sending and receiving, they can
calculate the distance of the target.
Distance of the target = ½ time of sending and receiving × speed of light.
d = ½ t × Co
No. of sent waves = distance of the target ÷ wave length
No. of sent waves = d ÷ 
Notes and give reasons:
1- The sender must be high power.
To produce very high frequency e.m.w. which is able to reach far places
and return back to the receiver.
2- The receiver must amplify the received e.m.w. before sending it to the
indicator.
Because the received e.m.w. returned from very far places so they will be
very weak.
3- The radar station must be high power "enough to light small city".
To be able to rotate two antennas in all directions for all time.
In modern radars:
1- The sending and receiving coils are placed on one antenna, to reduce the
lost energy which is used to move the antennas.
2- The screen shows the direction, distance and speed of the target directly
without calculation.
Examples:
1) If the total time required to send and receive a radar’s waves is (2/3 s),
with a speed (3 × 108 m/s), find the distance of the target from the
station.
Givens:

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2) If the time required to receive a radar’s waves is (2/3 s), with a speed
(3 × 108 m/s), find the distance of the target from the station.
Givens:

3) A radar station sends e.m.w. of wave length of (3 cm) to a target at a

distance of (4.5 × 104 Km), using an oscillating circuit, the self-induction
of its coil is (2.5 × 10-10 H), find:
a) The time needed for sending and receiving.
b) Number of sent waves.
c) The capacitance of the capacitor of that circuit.
Knowing that: speed of light = (3 × 108 m/s), 2 = 10.

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Sending and receiving radio waves

Sound waves are:

1) Very weak, so they can’t reach far places.
2) Low frequency, so they can’t produce electro-magnetic waves.
So they must be converted into electro-magnetic waves to be sent to far
places.

Radio broadcasting process

The broadcasting station consists of three main circuits:

1) Microphone circuit:
Consists of: A microphone – D.C. source – coil.
It is used to convert sound into "Current Represents Sound" which is
called "Audio Current".
- When any sound reaches the microphone, the elastic skin of the
microphone will vibrate, so the carbon particles inside it will vibrate then
the value of D.C. will be changed due to the sound.
- The properties of the Audio Current:
a- Changes as sound.
b- Low frequency. Electromagnetic waves
c- Weak.
Audio current
2) Oscillating circuit:
To produce high frequency
Microphone circuit
current called Modulator
Modulated
"Carrier Current". current
- The properties of the Sending antenna
Carrier current
Carrier Current: Oscillating circuit
a- High frequency.
b- Strong.

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3) Antenna circuit:
This consists of two parts:
i) Modulator:
To mix between the "Audio Current" and the "Carrier Current" to
produce "Modulated Current".
Modulated Current = carrier current + audio current.
- The properties of the Modulated Current:
a- Changes as audio current "sound".
b- High frequency.
c- Strong.
ii) Sending antenna:
Converts modulated current into electromagnetic waves then sends them
to all direction by the speed of light.

Note: The modulated current must be amplified before sending to increase the
coverage area of the broadcasting station.

The radio broadcasting process:

It is the process that converts sound waves into current represents sound than
carry it on a carrier current then sends it to all directions as electromagnetic
waves.

Radio receiving process

The receiving process consists of three main circuits:

1) Receiving Antenna:
It receives all electromagnetic waves then converts them into induced
current with different frequencies.
2) Tuning Circuit:
To choose one frequency "modulated current" which has its frequency.
3) Speaker’s circuit:
This consists of two parts:
i) Demodulator:
To separate the carrier current and the audio current, then it will amplify
and rectify the audio current.

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ii) Speaker:
It is used to convert the audio current into sound waves.

Electromagnetic waves

Induced
currents with
Speakerِ
demodulator
different Audio currentِ
frequencies Tuning circuit

Receiving antenna

The receiving process:

It is the process that converts electromagnetic waves into induced currents with
different frequencies, and then chooses one of them to convert it into sound
waves as in the sender.

Multi amplification:
It is the amplification of the signal using more than one series amplification
circuits to get very high amplification value.

Input signal Amplification 10 Amplification 100 Amplification 1000

1 factor = 10 factor = 10 factor = 10

Dynamic Speaker
1- Function: To convert the audio current into sound waves.
2- Depends on: converting the electrical Audio current
N
Circular magnet

energy into mechanical energy.

