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Group II Mains
Test 1 – Socio-Economic Issues Explanation

1. Explain the concept of Population explosion in India.

a. Population explosion defined as the sudden and rapid rise in the size of
population, especially human population.
b. Over a period of 100 years, India has quadrupled its population size. In
terms of, size of population, India ranks 2nd in the world after China. India
has only about 2.4% of the world’s geographical area and contributes less
than 1.2% of the world’s income, but accommodates about 17.5% of the
world’s population. In other words, every 6th person in the world is an
Indian.
c. The period from 1951 to 1981 is known in India as the period of Population
Explosion.
d. During 1951, population growth rate has come down from 1.33% to 1.25%.
Hence it is known as ‘Year of Small divide’.
e. In 1961, population of India started increasing at the rate of 1.96% i.e, 2%.
Hence 1961 is known as ‘Year of Population Explosion’.
f. In the year 2001, the Population of India crossed one billion (100 crore)
mark. The 2011 census reveals growth of youth population which is
described as ‘demographic transition’.
Causes:
a. High Birth Rate
b. Decline Death Rate
c. Early marriage
d. Out-migration will reduce population growth while in-migration will
increase
e. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
f. Availability of family planning.
g. Social and Religious reasons
h. Illiteracy
i. Poverty
Effect:
a. Increase of Unemployment
b. scarcity of Resources
c. Inequitable income Distribution
d. Poor standard of living
e. Increasing Crime Rate / Law and order problems
f. Poverty

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2. Write a short note on National Family Health Survey 5.
a. The NFHS is a large-scale, multi-round survey conducted in a
representative sample of households throughout India.
b. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) has designated
the International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) Mumbai, as
the nodal agency for providing coordination and technical guidance for the
survey.
c. Sex Ratio: NFHS-5 data shows that there were 1,020 women for 1000 men
in the country in 2019-2021.
d. Sex Ratio at Birth: NFHS-5 data shows that there were 952 girls for 1000
boys in the country in 2019-2021
e. Total Fertility Rate (TFR): TFR was 2 in 2019-2021, just below the
replacement fertility rate of 2.1.In rural areas, the TFR is still 2.1.In urban
areas, and TFR had gone below the replacement fertility rate in the 2015-16
NFHS itself.
f. Children’s Nutrition: Child Nutrition indicators show a slight improvement
at all-India level
i. Stunting has declined from 38% to 36%
ii. Wasting from 21% to 19%
iii. Underweight from 36% to 32% at all India level.
iv. The share of overweight children has increased from 2.1% to 3.4%.
g. Anaemia: The incidence of anaemia in under-5 children (from 58.6 to 67%),
women (53.1 to 57%) and men (22.7 to 25%) has worsened in all States of
India (20%-40% incidence is considered moderate).Barring Kerala (at
39.4%), all States are in the “severe” category.
h. Institutional Births: Institutional births have increased substantially from
79% to 89% at all-India Level.Institutional delivery is 100% in Puducherry
and Tamil Nadu and more than 90% in 7 States/UTs out of 12 Phase II
States/UTs.
i. Family Planning: Overall Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR) has
increased substantially from 54% to 67% at all-India level and in almost all
Phase-II States/UTswith an exception of Punjab.Use of modern methods of
contraceptives has also increased in almost all States/UTs.
j. Breastfeeding to Children's: Exclusive breastfeeding to children under age
6 months has shown an improvement in all-India level from 55% in 2015-
16 to 64% in 2019-21.

3. What are the important parameters determining the population growth in

India?
a. Populations gain individuals through births and immigration. They lose
individuals through deaths and emigration. These factors together
determine how fast a population grows. A positive growth rate means a
population is increasing. A negative growth rate means it is decreasing.
b. Growth Rate: = CBR – CDR +/- Net Migration Rate/ 100

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Parameters
a. Crude Birth rate (Natality Rate): Number of live births per thousand
people in a year.
b. Crude Death Rate (Mortality Rate): Number of deaths per thousand
people in a year.
c. Net Migration Rate: the formula for net migration rate is simple: N = 1000
× (I – E) / P N= net migration rate E = number of people emigrating out of
the country I= number of people immigrating into the country P = the
estimated mid-year population.
d. Immigration leads to an increased growth rate of population, emigration
lowers the growth rate of population in the source region.

4. What do you mean by the population pyramid? What is the use of the
population pyramid?
a. Population pyramids are graphical representations of the age and sex of a
population. For this reason, population pyramids are also referred to as age-
sex pyramids.
b. We refer to these graphs as pyramids because they are usually shaped like
triangles and population pyramids also take other shapes.
c. Population pyramids usually have males on the left side and females on the
right. There is also a vertical line in the middle of the graph that separates
the males from the females. There are three types of Age - Sex pyramids:
expansive, constrictive, and stationary.
Use of the population pyramid
a. The purpose of making this Age - Sex pyramid is to find out the comparison
between the number of men and women, the number of workers, and the
structure of the population in a country quickly.
b. In addition, the creation of the Age - Sex Pyramid also has a purpose to
assist the government in taking development policies.

5. Why recently the state of Uttar Pradesh enforced the two-child policy?
a. Report and the draft bill of The Uttar Pradesh Population (Control,
Stabilisation and Welfare) Bill, 2021 were submitted.
b. The Uttar Pradesh State Law Commission recently submitted a report and
draft bill of a new population control law proposing a two-child policy to the
State government.
i. Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state, and the largest subdivision in the
world. It has a population of about 199,812,341 as per the 2011 census.
ii. If it were a separate country, Uttar Pradesh would be the world's fifth
most populous nation, next only to China, India, the United States of
America and Indonesia.
iii. There is an average population density of 828 persons per km².

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iv. Uttar Pradesh government has announced that is wants to control
population to promote sustainable development with more equitable
distribution.
v. It has the potential to lead to increased gender inequality, skewed sex
ratio, exacerbation of malnutrition and an inevitable rise in unsafe
abortions.
vi. The state has floated a proposal that focuses on disincentivising couples
from having more than 2 children and rewards to those who have only one
child.
1. Decreasing the total fertility rate from 2.7 to 2.1 by 2026 and 1.7 by
2030.
2. Increase modern contraceptive prevalence rate from 31.7% to 45% by
2026 and 52% by 2030.
3. Increase male methods of contraception use from 10.8% to 15.1% by
2026 and 16.4% by 2030.
4. Decrease maternal mortality rate from 197 to 150 to 98, and infant
mortality rate from 43 to 32 to 22, and under 5 infant mortality rate
from 47 to 35 to 25.
5. To increase the accessibility of contraceptive measures issued under
the Family Planning Programme and provide a proper system for safe
abortion.
6. To reduce the newborns’ and maternal mortality rate.
7. To provide for care of the elderly, and better management of
education, health, and nutrition of adolescents between 11 to 19
years.

