Theory and Practice of Counseling and

Complete Test Bank for
Theory and Practice of

Counseling and
Psychotherapy 10th Edition
by Corey
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Theory and Practice of Counseling and
Psychotherapy 10th Edition Test Bank
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Chapters 1 Back to Top Introduction
and Overview
MULTIPLE-CHOICE TEST ITEMS
Note: Below are test items for chapter 1 of Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy.
1. Synthesizing the approaches covered in the text:

a. can easily be accomplished after taking an introductory course.
b. is usually mastered by the end of the first year of one’s graduate program.
c. often requires many years of study, training, and practical counseling experience.
d. rarely, if ever, happens and is a completely unrealistic goal.
ANS: C PG: 5
2. Which one of the following is not considered an experiential and relationship-oriented therapy?
a. Gestalt therapy
b. family systems therapy
c. existential approach
d. person-centered approach
ANS: B PG: 10
3. Which one of the following is not associated with the cognitive-behavioral action-oriented therapies?
a. existential therapy
b. cognitive therapy
c. reality therapy
d. behavior therapy
e. rational emotive behavior therapy
ANS: A PG: 10
4. Which humanistic approach emphasizes the basic attitudes of the therapist as the core of the
therapeutic process?
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. Adlerian therapy
c. person-centered therapy
d. cognitive-behavioral therapy
e. family therapy
ANS: C PG: 12
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5. Presenting one model to which all trainees subscribe
a. is what the counseling profession endorses at present.
b. is likely to be a reality by the year 2020 when the CACREP standards are revisited.
c. is dangerous in that it can limit their effectiveness in working with a diverse range of future clients.
d. is illegal in the Northeastern region of the U.S., but not in other parts of the country.
ANS: C PG: 5
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6. The author makes a case for:

a. initially getting an overview of the major theoretical orientations, and then delving more deeply
into each approach.
b. delving deeply into one approach initially and then taking a superficial look at other theoretical
models.
c. learning the theories of counseling only after starting to work with clients in order to make the
theories more relevant.
d. the reader to choose the approach to which s/he subscribes.
ANS: A PG: 5
7. Which of the following statements about theories or models of counseling/ psychotherapy is true?
a. Extensive research has shown that certain popular models of psychotherapy are ―wrong.‖
b. There is a clear place for theoretical pluralism in our society.
c. Accepting the validity of one model implies rejecting the validity of other models.
d. Theoretical pluralism has been frowned on by several major professional organizations.
ANS: B PG: 5
8. What type of factors oftentimes limit our freedom of choice? a.

social
b. environmental
c. cultural
d. biological
e. all of these
ANS: E PG: 6
9.Which of these statements about interventions is true?

a. It is helpful to use one type of intervention with most clients.
b. During the course of an individual’s therapy, different interventions may be needed at different times.
c. It is best to require clients to adapt to your approach to counseling and the interventions that you are
skilled at using.
d. You should only use counseling interventions when you are certified or licensed.
ANS: B PG: 8
10. Which approach was developed during the 1940s as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis? a.
person-centered therapy
c. Adlerian therapy
d. reality therapy
e. cognitive therapy
ANS: A PG: 10
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11. Francesca, a cognitive behavioral therapist, likes to give homework assignments to her clients. What
might her rationale be for doing this?
a. Homework can be a vehicle for assisting her clients in putting into action what they are learning in therapy.
b. By assigning homework to her clients, she establishes her clear authority over them (as if she is their
teacher).
c. She is probably a novice therapist who is insecure about her skills; thus, by assigning homework, she may
feel like she is being more productive.
d. In order to be reimbursed by insurance companies, Francesca is required to give her clients homework
assignments.
ANS: A PG: 6
12. Which of the following statements best describes the author’s view of the medical model?
a. Corey appreciates the focus on psychopathology and believes it gives clinicians the tools to assess
what’s wrong with clients.
b. A focus on the medical model restricts therapeutic practice because it stresses deficits rather than
strengths.
c. The medical model emphasizes strengths and competencies rather than psychopathology.
d. The medical model is especially relevant for culturally diverse client populations.
ANS: B PG: 7
13. A comprehensive approach to counseling:

a. goes beyond focusing on our internal dynamics and addresses those environmental and systemic realities
that influence us.
b. focuses almost exclusively on the client’s internal dynamics.
c. focuses primarily on the therapist’s internal reactions to the client’s behavior.
d. focuses only on systemic factors.
ANS: A PG: 7
14. Effective psychotherapy is a practice in which:

a. the therapist solves problems for clients.
b. the therapist is merely a skilled technician.
c. the client and therapist collaborate in co-constructing solutions to problems.
d. the client is in complete control of the direction of the therapy.
ANS: C PG: 7
15. Which of the following is not an issue that Stan struggles with?
a. fear of being alone
b. fear of intimate relationships with women
c. substance use
d. lacking a sense of direction and meaning in his life
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e. aggressive outbursts
ANS: E PG: 14
TRUE-FALSE TEST ITEMS

1. An undisciplined mixture of approaches can be an excuse for failing to develop a sound rationale
for systematically adhering to certain concepts and to the techniques that are extensions of them.
ANS: T PG: 5
2. An integrative perspective is not developed in a random fashion.
ANS: T PG: 5
3. Since Corey challenges the deterministic notion that humans are the product of their early
conditioning and, thus, are victims of their past, he believes that an exploration of the past is rarely
useful.
ANS: F PG: 6
4. Both family therapy and feminist therapy are based on the premise that to understand the
individual it is essential to take into consideration the interpersonal dimensions and the
sociocultural context rather than focusing primarily on the intrapsychic domain.
ANS: T PG: 7
5. Psychotherapy is a process of engagement between two people, both of whom are bound to
change through the therapeutic venture.
ANS: T PG: 7
6. Those practicing brief therapy are in business to change clients, to give them quick advice, and to
solve their problems for them.
ANS: F PG: 11
7. With respect to mastering the techniques of counseling and applying them appropriately and
effectively, it is Corey’s belief that you are your own very best technique.
ANS: T PG: 7
8. Techniques can counteract a client–therapist relationship that is lacking in certain respects.
ANS: F PG: 8
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9. Much of effective therapy is the product of artistry.
ANS: T PG: 8
10. Rudolf Dreikurs is credited with popularizing the Adlerian approach in the United States.
ANS: T PG: 10
11. Reality therapy applies the principles of learning to the resolution of specific behavioral problems.
ANS: F PG: 11
12. Donald Meichenbaum is a prominent contributor to the development of cognitive behavior

therapy.
ANS: T PG: 10
13. Reality therapy is based on choice theory and focuses on the client assuming responsibility in the
present.
ANS: T PG: 11
14. Michael White and David Epston are the major figures associated with narrative therapy.
ANS: T PG: 11
15. An experiential approach is Gestalt therapy, which offers a range of experiments to help clients
gain awareness of what they are experiencing in the here and now.
ANS: T PG: 12
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Chapter 2 Back to Top

The Counselor: Person and Professional
Note: Below are test items for chapter 2 of Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy.
1. It is especially important for counselors who work with culturally diverse client populations to:
a. be aware of their own cultural heritage.
b. have a broad base of counseling techniques that can be employed with flexibility.
c. consider the cultural context of their clients in determining what interventions are appropriate.
d. examine their own assumptions about cultural values.
e. all of these
ANS: E PG: 25
2. According to the text, research shows that counselor values influence:

a. therapy goals.
b. assessment strategies.
c. treatment outcome.
d. all of these
e. none of these
ANS: D PG: 23
3. Clients place more value on than on

a. the personality of the therapist; the specific techniques used.
b. the specific techniques used; the personality of the therapist.
c. the therapist’s theoretical orientation; the quality of the services being provided.
d. the aesthetics of the therapeutic setting; the personality of the therapist.
ANS: A PG: 19
4. Regarding psychotherapy treatment outcome, research suggests all of the following except:
a. the therapist as a person is an integral part of successful treatment.
b. the therapeutic relationship is an essential component of effective treatment.
c. both the therapy methods and the therapy relationship make contributions to treatment
outcome.
d. therapy techniques are the key component of successful treatment
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ANS: D PG: 19
5. An authentic counselor is best described as:

a. having the highest regard for all clients.
b. being willing to be totally open and self-disclosing.
c. being a technical expert who is committed to objectivity.
d. being willing to shed stereotyped roles and being a real person.
ANS: D PG: 18
6. In the text, all of the following are listed as characteristics of the counselor as a therapeutic person
except:
a. counselors have a sense of humor.
b. counselors no longer have to cope with personal problems.
c. counselors feel alive and their choices are life-oriented.
d. counselors make mistakes and they are willing to admit them.
e. counselors appreciate the influence of culture.
ANS: B PG: 19
7. Which of the following statements about theories or models of counseling/ psychotherapy is true?
a. Extensive research has shown that certain popular models of psychotherapy are ―wrong.‖
b. There is a clear place for theoretical pluralism in our society.
c. Accepting the validity of one model implies rejecting the validity of other models.
d. Theoretical pluralism has been frowned on by several major professional organizations.
ANS: B PG: 28
8. In the text, the main reason given for having counseling students receive some form of psychotherapy
is to help them:
a. work through early childhood trauma.
b. learn to deal with countertransference.
c. recognize and resolve their co-dependent tendencies.
d. become self-actualized individuals.
ANS: B PG: 21
9. Personal therapy for therapists can be instrumental in assisting them:

a. to heal their own psychological wounds.
b. to gain an experiential sense of what it is like to be a client.
c. to understand their own needs and motives for choosing to become professional helpers.
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d. to work through their own personal conflicts.

e. all of these
ANS: E PG: 22
10. With regard to the role of counselors’ personal values in therapy, it is appropriate for counselors to:
a. teach and persuade clients to act the right way.
b. maintain an indifferent, neutral, and passive role by simply listening to everything the client
reports.
c. avoid challenging the values of clients.
d. avoid the imposition of their values, yet expose their values to clients.
ANS: D PG: 23
11. The author describes the characteristics of an effective counselor. By including this information in the
chapter, he is hoping to convey the message that:
a. if you do not possess all of these characteristics, you are doomed to fail in the helping professions.
b. deficits in these qualities almost always require years of psychoanalysis.
c. you should develop your own concept of what personality traits you think are essential to strive for to
promote your own personal growth.
d. those who possess all of these qualities can bypass the requirement to participate in clinical supervision.
ANS: C PG: 19
12. During an initial session, an adolescent girl tells you that she is pregnant and is considering an
abortion. Which of the following would be the most ethical and professional course for you to follow?
a. Encourage her to get the abortion as soon as possible, without exploring any other option.
b. Steer her toward having her baby and then consider adoption for her baby.
c. Suggest that she go to church and pray about her situation.
d. Help her to clarify the range of her choices in light of her own values.
ANS: D PG: 23
13. Culturally encapsulated counselors would be most likely to:

a. depend entirely on their own internalized value assumptions about what is good for people.
b. have an appreciation for a multicultural perspective in their counseling practice.
c. recognize the cultural dimensions their clients bring to therapy.
d. accept clients who have a different set of assumptions about life.
ANS: A PG: 23
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14. You are working with an ethnic minority client who is silent during the initial phase of counseling.
This silence is probably best interpreted as:
a. resistance.
b. a manifestation of uncooperative behavior.
c. a response consistent with his or her cultural context.
d. a clear sign that counseling will not work.
ANS: C PG: 25
15. Which of the following is not considered an essential skill of an effective culturally competent
counselor?
a. being able to modify techniques to accommodate cultural differences
b. being able to send and receive both verbal and nonverbal messages accurately
c. being able to get clients to intensify their feelings by helping them to vividly
reexperience early childhood events
d. assuming the role of consultant and change agent
ANS: C PG: 26
16. Which of the following is not considered essential knowledge for a culturally competent counselor?
a. knowing how to analyze transference reactions
b. understanding the impact of oppression and racist concepts
c. being aware of culture-specific methods of helping
d. being aware of institutional barriers that prevent minorities from making full use of counseling
services in the community
ANS: A PG: 26
17. Essential components of effective multicultural counseling include all of the following except:
a. Counselors avoid becoming involved in out-of-office interventions.
b. Counselors feel comfortable with their clients’ values and beliefs.
c. Counselors are aware of how their own biases could affect ethnic minority clients.
d. Counselors employ institutional intervention skills on behalf of their clients when necessary or
appropriate.
ANS: A PG: 26
18. In working with culturally diverse clients, it helps to understand and assess:
a. what these clients expect from counseling.
b. the degree of acculturation that has taken place.
b. the attitudes these clients have about seeking counseling for their personal problems.
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c. the messages they received from their culture about asking for professional help. e. all of
these
ANS: E PG: 25
19. Which of the following is not a method of increasing effectiveness in working with diverse client
populations?
a. Learn about how your own cultural background has influenced your thinking and behaving.
b. Realize that practicing from a multicultural perspective will probably make your job very
difficult.
c. Be flexible in applying techniques with clients.
d. Identify your basic assumptions pertaining to diversity.
e. Pay attention to the common ground that exists among people of diverse backgrounds.
ANS: B PG: 27
20. The factors —the alliance, the relationship, the personal and interpersonal skills of
the therapist, client agency, and extra-therapeutic factors—are the primary determinants of therapeutic
outcome.
a. logistical
b. contextual
c. psychodynamic
d. technical
ANS: B PG: 19
1. If we are inauthentic, it is unlikely that our clients will detect it.
ANS: F PG: 18
2. A meta-analysis of research on therapeutic effectiveness found that the personal and interpersonal
components are, at best, only moderately related to effective psychotherapy.
ANS: F PG: 19
3. Effective therapists are not the victims of their early decisions.
ANS: T PG: 19
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4. Therapists should not admit their mistakes since that could diminish their clients’ confidence in
them.
ANS: F PG: 20
5. Truly dedicated therapists carry the problems of their clients around with them during leisure
hours.
ANS: F PG: 20
6. The vast majority of mental health professionals have experienced personal therapy, typically on
several occasions.
ANS: T PG: 21
7. Therapists need to be free of conflicts before they can counsel others.
ANS: F PG: 21
8. It is not our function to persuade clients to accept or adopt our value system.
ANS: T PG: 23
9. Your role as a counselor is to provide a safe and inviting context in which clients can explore the
congruence between their values and their behavior.
ANS: T PG: 23
10. The general goals of counselors must be congruent with the personal goals of the client.
ANS: T PG: 23
11. If you try to figure out in advance how to proceed with a client, you may be depriving the client of
the opportunity to become an active partner in her or his own therapy.
ANS: T PG: 24
12. Counselors from all cultural groups must examine their expectations, attitudes, biases, and
assumptions about the counseling process and about persons from diverse groups.
ANS: T PG: 25
13. Practitioners must have had the same experiences as their clients in order to have empathy for
them.
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ANS: F PG: 27
14. The skill of immediacy involves revealing what we are thinking or feeling in the here and now with
the client.
ANS: T PG: 29
15. Ideally, our self-care should mirror the care we provide for others.
ANS: T PG: 34
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Chapter 3- Ethical Issues in Counseling Practice

Back to Top
1. In becoming an ethical practitioner, a crucial task is to:

a. learn how to arrive at clear-cut answers for difficult situations.
b. identify a specific ethical code as the source of answers to ethical dilemmas.
c. learn how to interpret and apply ethical codes to an ethical dilemma.
d. avoid making any mistakes in counseling practice.
e. discover the correct solution for every ethical dilemma that might arise.
ANS: C PG: 38
2. According to the text, the challenge of providing informed consent consists of:
a. telling clients about the nature of confidentiality.
b. striking a balance between giving clients too much and too little information about the
therapeutic
process.
c. convincing clients that counselors know what they are doing.
d. teaching clients about state laws that pertain to counseling.
e. getting clients to read the ethical codes of the profession.
ANS: B PG: 40
3. Many ethical codes state that dual or multiple relationships:

a. should be avoided whenever possible.
b. are clearly grounds for revocation of one’s professional license.
c. are helpful in case of counseling one’s friends or relatives.
d. are impossible to avoid.
e. always result in serious harm to the client.
ANS: A PG: 49
4. Privileged communication does not apply to

a. group counseling
b. couples counseling
c. family therapy
d. child and adolescent therapy
e. all of these.
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ANS: E PG: 41
5. Confidentiality must be breached and information must be reported by practitioners when:

a. clients pose a danger to others.
b. a child under the age of 16 is the victim of incest, rape, or child abuse.
c. an older adult is being abused.
d. the therapist determines that the client needs immediate, involuntary hospitalization. e. all of
these
ANS: E PG: 41
6. Which of the following statements is not true about guidelines for ethical practice in counseling and
psychotherapy?
a. Most professional organizations provide broad guidelines.
b. Therapists ultimately have to discover their own guidelines for reasonable practice.
c. Practitioners are free to formulate any ethics they choose.
d. Ethical issues should be periodically reexamined throughout your professional life.
e. There are differences of opinion among practitioners about how ethical guidelines apply to
certain
situations.
ANS: C PG: 40
7. Under what circumstances should a therapist consult with colleagues or specialists?

a. when a client complains of physical symptoms
b. when facing an ethical problem
c. when working with a client for an extended period of time and losing objectivity d. all of
these
ANS: D PG: 40
8. Clients have a right to be informed about:

a. their therapist’s qualifications.
b. the general goals of counseling.
c. the approximate length of the therapeutic process.
d. all of these
ANS: D PG: 40
9. Both feminist therapists and postmodern therapists tend to view diagnosis as it is traditionally done:
a. as an appropriate part of counseling sessions.
b. as generally helpful to women clients.
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c. as an essential part of the medical model they follow.

d. as often oppressive and ignoring of societal contexts.
ANS: D PG: 45
10. Marcus, a therapist in a community agency, recently divorced his wife and seems to be harboring
anger towards women in general. His colleagues, who have noticed a change in his attitude and
behavior lately, have encouraged him to seek personal counseling to work through his issues. They
are:
a. overreacting to his anger and are overstepping the boundaries by suggesting he go to counseling.
b. unwise to suggest counseling since he will not benefit from it because he is a therapist and already
knows how to deal with his problems.
c. acting ethically by recommending counseling for Marcus; as counselors, they recognize that personal
issues that have not been worked through are likely to be projected onto clients.
d. being unsupportive colleagues; since they are aware of his situation, they should offer to provide
counseling to him and not refer him to a professional outside of the agency.
ANS: C PG: 38
11. According to the text, positive ethics is a practice in which counselors:

a. do what is mandated by professional standards.
b. base their ethical decisions on what is best for their clients rather than minimum standards
of care.
c. strive for the highest level of ethical practice.
d. strictly adhere to lengthy ethics codes, even if this is not in the client’s best interest.
ANS: B PG: 37
12. During her sessions, Justine questions whether she is trying to meet her clients’ needs or her own
needs. Justine is:
a. being overly analytical.
b. engaging in meaningful self-reflection and self-assessment as a professional.
c. self-absorbed and insecure.
d. behaving unethically since she is preoccupied during her clients’ sessions.
ANS: B PG: 37
13. Assessment is a useful method of:

a. evaluating a client’s current level of functioning.
b. forming a case conceptualization.
c. involving the client as an active participant in treatment.
d. gaining insight into the client’s subjective world.
e. all of these.
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ANS: E PG: 44
14. Evidenced-based practices are not:

a. based on psychodynamic principles.
b. tailored to address specific problems and symptoms.
c. founded on empirical research.
d. generally time limited.
ANS: A PG: 47
15. is the view of ethical practice that deals with the minimum level of professional
practice.
a. Mandatory ethics
b. Minimal ethics
c. Positive ethics
d. Aspirational ethics
ANS: A PG: 37
1. It is optional for therapists to inform their clients that they may discuss certain details of the
relationship with a supervisor or a colleague.
ANS: F PG: 41
2. Confidentiality can be considered an absolute.
ANS: F PG: 41
3. Contemporary therapy approaches are grounded on a core set of values, which are neither value-neutral
nor applicable to all cultures.
ANS: T PG: 43
4. Overemphasizing cultural differences is always appropriate in a counseling context.
ANS: F PG: 43
5. A diagnosis provides a working hypothesis that guides the practitioner in understanding the client.
ANS: T PG: 44
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6. Clinicians who work in community mental health agencies, private practice, and other human service
settings are generally expected to assess client problems within the framework of the National
Association
rd of
Social Workers’ Diagnostic and Assessment Protocol Manual (3 ed.)
ANS: F PG: 45
7. Evidence-based practice is a potent force in psychotherapeutic practice today, and it may mandate the
types of treatments therapists can offer in the future.
ANS: T PG: 47
8. Practice-based evidence involves using data generated during treatment to inform the process and
outcome of treatment.
ANS: T PG: 48
9. The only setting in which one might be forced to manage multiple roles is in community mental health
centers.
ANS: F PG: 49
10. The ethics codes mandate avoidance of all dual or multiple relationships.
ANS: F PG: 49
11. Multiple relationship issues can be resolved with ethics codes alone.
ANS: F PG: 49
12. If you are successful in establishing boundaries in various aspects of your personal life, you have a
good foundation for creating sound boundaries with clients.
ANS: T PG: 51
13. A boundary crossing could potentially benefit a client.
ANS: T PG: 51
14. Becoming an ethical practitioner is not a final destination but a journey that will continue throughout
your career.
ANS: T PG: 51
15. The American Counseling Association uses the term ―nonprofessional relationships‖ when referring
to dual or multiple relationships.
ANS: T PG: 48
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Chapter 4- Psychoanalytic Therapy