3- Structure: Circular magnet
Sٍ
"normal or electrical" – A metallic
coil on a small cylindrical paper – Cylindrical
N paper
Conical paper. "as shown". Coil Conical

4- Work:
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a) The audio current flows through the coil around the central pole of the
magnet, so it will produce magnetic field.
b) The magnetic field of the coil will interact with the magnetic field of
the magnet, so a magnetic force will be produced which will vibrate
the coil perpendicular to the magnetic field.
c) The conical paper will vibrate, causing vibration to the air particles,
producing sound waves.
d) The loudness of the sound waves increases by increasing the volume
of the conical paper.

Television "T.V."
The word "television" means "view far pictures".
Structure:
I) Camera: "Iconoscope"
It is used to convert pictures into current represents picture.
- Consists of:
a) A dark glass sphere with lenses set on its front side.
b) Picture board "Mosaic Plate": which consists
of three layers: Metallic plate
1- Mica: It is a layer of an insulated material.
Mica
2- Photoelectric cells: silver points covered by Photoelectric cells
cesium, cover the mica in front of the lenses, to emit electrons
when the light falls on them depending on the light intensity.
3- A metallic plate covers the other side of the mica.
c) Electron gun.
d) Deflecting system which consists of two pairs coil 'or plates'.
II) Oscillating circuit: To produce high frequency current carrier current.
III) Modulator: To carry the picture current on the carrier current, forming
modulated current.
IV) Sending antenna: to convert the modulated current into electromagnetic
waves and sends them to all directions.

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Picture
current e.m.f
Picture board Amplifier
Lenses set
Modulator

Oscillating
circuit Carrier
Dark glass Sending
current antenna
A Tube
Deflecting
G system
‘Coils’
C
Electrons gun
F

Work: Mica
++ --
1- When the body is lighted, the light will reflect +++ ---
++ --
-----
+++++ ----
++++
through the lenses to fall on the photoelectric
cells on the picture board.
Metallic plate
Photoelectric
2- Each cell will lose number of electrons cells
depending on the light intensity that lights each cell.
3- Each cell will capture the same number of the lost electrons from the
metallic plate, but they can’t reach the cells due to the mica "insulator"
between them. 1

2
4- Scanning Process:
3
It is the process that the electrons gun will move
4

on the all photoelectric cells by the effect of the 5

deflecting system to give each cell same number of the lost electrons.
Notes:
- The scanning process starts from the upper left cell to right.
- The point that moves of the photoelectrical cells is called "discovering
point".
- The photoelectric cells are formed in 650 lines which are scanned during
1
/25 second.

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5- The captured electrons on the metallic plate become free, so they will
move forming small electronic signal, which will be amplified producing
"Current Represents Picture" called "Picture current".
6- The oscillating circuit will produce a carrier current which carries the
picture current to form modulated current which will be sent by the
antenna as electromagnetic waves.
The T.V. broadcasting process:
It is the process that converts pictures into current represents picture than
carry it on a carrier current then sends it to all directions as
electromagnetic waves.

T.V. receiving process

The receiving process is:
e.m.w

Picture current

Induced Grid Screen

currents with
Demodulator
different
frequencies
Tuning circuit
Receiving
antenna

1) Receiving Antenna:
It receives all electromagnetic waves then converts them into induced
current with different frequencies.
2) Tuning Circuit:
To choose one frequency "modulated current" which has its frequency.
3) Demodulator:
To separate the carrier current and the picture current, then it will amplify
and rectify the picture current.
4) Screen:
A C.R.T. its deflecting system that has two pairs coil 'or plates', the picture
current is connected to its grid, and makes the same scanning process of
the sender "to scan the florescent points of the screen", to convert the
picture current into picture. "electrical energy into light energy".

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Notes
1- The scanning point on the screen is called "brightness point".
2- The scanning process in the sender and the receiver scans the odd lines
then the even to make the picture normally "non-vibrated".
3- The scanning process takes place during 1/25 seconds to see the pictures
continuously.
4- The sound waves are sent conjugated with the picture current.

Colored T.V.
1- The picture is sent by three main colors "Red – Green – Blue", by three
electron guns and three picture boards for "red – green – blue" using special
kinds of mirrors, lenses and filters.
2- The color filter is a mono color Green filter
Mirror
material that allows only its color
Signal represents
to pass through it. Mirror green
reflects Blue filter
3- Each colored ray "red – green – red
Mirror
Signal represents
blue" will fall on a picture board reflects blue
green
to produce three electrical signals Lens

Mirror
represents "red – green – blue", as Red filter
Signal represents
red
shown.
4- In the receiver, the signals are received by three Electron
electron guns to produce three electron rays. rays

5- The electron rays will be gathered by the

shadow mask. Shadow
mask
Shadow mask: It is a metallic plate with huge Glass plat covered with florescent
points
number of holes, gathers each three electron rays to a point then fall them on a
glass plate covered by florescent sets, each set has three florescent points
sensitive for the three colors "red – green – blue" with high focusing process
to give a colored picture.

