e r v o u s S y s t e m

N
Vibar, Erica Jane N. RN
N e r v o u s S y s t e m
The nervous system coordinates all body functions, enabling a person to
adapt to changes in internal and external environment.

One of the two major control system of the body together with Endocrine
System.
Made up of brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors.
 F u n c t i o n s
1 2 3

Main t a in in g Receiving Integrating

H omeostasis Sensory Input Information
Sensory receptors Brain and spinal cord
monitor numerous are the major organs
NS can stimulate or
external and internal for processing sensory
inhibit activities to
stimuli. input and initiating
help maintain
Ex. Sight, Hearing, reponses.
homeostasis.
Taste, Smell, Touch,

Pain, Temperature

 F u n c t i o n s
4 2

Controlling Muscles and Establishing and Maintaining

Glands Mental Activity.
Skeletal Muscles normally
contract only when stimulated Brain is the center of
by the nervous system; thus the mental activities,
nervous system control major including
movements of the body by consciousness,
controlling skeletal muscles. thinking, memory, and
Glands secretion are stimulated emotions.
or controlled by the nervous
system.

TO DO:
Starting today until the end of the semester, Make a list of all of the hormones and
their functions.
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nervous
System

Central Nervous Peripheral

System Nervous System
 o f t h e N e r v o u s
i o n s S y s
v i s t e m
D i
1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
Composed of the Brain and the Spinal Cord
Brain - located within the skull
Spinal Cord - located within the vertebral
canal
Major site for processing information,
initiating responses, and integrating mental
process.
Foramen magnum - connects the spinal cord
and brain
2. Peripheral Nervous Sytem
Consists of all the nervous tissue outside CNS
a. Sensory receptors - endings of neuron
Specialized cells that detect temperature, pain,
touch, pressure, light, sound, odor, and other
stimuli.
Located in the skin, muscles, joints, internal organs,
and special sensory organs such as eyes and ears.
b. Nerves - bundle of nerve fibers called axons and
their sheaths, connects the CNS to sensory receptors,
muscles, and glands.
12 pairs of cranial nerves that originates from
the brain
31 pairs of spinal nerves that originate from the
spinal cord.
c.Ganglia - collection or clusters of neuron cell
bodies located outside the CNS or throughout
the body.
Carries nerve signals to and from the CNS.

d. Plexuses - extensive networks of axons and

in some cases, neuron cell bodies located
outise the CNS.

 NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nervous
System

Central Nervous Peripheral

System Nervous System
 u b d i v i s i o n o f P N
S S
1. SENSORY DIVISION = AFFERENT (TOWARDS)
Transmits electrical signal called action potentials, from the sensory receptors
to the CNS.
Neurons that carry sensory impulses from sensory organs to the CNS are known
as sensory neurons.
Usually found in eyes, skin, ears, tongue and nose.
2. MOTOR DIVISION = EFFERENT (AWAY)
Transmits action potential from the CNS to effector organs such as muscles and
glands
A neuron that carries motor impulses from the CNS specific effectors is known
as motor neurons.
Found in muscles and glands.
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nervous
System

Central Nervous Peripheral

System Nervous System

Sensory Division Motor Division

Autonomic Division Somatic Division

Subdivision of MOTOR DIVISION

1. SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (VOLUNTARY)

allows us to consciously control movements of our skeletal muscles through
actions potentials that originate in the CNS and are transmitted by the Somatic NS
to the same skeletal muscles.
Reflex Arcs
Subdivision of MOTOR DIVISION
2. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
(INVOLUNTARY)
Controls our unconscious activities such as
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and
secretion by certain glands.
The part of the nervous system that
supplies the internal organs, including the
blood vessels, stomach, intestine, liver,
kidneys, bladder, genitals, lungs, pupils,
heart, and sweat, salivary, and digestive
glands.
 Subdivision of AUTONOMIC DIVISION
1. SYMPATHETIC DIVISION
Most active during physical activity
This system activates body processes that help you in
times of need, especially times of stress or danger.
This system is responsible for your body’s “fight-or-flight”
response or prepares the body for stressful situations
Example: Increases heart rate and the force of heart
contractions and widens (dilates) the airways to make
breathing easier.
It causes the body to release stored energy. Muscular
strength is increased.
This division also causes palms to sweat, pupils to
dilate, and hair to stand on end.
It slows body processes that are less important in
emergencies, such as digestion and urination.
 Subdivision of AUTONOMIC DIVISION
2. PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION
Resting functions such as digesting food or
emptying the bladder
Controls body process during ordinary
situations.
Generally, it conserves and restores.
"Resting and digesting"
Ex:It stimulates the digestive tract to
process food and eliminate wastes. Energy
from the processed food is used to restore
and build tissues.
 Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System