6. What will be the major consequences of the old age population in an

economy?
As the number of senior citizens increase – from 10.38 Crore in 2011 to an
estimated 17.3 Crore in 2026 and 30 Crore in 2050.
The government is developing residential and infrastructure facilities of
different grades for senior citizens through public-private partnership for a
dignified and safe aging experience.
I. Isolation and loneliness among the elderly is rising.
a. Nearly half the elderly felt sad and neglected, 36 percent felt they
were a burden to the family.
II. Rise in age-related chronic illness:
a. Heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and other chronic diseases will
cause more death and illness worldwide than infectious or parasitic
diseases over the next few years.
III. Special challenges for less developed nations:
a. Poorer countries will carry the double burden of caring for older
people with chronic diseases, as well as dealing with continued high
rates of infectious diseases.

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IV. Increasing need for long-term care:
a. The number of sick and frail elderly needing affordable nursing
homes or assisted living centres will likely increase.
V. Rise in the Health care costs:
a. As older people stop working and their health care needs increase,
governments could be overwhelmed by unprecedented costs.
VI. Elderly women issues:
a. They face life time of gender-based discrimination. The gendered
nature of ageing is such that universally, women tend to live longer
than men.
b. Ageing women are more likely to get excluded from social security
schemes due to lower literacy and awareness levels.

7. Write short notes on the following terms – Demographic dividend and

Population Density.
Demographic dividend:
a. As per the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the demographic
dividend is the economic growth potential resulting out of changing
population age structure with a large section of people in the working-age
group of 15 years to 64 years as compared to the non-working age
population of below 14 years and above 65 years.
b. In India, the children who has less than 15 years of age constitute 29.5%
and the people above 60 years constitute 8.0%. So, the dependent
population in India is 37.5% and the independent population (16-59 yrs) is
62.5%. It shows that our country has enormous manpower.
Population Density:
a. It is expressed as number of persons per sq km. According to 2011, the
average density of population of India is 382 persons per sq.km.
b. India is one of the most thickly populated ten countries of the world. The
most densely populated state of India is Bihar and the state with least
population density is Arunachal Pradesh.
c. Among the union territories, Delhi is the densely populated one with 11,297
per sq.km, while Andaman and Nicobar Islands have the lowest density of
population.

8. Explain in detail about the Civil Registration System (CRS) in India

a. Civil Registration system is a continuous, permanent, compulsory recording
of the occurrence and characteristics of vital events, like births, deaths and
still births.
b. The Registrar General of India was founded in 1961 by the Government of
India under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
c. In India the registration of births and deaths is carried out under provisions
of the Registration of Birth and Death (RBD) Act, 1969.
d. Registrar General, India is entrusted with the responsibilities of co-
ordinating and unifying the activities of the Chief Registrar of Births and
Deaths.

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e. Chief Registrar of Births and Deaths in each States/UTs is the
implementing authority and the registration of births and deaths is done by
the local registrars appointed by the State Government under whose
jurisdiction the event has taken place.
f. It is the duty of the Chief Registrar to compile, publish and submit the
Annual Statistical Report based on Civil Registration System to the State
Government as well as Registrar General, India.
g. The normal period of 21 days (from the date of occurrence) has been
prescribed for reporting the birth, death and still birth events. If event of a
birth or death is reported for registration to the prescribed authority within
the normal period of 21days, no fee would be charged.
h. The data generated through a complete and up-to-date CRS is essential for
socio-economic planning.

9. What do you mean by the Caste Census in India? Why it is needed in

India?
a. Caste Census is the demand to include the caste-wise tabulation of
India’s population in the upcoming exercise.
b. Caste, a powerful cultural underpinning of Indian culture, was last
included in the Indian Census in 1931. The drill was carried out at the time
by the Britishers. From 1951 to 2011, every census in independent India
provided data on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes but not on other
castes.
c. The Britishers ended the practice in the 1941 Census, citing cost
restrictions. The lost parameter was not picked up by the Indian
government. In the absence of such a census, there is no reliable estimate
of the number of OBCs, other categories within OBCs, and others.
Importance of Caste Census
a. Equitable representation: The actual population size of each caste would
aid in tailoring the Reservation System to guarantee fair representation for
all of them.
b. Enumerating the marginalised: A caste census would bring to light the
specific number of individuals who are on the fringes, or who are
disadvantaged, or the types of vocations they pursue, or the kind of grip
that institutions like caste have on them.
c. Removes caste rigidities: It helps abandon the notion that caste
exclusively applies to those who are disadvantaged, destitute, or otherwise
deficient.
d. Data for Policy Making: It will be beneficial to provide statistical
justifications for maintaining caste-based affirmative action programmes or
welfare schemes.
e. Judicial support: Indian courts have often stated strongly that appropriate
data on reservation is required. It may also be a legal requirement, given

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that courts seek ‘quantifiable facts’ to back up the current levels of
reservation.

10. Write short note on demographic transition in the context of India.

a. Over a period of 100 years, India has quadrupled its population size. In
terms of size of population, India ranks 2nd in the world after China. India
has only about 2.4% of the world’s geographical area and contributes less
than 1.2% of the world’s income, but accommodates about 17.5% of the
world’s population. In other words, every 6th person in the world is an
Indian.
b. The negative growth during 1911-21 was due to rapid and frequent
occurrence of epidemics like cholera, plague and influenza and also
famines. The year 1921 is known as the ‘Year of Great Divide’ for India’s
population as population starts increasing.
c. During 1951, population growth rate has come down from 1.33% to 1.25%.
Hence it is known as ‘Year of Small divide’. In 1961, population of India
started increasing at the rate of 1.96% i.e, 2%. Hence 1961 is known as
‘Year of Population Explosion’.
d. In the year 2001, the Population of India crossed one billion (100 crore)
mark. The 2011 census reveals growth of youth population which is
described as ‘demographic transition’.
e. The Office of the Registrar General of India has predicted that India is set to
enter the fourth stage of demographic transition by around 2026.
f. The goal of TFR of 2.1 has been already achieved by Kerala, Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and West Bengal. But the states
like Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar
Pradesh and Uttarakhand are expected to achieve total fertility rate of 2.1
only around 2030.

11. Which kind of unemployment is the most prevalent one in Tamilnadu?

What could be the possible reasons for this?
Structural Unemployment is the most prevalent one in Tamilnadu. This
unemployment arises when there is a mismatch between the worker’s skills
and availability of jobs in the market.
CAUSES OF UNDEREMPLOYEMENT: As mentioned earlier an underemployed
person works beneath their abilities and qualifications. There can be several
i. Mismatch of Skills : Recent graduates or workers who have immigrated
and are re-establishing their careers in a new country might suffer from
this under-utilization of skills
ii. Lack of Experience : Recent graduates may find themselves struggling to
secure their first job after college. Even entry-level jobs sometimes require
more experience than students may have to offer right after graduation

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iii. Poor Economy : Anyone can find themselves in trouble if the economy
takes a turn for the worse. During a recession, many skilled workers who
would ordinarily have little trouble landing a good job in their field may
wind up unemployed or underemployed.
iv. Market Changes : Underemployment can also be caused by larger market
changes. For example, automation has affected workers in industries
ranging from retail to manufacturing to transportation and warehousing.
v. Technological changes : Sometimes technology takes the job of a worker
who would have previously been employed in a position that has since
become automated. For example, vending machines have taken the jobs of
some cafeteria workers and cashiers, and ATMs have replaced some bank
tellers.