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Ministry Questions
Chapter Four

First: Put (T) or (F), and correct the mistakes for the following:

1- Gases at normal conditions are bad conductors. ( )

2- Conductivity of metals and gases is by electrons. ( )

3- Sometimes negative ion is formed by joining between electron and

neutral atom. ( )

4- Conductivity of gas increases when radioactive radiations effect on it( )

5- The light appears in the discharge tube due to the pressure inside it( )

6- A very thin layer of graphite to allow the electrons to flow back to

cathode and not be collected on the screen covers the wide part of
cathode ray tube. ( )

7- Cathode ray tube is used in Oscilloscope and Kinescope. ( )

8- Doctors use oscilloscope for E.C.G. and E.E.G. ( )

9- Distance of a target can determine by knowing speed of the wave and

the time taken for sending and receiving. ( )

10- Sending antenna is used to convert the electromagnetic waves into

electrical current. ( )

11- Receiving antenna is used to send current represents sound. ( )

12- Speaker is used to converts audio currents into sound waves. ( )

13- Radio can receive the e.m.w. when [Xl = Xc]. ( )

14- The deflecting system in iconoscope is four coils. ( )

15- The T.V. camera is called kinescope. ( )

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16- Number of emitted electrons from the photoelectric cell plate depends
on light intensity falling on them. ( )

17- In T.V. receiver, the electronic beam scans the photoelectric cells on
the screen. ( )

18- T.V. screen converts electrical energy into light energy. ( )

19- The even numbers on the mosaic are scanned during (1/50 s) ( )

20- The plate that collects the electronic rays in colored T.V. is called the
mica ( )

21- Number of electron guns in colored T.V. is three. ( )

22- The broadcasting and receiving in color T.V. is by three main colors:
red, brown, and white. ( )

23- Colored filter is a thin colored film that does not allow the light to pass
except the light of similar color. ( )

24- Beyond the shadow mask, there is a metallic plate, which contains a
large number of florescent points. ( )

25- Digital T.V. contains cathode ray tube. ( )

Second: fill in the blanks by suitable words:

1- The charge carriers in gases are ……………… and ……………….

2- Passing of current through gases is called ………………………. in gas.

3- Gases can be ionized by absorbing energy or by heating or by electronic ….….

4- During ionizing process, there is ………….. between electrons and ……… Ions.

5- The wide part of the cathode ray tube is covered by ……………… such as …………

6- The conical part of the cathode ray tube is covered by ………………………

7- If the time needed of sending and receiving is radar is (2/3 s), so the distance
of the target is …………………………… km.
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8- If the distance between a radar station and a target is (10 km), so the total
time of sending and receiving of the waves is ………………………. s.

9- The ………………………. circuit is used to convert sound waves into current

represents sound.

10- Receiving antenna converts the electromagnetic waves into ………………… with
………………….. frequencies.

11- We can hear the sound of radio station when ………………….. and …………………..

frequencies are matched.

12- The discovering point is the point that the electronic rays fall on ………………….

13- Usually ………………………. are sent with T.V. waves.

14- Number of electron guns of CRT in colored T.V. is …………… ………….

15- In colored T.V. the picture is sent three main colors using ….…. for the colors.

16- The metallic plate that contains a huge number of hales is called ……………….

Third: Choose the best alternative from the brackets:

1- The emission of electrons from the surface of a metal is due to [increasing

temperature – blue light – red light – ultra violet].

2- Conductivity of gases is by

[ions only – electrons only – holes and electrons – electrons and ions].

3- Vibration detector is called [kinescope – Oscilloscope – iconoscope].

4- In oscilloscope (X1 , X2) are connected to

[tuning – oscillating – sound – electronic valve] circuit.

5- Current represents sound cannot produce electromagnetic waves because it

has [low – medium – high] frequency.

6- The circuit, which converts modulated current into electromagnetic waves, is

[tuning circuit – microphone circuit – sending antenna – receiving antenna].

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7- The circuit, which converts electromagnetic waves into modulated currents,

is [tuning circuit – microphone circuit – sending antenna – receiving
antenna].

8- If the total time of sending and receiving radar waves is (0.02 s), so the
distance between the station and the target is [4000 – 3500 – 3000 – 2000] km.

9- All of the following circuits are in the broadcasting station accept [speaker –
microphone – oscillating – antenna] circuit.

10- The electrical energy is converted to a light energy by

[shadow mask – photoelectric cell – color filter – screen].