Hypertension (Elevated BP) BP Hypotension (Low BP)

Tachycardia (Elevated HR) HR Bradycardia (Low HR)

Tachypnea (Elevated RR) RR Bradypnea (Low RR)

Hyperthermia (Fever) TEMPERATURE Hypothermia (Low body temperature)

CAPILLARY BLOOD
Hyperglycemia (Elevated blood sugar) GLUCOSE
Hypoglycemia (Low blood sugar)

Bronchodilation - relaxation of lung muscles and widening airways Lungs Bonchoconstriction - tightening of lung muscles and narrowing of airways

Pupil Dilation (Mydriasis) Eyes Pupil Constriction (Miosis)

Constipation GIT Diarrhea

Urinary Retention GUT Urinary Incontinence

Relaxed Uterus UTERUS Uterine Contraction

Dry TEARS Wet

Dry SALIVA Wet

Subdivision of AUTONOMIC DIVISION
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nervous
System

Central Nervous Peripheral

System Nervous System

Sensory Division Motor Division

Autonomic Division Somatic Division

Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Division Division
 Cells of the Nervous System
1. Neuron

Receive stimuli
Conduct action pot en tials
Transmits signals to ot her ne urons o f e ffecto r o rgans.

2. Supportive Cells

Called neuroglia nerve o r g l i al cel l s

Support and prot ec t neurons a nd pe rform o ther func ti ons.
Neuroglia account for ove r ha l f o f the brai n's wei ght, and there c an b e
10 to 50 more neuroglia tha n ne urons in vari ous p arts of the b rai n.
 NEURON FUNCTIONS
1. Receive signals (or information).
2. Integrate incoming signals (to
determine whether or not the
information should be passed
along).
3. Communicate signals to target
cells (other neurons or muscles or
gland
 NEURON STRUCTURE
Three parts:
1. NEURON CELL BODY OR SOMA
The axon (tree roots) is the o utpu t
structure of the neuron ; when a
neuron wants to talk to another
neuron, it sends an electr ical
message call ed an action
potential throughout the enti r e
axon.
The soma’s fun ction is to maintain
the cell and to keep the neur o n
functioning ef f ici entl y
 NEURON STRUCTURE
Three parts:
1. NEURON CELL BODY OR SOMA
Where the nucleus lies
contains genet ic mat erial
(chromosomes) in cludin g
information for cell
development.
Where the neuron’s DNA i s
housed
Where proteins are made to be
transported throughout the ax on
and dendrites.
 NEURON STRUCTURE
2. DENDRITE
Dendrites are the tree- ro ot-shape d
part of the n euron wh ic h are
usually short er an d more nu merous
than axons.
Their purpose is to receive
information fr o m other neur o ns
and to transmit electr ical signals
towards the cell body.
 NEURON STRUCTURE
3. AXON
The axon arises from the cel l body
at a specialized area called the
axon hillock .
Towards its en d, the ax on s pli ts u p
into many bran ches an d de ve l ops
bulbous swellin gs k nown a s axon
terminals (or nerve terminals).
 NEURON STRUCTURE
3. AXON
The function of the ax on is to carry
signals away fr om the cell body t o
the terminal butto ns, i n or der t o
transmit electrical signals t o
other neurons
Axons are long nerve proce sses
that may branch off to transfer
signals to man y areas, before
ending at jun ctions called
synapses.
 TYPES OF NEURONS
Classified according to either their function or their structure.