12. In the present situation, what is the necessity of skill development in

India.
As per Labour Bureau Report, 2014, the current size of India’s formally skilled
workforce is only 2 percent. This apart, there is also the challenge of
employability of large sections of conventionally educated youth. The Indian
education system has been churning out brilliant minds but lacking in the skill
set required for specific job.
a. This high level of unemployment can be due to failure to find job or lack of
competency or training opportunity or low demands for skill acquired
leading to skill mismatch
b. The skilled workforce is crucial for the success of recently launched
missions - Make in India, Digital India, and Smart Cities.
c. Demographic Dividend: With most of the major economies of world having
sizeable ageing population, India has huge opportunity of serving the
booming market. The ‘demographic window’ is only a span of few decades.
The skilled youth is required to save demographic dividend from becoming
demographic disaster.
d. Slowdown in China - an opportunity: With China gradually vacating its
factories, with rising Chinese wages and an appreciating Yuan, and also
with internal demographic challenge of too few young people, India has an
opportunity to become a factory of the world.
e. Sectoral mobilization: Less number of people will be required to work in
farming as productivity improves. This would result in sectoral mobilization
of workforce from agriculture to secondary and tertiary activities.
f. Better Employment: Skills are needed to those currently in colleges for
them to be better employed.
g. Skill Capital of World: To convert this vision into reality, India needs to
create a skilled and productive workforce matching international standards
of quality and productivity through integration of skills and training along
with education.

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13. What are the major obstacles in the eradication of unemployment in
India?
a. Large population.
b. Low or no educational levels and vocational skills of working population.
c. Inadequate state support, legal complexities and low infrastructural,
financial and market linkages to small/ cottage industries or small
businesses, making such enterprises unviable with cost and compliance
overruns.
d. Huge workforce associated with informal sector due to lack of required
education/ skills, which is not captured in any employment data. For ex:
domestic helpers, construction workers etc.
e. The syllabus taught in schools and colleges, being not as per the current
requirements of the industries. This is the main cause of structural
unemployment.
f. Inadequate growth of infrastructure and low investments in manufacturing
sector, hence restricting employment potential of secondary sector.
g. Low productivity in agriculture sector combined with lack of alternative
opportunities for agricultural worker which makes transition from primary
to secondary and tertiary sectors difficult.
h. Regressive social norms that deter women from taking/continuing
employment.

14. List out the major schemes taken by the Government of India on the
issue of unemployment.
a. Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) : It was launched in
1980 to create full employment opportunities in rural areas.
b. Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM) : This scheme
was started in 1979 with objective to help unemployed rural youth between
the age of 18 and 35 years to acquire skills for self-employment. Priority
was given to SC/ST Youth and Women.
c. By merging the two erstwhile wage employment programme – National Rural
Employment programme (NREP) and Rural Landless Employment
Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) the Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) was
started with effect from April, 1, 1989 on 80:20 cost sharing basis between
the centre and the States.
d. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(MNREGA): It is an employment scheme that was launched in 2005 to
provide social security by guaranteeing a minimum of 100 days paid work
per year to all the families whose adult members opt for unskilled labour-
intensive work. This act provides Right to Work to people.
e. Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) : Launched in 2015 has
an objective of enabling a large number of Indian youth to take up industry-
relevant skill training that will help them in securing a better livelihood.

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f. Start Up India Scheme : Launched in 2016 aims at developing an
ecosystem that promotes and nurtures entrepreneurship across the
country.
g. Stand Up India Scheme : Launched in 2016 aims to facilitate bank loans
between Rs 10 lakh and Rs. 1 crore to at least one SC or ST borrower and at
least one women borrower per bank branch for setting up a greenfield
enterprise.
h. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya – Grameen Kaushal Yojana : The Ministry of
Rural Development implements DDU-GKY to drive the national agenda for
inclusive growth, by developing skills and productive capacity of the rural
youth from poor families.

15. Write a brief note on the Tamilnadu State Policy for Children 2021.
a. The Tamilnadu government released a Tamilnadu State Policy for children
2021 to ensure prevention and protection of children from all forms of
violence, abuse and exploitation and creating child safe spaces in whole
state of Tamilnadu.
b. The Policy says every child shall have access to quality healthcare and
education and will be able to freely express his or her views on any issue
concerning him/her.
c. Forming internal complaints committee in all schools under POSH Act and
strengthening existing child protection systems like village level child
protection committees and neighbourhood child protection committees and
conducting awareness campaign against all forms of violence against
children and its negative impact on children, laws/institutions to be
accessed or approached for redressal, implementing highest standards of
safety and security within all child care institutions,
d. building a preventive, responsive children protection system, promoting
effective enforcement of legislation are some of the measures suggested to
protect the children in the policy.
e. It suggest upgrading rehabilitation services under child protection system
with special focus on mental health and psycho-social support and
ensuring privacy of the children
f. The policy suggest creation of bala sabhas in all gram panchayats where all
children in the age group of 12 to 18 are members and they shall meet at
least four times a year and pass resolution on matters relating to gram
sabha to take appropriate action.

16. What are the major objectives of the Integrated Child Development
Services (ICDS) Scheme?
The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme was launched with
the objectives
i. To improve the nutritional and health status of children in the age-group
0-6 years

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ii. To lay the foundation for proper psychological, physical and social
development of the child
iii. To reduce the incidence of mortality, morbidity, malnutrition and school
dropout
iv. To achieve effective co-ordination of policy and implementation amongst
the various departments to promote child development
v. To enhance the capability of the mother to look after the normal health
and nutritional needs of the child through proper nutrition and health
education.
In order to achieve these objectives, a package of six services namely
i. Supplementary nutrition (SNP),
ii. Immunization,
iii. Health check-up,
iv. Referral services,
v. Pre-school non-formal education
vi. Nutrition & health education are provided. Three of the six services
namely Immunization, Health Check-up and Referral Services are
delivered through Public Health Infrastructure under the Ministry of
Health & Family Welfare.

17. List out the prominent legislations aimed at preventing the child labour
in India.
India has also taken effective measure under national level. In order to
eliminate child labour, India has brought constitutional, statutory
development measures. The Indian constitution has consciously incorporated
provisions to secure compulsory elementary education as well as the labour
protection for the children. Labour commission in India have gone into the
problems of child labour and have made extensive recommendations.
There are wide range of laws, which guarantee the substantial extent
the rights and entitlement as provided in the constitution and in the UN
convention
1. The apprentice Act 1861.
2. The child labour Act 1989.
3. The child marriage restraint Act 1929.
4. The children (Pledging of labour) Act 1929.
5. Children Act 1960.
6. The guardian and wards Act 1890.
7. The Hindu minority and guardianship Act 1956.
8. The Hindu Adoption and maintenance Act 1956.
9. The immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 1956.
10. Juvenile justice Act 1986.
11. The orphanages and other charitable Homes (supervision and control) Act
1960.
12. Probation and offenders Act 1958.

