Fundamental Mechanics of Materials Equations

Common Greek letters Axial deformation

Deformation in axial members
 Alpha  Mu
FL FL
 Beta  Nu  or   i i
AE i Ai Ei
 Gamma  Pi Force-temperature-deformation relationship
,   FL
Delta Rho    T L
AE
 Epsilon ,  Sigma
 Theta  Tau Torsion
 Kappa  Phi Maximum torsion shear stress in a circular shaft
Tc
 Lambda  Omega  max 
J
where the polar moment of inertia J is defined as:
Basic definitions  
J  R 4  r 4    D 4  d 4 
Average normal stress in an axial member 2 32 
F Angle of twist in a circular shaft
 avg  TL
  i i
TL
A  or
Average direct shear stress JG i J i Gi

V Power transmission in a shaft

 avg  P  T
AV
Power units and conversion factors
Average bearing stress
1 Nm 550 lb  ft 6, 600 lb  in.
b 
F 1W  1 hp  
Ab s s s
1 rev
Average normal strain in an axial member 1 Hz  1 rev  2 rad
L  s
 long   Gear relationships between gears A and B
L L
TA TB
d t h  RA A   RBB RA A  RBB
 lat  or or RA RB
d t h
Average normal strain caused by temperature change R A DA N A
Gear ratio   
T   T RB DB N B
Average shear strain
 Six rules for constructing shear-force and
  change in angle from rad
2 bending-moment diagrams
Hooke’s law (one-dimensional)
Rule 1: V  P0
  E and   G x2
Poisson’s ratio Rule 2: V  V2  V1   w( x)dx
x1
 lat
  dV
 w( x)
 long Rule 3:
dx
Relationship between E, G, and  Rule 4: M  M 2  M1   Vdx
x2

E x1
G
2(1  ) Rule 5:
dM
V
Definition of allowable stress dx
 failure  failure Rule 6: M  M 0
 allow  or  allow 
FS FS
Factor of safety
 failure  failure
FS  or FS 
 actual  actual
Fundamental Mechanics of Materials Equations

Flexure Beam deflections

Flexural strain and stress Elastic curve relations between w, V, M, , and v for
1 E constant EI
x   y x   y Deflection  v
 
Flexure Formula dv
Slope    (for small deflections)
My Mc M I dx
x   or  max   where S 
Iz I S c d 2v
Moment M  EI 2
Transformed-section method for beams of two materials dx
[where material (2) is transformed into an equivalent dM d 3v
amount of material (1)] Shear V   EI 3
dx dx
E My My
n 2  x1    x 2  n Load w 
dV d 4v
 EI 4
E1 I transformed I transformed dx dx
Bending due to eccentric axial load
F My
x   Plane stress transformations
A Iz
Stresses on an arbitrary plane
Unsymmetric bending of arbitrary cross sections  n   x cos2    y sin 2   2 xy sin  cos
 I z  I yz y    I y y  I yz z 
x   z 2 
My   2 
Mz  t   x sin 2    y cos2   2 xy sin  cos
 I y I z  I yz   I y I z  I yz   nt  ( x   y )sin  cos   xy (cos2   sin 2  )
or
or
x  
 M z I y  M y I yz  y   M y I z  M z I yz  z x  y  x  y
I y I z  I yz2 I y I z  I yz2 n   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
M y I z  M z I yz x  y  x  y
tan   t   cos 2   xy sin 2
M z I y  M y I yz 2 2
Unsymmetric bending of symmetric cross sections  x  y
 nt   sin 2   xy cos 2
M z M y M I 2
x  y  z tan   y z Principal stress magnitudes
Iy Iz MzIy
x  y  x  y 
2
Bending of symmetric cross sections
 p1, p 2       xy
2

M z M y M I 2  2 
x  y  z tan   y z
Iy Iz MzIy Orientation of principal planes
Bending of curved bars 2 xy
tan 2 p 
M  rn  r  A  x  y
x   where rn 
r A  rc  rn  dA Maximum in-plane shear stress magnitude
 r   x  y 
2
 p1   p 2
 max       xy  max 
A 2
or
 2  2
Horizontal shear stress associated with bending x  y
 avg 
VQ 2
H  where Q  yi Ai
It  x  y
tan 2 s   note:  s   p  45
Shear flow formula 2 xy
VQ Absolute maximum shear stress magnitude
q
I    min
Shear flow, fastener spacing, and fastener shear  abs max  max
2
relationship Normal stress invariance
q s  n f V f  n f  f Af  x   y   n   t   p1   p 2
For circular cross sections,
1
Q  d 3 (solid sections)
12
2 1
Q   R3  r 3    D3  d 3  (hollow sections)
3 12
Fundamental Mechanics of Materials Equations