Back to Top
1. Evidence suggesting the concept of the unconscious includes:

a. dreams.
b. post-hypnotic suggestions.
c. free-association.
d. all of these.
e. direct observation based on experimental research.
ANS: D PG: 65
2. A person who unconsciously exhibits overly nice behavior to conceal hostile feelings is probably
using which ego defense?
a. displacement
b. reaction formation
c. introjection
d. projection
e. regression
ANS: B PG: 67
3. One of the most important Freudian concepts, which consists of pushing unacceptable life events
and painful feelings into the unconscious, is:
a. repression.
b. regression.
c. displacement.
d. rationalization.
e. projection.
ANS: A PG: 67
4. The ego defense mechanism in which a person exhibits behavior that clearly shows signs of
reverting to less mature stages is ?
a. fixation
b. rationalization
c. regression
d. introjection
e. reaction formation
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ANS: C PG: 68
5. Attributing to others the qualities or traits that are unacceptable to our own ego is best described as:
a. displacement.
b. introjection.
c. reaction formation.
d. projection.
e. none of these.
ANS: D PG: 67
6. Resolution of sexual conflicts and sex-role identity is a critical function of the:

a. oral stage.
b. anal stage.
c. phallic stage.
d. genital stage.
ANS: C PG: 70
7. Feelings of hostility, destructiveness, anger, rage, and hatred are associated with the: a. oral
stage.
b. anal stage.
c. phallic stage.
d. genital stage.
ANS: B PG: 70
8. The basic aim of psychoanalytic therapy is:

a. to treat specific learning disorders.
b. to change overt behavior.
c. to correct irrational thinking.
d. to make the unconscious material conscious.
ANS: D PG: 66
9. A major characteristic of the classical psychoanalytic therapist is:

a. openness and self-disclosure.
b. a deeply personal and sharing relationship.
c. a sense of being anonymous.
d. a focus on specific behavior and an objective appraisal of learned patterns of behavior.
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ANS: C PG: 72
10. The ―fundamental rule‖ for the client in psychoanalysis is:

a. forming a contract with the therapist.
b. willingness to do ―homework assignments.‖
c. participating in free association.
d. writing down dreams.
ANS: C PG: 73
11. A more flexible variant of psychoanalysis is:

a. psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy
b. psychoanalytically oriented reality therapy
c. superego-oriented psychotherapy
d. psychoanalytic behavior analysis
ANS: A PG: 64
12. The technique whereby the analyst explains the meaning of certain behavior is known as:
a. transference.
b. rationalization.
c. countertransference.
d. interpretation.
e. free association.
ANS: D PG: 80
13. The concept of resistance can best be described as:

a. everything that prevents a client from producing unconscious material.
b. that which needs to be analyzed and interpreted.
c. an inevitable part of psychoanalytic therapy.
d. an unwillingness to freely share with the analyst certain thoughts and feelings. e. all of these
ANS: E PG: 81
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14. A person who manages their anxiety by distorting reality and failing to acknowledge painful events
is most likely using:
a. introjection.
b. sublimation.
c. denial.
d. compensation.
e. undoing.
ANS: C PG: 67
15. Directing energy toward another object or a person (when anxiety is reduced by focusing on a
―safer target‖) is known as:
a. sublimation.
b. repression.
c. introjection.
d. displacement.
e. compensation.
ANS: D PG: 67
16. Manufacturing ―good‖ reasons to explain away a bruised ego, or to explain away failures or
losses, is known as:
a. rationalization.
b. projection.
c. displacement.
d. introjection.
e. reaction formation.
ANS: A PG: 67
17. The young adult who adopts his parent’s outdated political beliefs to avoid unpleasant feelings of
anxiety is an example of:
a. displacement.
b. reaction formation.
c. sublimation.
d. introjection.
e. projection.
ANS: D PG: 68
18. The ego defense mechanism that consists of masking perceived weaknesses or developing certain
positive traits to make up for limitations is known as:
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a. sublimation.
b. compensation.
c. introjection.
d. reaction formation.
e. regression.
ANS: B PG: 68
19. The process of redirecting sexual energy into some form of socially acceptable behavior is known
as: a. displacement.
b. denial.
c. compensation.
d. sublimation.
e. repression.
ANS: D PG: 68
20. The Electra complex and the Oedipus complex are associated with what psychosexual stage of
development?
a. anal stage
b. genital stage
c. oral stage
d. phallic stage
e. latency stage
ANS: D PG: 70
21. In Freud’s view, an individual experiencing neurotic anxiety feels:

a. he has behaved in a manner that is inconsistent with his moral code.
b. a realistic threat is present in the environment.
c. he will not be able to control his instincts and will behave inappropriately.
d. guilt associated with past actions.
ANS: C PG: 66
22. Freud used the term libido in which of the following ways?
a. To refer to the death instincts
b. to refer to the energy of all the life instincts
c. To refer to sexual abuse
d. To account for the aggressive drive
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ANS: B PG: 64
23. What is the correct sequence of the psychosexual stages?

a. anal/phallic/latency/genital/oral
b. oral/anal/phallic/latency/genital
c. oral/anal/latency/genital/phallic
d. latency/oral/anal/phallic/genital
e. latency/anal/oral/phallic/genital
ANS: B PG: 70
24. In Erikson’s view, the major developmental task in adolescence is:

a. intimacy vs. isolation.
b. integrity vs. despair.
c. identity vs. role confusion.
d. initiative vs. guilt.
e. identity vs. shame and doubt.
ANS: C PG: 71
25. A person experiencing persistent feelings of inadequacy has probably had difficulty attaining a
sense of
during the stage.
a. intimacy; young adulthood
b. identity; adolescent
c. integrity; later life
d. initiative; preschool age
e. industry; school age
ANS: E PG: 71
26. Jacqueline feels guilty whenever she considers taking a day off from work for personal
reasons. Which of the psychic structures postulated by Freud is fueling her guilt feelings?
a. The id
b. The ego
c. The superego
ANS: C PG: 65
27. Self psychology and object relations theory emphasize:

a. the influence of critical factors in early development on later development.
b. the origins, transformations and organizational functions of the self.
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c. the differentiation between self and others.

d. all of these.
ANS: D PG: 86
28. Which of the following statements is not true with regard to the relational approach to
psychoanalysis?
a. The approach is based on an egalitarian model.
b. There is an exploration of the subjectivities of both client and therapist.
c. Countertransference provides rich information about the client’s dynamics.
d. Therapist anonymity is used to foster the transference relationship.
ANS: D PG: 86
29. The primary aim of time limited dynamic psychotherapy is to:

a. explore sources of childhood trauma.
b. deal exclusively with a single presenting problem.
c. change the client’s repetitive patterns of relating to others.
d. bring about catharsis.
ANS: C PG: 90
30. The main function of the ego is:

a. to inhibit id impulses.
b. to seek pleasure in life.
c. to mediate between the instincts and the surrounding environment.
d. to strive for perfection.
ANS: C PG: 65
31. All of the following are true about the superego except:
a. It is the judicial branch of personality.
b. It is the internalization of the standards of parents and society.
c. It represents the ideal.
d. It inhibits id impulses.
e. It governs, controls and regulates the personality.
ANS: E PG: 65
32. Henry has the impulse to gamble excessively whenever he goes to Las Vegas. Aware of
this, he has decided to turn down a job offer in Las Vegas to avoid the temptation to
gamble. What part of Henry’s personality helped him to reach this decision? a. The id
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b. The ego
c. The superego
ANS: B PG: 65
33. If a person becomes fixated in the oral stage of development, later personality problems may
include: a. rejecting others’ love.
b. fear of intimate relationships.
c. mistrust of others.
d. all of these.
e. none of these.
ANS: D PG: 70
34. According to Erickson, the basic struggle of early childhood involves:

a. autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
b. initiative vs. guilt.
c. identity vs. role confusion.
d. trust vs. mistrust.
e. intimacy vs. isolation.
ANS: A PG: 70
35. The developmental crisis involving initiative vs. guilt occurs during the:
a. school age.
b. early childhood stage.
c. preschool age.
d. adolescence.
e. later life.
ANS: C PG: 70
36. A person who is suffering from feelings of alienation and isolation has probably failed to achieve a
sense of during the stage of development.
a. identity; adolescence
b. trust; infancy
c. generativity; middle age
d. intimacy; young adulthood
e. integrity; later life
ANS: D PG: 71
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37. Developmentally, Freud’s latency stage corresponds to Erickson’s stage of:

a. trust versus mistrust.
b. intimacy versus isolation.
c. initiative versus guilt.
d. identity versus role confusion.
e. industry versus inferiority.
ANS: E PG: 71
38. From a multicultural perspective, classical analysis may:

a. discourage clients who do not hold upper-middle-class values.
b. be problematic for clients from cultures that prefer a directive approach.
c. underscore the role of important cultural and political factors in the client’s world. d. all of the
above
ANS: D PG: 91
39. All of the following are a part of Jung’s view of development except:
a. individuation
b. the shadow.
c. symbiosis.
d. collective unconscious.
e. archetypes.
ANS: C PG: 84
40. Who developed the object-relations view that focuses on separation and individuation? a. Perls
b. Satir
c. Rogers
d. Mahler
e. Erikson
ANS: D PG: 87
41.Because ego and consciousness are not the same, the slogan for psychoanalysis has shifted
from “making the unconscious conscious” to a. “making the ego conscious.”
b. “where there was id, let there be ego.”
c. “get rid of the id kid!”
d. “may the force be within you.”
e. “stop blaming your mother!”
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ANS: B PG: 65
42.In order to meet the goals of psychoanalytic treatment, Rhonda must help her eating disordered
clients to:
a. reduce their symptoms and resolve their internal conflicts.
b. replace negative self-talk with positive self-talk.
c. make use of programs such as Weight Watchers or the Atkins diet plan.
d. increase their support networks and develop social interest.
ANS: A PG: 72
43. Which of the following is not a component of the brief psychodynamic approaches?
a. use of interpretation early in the therapeutic relationship
b. targeting a specific interpersonal problem during the first session
c. the therapist functioning as a blank slate
d. developing a strong working alliance
e. none of these
ANS: C PG: 90
44. All of the following are true about a therapist’s countertransference reactions except:
a. they should be avoided.
b. they have the potential to interfere with effective treatment.
c. they can provide rich understanding of the client’s experience.
d. they should be carefully monitored by the therapist.
ANS: A PG: 77
45.Which of the following statements is true about the relationship a client has with his or her
analyst?
a. The client is free to express any idea or feeling as long as it is not scandalous.
b. The analyst is free to engage in spontaneous self-expression if a client makes an erroneous
comment.
c. The client is free to express any idea or feeling, no matter how irresponsible, scandalous,
politically incorrect, selfish, or infantile.
d. The client is encouraged to use “solution talk” and avoid talking about problems.
ANS: C PG: 74
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46. In object-relations theory, later relationships build upon:

a. the child’s search for approval from the father.
b. one’s birth order.
c. one’s striving to overcome felt inferiority.
d. the child’s search for a reconnection with the mother.
e. the quality of relationships with one’s siblings.
ANS: D PG: 87
47.Which statement below is not accurate with regard to the phenomenon of countertransference?
a. Countertransference reactions are the weakest source of data for understanding the world of the
client since they are so biased.
b. Countertransference reactions are inevitable because all therapists have unresolved conflicts and
personal vulnerabilities that are activated through their professional work.
c. Most research on countertransference has dealt with its deleterious effects and how to manage
these reactions.
d. It is critical that therapists monitor their own feelings during therapy sessions and use their
responses as a source for increased self-awareness and understanding of their clients.
ANS: A PG: 77
48. Individuals who display exhibitionistic traits, seek attention and admiration from others, and are
extremely self-absorbed might have which of the following personality disorders? a.
narcissistic
b. dependent
c. borderline
d. obsessive-compulsive
ANS: A PG: 88
49. A person with a personality disorder is characterized by instability, irritability,

selfdestructive acts, impulsive anger, and extreme mood shifts. This person is lacking a clear sense
of identity, has poor impulse control, and an inability to tolerate anxiety. a. narcissistic
b. dependent
c. borderline
d. obsessive-compulsive
ANS: C PG: 88
50.It is of paramount importance that therapists develop some level of objectivity and not react
defensively and subjectively in the face of: a. anger.
b. love.
c. adulation.
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d. criticism.
e. all of these.
ANS: E PG: 78
51. Analytic therapy is oriented toward:

a. achieving insight.
b. identifying and experiencing feelings and memories.
c. developing an in-depth self-understanding.
d. reconstructing childhood experiences.
e. all of these
ANS: E PG: 72
52. As a result of the client/therapist relationship in psychoanalytic therapy:

a. clients acquire insights into their own unconscious psychodynamics.
b. clients are better able to understand the association between their past experiences and their
current
behavior.
c. awareness is increased on the client’s part.
d. all of these
ANS: D PG: 78
53. The techniques of psychoanalytic therapy are aimed at:

a. gaining insights into the client's behavior.
b. helping clients to resolve their competitive strivings with their siblings.
c. teaching people social skills such as assertive behavior.
d. helping clients see how their thinking leads to certain emotional and behavioral patterns.
ANS: A PG: 79
54. In psychoanalytic therapy, how do clients work with their dreams?

a. They report their dreams and are encouraged to free associate to the elements of the dream.
b. They look for mystical meanings underlying the dream.
c. They ―become‖ each part of their dream and act out these parts in fantasy.
d. They look to their dreams as signs of prediction of the future.
ANS: A PG: 81
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55. Which of the following is not typically a standard psychoanalytic technique?

a. free association
b. interpretation
c. exploration of one’s position in the family
d. exploration of patterns of resistance
e. analysis of transference
ANS: C PG: 79
TRUE–FALSE TEST ITEMS
Decide if the following statements are ―more true‖ or ―more false‖ as they apply to psychoanalytic
therapy.
1. The ego is the original structure of personality.