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13. Reformatory schools Act 1857.
14. The women’s and children’s institutions (licensing) Act 1956.
15. The young persons (harmful publications) Act 1956.
16. Factories Act 1948
17. Plantation Labor Act, 1951
18. Mines Act 1952
19. Motor Transport Workers Act 1961
20. The Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, 1966
21. Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act of 1970
22. Bonded Labor System Abolition Act 1976
23. Child Labour Act 1986 (Amendment in 2016)
24. Domestic Workers (Registration Social Security and Welfare) Act, 2008
25. Right to Education Act 2009,
26. POCSO (Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act) Act 2012
27. Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015

18. Differentiate between Child labour and Child work. Also explain the types
of child labour in India.
a. The International Labour Organisation (ILO), defines child labour as ‘work
that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their
dignity, and that is harmful to their physical and mental development’.
This includes work carried out over long hours in an unsafe environment,
requiring the use of dangerous tools or making the child carry objects that
are too heavy. Child labour also refers to work that is socially or morally
dangerous and harmful to children. The use of children for debt bondage,
serfdom, child prostitution and pornography, forced or compulsory
recruitment for armed conflict, drug trafficking, among others are examples
of child labour.
b. Child work, on the other hand, refers to work that children do to help their
families in ways that are neither harmful nor exploitative. According to the
ILO, this includes activities such as helping their parents around the home,
assisting in a family business or earning pocket money outside school hours
and during school holidays
The Types of child labour in India
a. Slavery is where one person is owned by and made to work for another
person without having any say over what happens to them. Slaves are held
against their will from the time of their capture, purchase, or birth, and are
not allowed to leave or to refuse to work.
b. Child trafficking is the illegal trading (buying, selling and movement) of
children for labour or sexual exploitation. Children are trafficked for many
reasons, including forced labour, prostitution and recruitment as child
soldiers and beggars.
c. Debt bondage is forced labour, where work is exchanged to pay off loans
that people cannot pay off with money or goods. For example, a poor family

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may hand over their child to someone to pay off their debt, and that child
will have to work for years until the debt is cleared.
d. Serfdom is when a person is forced to live and work on land belonging to
another person, often with little or no pay.
e. Forced labour is when someone is made to work against their wishes. For
example, Children in armed conflict are forced to fight or to work as
cooks, porters and messengers. These children are abused and exploited,
often being forced to kill or maim other human beings.
f. Sexual exploitation is the mistreating, abusing and/or taking advantage of
someone for personal gain and profit, by involving them in prostitution or
commercial sexual activity. Prostitution is the exchange of sexual activities
for money.
g. Producing and trafficking drugs is an illicit activity that often involves
children. Trafficking is illegal trading (buying or selling).
h. Children are also involved in other crimes as defined in national laws,
such as buying stolen goods, shoplifting, robbery, hijacking cars, theft and
burglary.
i. Street children, runaways or children living in poverty are also used
in organized beggary.

19. Explain and list out the demographic details of Tamilnadu.

Tamil Nadu stands sixth in population with 7.21 crore against India’s 121
crore as per 2011 census. However, Tamil Nadu’s population is higher than
that of several countries according to UN Report.

Population
State / Country
(in Crore)
Tamil Nadu 7.2
U.K. 6.5
France 6.5
Italy 5.9

a. Density : The density of population which measures population per sq.km

is 555 in 2011 against 480 in 2001. Tamil Nadu ranks 12th in density
among the Indian States and 382 is the national average.
b. Urbanisation : Tamil Nadu is one of the most urbanized state with 48.4% of
urban population against 31.5% for India as a whole. The State accounts for
9.61% of total urbanites in India against 6% share of total population
c. Sex ratio : (Number of female per 1000 males) Balanced sex ratio implies
improvement in quality of life of female population. The sex ratio in Tamil
Nadu is nearing balance with 995 which is far better compared to most of

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the States and all India level. Tamil Nadu stands third next only to Kerala
state and Puduchery Union Territory in sex ratio.

Infant

Sl. No. Indicator Tamil Nadu India

1. IMR 17 34
2. MMR 79 159
3. Life Expectancy Total 70.6 67.9
Male 68.6 66.4
Female 72.7 69.6
4. Literacy Rate Total 80.33 % 74.04 %
Male 86.81 % 82.14 %
Female 73.86 % 65.46 %
5. Sex Ratio 995 940

d. Mortality Rate : (mortality before completing 1 year) Tamil Nadu is well

ahead of national average and other states in IMR. According to NITI
AAYOG, the IMR is 17 (per 1000) for Tamil Nadu which is just half of
national average of 34 as on 2016
e. Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) : (Mother’s death at the time of delivery
per 1 lakh) Tamil Nadu has a good record of controlling MMR, ranking third
with 79 (Kerala 61, Maharashtra 67) against national average of 159 again
half of the national average.
f. Life Expectancy at birth : The average period that a person may expect to
live is called life expectancy. However, life expectancy in India still falls
short of most developed and developing nations.
g. Literacy : The literacy rate 80.33%. The literacy rate of Tamil Nadu is is
higher than in many States.

20. What are the major causes for the growth of slums in the urban areas?
According to the estimates of Town and Country Planning Organization,
about 21.2% of urban population lives in slums.
This proportion is even higher in metropolitan cities like Kolkata,
Mumbai, etc. First question which arises here is that how slums developed,
what are the requirements for their development. There are varieties of factors
which helps in the formation of slums.
Rapid growth of population:
a. Population explosion and poverty force the urban poor to live in slums and
that leads to an increase in the size of slums.
b. Also, a regional imbalance in development creates rural to urban migration,
thus increasing the overall urban population density which pressurizes the
urban poor to move into slums.

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c. In the past 15 years, India’s urban population density has increased by
45%. It is further estimated that 40% of the population will live in urban
areas by 2026.
Poor Urban governance
a. Lack of affordable low cost housing and poor planning by government
encourages the supply side of slums.
b. Slow development of Villages : Villages in India are not Developed even on
basic requirement level, and even today people face the scarcity of water,
electricity and many more basic amenities.
c. This lack of facilities in rural areas forces people to migrate to the urban
areas, which increases pressure on urban population.
d. Vote politics : Vote politics also support the slums. Removal of slums
brings conflicts of interest of politician.
e. High house Rents in Cities : Poor peoples, most of which coming from
rural areas, are not able to pay high rent of houses in the towns.
f. Administrative failure: City authorities faced with rapid urban
development lack the capacity to cope with the diverse demands for
infrastructural provision to meet economic and social needs.
g. Unavailability of affordable housing: Rising material costs and labour
costs resulting from labour shortage is another reason for the growth of
slums as it makes developers unable to deliver affordable housing to the
market.
h. Limited access to financial resources: Slum dwellers typically inhabit
marginal locations such as dumping grounds mainly due to the low
purchasing power of slum dwellers in formal land markets when compared
with high-income groups.
i. Rural to Urban Migration: Rural to urban migration is one of the primary
drivers of growth of slums in Indian cities.
j. Social factors: Moreover, social backwardness forces people to live in
congested areas away from main areas. For example, more Scheduled
Castes (SCs) live in slums – with one out of every five residents belonging to
the SC category.