Functional struc ture is based on the di rection whi c h ac ti on p otenti al s

are conducted.
Sensory neuron s (affere nt) co ndu ct action potenti al s toward the CNS.
Motor neuron s (efferen t) condu ct action potenti al s away from the
CNS towards muscles or gl ands
Interneurons con duc t ac ti on potenti al s fro m o ne neuron to another
within the CNS
Structural classificat ion i s based on the a rrangement of the p roc ess
that extend from the neuron cel l body.
Major struct ural cat egories: Multipolar, Bipolar , and Pseudo-
Unipolar
 TYPES OF NEURONS
Classified according to either their function or their structure.
 NEUROGLIA OF THE CNS
major supporting cells in the CNS

They participat e in forming a permeabil i ty ba rri er b etween the b l ood

and the neurons, phagoc yti ze fo rei gn s ubs tance s, p rod uc e
cerebrospinal fluid an d fo rm myel i n s heats a round axons.
Permeability = is how eas i l y l i qu i d and gas passes through the c e
The neuroglia are a diverse cl ass o f cel l s tha t provi d e d evel op mental ,
physiological, an d met abol i c support fo r ne urons. They are
responsible for maintaini ng ho meostati c co ntrol and i mmune
surveillance in the nervo us s ys tem.
 NEUROGLIA OF THE CNS
major supporting cells in the CNS
1. Astrocytes
star-shaped bec ause cytoplasmi c pro ce sses
extend from the cell body.
these extensions widen a nd spre ad out to
from foot proc esses, wh i ch co ve rs the
surfaces of blood vessels, neurons a nd pia
mater
piamater = membran e co ve ri ng the
outside of the brain an d spinal cord
help regulat e ex trac ellul ar compo si ti on o f
brain fluid by releasing chemi ca l s tha t
promote format ion of tight j unctions.
 NEUROGLIA OF THE CNS
major supporting cells in the CNS
2. Ependymal Cells
line the ventric les (cavit y) of the brai n a nd
the central c an al of the spinal cord
Specialized epen dymal cel l s a nd blood
vessels from the choroid pl exuses
Choriod plexuses: locat ed wi thi n certai n
regions of the ven tric les
Secretes cerebrospin al flui d that flows
through the ven tric les of the brai n.
TYPES:
Nonciliated - produc es ce rebro spinal flui d
Ciliated - re spon sible for tra nspo rt o r
circulation of CSF.
 NEUROGLIA OF THE CNS
major supporting cells in the CNS

3. Microglia
neuroglia in the CNS that beco me mo bil e a nd
phagocytic in respon se to infl ammati on.
Numerous mic roglia migrate to a reas
damaged by in fec tion, trauma, or s troke a nd
perform phagocytosis.
The resident immun e ce l l s o f the brai n a nd
constantly pat rol the cerebra l
microenviron men t to respond to pathogens
and damage.
 NEUROGLIA OF THE CNS
major supporting cells in the CNS

4. Oligendendroc ytes
Have cytoplasmic ex ten si ons tha t can
surround axons
if the cytoplasmic ex ten s i on wrap many
times around the ax on s, the y from a n
insulating mat erial called myelin sheath.
Myelin sheath = allows elect ric al
impulses to tran smit quickl y and
efficiently al on g the nerve cel l s. If myel i n
is damaged, these impuls es s l ow down.
 NEUROGLIA OF THE PNS
major supporting cells in the PNS

1. Schwann cells
Wrap around ax on s
If schwann cells wraps many ti me a round an
axon, it forms a myelin s heath.
Unlike oligoden droc yte, schwann cel l s fo rms
a myelin sheat hs around porti ons o f o ne
axon.
Supplies nutrients to in di vidu al a xons
 NEUROGLIA OF THE PNS
major supporting cells in the PNS

2. Satellite Cells
Surrounds n euron cell bodies in s ensory and
autonomic gan glia
Provide support an d nut ri ti on to the ne uron
cell bodies
Protect neuron from heavy me tal poi sons
(lead and me rcury) by absorbing the m a nd
reducing their ac cess to the ne uron cel l
bodies.
MYELINATED AND UNMYELINATED AXONS
Myelinated - enclosed in myelin sheath

Myelinated ax on s are wra pped by s eve ral

layers of plasma membra ne fro m s chwann
cells (PNS) or oligoden drocytes (CNS).
Spaced between the wrappi ng a re the no de
of ranvier. Myelin at ed ax o ns conduct action
potentials r apidly.