ANS: F PG: 65
2. The Freudian view of human nature is deterministic.

ANS: T PG: 64
3. The id is related to the concept of libido.

ANS: T PG: 65
4. Traditional analytic therapists make more frequent interpretations of transferences and engage
in fewer supportive interventions than is the case with psychodynamic therapists.
ANS: T PG: 74
5. Freud postulated the concepts of both life instincts and death instincts.
ANS: T PG: 64
6. According to Freud, consciousness constitutes the largest part of one’s psychological functioning.
ANS: F PG: 66
7. Ego-defense mechanisms, by their very nature, imply psychopathology.

ANS: F PG: 66
8. Freud postulated the theory of infantile sexuality.

ANS: T PG: 70
9. The major developmental task of the anal stage is acquiring a sense of trust.
ANS: F PG: 70
10. During the anal stage, children typically experience a range of negative feelings, including rage, hate,
and hostility.
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ANS: T PG: 70
11. According to Freudians, greediness and hoarding may develop as a result of not getting oral
needs properly met.
ANS: T PG: 70
12. The phallic stage typically occurs during the ages of 1 to 3.

ANS: F PG: 70
13. The latency stage occurs between the ages of 5 to 12.

ANS: T PG: 71
14. The Oedipal complex and the Electra complex are associated with the genital stage of development.
ANS: F PG: 70
15. Analytic therapists view transference as a factor that results from ineffective intervention on
the therapist’s part.
ANS: F PG: 73
16. All analytically oriented therapists subscribe to the model of the ―anonymous therapist‖ or the
―blank screen‖ as a necessary way to foster transference.
ANS: F PG: 74
17. Free association is one of the basic tools used to gain access to the unconscious.
ANS: T PG: 79
18. Analytically oriented therapists typically interpret free associations, dreams, resistances, and
transferences.
ANS: T PG: 79
19. Clients in analytic therapy typically free associate to various symbols in their dreams.
ANS: T PG: 81
20. Resistance, in the analytic view, results from either a conscious unwillingness on the part of the client
to cooperate, or from the ineptness of the therapist in developing a sound therapeutic program.
ANS: F PG: 81
21. The analysis of transference is a central technique in psychoanalysis.

ANS: T PG: 82
22. Psychoanalysis provides therapists with a conceptual framework for looking at behavior and
understanding the origins and functions of present symptoms.
ANS: T PG: 95
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23. The relational model of psychoanalysis regards transference as an interactive process between the
client and therapist.
ANS: T PG: 86
24. The relational model of psychoanalysis downplays the role of countertransference.

ANS: F PG: 86
25. Brief psychodynamic therapies target specific interpersonal problems during the initial session.
ANS: T PG: 90
26. Brief psychodynamic therapists tend to assume an active role in the therapy process.
ANS: T PG: 90
27. Psychodynamic group leaders do not interpret their client’s transferences.

ANS: F PG: 82
28. The working-through process consists of repetitive and elaborate explorations of unconscious
material and defenses, most of which originated in early childhood.
ANS: T PG: 75
29. In psychodynamic group work, symbolic figures from a client’s past may emerge.
ANS: T PG: 82
30. The psychoanalytic approach provides practitioners with a framework for understanding the origins
and functions of symptoms.
ANS: T PG: 95
Chapter 5- Adlerian Therapy

Back to Top
1. Adler taught that we must successfully master three universal life tasks. Which of the
following is not one of these tasks?
a. building friendships
b. establishing intimacy
c. contributing to society
d. enhancing wellness
ANS: D PG: 107
2. Which is (are) true concerning one’s style of life?
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a. All people have a lifestyle, but no two people develop exactly the same style.
b. The lifestyle is largely set by the age of 6.
c. One’s style of life is a reaction to perceived inferiority.
d. One’s style of life is learned from early interactions in the family.
e. All of these
ANS: E PG: 103
3. Which of the statements below about social interest is true?

a. While Adler considered social interest to be innate, he also believed that it must be
learned, developed, and used.
b. Adler believed most people to be incapable of developing social interest even though
it was something to which they should aspire.
c. In his later years, Adler recanted his beliefs about social interest and focused on
addressing unconscious dynamics as the key to mental health.
d. The concept of social interest was originally introduced by Freud, and Adler
incorporated it into his theory.
ANS: A PG: 107
4. Dr. Jones told Emily that her efforts to overcome her fear of test taking at school will most
likely lead her to outperform all of her classmates one day. This intervention:
a. was appropriate because it was intended to bolster Emily’s self-esteem and academic
selfconcept.
b. was inappropriate because Dr. Jones was confusing Adler’s notion of superiority with
the idea that her client would become superior over others.
c. was not only unethical, it was illegal.
d. was inappropriate because Emily will never be able to outperform her classmates.
ANS: B PG: 106
5. The purpose of examining a client’s family constellation is:

a. to get a picture of the individual’s early social world.
b. to bring unconscious factors to the surface.
c. to discover hereditary aspects of the client’s behavior.
d. to determine who else in the family needs help.
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ANS: A PG: 110
6. The term ―social interest‖ refers to:

a. an individual’s attitude in dealing with the social world.
b. a sense of identification and empathy with others.
c. striving for a better future for all humans.
d. all of these.
ANS: D PG: 107
7. The statement “Only when I receive everyone’s approval will I be whole” is an example
of: a. a guiding self-ideal.
b. something a personality disordered individual would say.
c. a realistic goal.
d. retroflection.
e. reaction formation.
ANS: A PG: 105
8. All of the following are stages in Adlerian counseling except:

a. reorientation.
b. insight.
c. establishing a therapeutic relationship.
d. analysis and assessment.
e. analysis of resistance.
ANS: E PG: 109
9. The process of encouragement in Adlerian counseling includes:

a. helping clients use all their resources.
b. transforming traits that can be liabilities into assets.
c. helping clients recognize and accept their positive qualities.
d. all of these.
ANS: D PG: 119
10. An Adlerian therapist asks for the client’s earliest recollections in order to:
a. discover goals and motivations.
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b. reveal their beliefs and basic mistakes.

c. give clues as to the development of that individual’s lifestyle.
d. all of these
ANS: D PG: 116
11. According to Adlerians, inferiority feelings:

a. are pathological.
b. lead to depression.
c. keep us from achieving our life goals.
d. are directly related to our family constellation.
e. create motivation to achieve mastery.
ANS: E PG: 104
12. Dr. Kane pointed out to her client John that his feelings of inadequacy at work seem
reminiscent of the feelings he experienced in his family of origin. It is probable that Dr.
Kane:
a. was crossing theoretical boundaries by referring to John’s past.
b. was looking for continuity by paying attention to themes running through John’s life.
c. was trying to get John to tap into the unconscious realm by having him explore painful
memories related to his family of origin.
d. was hoping her intervention would promote transference, which could then be worked
through.
ANS: B PG: 105
13. Adlerians view the use of techniques in counseling as:

a. geared to the phase of therapy and the needs of the client.
b. more important than paying attention to the subjective experiences of the client.
c. against their basic philosophy.
d. unethical.
ANS: A PG: 113
14. Which of the following techniques is not used in Adlerian family counseling?
a. the initial interview
b. paradoxical interventions
c. analyzing resistances between members of the family
d. making an appraisal
e. all are used
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ANS: C PG: 121
15. Adlerian therapy has a phenomenological orientation. Thus, the therapist attempts to view the
world:
a. from an objective frame of reference.
b. from his or her own subjective frame of reference.
c. from the client’s frame of reference.
d. from the frame of reference of a particular theory.
e. none of these
ANS: C PG: 104
16. Which of the following statements is not true about Alfred Adler?
a. He created child guidance clinics.
b. His early childhood was happy.
c. He worked with Freud for at least eight years.
d. He had much to say about child-rearing practices.
ANS: B PG: 102
17. When Adler spoke of individuality, he referred to:

a. the unique way we rewrite our own life script.
b. the unique way we deal with the crises of our development.
c. the unique way we confront our unfinished business.
d. the unique way we develop our own style of striving for competence.
ANS: D PG: 106
18. ―Fictional finalism‖ is an Adlerian term meaning:

a. the unrealistic ideas that we have about the way life should be.
b. our strict adherence to certain beliefs that are not based on reality.
c. an imagined central goal that guides our behavior.
d. our stubborn resistance to change.
ANS: C PG: 105
19. In helping clients to examine their mistaken goals and faulty assumptions, an Adlerian therapist
does not use:
a. encouragement.
b. challenge and confrontation.
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c. open-ended interpretations.
d. interpretation of the transference relationship.
ANS: D PG: 109
20. Which of the following aspects are assessed when exploring a client’s family constellation?
a. birth order
b. interactions between siblings and parents
c. the child’s psychological position in the family
d. all of the above
ANS: D PG: 115
21. Which of the following is not true about the Adlerian concept of ―private logic‖?
a. It is a result of the feelings and emotions we experience in our daily lives.
b. It provides a central psychological unity for us.
c. It is the philosophy upon which we base our lifestyle.
d. It often does not conform to the reality of social living.
ANS: A PG: 111
22. Adler chose the name for his theoretical approach because:
a. Individual Psychology; he wanted to avoid reductionism.
b. Individual Psychology; someone else had already adopted the name he wanted to use.
c. Ego Psychology; he did not want anyone to confuse his approach with Id Psychology.
d. Ego Psychology; he emphasized consciousness and deemphasized the power of the
instincts.
ANS: A PG: 104
23. Which of these statements is not true about Alfred Adler?

a. Along with Freud and Jung, Alfred Adler was a major contributor to the initial
development of the psychodynamic approach to therapy.
b. After resigning as president of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, Adler founded the
Society for Individual Psychology.
c. Alfred Adler has been criticized by intellectuals for failing to give his brother Edmund
due credit for helping him develop his theory.
d. Adler stresses the unity of personality, contending that people can only be understood
as integrated and complete beings.
e. None of these.
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ANS: C PG: 102
24. Adler pioneered the practice of teaching professionals through live demonstrations with
parents and children before large audiences. This is now called:
a. “open-forum” family counseling.
b. spectator therapy.
c. “on stage” family therapy.
d. “hot seat” family counseling.
ANS: A PG: 102
25. One contribution of Adlerian therapy is that:

a. practitioners are given a great deal of freedom in working with their clients.
b. it offers a well-defined theory of personality.
c. many of its concepts have been supported by research.
d. it is a common-sense psychology.
ANS: A PG: 127
26. Who is primarily credited with popularizing and extending Adler’s work by applying Adlerian
principles to group work?
a. Don Dinkmeyer
b. Erik Erikson
c. H. L. Ansbacher
d. Raymond Corsini
e. Rudolph Dreikurs
ANS: E PG: 103
27. Which of the following did Adler not stress?