21. What are the major reasons for the growth of population in the urban
areas of Tamilnadu?
a. More people in Tamil Nadu have moved from rural to urban areas the last
10 years compared to other states, according to the 2011 Census data.
Tamil Nadu tops the list of urbanised states with 48.45% of its population
living in urban areas, followed by Kerala, Maharashtra and Gujarat.
b. In the last 20 years, the rate of urbanization in Tamil Nadu has been rapid.
According to the 1991 Census, only 34.15% of the total population in Tamil
Nadu was classified as urban but in 2011, it has risen to 48.45%, an
increase of 14.3%. Since the 2001 census, the percentage of urban
population has risen by 4.41%.

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c. Economic, political, and social issues merge with circumstances of
modernization to make people want to migrate from rural to urban areas.
Causes of urbanization include:
a. Industrial Growth : The explosion of industrialization and manufacturing
enterprises within a certain urban area gives rise to more employment
opportunities
b. Higher standard of living : Better paid jobs in the cities, an expected
higher standard of living, and more reliable food are all pull factors
c. Employment : Rural areas commonly are agricultural. Urbanization and
industrial growth create opportunities for jobs that pay more, are more
diverse, and may be less physically demanding.
d. Education: Many urban areas allow for better living standards, including
superior educational facilities.
e. Healthcare : Better access to healthcare in Urban area and more
recreational activities. In urban, increasing birth rates and decreasing death
rates. improved health care leading to longer life expectancies and better
medical conditions compared to the countryside mean more successful
births and a better life expectancy
f. Modern housing : Modern housing available in urban area in tamilnadu.
g. Economic Problems : Many people may choose to migrate from a world
area, as it is generally not as economically stable or wealthy as a booming
urban city.
h. Political Turmoil : Civil unrest, and other sources of political disorder often
are woes of developing areas. This turbulence — and potential danger —
can be enough to make anyone want to move.
i. Modernization : New technology upgrades the infrastructure of urban
areas. Better communication, medical facilities, and various social
amenities can attract those from rural areas.
j. Social Evils : Urban areas in TN are less communal and caste sensitive
than Rural area.

22. Explain the term population stabilization. Suggest important measures

for the population stabilization in India.
a. Population stabilization is a stage when the size of the population
remains unchanged. It is also called the stage of zero population growth.
b. Country level population stabilization occurs when births plus in-migration
equals deaths plus out-migration.
c. National Population Policy, 2000 envisaged achieving a stable population for
India.
d. The National Population Policy 2000 affirmed a commitment to achieve
replacement levels of fertility (total fertility rate of 2.1) by 2010.
e. Adopting Women-Centric Approach : A women-centric approach wherein
they incentivize later marriages and childbirths, make contraception easy
for women and promote women’s labour force participation.

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f. Switching to Modern Contraceptives : Action to prevent unwanted
pregnancies, particularly in northern states is urgently required. The over-
reliance on traditional methods of contraception needs to be swiftly replaced
with reliable and easy alternatives.
g. Emulating the Success of Southern States : When fertility reduction in
the five southern states succeeded, it overturns the conventional wisdom
that literacy, education, and development are prerequisites for populations
to stabilize.
h. Incentivise later marriages and child births : Over-reliance on traditional
methods of contraception needs to be swiftly replaced with reliable and easy
alternatives.

23. What are the pros and cons of increasing the minimum marriage age for
girls in India?
a. At present, The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, sets 18 years as the minimum
age of marriage for the bride and 21 years as the minimum age for the
groom.
b. The bill was introduced in Lok Sabha on 21st December 2021. But after
protests from the opposition, it was sent to the parliamentary panel for
further analysis.
Pros:
a. Protection of Basic Rights: Protection of women against early and child
marriage is a protection of their basic rights.
b. Bringing Gender Parity: Section 2(a) of the Special Marriage Act declares
legal marriageable age women as 18 while for men this age is 21,
the difference seems to have no justifiable logic.
c. Equal Laws Emanate Equality: Equality emanates from equal laws and
social transformations are both the precursors of laws and a consequence of
them.
d. Facilitating Women Empowerment: making the minimum legal age for
marriage as 21 will allow them to continue their studies. Thereby, many
more women will go for higher education.
Women’s empowerment will get a further fillip with equality in marriage
age
a. Health: Teenage pregnancies increase the risk of high blood pressure,
anaemia and several other health problems. It can also lead to the death
of the mother due to pregnancy complications. So, raising the age of
marriage for girls can reduce the chance of maternal mortality.
b. Early marriages result in several mental health issues in many girls. So,
this move can eliminate this problem.
c. Raising the minimum legal age for marriage can empower women and
can help them in achieving financial independence before marriage.

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Cons:
High Prevalence of Child Marriage Despite Stringent Laws
a. No Criminal Records for Early Marriages: Even though more than one in
five marriages took place below age 18, hardly any violations of the Act
appear in the criminal records of the country.
b. Misuse of Laws by Parents : Hence, within a patriarchal setting, it is more
likely that the change in the age limit will increase parents’ authority
over young adults.
c. Rights: The age of 18 years is considered a legal adult in India.

24. What do you mean by Total fertility rate (TFR) and replacement level
fertility? What will be the consequence if the TFR is high in India?
Total fertility rate (TFR) in simple terms refers to the total number of children
born or likely to be born to a woman in her lifetime if she were subject to the
prevailing rate of age-specific fertility in the population.
TFR of about 2.1 children per woman is called Replacement-level fertility.
TFR lower than 2.1 children per woman — indicates that a generation is not
producing enough children to replace itself, eventually leading to an outright
reduction in population.
The consequence if the TFR is high in India
1. Population : According to estimates in a recently released United
Nations report, India is expected to add 273 million people by the year
2050.
2. Sustainable Development : SDGs 1, 2, 3 and 4 are going to be affected
adversely because of India’s existing pattern of growth in the population.
3. Unemployment : Presently, India is producing around 25 million job
seekers in the country, however, the country is able to provide jobs only to 7
million. This gap of 18 million is increasing the burden of unemployment
4. Health and Quality of Life :healthcare and other benefits, India will have a
population explosion leading to a demographic disaster
5. Increased Investment : If TFR is increased, India must invest heavily in
human capital, health, and education to ensure a healthy and productive
population that can contribute to the country’s national and global
achievements.
Government Expenditure Focus on Older People - The burden of older people
in the economy needs to be contained.
a. Violence : If TFR is high, the Violence against women and child will
increases which lead to burden on government expenditure.
b. Disparity : At the population level, different states are growing at different
pace, thus each of them show different signs of population stress.
c. Demographic Dividend : In a country, young population is a demographic
dividend if the youth is skilled, employable and contributing to the
economy.