Unmyelinated ax on s rest i n inva gi nati ons o f

Schwann cells (PNS) or Ol i gode ndro cytes
(CNS). They conduct action potenti als
slowly.
SHORT RECAP
 a t i o n o f N e r v o u s
a n i z T i s
r g s u e
O
 NERVOUS TISSUE
Nervous tissue can be g roupe d i nto whi te ma tter and gray matter
 NERVOUS TISSUE
Nervous tissue can be g roupe d i nto whi te ma tter and gray matter

WHITE MATTER GRAY MATTER

Consists of Myelinated Axons; propagates action potential Consists of collection of neuron cell bodies or unmyelinated axons.

Forms nerve tracts in the CNS and nerves in the PNS. Forms cortex and nuclei in the CNS and ganglia in the PNS

60% of the brain 40 percent of the brain

also known as "Substantia Alba" also known as "Substantia Grisea"

Has myelin sheath Has no myelin sheath

Myelin sheath is responsible for the white color. Gray color because of the gray nuclei that comprises the cells
REVIEW: ACTION POTENTIAL
THE SYNAPSE
 THE SYNAPSE
Junction between two cells where they communicate with each other.
Presynaptic cell = the cell that transmits a signal toward the synapse
Postsynaptic cell = the cell that receives the signal
THE SYNAPSE
1. ELECTRICAL SYNAPSE
Neurons forming electrical synapse have
gap junctions or low resistance bridges
between them.
They are only seen in few locations
(retina, olfactory bulb, hippocampus -
brain memory) in nervous system
Impulse is transmitted both the directions
THE SYNAPSE
2. CHEMICAL SYNAPSE
use chemicals such as neurotransmitters
for conduction of impulse along junction
widely spread in the body
two neurons are not in contact physically
they usually transmit impulse in one
direction only.
 NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Chemical messengers that transmits signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse.
Target cell may be a neuron or some other kind of cell, muscle or gland.
 NEUROTRANSMITTERS
First neurotransmitter to be discovered.
It is important for muscle control, autonomic body
functions, and in learning, memory, and attention.
ACETYLCHOLINE Alzheimer's disease
loss of cholinergic neurons that produce
acetylcholine
loss of memory
Myasthenia Gravis
the ability of skeletal muscle to respond to
nervous system stimulation decreases,
resulting in muscle weakness and even
paralysis
 NEUROTRANSMITTERS

SEROTONIN Regulates attention and other complex

cognitive functions such as sleep
(dreaming), eating, mood, and pain
regulation.
Too little has been shown to lead to
depression, anger control, etc.
Affected by exercise and light exposure.
 NEUROTRANSMITTERS

DOPAMINE Associated with reward system in brain.

Generally involved in regulatory motor
activity. in mood, motivation and
attention
Too much dopamine can cause
Schizophrenia
Too little dopamine can cause Parkinson's
Disease and ADHD
 NEUROTRANSMITTERS
NOREPINEPHRINE Synthesized directory from Dopamine.
NORADRENALINE
Direct precursor of Epinephrine
plays an important role in your body's
fight-or-flight response
Strongly associated with bringing our
nervous system into "high-alert"
It increases our heart rate and our blood
pressure.
It is also important for forming memories.
 NEUROTRANSMITTERS

GAMMA AMINA
BUTYRIC ACID
GABA reduces a nerve cell's ability to send
(GABA) and receive chemical messages
throughout the central nervous system
Associated with Epilepsy
Treatment because it calms the
neurons
 NEUROTRANSMITTERS

GLYCINE
It participates in the processing of motor
and sensory information that permits
movement, vision, and audition.
Too much glycine disrupt brain functions
 NEUROTRANSMITTERS
An amino acid
It plays a major role in learning and
GLUTAMATE memory.
For your brain to function properly,
glutamate needs to be present in the right
concentration in the right places at the
right time.
Too much glutamate is associated with
such diseases as Parkinson’s disease,
Alzheimer’s disease and Huntington’s
disease (stops brain function overtime)
 NEUROTRANSMITTERS

ENDORPHINS Type of neurotransmitter, or messenger

EUPHORIA in your body.
Endorphins are chemicals produced
naturally by the nervous system to cope
with pain or stress.
They are often called “feel-good”
chemicals because they can act as a pain
reliever and happiness booster.
 END OF CHAPTER 12

Thank you!
Vibar, Erica Jane N.