a. the unity of personality
b. focus on early childhood experiences as determinants of later personality functioning
c. behavior is purposeful and goal-oriented
d. a unique style of life that is an expression of life goals
e. feelings of inferiority
ANS: B PG: 103
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28. Which child is most likely to demand center stage, tends to have difficulties in life when he or she
is no longer the center of attention, and is likely to become dependently tied to the mother?
a. the oldest child
b. the second child
c. the middle child
d. the youngest child
e. the only child
ANS: E PG: 109
29. Which child tends to feel squeezed out and may develop a conviction that life is unfair and a
feeling of being cheated?
a. the oldest child
b. the second child
c. the middle child
d. the youngest child
e. the only child
ANS: C PG: 108
30. All of the following are life tasks that Adler taught we must successfully master except for: a.
building friendships
b. establishing intimacy
c. contributing to society
d. achieving self-actualization
ANS: D PG: 107
31. The client’s core experience in Adlerian therapy consists of:

a. working through the transference relationship.
b. discovering their basic mistakes and then learning how to correct them.
c. understanding how their relationship with their parents has shaped their personality.
d. understanding how their birth order has determined the person who they are today.
ANS: B PG: 111
32. Which of the following would an Adlerian therapist particularly value?

a. interpretation of dreams
b. confronting the ways the client is living dependently since early childhood
c. modeling of communication and acting in socially minded ways
d. helping the client to work through the transference neurosis
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ANS: C PG: 112
33. The premise of Adlerian group work is that:

a. clients’ problems are usually of a social nature.
b. early childhood disturbances are at the root of the client’s current problems.
c. individuals are encouraged to become fully independent.
d. insight, not action is needed for change.
ANS: A PG: 122
34. When counseling couples, Adlerian therapists strive to:

a. create solutions for problems.
b. increase the couple’s choices.
c. help the couple discover their collective resources.
d. enhance the couple’s communication.
e. all of these
ANS: E PG: 121
35. The Adlerian approach is well suited to multicultural counseling because:

a. the approach encourages clients to define themselves within their social context.
b. the approach has few rigid techniques.
c. the focus on early recollections allows clients to explore their past.
d. the focus on a lifestyle assessment is appealing to most cultures.
ANS: A PG: 123
TRUE/FALSE TEST ITEMS
Decide if the following statements are ―more true‖ or ―more false‖ as they apply to Adlerian therapy.
1. Alfred Adler believed that what we are born with is not as important as what we choose to do with
the abilities and limitations we possess.
ANS: T PG: 104
2. Adlerians have a teleological view of human nature.

ANS: T PG: 105
3. Adler and Freud created very different theories, even though both men grew up in the same
city in the same era and were educated as physicians at the same university.
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ANS: T PG: 103
4. Adlerian therapists pay careful focus to techniques and work in structured, set ways.
ANS: F PG: 113
5. Adler maintained that individuals attempt to overcome feelings of basic inferiority by developing a
lifestyle in which success is possible.
ANS: T PG: 106
6. In Adler’s view we can be fully understood only in light of knowing the purposes and goals toward
which we are striving.
ANS: T PG: 105
7. Adlerians maintain that change is not possible without insight; understanding the causes of one’s
problems is a prerequisite to behavioral change.
ANS: F PG: 117
8. Adlerian counseling focuses on the family constellation and the influence of the family on the
individual.
ANS: T PG: 115
9. Encouragement is a part of the Adlerian counseling process.

ANS: T PG: 118
10. Adlerians typically do not use techniques of interpretation, for they believe that clients can make
their own interpretations without therapist intervention.
ANS: F PG: 114
11. From the Adlerian perspective, objective reality is more important than how we interpret reality
and the meanings we attach to what we experience.
ANS: F PG: 104
12. Adlerians emphasize reeducating people and reshaping society.

ANS: T PG: 104
13. For Adlerian counselors, techniques are helpful when adapted to the needs of the client.
ANS: T PG: 113
14. By discussing a client’s earliest recollections, an Adlerian counselor hopes to bring unconscious
conflicts to the surface.
ANS: F PF: 110
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15. Adler stressed that our desire to strive for perfection is learned from our parents.
ANS: F PG: 105
16. One Adlerian concept is that everything we do is influenced by our style of life.
ANS: T PG: 106
17. ―Fictional finalism‖ is a term that Adlerians use to describe our attitude in dealing with the social
world.
ANS: F PG: 105
18. Clients are viewed by Adlerian therapists as ―sick‖ and in need of a cure.
ANS: F PG: 109
19. The concept of lifestyle refers to an individual’s core beliefs and assumptions through which the
person organizes his or her reality and finds meaning in life events.
ANS: T PG: 106
20. Adlerians maintain that the priorities we choose arise from our personality strengths.
ANS: F PG: 105
21. Adlerian views of birth order and family constellation are highly relevant to individuals from all
cultural contexts.
ANS: F PG: 124
22. Research supporting the effectiveness of the Adlerian approach is limited.

ANS: T PG: 129
23. The Adlerian approach has a wide variety of applications including group and family therapy.
ANS: T PG: 120
24. The Adlerian approach to parent education emphasizes listening to children.

ANS: T PG: 120
25. Adlerian couples therapists use a psychoeducational approach.

ANS: T PG: 121
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Chapter 6- Existential Therapy

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1. Which person is not associated with the existential movement?

a. May
b. Frankl
c. Yalom
d. Skinner
e. Sartre
ANS: D PG: 137
2. The basic goal of existential psychotherapy is:

a. to expand self-awareness.
b. to increase choice potentials.
c. to help clients accept the responsibility of choosing.
d. to help the client experience authentic existence.
e. all of these
ANS: E PG: 146
3. Finding the ―courage to be‖ involves:

a. confronting a specific phobia.
b. learning to be alone.
c. discarding old values.
d. developing a will to move forward despite fears.
e. all of these.
ANS: D PG: 150
4. The British scholar working to develop training programs in existential therapy is:
a. Rollo May.
b. Irvin Yalom.
c. Emmy van Deurzen.
d. J. Michael Russell.
ANS: C PG: 145
5. Which is not an essential aim of existential-humanistic therapy?
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a. to help clients become more present to both themselves and others

b. to assist clients in identifying ways they block themselves from fuller presence
c. to dispute clients’ irrational beliefs.
d. to challenge clients to assume responsibility for designing their present lives
e. to encourage clients to choose more expanded ways of being in their daily lives.
ANS: C PG: 155
6. Existential therapy is best considered as:

a. an approach to understanding humans.
b. a school of therapy.
c. a system of techniques designed to create authentic humans.
d. a strategy for uncovering dysfunctional behavior.
ANS: A PG: 145
7. Which of the following was not part of Stan’s work in existential therapy?
a. Challenging his feelings of loneliness.
b. Working on his inauthentic relationship with his siblings.
c. Confronting his responsibility for his drug and alcohol use.
d. Exploring Stan’s human potential.
ANS: B PG: 162
8. Philosophically, the existentialists would agree that:

a. the final decisions and choices rest with the client.
b. people redefine themselves by their choices.
c. a person can go beyond early conditioning.
d. making choices can create anxiety.
e. all of these.
ANS: E PG: 146
9. The central issue in existential therapy is:

a. freedom and responsibility.
b. resistance.
c. transference.
d. examining irrational beliefs.
ANS: A PG: 139
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10. According to the existential viewpoint, death:

a. makes life absurd.
b. makes life meaningless and hopeless.
c. gives significance to living.
d. should not be explored in therapy.
ANS: C PG: 153
11. Which technique is considered essential in existential therapy?

a. free association
b. analysis of resistance
c. analysis of dysfunctional family patterns
d. role playing
e. none of these
ANS: E PG: 154
12. In a group based on existential principles, clients learn:

a. that there are no ultimate answers for ultimate concerns.
b. to view themselves through others’ eyes.
c. to come to terms with the paradoxes of existence.
d. that pain is a reality of the human experience.
e. all of these.
ANS: E PG: 160
13. Expanding awareness is:

a. a basic goal of existential therapy.
b. possible only with a few clients.
c. not given emphasis in existential therapy.
d. limited by our unconscious resistance.
ANS: A PG: 146
14. Existential therapy is:

a. a deterministic approach to therapy.
b. an expansion of the Adlerian school of therapy.
c. a phenomenological approach to therapy.
d. a structured approach to therapy.
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ANS: C PG: 156
15. In existential therapy, the conception of the therapist is

a. an observer-technician.
b. a fully alive human companion for the client.
c. a teacher and coach.
d. an advocate for social change.
ANS: B PG: 157
16. When is the counseling process at its best from an existential viewpoint?
a. When the client feels comfortable enough to engage in shame-attacking exercises
outside of counseling sessions.
b. When the deepest self of the therapist meets the deepest part of the client.
c. When the therapist uses his or her influence to convince the client to let go of his or
her anxiety.
d. When sessions begin with progressive muscle relaxation exercises.
ANS: B PG: 158
17. Viktor Frankl’s approach to existential therapy is known as:

a. individual psychology.
b. logotherapy.
c. reality therapy.
d. redecision therapy.
e. humanistic psychology.
ANS: B PG: 143
18. Which of the following is not true about Rollo May?

a. He is most responsible for translating European existentialism into American
psychotherapeutic
theory and practice.
b. He focuses on the subjective dimension of therapy.
c. He is a significant spokesman for the existential approach in the United States.
d. He believes that we can only escape anxiety by exercising our freedom.
e. He contends that freedom and responsibility are two sides of the same coin.
ANS: D PG: 143
19. Existentially, the ideas of freedom and responsibility suggest:

a. our freedom requires us to accept responsibility for directing our own life.
b. we are free to choose who we will be.
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c. you cannot have one without the other.

d. all of these.
ANS: D PG: 148
20. Ursula lived in New York City on 9/11. Ever since experiencing the aftermath of the
terrorist attacks, she has felt anxiety about going to the upper level floors of tall buildings.
As an existentially oriented therapist, you might conclude that:
a. Ursula is highly neurotic.
b. Ursula’s fears are completely unfounded.
c. Ursula’s anxiety is normal in light of the traumatic experience she had on 9/11.
d. Ursula is on the verge of becoming psychotic.
ANS: C PG: 153
21. Who was the Danish philosopher that addressed the role of anxiety and uncertainty in life? a.
Medard Boss
b. Jean-Paul Sartre
c. Soren Kierkegaard
d. Martin Buber
e. Friedrich Nietzsche
ANS: C PG: 140
22. Existentialists contend that the experience of relatedness to other human beings:
a. is a neurotically dependent attachment.
b. should be based on our needs and theirs.
c. is healthy if balanced with aloneness.
d. is not necessary, since we are basically alone.
ANS: C PG: 150
23. According to existentialists, our search for meaning involves all of these except:
a. discarding old values.
b. meaninglessness.
c. creating our own value system.
d. exploring unfinished business.
e. the struggle for significance in life.
ANS: D PG: 151
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24. Therapy is viewed as a in the sense that the interpersonal and

existential problems of the client will become apparent in the here and now of the therapy
relationship.
a. social microcosm
b. “touchy feely” encounter
c. living laboratory
d. tension-filled encounter
ANS: A PG: 156
25. The central theme running through the works of Viktor Frankl is:
a. that freedom is a myth.
b. the will to meaning.
c. self-disclosure as the key to mental health.
d. the notion of self-actualization.
e. being thrown into the universe without purpose.
ANS: B PG: 143
26. According to Yalom, the concern(s) that make(s) up the core of existential psychodynamics
is/are:
a. death.
b. freedom.
c. isolation.
d. meaninglessness.
e. all of these.
ANS: E PG: 144
27. A statement that best illustrates ―bad faith‖ is:

a. Naturally I’m this way, because I grew up in an alcoholic family.
b. I will not consider others in the choices I make.
c. I must live by commitments I make.
d. I am responsible for the choices that I make.
ANS: A PG: 142
28. For Sartre, existential guilt is what we experience when:

a. we do not live by the Ten Commandments.
b. we fail to think about the welfare of others.
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c. we allow others to define us or to make our choices for us.