Plane strain transformations Volumetric strain or Dilatation

V 1  2
Strain in arbitrary directions e  x   y  z   x   y   z 
 n   x cos2    y sin 2    xy sin  cos V E
Bulk modulus
 t   x sin 2    y cos2    xy sin  cos
E
 nt  2( x   y )sin  cos   xy (cos2   sin 2  ) K
3 1  2 
or
x  y x  y  xy Normal stress/normal strain relationships for plane stress
n   cos 2  sin 2
2 2 2 1
 x  ( x  y )
x  y x  y  xy E
t   cos 2  sin 2
2 2 2 1 E
 y  ( y  x ) x  ( x  y )
 nt  ( x   y )sin 2   xy cos 2 E 1  2
or
Principal strain magnitudes  E
 z   ( x   y ) y  ( y  x )
x  y E 1  2
  x   y    xy 
2 2

 p1, p 2       
2  2   2  z   ( x   y )
1 
Orientation of principal strains Shear stress/shear strain relationships for plane stress
 xy 1
tan 2 p   xy   xy or  xy  G xy
x y G
Maximum in-plane shear strain
  x   y    xy 
2 2 Thin-walled pressure vessels
 max  2     or  max   p1   p 2 Tangential stress and strain in spherical pressure vessel
 2   2 
pr pd pr
x  y t   t  (1  )
 avg  2t 4t 2t E
2 Longitudinal and circumferential stresses in cylindrical
Normal strain invariance pressure vessels
 x   y   n   t   p1   p 2 pr pd pr
 long    long  (1  2 )
Generalized Hooke’s law 2t 4t 2t E
Normal stress/normal strain relationships pr pd pr
 hoop    hoop  (2  )
1 t 2t 2t E
 x  [ x  ( y   z )]
E
1
Thick-walled pressure vessels
 y  [ y  ( x   z )] Radial stress in thick-walled cylinder
E
a 2 pi  b 2 po a b  pi  po 
2 2
1
 z  [ z  ( x   y )] r  
E b2  a 2  b2  a 2  r 2
E or
x  [(1  ) x  ( y   z )]
(1  )(1  2 ) a 2 pi  b2  b2 po  a 2 
r  1    1  
E b2  a 2  r 2  b2  a 2  r 2 
y  [(1  ) y  ( x   z )]
(1  )(1  2 ) Circumferential stress in thick-walled cylinder
a 2 pi  b 2 po a b  pi  po 
2 2
E
z  [(1  ) z  ( x   y )]   
(1  )(1  2 ) b2  a 2  b2  a 2  r 2
Shear stress/shear strain relationships or
1 1 1
 xy   xy ;  yz   yz ;  zx   zx a 2 pi  b2  b 2 po  a 2 
G G G   1    1  
b2  a 2  r 2  b2  a 2  r 2 
where
Maximum shear stress
E
G 1 a 2b 2  pi  po 
2(1  )  max      r  
2  b2  a 2  r 2
Longitudinal normal stress in closed cylinder
a 2 pi  b 2 po
 long 
b2  a 2
Fundamental Mechanics of Materials Equations
Radial displacement for internal pressure only
a2 p
 r  2 2i 1   r 2  1   b2 
 b  a  rE
Radial displacement for external pressure only
b2 p
 r   2 2o 1   r 2  1   a 2 
 b  a  rE
Radial displacement for external pressure on solid cylinder

r  
1   po r
E
Contact pressure for interference fit connection of thick
cylinder onto a thick cylinder

pc 
 
E c 2  b 2 b 2  a 2 

2b3 c 2  a 2 
Contact pressure for interference fit connection of thick
cylinder onto a solid cylinder

pc 

E c 2  b 2 
2bc 2

Failure theories
Mises equivalent stress for plane stress
1/ 2 1/ 2
 M   p21   p1 p 2   p2 2    x2   x y   y2  3 xy2 

Column buckling
Euler buckling load
 2 EI
Pcr 
( KL) 2
Euler buckling stress
 2E
 cr 
( KL / r ) 2
Radius of gyration
I
r2 
A
Secant formula
P  ec  KL P 
 max  1  2 sec  
A  r  2r EA  