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25. Explain in detail about the measures taken by the Tamilnadu Government
against unemployment.
Measures taken by the Tamilnadu Government against unemployment
1. Tamil Nadu Urban Employment Scheme:
2. SPECIAL VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE CENTRE FOR TRIBAL POPULATION:
3. COACHING – CUM – GUIDANCE CENTERS FOR SC / ST
4. SPECIAL CELLS FOR DIFFERENTLY ABLED PERSONS
5. THIRAN TAMIZHAGAM MAGAZINE AND PUBLICATIONS
6. CAREER AWARENESS AND SKILL WEEK
7. FREE COACHING CLASSES IN COLLEGES
8. UNEMPLOYMENT ASSISTANCE SCHEME FOR UNEMPLOYED YOUTH
9. PRIVATE SECTOR PLACEMENT
10. FREE COACHING CLASSES FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS
THROUGH TELEVISION
LONG TERM SKILL TRAINING PROGRAMMES
1. Craftsmen Training Scheme (CTS)
2. Up-gradation of Government ITIs under PPP mode (PPP)
3. Skill Strengthening for Industrial Value Enhancement
4. Model ITI
5. Apprenticeship Training Scheme (ATS)
6. National Apprenticeship Promotional Scheme (NAPS)
7. Industrial Schools (IS)

26. What are the pros and cons of the National Rural Employment Guarantee
Scheme?
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA),
2005 provides legal guarantee for 100 days of employment during every
financial year to adult members of any rural households who are willing to
do public work-related unskilled manual works at the statutory minimum
wage.
Its entire implementation is monitored by the Ministry of Rural
Development in association with the State Government.
Pros :
1. This Act also provides 150 days of work to the SC/STs during non-
agricultural seasons.
2. About one-third of the stipulated workforce under this scheme is reserved
for women.
3. 3 .Within 15 days of applying or from the day the work is demanded, wage
employment will be provided to the applicant.
4. The employment under this scheme will be provided within a radius of 5
km. If it is above 5 km, extra wages will be paid by the government.
5. The applicants should receive wages within fifteen days after the work is
done.

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6. In case the employment is not provided within 15 days of submitting the
application or from the date when the work is sought, the individual has
the right to get unemployment allowance.
7. MGNREGA and COVID-19: MGNREGA not only prevented rural to urban
migration but also provided employment opportunities to migrant
labourers who returned to their villages due to the pandemic lockdown.
Cons:
1. The Act continues to face widespread corruption and administrative
negligence.
2. Technology-based, centralised, implementation has thrashed local
accountabilities and has increased the leakages.
3. Over the past years, budget allocation has been lesser than the revised
estimate.
4. Genuine work demands are not registered in most regions and dated receipts
are not provided.
5. In some areas of certain states, MGNREGA work opens only during specific
seasons and time.
6. MGNREGA payments worth more than Rs. 1000 crore has been rejected citing
“inactive Aadhaar” from 2015-16 to 2018-19.

27. What will be the major consequences of the unemployment in the rural
areas of the country?
Types of Rural Unemployment:
a. Open unemployment
b. Concealed unemployment
c. Educated rural unemployment
Consequences:
1. Open and disguised unemployment in rural areas lead to huge wastage
of human resources. This could have been utilised for the purpose of
economic development of the country.
2. Increase in the number of the unemployed increases pressure on land
and other scarce natural resources. In the absence of gainful industrial
activity in rural areas more and more people fall back upon agricultural
activities. This results in further sub-division of already tiny sized
holding. This adversely affects agricultural productivity.
3. The unemployed persons in rural areas are unproductive consumers.
They merely consume without any contribution to production. In the
process they eat away resources which would have been mobilized for
capital formation in rural sector.
4. Absence of employment opportunities in rural sector forces people to
migrate to cities in search of jobs.
5. Migratory population crowds the cities. Slums grow rapidly.
Environment gets polluted and cities become dens of vices.

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6. A significant impact of migration is observable on the social and family
spheres. The joint family system is very much in the process of being
disintegrated giving rise to nuclear family system.
7. Another consequence of rising unemployment is increase in the number
of crimes in the rural sector. In the past rural life was mostly peaceful
but along with the increase in unemployment, criminal activities have
registered a sharp increase and rural peaceful atmosphere has been
considerably destroyed. Cases of drug abuse and drug pedalling
unknown in the past have also increased. This has further aggravated
rural unrest.
8. Unemployment fails to generate sufficient resources to maintain the
health of the ruralites. Meager food and food devoid of required
nutrients such as protein and vitamins reduce immunity against
diseases and hence the ruralites fall ill more frequently. Their inability
to pay for even minimum medical care reduces the general health
status.
9. Unemployment affects the social status, personal life and sentiments of
the unemployed person. It weakens his ambition, blunts his endeavour,
saps his self-respect, shatters his hopes and generates guilt that he is
failing to provide care and support to his family. Prolonged
unemployment makes him either a delinquent or an antisocial.
10. Loss of social status tends to isolate the unemployed person from the
existing contacts. His emotional maladjustment and lack of resources
affect his family in several ways. Other members are forced to take up
work of any kind for their livelihood without any inhibition.
11. Even temporary unemployment has very serious consequences. It
results in suicide, forcing women to immoral traffic and withdrawal
from social relationships. This acts upon the morale and social life of
the individual, family and community in a very subtle way.

28. Suggest some policy measures to prevent the issue of Child labour in
India.
1. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act(1986) to prohibit the
engagement of children in certain employments and to regulate the
conditions of work of children in certain other employments
2. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016 : The
Amendment Act completely prohibits the employment of children below 14
years.
3. The amendment also prohibits the employment of adolescents in the age
group of 14 to 18 years in hazardous occupations and processes and
regulates their working conditions where they are not prohibited.
4. On World Day Against Child Labour (June 12) in 2017, India ratified two
core conventions of the International Labour Organization on child labour.

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5. National Policy on Child Labour (1987), with a focus more on rehabilitation
of children working in hazardous occupations and processes, rather than on
prevention.
6. Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act2000 and amendment
of the JJ Act in 2006: includes the working child in the category of children
in need of care and protection, without any limitation of age or type of
occupation.
7. Section 23 (cruelty to Juvenile) and Section 26 (exploitation of juvenile
employee) specifically deal with child labour under children in need of care
and protection.
8. Pencil: The government has launched a dedicated platform viz. pencil.gov.in
to ensure effective enforcement of child labour laws and end child labour.
9. The Right to Education Act 2009 has made it mandatory for the state to
ensure that all children aged six to 14 years are in school and receive free
education. Along with Article 21A of the Constitution of India recognizing
education as a fundamental right, this constitutes a timely opportunity to
use education to combat child labour in India.
10. Amendments made to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
(Prevention of Atrocities) Act prescribes severe punishment for people found
guilty of retaining bonded labour.
11. The amendment stipulates rigorous imprisonment for those who force
children to beg, handle or carry human waste and animal carcasses.
12. The draft National Policy for Domestic Workers, when goes into force, will
ensure minimum Rs.9,000 salary for household helpers.
13. Every police station in the country has a separate cell for juvenile, women
and child protection.
14. Many NGOs like Bachpan Bachao Andolan, CARE India, Child Rights and
You, Global march against child labour, RIDE India, Child line etc. have
been working to eradicate child labour in India.