d. we reflect on all that we might have done and failed to do.
ANS: C PG: 147
29. The therapist’s presence is:

a. a condition of therapeutic change.
b. a goal of therapeutic change.
c. both a condition and a goal of therapeutic change.
d. neither a condition nor a goal of therapeutic change.
ANS: C PG: 157
30. Existential therapy is unlike many other therapies in that:

a. it does not have a well-defined set of techniques.
b. it stresses the I/Thou encounter in the therapy process.
c. it focuses on the use of the therapist’s self as the core of therapy.
d. it allows for incorporation of techniques from many other approaches.
e. all of these.
ANS: E PG: 157
31. Which of the following is not considered a basic dimension of the human condition?
a. capacity for self-awareness
b. striving for acceptance of others
c. establishing meaningful relationships with others
d. freedom and responsibility
e. anxiety as a condition of living
ANS: B PG: 146
32. Being alone is a process by which we do all of the following except:

a. learn to tolerate feelings of isolation.
b. develop strength and self-reliance.
c. develop a deep understanding of ourselves.
d. reject the social overtures of others.
ANS: D PG: 150
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33. The goals of existential therapy include all but ?

a. helping clients become more honest with themselves.
b. broadening clients’ awareness of their choices.
c. helping clients to eliminate anxiety in their lives.
d. enabling clients to clarify their purpose and meaning in life.
ANS: C PG: 154
34. When working with a client living a restricted existence, an existential therapist would likely:
a. explore the developmental origins of these feelings.
b. develop a specific behavioral plan to help the client get ―un-stuck‖.
c. encourage the client to do a shame-attacking exercise.
d. make the client aware of how his or her current ways of living are keeping him or her stuck.
e. use cognitive restructuring techniques.
ANS: D PG: 148
35. In the book Staring at the Sun: Overcoming the Terror of Death (2008),
develops the idea that confronting death enables us to live in a more
compassionate way.
a. Martin Buber
b. Justin Bieber
c. Irvin Yalom
d. Stephen King
e. Ludwig Binswanger
ANS: C PG: 154
36. From a multicultural perspective, some clients may reject this approach because:
a. it is founded on abstract, westernized notions that are not widely applicable.
b. their life circumstances provide them with truly limited choices.
c. death anxiety is not a central issue in all cultures.
d. the use of techniques may be overwhelming for them.
ANS: B PG: 162
37. From a scientific perspective, existential psychotherapy:

a. is well researched.
b. lends itself easily to evaluation due to its clearly defined principles and techniques.
c. fits well into the framework of evidence-based practice.
d. none of these.
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ANS: D PG: 166
38. The existential approach is particularly well-suited to clients who:

a. are dealing with grief and loss.
b. are victims of oppression.
c. have limited intellectual capacities.
d. suffer from severe mental illness.
ANS: A PG: 159
39. Existential therapy groups are particularly helpful for clients working on:
a. self-actualization.
b. issues of responsibility.
c. reducing problematic behaviors.
d. exploring family dynamics.
ANS: B PG: 160
40. Time-limited existential treatments:

a. mirror the time-limited reality of human existence.
b. are by definition, lacking in depth and richness.
c. lack structure and clear goals.
d. are well studied and shown to be effective.
ANS: A PG: 159
Decide if each of the following statements is ―more true‖ or ―more false‖ as applied to existential
therapy:
1. Rollo May has been instrumental in translating some concepts drawn from existential philosophy
and applying them to psychotherapy.
ANS: T PG: 143
2. Existential therapy can best be considered as a system of highly developed techniques designed to
foster authenticity.
ANS: F PG: 139
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3. The outcomes of existential therapy have been submitted to rigorous empirical testing.
ANS: F PG: 166
4. Existential therapy grew out of a reaction to the limitations of both the psychoanalytic and
deterministic stance.
ANS: T PG: 139
5. Existential therapy is rooted in the premise that humans cannot escape from freedom and
responsibility.
ANS: T PG: 154
6. In the existential approach, techniques are primary, while subjective understanding of clients is
secondary.
ANS: F PG: 155
7. Existential therapists strive to be their authentic selves when working with clients.
ANS: T PG: 157
8. According to existential thinking, effective therapy does not stop with awareness, for clients are
challenged to take action based on their insights.
ANS: T PG: 155
9. From the existential viewpoint, anxiety is seen as a neurotic manifestation; thus the aim of therapy
is to eliminate anxiety so clients can live comfortably.
ANS: F PG: 153
10. Existential anxiety is seen as a function of our acceptance of our aloneness.

ANS: T PG: 152
11. During the initial phase of counseling, existentially oriented therapists assist clients in identifying
and clarifying their assumptions about the world.
ANS: T PG: 158
12. Existentialists claim that the use of specific techniques is the cornerstone of the approach.
ANS: F PG: 139
13. According to the existential view, death makes life meaningless.

ANS: F PG: 153
14. A major criticism of the existential approach is that it lacks a systematic statement of the principles
and practices of psychotherapy.
ANS: T PG: 165
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15. This approach puts emphasis on the therapist as a person and the quality of the client/therapist
relationship as one of the prime factors in determining the outcomes of therapy.
ANS: T PG: 156
16. Martin Buber stressed the importance of presence, which allows for the creation of I/Thou
relationships in therapy.
ANS: T PG: 141
17. Existential guilt is being aware of having evaded a commitment, or having chosen not to choose.
ANS: T PG: 147
18. The existential view is based on a growth mode and conceptualizes health rather than sickness.
ANS: T PG: 140
19. In the existential framework, inaction is a choice.

ANS: T PG: 146
20. Existential therapy is especially appropriate for clients who are struggling with developmental
crises.
ANS: T PG: 159
21. Existentially, humans both long for and wish to escape from their freedom.
ANS: T PG: 147
22. The existential approach can be used in a brief therapy context.

ANS: T PG: 159
23. Existential therapy is rarely used for group treatment.

ANS: F PG: 159
24. The existential vacuum represents a place of reflection and solace.

ANS: F PG: 152
25. Currently, there is high international interest in the existential approach to psychotherapy.
ANS: T PG: 161
Chapter 7- Person-Centered Therapy

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1. The person-centered view of human nature:

a. views people as basically competitive.
b. states that humans are driven by irrational forces.
c. affirms a person’s capacity to direct his or her own life.
d. assumes that, while humans have the potential for growth, we tend to remain stagnant.
ANS: C PG: 176
2. Person-centered therapy is best described as:

a. a completed ―school‖ of counseling.
b. a fixed set of therapeutic principles.
c. a systematic set of behavioral techniques.
d. a philosophy of how the therapy process develops.
ANS: D PG: 174
3. A self-actualized person:
a. welcomes uncertainty in his or her life.
b. has a capacity for deep and intense interpersonal relationships.
c. does not have artificial dichotomies within himself or herself.
d. is spontaneous and creative.
e. all of these.
ANS: E PG: 177
4. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the person-centered approach?

a. The focus is on the subjective world of the client.
b. It is supported by evidence from ongoing research.
c. Importance is placed on the attitudes and beliefs of the therapist.
d. Emphasis is given to developing a contract for therapy.
e. Attention is directed toward the personal relationship between the client and the therapist.
ANS: D PG: 199
5. Person-centered therapy is a(n):

a. action-oriented approach to therapy.
b. humanistic approach to therapy.
c. existential approach to therapy.
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d. deterministic approach to therapy.
ANS: B PG: 178
6. The that recently has come into prominence shares many

concepts on the healthy side of human existence with the humanistic approach.
a. positive psychology movement
b. object relations approach
c. dialectical behavior therapy approach
d. applied behavior analysis movement.
ANS: A PG: 177
7. What is the most important factor related to progress in person-centered therapy?

a. defining concrete and measurable goals
b. the therapist’s technical skills
c. the relationship between the client and therapist
d. the therapist’s ability to think logically and to scientifically solve problems
e. the client’s motivation for change
ANS: C PG: 184
8.Carlos, an eight year old boy, was recently removed from his home because he was being
physically and sexually abused by his father. In accordance with Maslow’s framework, which
needs took precedence?
a. physical and safety needs
b. belonging and love
c. esteem from self and others
d. self-actualization
ANS: A PG: 177
9. Which of the following is not considered a necessary and sufficient condition for change in the
personcentered framework?
a. unconditional positive regard
b. creative expression
c. accurate empathetic understanding
d. congruence
ANS: B PG: 178
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10. Which statement(s) is (are) true of the person-centered approach?

a. Therapists should give advice when clients need it.
b. The techniques a therapist uses are less important than his or her attitudes.
c. Therapists should function largely as teachers.
d. Therapy is primarily the therapist’s responsibility.
ANS: B PG: 179
11. Which of the following is not a key concept of the person-centered approach?
a. The focus is on experiencing the immediate moment.
b. The person has the capacity to resolve his or her own problems in a climate of safety.
c. The client is primarily responsible for the direction of therapy.
d. The focus is on exploration of a client’s past.
ANS: D PG: 178
12. The person-centered therapist is best described as a:

a. facilitator.
b. teacher.
c. human engineer.
d. friend.
ANS: A PG: 188
13. Which of the statements below regarding Motivational Interviewing is not accurate?
a. MI was initially designed as a brief intervention for problem drinking.
b. MI stresses client self-responsibility and promotes an invitational style for working
cooperatively with clients to generate alternative solutions to behavioral problems.
c. MI was developed by Maslow in the late 70s after he created his theory on
selfactualization.
d. MI therapists avoid arguing with clients and avoid assuming a confrontational stance.
ANS: C PG: 191
14. In order for a therapist to communicate ―accurate empathic understanding‖ the counselor must:
a. have experienced a situation very similar to the client’s current predicament.
b. clarify details and facts relevant to the client’s experiences.
c. feel a deep sense of warmth toward the client.
d. connect emotionally to the client’s subjective experience.
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ANS: D PG: 183
15. The technique of reflection involves the therapist:

a. restating the client’s words verbatim.
b. sharing his or her genuine emotional response with the client.
c. mirroring the client’s emotional experience of a particular situation.
d. bringing an actual mirror into the session and having a client look at himself or herself in the
mirror.
ANS: C PG: 184
16. Arguably, the most central limitation of the person centered approach is:
a. their view of assessment and diagnosis.
b. the therapist’s limitations as a person.
c. shortcomings of the studies of the approach.
d. the continual evolution of the approach leads to unclear therapeutic principles.
ANS: B PG: 202
17. The person-centered philosophy views diagnosis as:

a. a useful tool for case conceptualization.
b. a meaningful way of understanding of a client’s psychological state.
c. a labeling process that diminishes the therapist’s ability to develop a holistic understanding of
the
client.
d. a necessary process that does not impact the course of therapy.
ANS: C PG: 186
18. In applying the person-centered approach to crisis intervention, therapists:

a. communicate a deep sense of understanding.
b. provide genuine support and warmth.
c. use a more structured approach and provide clients with some direction.
d. all of these.
ANS: D PG: 187
19. What is a limitation of person-centered therapy?