11- Number of electron guns in the cathode ray tube of color T.V. is

[four – three – two – one].

12- The broadcasting and receiving in color T.V. is by three main colors:
[red, yellow and green – red, violet and blue – red, green and orange –
red, green and blue]

13- The plate that collects the electron rays in the color T.V. is called

[screen – mica – shadow mask – mosaic].

Fourth: Give reasons:

1- Hot gases conduct electricity.

2- Conductivity of gases joins between conductivity of metals and conductivity

of liquids.

3- Golden leaves of electroscope will return to the normal position when their
plate is heated.

4- Electrons emit from the surface of a metal.

5- Ionization by electronic collision is not enough to continue the electrical

discharge.

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6- Thin layer of graphite covers the conical part of the cathode ray tube.

7- In the electron gun, a controlling grid surrounds the cathode.

8- Electrons can vibrate by high or low frequencies.

9- Oscillating circuit is used in all broadcasting stations.

10- Tuning circuit is used in all receiving devices.

11- Silver points of photoelectric cells in iconoscope are covered by cesium.

12- The picture looks natural on a T.V. screen.

13- In the T.V. set the scanning starts first by odd rows then the even.

14- On T.V., there is the following paragraph: "Open only by professional".

Fifth: General Questions:

1- Define the following:

Gas discharge – Reunion process– Radio broadcasting process

Tuning – Scanning circuit – Color filter – Picture transmission process.

2- Give one use for each of the following:

Electron gun – Anode – Graphite layer in cathode ray tube – Florescent

material – Oscilloscope –– Receiving antenna – Speakers – Conical paper in
speaker – Radar – Kinescope – Metallic coil in radar's receiver – Oscillating
circuit – Tuning circuit – Iconoscope – Color filter – Mosaic plate.

3- Give one application for each of the following:

The thermionic electrical emission – Discharge tube

4- Where do those parts are found:

C.R.T. – C.R.O. – Oscillating circuit – Speaker – kinescope –– Mica Mosaic

plate – Color filters – shadow mask.

5- What is the explanation of ionization of gases when they are heated?

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6- Name some of the ionization ways of gases.

7- Write the scientific concept of the following:

- The emission of electrons from the cathode's surface when positive ions,
which have high mass collided with it.

- A metallic plate with a huge number of holes collects the electronic

beams in color T.V.

8- What is the effect of increasing temperature on the gas? Why? Explain an

activity to show that.

9- What happens:

- When gases are ionized in the discharge tube?

- If the conical part of thin layer of graphite does not cover C.R.T.?

10- Look to the diagram then:

- Name this device.

- Name its main parts.

- Name two devices they contain this device.

11- What is the function of the metallic plates in the oscilloscope? Draw a
labeled diagram for it.

12- How can we convert the current represents sound into sound waves?

13- What are the conditions for the sender and receiver in radar station?

14- What are the steps which:

- Stop the collecting of electrons on the screen in C.R.T.?

- Increase the power of radio broadcasting station?

15- What are the corrections in the T.V., which make picture, appears without
vibrations?

16- What is the function of the color filter? In addition, how can we choose one
T.V. channel?
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Chapter 4

17- Compare between the cathode ray tube, which is used in normal T.V., and
the cathode ray tube, which is used in color T.V.

18- Describe with a drawing the stages that radio transmission and receiving
processes go through.

19- Describe with a drawing the stages that T.V. transmission and receiving
processes go through.

Sixth: Mathematical Problems:

1- If the total time required by a wireless wave of a radar station for sending
and receiving to the target is (0.02 s), with a speed (3 × 108 m/s), how far
is the target from the station in kilometers.
2- If the total time required for receiving a wireless wave of a radio station
for sending is (0.02 s), with a speed (3 × 108 m/s), how far is the station
from the receiver in kilometers.
3- The transmitter in radar transmitted wireless wave has wavelength of
(4 cm) toward the target then reflected from the target and returned to
the station, find:
a) The time duration between the sent and received waves, if the distance
between the station and the target is (2.4 Km).
b) Number of waves between the station and the target.
c) The frequency of the waves.
d) Capacitance of the sender's capacitor if the self-induction of the coil is
(10-4 H), knowing that speed of light is (3 × 108 m/s) and (2 = 10).
4- A resonance circuit in a radio receiver consist of a coil has a self-
induction of (10 mH), a variable capacitor, and a (25) ohmic resistor. If
a p.d. of (10-4 v) is produced when (103 Hz) wireless waves are received,
find:
a) The capacitance of the capacitor.
b) Current passes in this case.
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