29. What are the major benefits of the mid-day meal scheme in India?
a. The Midday meal scheme (under the Ministry of Education) is a centrally
sponsored scheme which was launched in 1995.
b. It is the world’s largest school meal programme aimed to attain the goal of
universalization of primary education.
c. Provides cooked meals to every child within the age group of six to fourteen
years studying in classes I to VIII who enrols and attends the school.
Benefits:
1. Address hunger and malnutrition, increase enrolment and attendance in
school, improve socialisation among castes, and provide employment at
grassroots level especially to women.
2. It is the world’s largest school meal programme aimed to attain the goal of
universalization of primary education.
3. The Ministry of Education (earlier known as the Ministry of Human
Resources and Development) is the authorized body to implement the
scheme.

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4. It is a centrally sponsored scheme hence cost is shared between the centre
and the states. (Centre’s share – 60 percent.)
5. Tamil Nadu is the first state to implement the midday meal scheme.
6. Till 2002, the scheme was only designed for government, government-
aided and local body schools. Later, children studying in Education
Guarantee Scheme (EGS) and Alternative & Innovative Education (AIE)
centres too were included under the scheme.
7. In 2007, class 6-8 children studying in 3,479 Educationally Backwards
Blocks (EBBs) were included in the scheme.
8. SSA-supported madrasas and maktabs were included in this scheme in
2008.
9. Apart from the calories and food intake, for micronutrients (tablets and
deworming medicines), each child is entitled to receive the amount
provided for in the school health programme of the National Rural Health
Mission.

30. List out the constitutional measures on the prevention of Child Labour in
India.
Fundamental Rights
a. Article 14: The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or
the equal protection of laws with in the territory of India.
b. Article 15: The State shall not discriminate against any citizen. Nothing in
this Article shall prevent the State from making any special provisions for
women and children.
c. Article 21: No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except
according to procedure established by law.
d. Article 21 A: The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all
children of the age of 6-14 years in such manner as the State may by law
determine.
e. Article 23: Traffic in human beings and beggary and other forms of forced
labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an
offence punishable in accordance with the law.
f. Article 24: No child below the age of 14 years shall be employed to work in
any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment.
g. The Constitution (86th Amendment) Act was notified on 13th December
2002, making free and compulsory education a Fundamental Right for all
children in the age group of 6-14 years.
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES
a. Article 39(e) and (f) provides that the State shall, in particular, direct its
policy towards securing to & quot; ensure that the health and strength of
workers, men and women and the tender age of children are not
abused" and "that the citizens are not forced by economic
necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength" and
that "the children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a
healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity" and that

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the childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against
moral and material abandonment.
b. Article 45 The State shall endeavour to provide early childhood care and
education for all children until they complete the age of six years.
c. Article 47 The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the
standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as
among its primary duties.
d. Article 243G read with Schedule 11 - provide for institutionalization of
child care by seeking to entrust programmes of Women and Child
Development to Panchayat (Item 25 of Schedule 11), apart from education
(item 17), family welfare (item 25), health and sanitation (item 23) and other
items with a bearing on the welfare of children.

31. Write elaborately about the characteristic features of the Indian

population.
a. Dependence on Agriculture
b. Unemployment:
c. Manpower utilisation:
d. Pressure on infrastructure:
e. Resource utilisation:
f. Inequitable income Distribution:
g. Poor standard of living
h. Basic amenities
i. Homeless / Slums High growth of population leads to overcrowding of cities
and proliferation of slums/ homeless
j. Increasing Crime Rate / Law and order problems Growth in population
leads to rise of crime and increase in violence in urban & semi urban areas.
k. Human deprivation Index (measure of multi dimension poverty)
l. Population Control in India-Remedial Measures Large size of population is a
challenge for India's economic development and is needs to be addressed.

32. Write a detailed note on India’s Population Policy, 2000.

Government of India launched the National Population Policy in 2000 to
improve quality of lives of people of India and to provide them with equal
opportunities to be productive individual of society.
a. It reiterated the government’s resolve to push for voluntary and informed
choice and agreeability of citizens to get maximum benefit from reproductive
health services.
b. It embarks on a policy outline for the government for next ten years to
improve the reproductive and child health needs of people of India which
include issues like child survival, maternal health, contraception, etc.
c. School education up to the age of 14, to be made free and mandatory. This
will also include plan to check drop-out rate of boys and girls.
d. The policy also aims at curbing the IMR to less than 30 per 1000 live births.

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e. The Maternal Mortality Rate will also be brought down to less than 100 per
1, 00,000 live births. A high MMR is a symbol of economic and social
disparity of the fairer sex. It also points to heightened inequities in terms of
healthcare and nutrition.
f. Another important feature of the policy is to attain universal immunisation
of all children against preventable diseases.
g. The policy will also act against child marriage and promote 20 years as the
right marriageable age for girls. The legal age for same is 18 years.
h. The policy will actively support a target of 80% institutional deliveries and
100 % deliveries by trained persons.
i. It also seeks to achieve 100 % registration of births, deaths, marriages and
pregnancies.
j. Preventing and controlling all communicable diseases.
k. It will also strive to Integrate Indian Systems of Medicine to provide
reproductive and child health services by reaching out to households.
l. It thus will seek to integrate and converge all related social sector
programmes so that complete family welfare and health can be taken care of
and properly maintained.
m. NPP 2000 also emphasizes the role of Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and
Homeopathy (AYUSH) medicine system to serve the goals of public health.
n. The NPP 2000 strived to change the mind sets of people from base level. Its
intense focus on women empowerment has led to improvement in many
national statistics. However, there has been a great upsurge in the number
of institutional deliveries but there has not been a parallel increase in the
healthcare staff. This has led to immense pressure on health facilities and
officials and an obvious degradation of quality of services. Also, at many
places there is an acute shortage of medicines, staff and other related
materials.
o. Population problem is not just an issue of lack of awareness or education. It
is intrinsically linked to poverty, societal norms and cultural preferences
like preference for the male child, larger families, etc.