a. The approach does not make use of research to study the process or outcomes of therapy.
b. The therapist has more power to manipulate and control the client than is true of most other
therapies.
c. The approach does not emphasize the role of techniques in creating change in the client’s life.
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d. The client is not given enough responsibility to direct the course of his or her own therapy.
e. It is a long-term approach to therapy.
ANS: C PG: 202
20. One point of disagreement between existential and humanistic thought involves:
a. a respect for the client’s subjective experience.
b. a trust in the capacity of the client to make positive choices.
c. an emphasis on freedom.
d. the idea of an innate self-actualizing drive.
ANS: D PG: 176
21. Which of the following is not true about Carl Rogers?

a. He was raised with strict religious standards in his home.
b. He developed cognitive therapy.
c. At one point in his life, he was preparing to enter the ministry.
d. He made a contribution toward achieving world peace.
e. He was a pioneer in humanistic approaches to counseling.
ANS: B PG: 173
22. Which of the following is the correct order in terms of the historical development of Carl Rogers’s
approach to counseling?
a. client-centered/person-centered/nondirective
b. client-centered/nondirective/person-centered
c. nondirective/client-centered/person-centered
d. nondirective/person-centered/client-centered
e. person-centered/client-centered/nondirective
ANS: C PG: 174
23. According to Rogerian therapy, an ―internal source of evaluation‖ is defined as:

a. internalizing the validation one receives from others.
b. looking more to oneself for the answers to the problems of existence.
c. going on one’s instincts when judging the behavior of others.
d. a neurotic tendency to be self-critical.
e. a success identity.
ANS: B PG: 179
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24. Which of the following personal characteristics of the therapist is most important, according to
Carl
Rogers?
a. unconditional positive regard
b. acceptance
c. genuineness
d. accurate empathic understanding
e. accurate active listening
ANS: C PG: 176
25. Which of the following is not true about the most recent trends in person-centered therapy?
a. It could be referred to as holistic therapy.
b. Acceptance and clarification are the main techniques used.
c. It emphasizes an increased involvement of the therapist as a person.
d. It allows the therapist greater freedom to be active in the therapeutic relationship.
e. The therapist is encouraged to bring his or her values to the therapeutic relationship.
ANS: B PG: 185
26. Carl Rogers’s position on confronting the client is that:

a. confrontation is to be avoided at all costs.
b. confrontation causes clients to stop growing.
c. confrontation reflects that the therapist has a need to be in control.
d. caring confrontations can be beneficial.
ANS: D PG: 185
27. Carl Rogers drew heavily from existential concepts, especially as they apply to:
a. the transference relationship.
b. countertransference, or unfinished business of the counselor.
c. the client/therapist relationship.
d. guilt and anxiety.
e. death and nonbeing.
ANS: C PG: 174
28. A consistent theme that underlies most of Carl Rogers’s writings is:
a. the need to find meaning in life through love, work, or suffering.
b. the need for a religion to find meaning in life.
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c. the importance of expressing feelings that stem from childhood issues.

d. a faith in the capacity of individuals to develop in a constructive manner if a climate of trust is
established.
e. the need for clients to relive past traumatic situations in the here-and-now.
ANS: D PG: 181
29. Person-centered therapy is best explained as:

a. a dogma.
b. a fixed and completed approach to therapy.
c. a set of techniques to build trust in clients.
d. all of these.
e. none of these.
ANS: E PG: 174
30. The person-centered therapist’s most important function is: a, to begin therapy with a
comprehensive lifestyle assessment.
b. to challenge clients to examine their past.
c. to skillfully confront clients when they engage in self-destructive behaviors.
d. to be his or her real self in the relationship with a client.
e. to be an agent of social change.
ANS: D PG: 180
31. From Carl Rogers’s perspective the client/therapist relationship is characterized by:
a. a sense of equality.
b. the transference relationship.
c. the therapist functioning as the expert.
d. a clearly defined contract that specifies what clients will talk about in the sessions.
ANS: A PG: 182
32. The person-centered approach has been applied to:

a. personal-growth groups.
b. education
c. family therapy.
d. foreign relations.
e. all of these.
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ANS: E PG: 175
33. One of the limitations of the person-centered approach is that:

a. its has not been subjected to rigorous research.
b. it is not grounded in personality theory.
c. therapists use vigorous confrontation methods.
d. there can be a tendency to give too much support and not enough challenge.
ANS: D PG: 202
34. Therapists utilizing motivational interviewing strategies view clients as:

a. opponents to be defeated.
b. allies who play a major role in their present and future success.
c. victims of their own psychopathology who need to be liberated from their pain and
dysfunction.
d. people who are lazy and need a powerful incentive to change their ways.
ANS: B PG: 191
35. In person-centered group therapy, the leader:

a. displays a sense of trust in the members.
b. uses techniques and exercises to motivate the group.
c. focuses on making interpretations.
d. sets goals for the group members.
e. facilitates the direction of group discussions.
ANS: A PG: 188
36. In the 1960s and 1970s Rogers did a great deal to spearhead the development of:
a. organizational management seminars.
b. private colleges aimed at training person-centered therapists.
c. personal-growth groups and encounter groups.
d. the National Training Laboratories and T-groups.
e. registration and certification of person-centered counselors.
ANS: C PG: 175
37. According to Carl Rogers, the three core conditions that create a growth-promoting climate are:
a. congruence, conditional acceptance, faith in a client.
b. congruence, unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding.
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c. total love and caring, therapist transparency, and empathy.

d. realness, objectively viewing the client’s world, full acceptance.
e. commitment, compassion, and confrontation.
ANS: B PG: 178
38. Concerning research on psychotherapy, it can be said that Carl Rogers:

a. stated his concepts as testable hypotheses and submitted them to research.
b. literally opened the field for psychotherapy research.
c. inspired others to conduct extensive research on counseling process and outcome. d. all of
these.
e. none of these.
ANS: D PG: 173
39. Person-centered research has been conducted on:

a. treating specific behavioral problems.
b. the hypothesized necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change.
c. comparing the outcomes of person-centered therapy with other models.
d. treatment of personality disorders.
e. all of these.
ANS: E PG: 199
40. Accurate empathic understanding helps clients to:

a. notice and value their experiences.
b. reconceptualize earlier experiences
c. modify their perceptions of themselves, others, and the world.
d. increase their confidence in making choices and in pursuing a course of action. e. all of
these.
ANS: E PG: 184
41. Adrianne, who is uncertain about her career goals and is afraid to commit to any career
path, is working with a therapist who specializes in using motivational interviewing
strategies. What will her therapist look for in order to assess the success of therapy?
a. an improvement in Adrianne’s ability to block negative thoughts about her career
options.
b. a reduction in Adrianne’s ambivalence about choosing a career path and an increase in
her intrinsic motivation to clarify her direction.
c. progress in working through unconscious conflicts related to commitment.
d. A willingness on Adrianne’s part to examine her family constellation in order to
deepen her understanding of her reasons for her lack of direction.
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ANS: B PG: 191
42. Person-centered expressive arts therapy is founded all of the following notions except:
a. releasing creative energy is based on the principle of regression.
b. the creative process is inherently healing.
c. engaging in expressive art forms connects us to our unconscious.
d. emotions are a source of energy.
e. personal growth is facilitated by self-awareness.
ANS: A PG: 189
43. According to Natalie Rogers, external conditions that nurture creativity include all of the following
except:
a. psychological safety.
b. psychological freedom.
c. simulating and challenging experiences.
d. negative reinforcement.
ANS: D PG: 190
44. Patrick has been confronted by family members and friends about his excessive gambling.
Despite their attempts to help him, he insists that they are overreacting and that he has
everything under control. He does not feel the need to alter his behaviors. Patrick is at
which stage of change? a. precontemplation
b. contemplation
c. preparation
d. action
e. maintenance
ANS: A PG: 193
45. A factor that distinguishes the person-centered approach to group counseling from other
approaches is: a. the therapist’s role as facilitator.
b. the length of treatment.
c. the focus on creating a collaborative spirit.
d. the focus on building genuine relationships among members.
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ANS: A PG: 188
Decide if each of the following statements is ―more true‖ or ―more false‖ from the person-centered
perspective.
1. Carl Rogers’s original emphasis was on reflection of feelings expressed by the client.
ANS: T PG: 184
2. Carl Rogers’s approach is based on the assumptions that humans are trustworthy and that clients desire
to grow.
ANS: T PG: 174
3. The person-centered approach is based on a set of specific therapeutic techniques designed to

promote behavior change.
ANS: F PG: 174
4. According to Carl Rogers, personality change occurs only when clients develop insight into the origin
of their personality problems.
ANS: F PG: 181
5. Free association and dream analysis are a typical part of the person-centered therapist’s procedures.
ANS: F PG: 180
6. Carl Rogers is often called the “father of psychotherapy research.”

ANS: T PG: 173
7. Congruence is a basic characteristic of effective therapists.

ANS: T PG: 178
8. Therapists are encouraged to use positive regard for clients only as a means of shaping their behavior.
ANS: F PG: 183
9. The concept of unconditional positive regard implies that therapists develop an accepting and
approving attitude toward all actions taken by their clients.
ANS: F PG: 183
10. Therapists who demonstrate little acceptance of their clients can anticipate that their therapeutic
attempts will falter.
ANS: T PG: 183
11. Accurate empathic understanding implies an objective understanding of a client.
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ANS: F PG: 184
12. Students of the person-centered approach sometimes have difficulty letting clients truly find their own
way and make decisions in an unassisted fashion.
ANS: T PG: 202
13. The person-centered approach evolved from a nondirective therapy to an experiential therapy.
ANS: T PG: 175
14. The person-centered model has become stagnant and shows little sign of evolution.
ANS: F PG: 174
15. Person-centered expressive arts therapy can be used in both group and individual contexts.
ANS: T PG: 189
16. When Rogers challenged the basic assumption that “the counselor knows best,” he thought
that this radical idea would affect the power dynamics and politics of the counseling
profession, but to his surprise, it did not.
ANS: F PG: 174
17. The term ―presence‖ refers to the counselor’s ability to be fully engaged in the therapeutic
relationship with the client.
ANS: T PG: 185
18. An assumption of person-centered therapy is that the counselor’s presence is far more powerful than
techniques he or she uses to facilitate change.
ANS:T PG: 185
19. Carl Rogers encouraged counselors to use caring confrontations with their clients.
ANS: T PG: 185
20. Person-centered therapy groups emphasize self-acceptance and self-reliance.

ANS: T PG: 188
21. The person-centered approach places emphasis on the necessary and sufficient conditions for change.
ANS: T PG: 181
22. Natalie Rogers is no longer an active contributor to the person-centered approach.

ANS: F PG: 190
23. Maslow postulated a hierarchy of needs as a source of motivation, with the most basic needs
being physiological needs.
ANS: T PG: 177
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24. The person-centered approach is not particularly well-suited to multi-cultural counseling.