33. Explain in detail about the Family Planning programme in India. What are
the major difficulties in the implementation of Family planning in India?
India was the first country in the world to have launched a National
Programme for Family Planning in 1952.
Birth Control measures - Contraception
a. Barrier methods
i. Condom
ii. Diaphragm (Cervical cap)
b. Hormonal methods
c. Intra-Uterine Devices (IUDs)
d. Surgical methods

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Major difficulties in the implementation of Family planning in India
a. Poverty
b. Illiteracy
c. Fatalist
d. Religious Opposition
e. Lack of Finance
f. Lack of Cheap and Effective Methods
g. Shortage of Trained Staff
h. Public Private Partnership (PPP)
i. Unavailability of regular sterilization services
j. Inadequate attention
k. Increased institutional delivery vs. Postpartum Family Planning (PPFP)

34. Write an essay about the Socio-Economic conditions of the tribal

population of India.
The tribes are the native people of the land, who are believed to be the earliest
settlers in the Indian Peninsula.
I. Growth of Tribal Population
a. According to 2011 Census, the tribal population formed 8.61% of total
population.
b. 97% of them live in rural areas and 10.03% in urban areas
c. The decadal population growth of the tribals from Census 2001 to 2011 has
been 23.66% against the 17.69% of the entire population
d. The sex ratio for the overall population is 940 females per 1000 males and
that of Scheduled Tribes 990 females per thousand males
II. Distribution of Scheduled Tribes
a. The spatial distribution of tribes is characterized by a striking tendency of
clustering and concentrating in pockets, which have suffered from
isolation and are situated in areas where environmental setting is, by
and large, not suitable for settled agriculture
b. Thus, most of tribal communities live in hilly and forested tracts and
other remote areas of the country
c. Constrained by the rigors of environment, which fostered physical and
social isolation for ages, the tribal communities have developed their own
traditional mode of living
However, their interaction with non-tribal people after Independence has
changed the scenario to some extent
III. State level patterns
a. No tribes have been scheduled in Punjab and Haryana, and the Union
Territories of Delhi, Chandigarh and Puducherry
While as much as 94.43% of total population in Mizoram and 94.79% in
Lakshadweep belong to Scheduled Tribes
b. The other states/UTs with predominantly Scheduled Tribes population
are

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i. Nagaland (86.48%)
ii. Meghalaya (86.15%)
iii. Arunachal Pradesh (68.79%)
c. Among the states, Chhattisgarh has the largest proportion of Scheduled
Tribes population of 30.62%, followed by Jharkhand 26.21%
d. Roughly one-third of the Scheduled tribes population of India lives in the
states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Odisha
e. Going by absolute numbers, the Scheduled Tribes population was the
highest in Madhya Pradesh, followed by Maharashtra, Odisha,
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Jharkhand and so on
IV. Tribal Economy
a. Hunting, Fishing and Gathering
b. Shifting Cultivation and Lumbering
c. Sedentary Cultivation and Animal husbandry
V. Challenges faced by Indian tribes
a. Loss of Control over Natural Resources
b. Lack of Education
c. Problems of Health and Nutrition
d. Gender Issues
VI. Measures taken towards Tribal Development
a. Constitutional Provisions and Safeguards
i. Article 342
ii. Article 164
iii. Article 244
iv. Article 275
b. Representation in Legislatures and Panchayats
c. Reservation in the Service
d. Commissioner for the Scheduled Castes and Tribes
VII. Other schemes by the Government Include:
a. The scheme of Mechanism for Marketing of Minor Forest Produce
(MFP) through Minimum Support Price (MSP) and Development of Value
Pre Matric Scholarship Scheme for ST students
b. Post Matric Scholarship Scheme for ST students
c. National Overseas Scholarship for ST students for studying abroad.
d. National Fellowship and Scholarship for Higher Education of ST students
e. Grants-in-aid to Voluntary Organisations Working for welfare of STs
f. Strengthening Education among ST Girls in Low Literacy Districts
g. Development of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)
h. Special Central Assistance(SCA) to Tribal Sub-Scheme(TSS)
i. Grants-in-aid to Tribal Research Institutes
j. Research Information & Mass Education, Tribal Festival and Others.

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35. Write a neat essay about the types of unemployment in India.
a. Cyclical Unemployment
b. Seasonal Unemployment
c. Frictional Unemployment (Temporary Unemployment
d. Educated Unemployment
e. Technical Unemployment
f. Structural Unemployment
g. Disguised Unemployment

36. How the Atma Nirbar Bharat will solve the issue of unemployment in
India?
In March 2020, the government announced an economic stimulus package of
Rs 20 lakh crore and big-bang systemic reforms under the Atma Nirbhar
Bharat Abhiyan (self-reliant India).
The intended objective of this plan is two-fold. First, interim measures such as
liquidity infusion and direct cash transfers for the poor will work as shock
absorbers for those in acute stress.
Impact of this Stimulus Package
I. Primary Sector: The measures (reforms to amend ECA, APMC, Contract
framing, etc.) announced for the agricultural and allied sectors are
particularly transformative.
a. These reforms are steps towards the One Nation One Market objective
and help India become the food factory of the world.
b. These would finally help in achieving the goal of a self-sustainable rural
economy.
c. Also, the MGNREGA infusion of Rs 40,000 crore may help in alleviating
the distress of migrants when they return to their villages.
II. Secondary Sector: Given the importance of MSMEs for Indian economy,
the Rs 3 lakh crore collateral-free loan facility for MSMEs under the
package will help this finance-starved sector and thereby provide a kickstart
to the dismal state of the economy.
a. Also, as the MSME sector is the second largest employment generating
sector in India, this step will help to sustain the labour intensive
industries and thereby help in leveraging India’s comparative advantage.
b. Additionally, limiting imports of weapons and increasing the limit of
foreign direct investment in defence from 49% to 74% will give a much-
needed boost to the production in the Ordnance Factory Board, while
reducing India’s huge defence import bill.
III. Tertiary Sector: The government has adopted a balanced approach in
addressing concerns across sectors.
For example:
a. The newly launched PM e-Vidya programme for multi-mode access to
digital online education provides a uniform learning platform for the

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whole nation, which shall enable schools and universities to stream
courses online without further loss of teaching hours.
b. Public expenditure on health will be increased by investing in grass root
health institutions and ramping up health and wellness centres in rural
and urban areas.
Associated Challenges
a. Issues Related to Liquidity
b. Lack of Demand
c. Lack of Backward and Forward LinkagesBurgeoning Fiscal Deficit
d. Difficulty in Mobilising
Steps to be taken
IV. Enhancing Demand
V. Mobilising Finances
VI. Holistic Reforms

37. If the issue of Child labour is there, the foundation of the country will be
destabilised. Explain
a. Vicious cycle of poverty
b. Serious health issues
c. Assessing the legislative inefficiencies
d. Organised Crime
e. Social impact on women
f. Discrimination
i. Children employed in the zari (embroidery) sector
g. Lack of education and skills
i. Micro level Economic Growth
ii. Macro level Economic Growth

38. Explain the role of Non-Governmental Organization in the issue of Child

Labour in India.
a. Almost one in ten of all children worldwide are in child labour. While the
number of children in child labour has declined by 94 million since 2000,
the rate of reduction slowed by two-thirds in recent years. There are around
10.13 million child labourers between 5-14 years in India.
b. Child labourers are engaged in paid and unpaid forms of work that are not
harmful to them; however, these activities will compromise their physical,
mental, social or educational development in the long run. Target 8.7 of the
UN Sustainable Development Goals calls for an end to child labour in all its
forms by 2025.
c. Top organisations working hard to end child labour in India
d. Several civil society organisations and not-for-profits in India are going to
great lengths to put an end to this abhorrent practice. On the World Day
Against Child Labour – and beyond – pledge your support to their noble

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cause. Here are the top organisations working to eliminate child labour in
India:
i. Kailash Satyarthi Children’s Foundation
ii. Hand in Hand India
iii. Global March Against Child Labour
iv. UNICEF
v. Smile Foundation
vi. Don Bosco Balprafulta
vii. Save the Children

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