ANS: F PG: 194
25. The person-centered model has been widely adapted to include such areas as family therapy, crisis
counseling and classroom education.
ANS: T PG: 186
Chapter 8- Gestalt Therapy

Back to Top
1. Who among the following is not considered a relational Gestalt therapist?

a. Fritz Perls
b. Laura Perls
c. Miriam Polster
d. Erv Polster
ANS: A PG:212
2. Gestalt therapy is a form of:

a. Freudian psychoanalytic therapy.
b. neo-Freudian analytic therapy.
c. behavior therapy.
d. existential therapy.
ANS: D PG:212
3. Field theory suggests that:

a. the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
b. human beings have a innate capacity to self regulate.
c. everything in human experience is relational and in constant flux.
d. phenomenological inquiry is the key to behavior change.
e. the ―how‖ of behavior is more important than the ―why‖ of behavior.
ANS: C PG:215
4. A healthy contact experience involves all of the following except:

a. interacting with others while maintaining a sense of self.
b. creativity.
c. maintaining balance between the figure and the ground.
d. projection.
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ANS: D PG:217
5. Erv Polster believes that storytelling:

a. is always a form of resistance.
b. can be the heart of the therapeutic process since people are storytelling beings.
c. is acceptable only if one’s client is a writer.
d. is an indication that one’s client is a pathological liar.
e. is a sign of high verbal abilities, and thus, high intelligence. f.
ANS: B PG:222
6. Which of the following is not considered one of the six methodological components of Gestalt
therapy? a. assessment
b. the here and now

c. the authentic encounter
d. process-oriented diagnosis
e. the paradoxical theory of change
ANS: A PG:219
7. A critical difference between early Gestalt therapy and relational Gestalt therapy is:
a. the emphasis on contact.
b. the approach to confrontation.
c. the use of techniques.
d. the focus on the figure formation process.
ANS: B PG:212
8. The Gestalt therapist:

a. freely makes interpretations for the client.
b. pays attention to the client's nonverbal language.
c. is mainly nondirective.
d. helps the client understand why he or she is behaving in self-defeating ways.
e. assigns homework to bring about specific cognitive and behavior changes.
ANS: B PG: 214
9. In Gestalt theory, the experiment is considered:

a. a specific technique of therapy.
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b. a theoretical proposition crafted to fit the client’s unique needs.

c. a ready-made exercise used to achieve a behavioral goal.
d. a scientific procedure to assess the effectiveness of therapy.
ANS: B PG:224
10. When a person experiences an internal conflict (namely a conflict between top dog and underdog),
which of the following techniques would be most appropriate?
a. making the rounds
b. the reversal technique
c. the internal dialogue exercise
d. the rehearsal exercise
e. the exaggeration exercise
ANS: C PG: 228
11. Often Greta, who struggles to feel good about herself, comes to sessions with slouched
posture. In order to help Greta gain a clearer understanding of the inner meaning of her
slouched posture, a Gestalt therapist might:
a. ask Greta to exaggerate her poor posture, which is likely to intensify her feelings
attached to it.
b. have Greta undergo hypnosis.
c. ask Greta to free associate to the words “slouched posture.”
d. refer her to an orthopedic surgeon to rule out scoliosis.
ANS: A PG: 230
12. A Gestalt technique that is most useful when a person attempts to deny an aspect of his or her
personality (such as tenderness) is:
a. making the rounds.
b. the reversal exercise.
c. the rehearsal exercise.
d. the empty chair technique.
ANS: B pg: 229
13.Mariah tells her therapist, a Gestaltist, that she dreamt she got married to a pit bull and felt
uneasy about telling her parents that she married a dog. When her parents discovered their son-
inlaw was a pit bull, they disowned her and suddenly became dogs themselves. In response to this
dream, Mariah’s therapist:
a. may need to contact a psychiatric hospital (and possibly an animal shelter) since it is likely
Mariah unconsciously desires to marry a dog.
b. should interpret the dream for her client.
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c. should assist her client in reliving the dream as though it was happening in the now and
have her become each part of the dream.
d. should encourage her client to forget the dream since it was meaningless.
ANS: C PG: 230
14. The paradoxical theory of behavior change suggests:

a. we change by setting future-oriented goals.
b. clients should pay particular attention to becoming the person they wish to be.
c. careful attention should devoted to changing behavior in the moment it is happening.
d. we change through becoming aware of who we currently are.
e. change is facilitated when we accept our mortality.
ANS: D PG: 214
15. The basic goal of Gestalt therapy is:

a. attaining awareness, and with it greater choice.
b. to understand why we feel as we do.
c. to uncover repressed material.
d. to help clients develop better social skills.
ANS: A PG: 213
16. According to the Gestalt perspective, if people do not remember their dreams:
a. they may be refusing to face what is wrong with their lives.
b. that suggests they have no internal conflicts.
c. they are sound sleepers.
d. they lack creativity.
e. they should be referred to a therapist with a different theoretical orientation.
ANS: A PG: 231
17. A contribution of this therapeutic approach is that:

a. it enables intense experiencing to occur quickly.
b. it can be a relatively brief therapy.
c. it stresses doing and experiencing, as opposed to talking about problems.
d. all of these.
e. none of these.
ANS: D PG: 212
18. According to Gestalt theory, people use avoidance in order to:
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a. keep themselves from facing unfinished business.

b. keep from feeling uncomfortable emotions.
c. keep from having to change.
d. all of these
ANS: D PG: 216
19. Empirical support for Gestalt therapy is:

a. weak.
b. well-developed.
c. becoming stronger.
d. unavailable.
ANS: C PG: 237
20. According to Gestalt theory, all of the following are true about contact except:
a. contact is necessary for change and growth to occur.
b. one maintains a sense of individuality as a result of good contact.
c. withdrawal after a good contact experience indicates neurosis.
d. contact is made by seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, and moving.
e. we often tend to resist contact with others.
ANS: C PG:217
21. In Gestalt therapy, the relationship between client and counselor is seen as:
a. a joint venture.
b. an existential encounter.
c. an I/Thou interaction.
d. all of these
ANS: D PG:219
22. Which of the following is not true about Gestalt techniques?

a. ―Exercises‖ are ready-made techniques.
b. ―Experiments‖ grow out of the interaction between therapist and client.
c. Clients need to be prepared for their involvement in Gestalt techniques.
d. Experiments are always carried out during the therapy session, rather than outside it.
e. Techniques are used for the purpose of increasing the client's awareness.
ANS: D PG:224
23. Which of the following is not true about Fritz Perls?
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a. He developed Gestalt therapy.

b. During his childhood, he was a model student.
c. He was trained in psychoanalysis.
d. He gave workshops and seminars at the Esalen Institute.
e. He aroused various reactions in the people he met.
ANS: B PG:211
24. Gestalt therapists say that clients resist contact by means of:
a. retroflection.
b. projection.
c. introjection.
d. all of these
ANS: D PG:217
25. Which of the following aspects of a client’s use of language would a Gestalt therapist not focus on?
a. ―it‖ talk
b. ―you‖ talk
c. questions
d. language that denies power
e. semantics
ANS: E PG:221
26. Which of the following is not true about the Gestalt view of the role of confrontation in therapy?
a. It is not possible to be both confrontational and gentle with clients.
b. It is important to confront clients with the ways they are avoiding being fully alive.
c. Confrontation does not have to be aimed at negative traits.
d. Confrontation should be a genuine expression of caring.
ANS: A PG:227
27. Which of the following Gestalt techniques involves asking one person in a group to speak to each
of the other group members?
a. the rehearsal exercise
b. the reversal technique
c. making the rounds
d. the exaggeration technique
ANS: C PG:229
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28. The empty chair technique:

a. assists clients in reowning parts of their personality.
b. balances internal polarities.
c. allows clients to externalize an introject.
d. helps to resolve unfinished business.
e. all of these.
ANS: E PG:228
29. Which of the following is not one of Miriam Polster’s three stages in her integration sequence?
a. reunification
b. discovery
c. assimilation
d. accommodation
ANS: A PG:222
30. A teenage girl is angry with her parents and cuts on her arm. In Gestalt terms, she is most likely
engaging in:
a. introjection.
b. projection.
c. retroflection.
d. confluence.
ANS : C PG :218
31. Because of his need to be liked, Jose makes careful efforts to get along with everyone and
minimize interpersonal conflicts. Which boundary disturbance is Jose exhibiting?
a. introjection.
b. projection.
c. retroflection.
d. confluence.
ANS: D PG:218
32. Which of the following is not one of the Gestalt group leader’s roles?
a. designing experiments for group members
b. evoking group catharsis.
c. engaging in self-disclosure
d. facilitating contact in the group setting
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ANS: B PG:232
33. Without proper training, Gestalt therapists may:

a. evoke catharsis without having the ability to work it through with their client.
b. design faulty experiments.
c. may use ready-made techniques inappropriately.
d. may damage the therapeutic relationship with the client.
e. all of these.
ANS: E PG:238
34. Contemporary Gestalt therapists view client resistance as:

a. a way that clients avoid confrontation.
b. a sign of poor motivation for therapeutic work.
c. a therapy interfering force that needs to be overcome.
d. an element of therapy that needs to be respected.
ANS: D PG:217
35. Which of the statements below regarding emotion-focused therapy (EFT) is not true?
a. EFT methodology is similar to Gestalt therapy but emphasizes empirically supported
treatments.
b. EFT was developed by Fritz Perls’ wife, Laura.
c. EFT blends the relational aspects of the person-centered approach with the active
phenomenological awareness experiments of Gestalt therapy.
d. EFT entails the practice of therapy being informed by understanding the role of
emotion in psychotherapeutic change.
e. All are true.
ANS: B PG:213
Decide if each of the following statements is ―more true‖ or ―more false‖ from the perspective of
Gestalt therapy.
1. Gestalt theory is best considered as a form of psychoanalytic therapy. ANS: F PG:212
2. The Gestalt therapist typically uses diagnosis and interpretation as a basic part of the
therapeutic process.
ANS: F PG:219
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3. In the Gestaltist view, unfinished business is best explored in the present. ANS: T PG:216
4. A Gestalt therapist pays attention to ways the client uses language.

ANS: T PG:220
5. Therapy is based upon the successful resolution of the transference relationship. ANS: F
PG:212
6. Both contact and withdrawal are necessary and important to healthy functioning. ANS: T
PG: 217
7. Gestalt therapy makes use of a wide variety of techniques that are designed to increase the
client’s awareness of his or her present experiencing.
ANS: T PG:212
8. According to Perls, awareness of and by itself is not sufficient to lead to change; clients
must also put their experiences into some type of cognitive framework if change is to happen. ANS: F
PG:212
9. The Gestalt approach to dream work consists of the therapist interpreting the meaning of
the symbols in the dream.
ANS: F PG:230
10. Since Gestalt therapists believe that questions have a tendency to keep the
questioner hidden, safe, and unknown, they often ask clients to change their questions into
statements.
ANS: T PG:221
11. Gestalt therapy is designed for individual counseling, and it typically does not work well in
groups.
ANS: F PG:224
12. One of the contributions of Gestalt therapy is the vast empirical research that has been
done to validate the specific techniques used.
ANS: F PG:227
13. The goal of Gestalt therapy is to solve basic problems, to resolve one’s polarities, and to
help the individual to adjust to his or her environment.
ANS: F PG:212
14. Gestaltists typically ask why questions in the attempt to get clients to think about the
source of their problems.
ANS: F PG: 215
15. Gestalt therapy focuses on the cognitive aspects of therapy.
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ANS: F PG:237 (traditional Gestalt therapy as opposed to contemporary)
16. Gestalt techniques can be considered experiments.

ANS: T PG:213
17. Part of success in using Gestalt techniques is contingent upon preparing clients for these
techniques. ANS: T PG:225
18. Most of the Gestalt techniques are designed to intensify one’s experiencing. ANS: T
PG:212
19. Gestalt therapies view a client’s avoidance behavior as related to unfinished business.
ANS: T PG:216
20. Blocked energy is a form of defensive behavior.

ANS: T PG:218
21. Retroflection involves doing to others what we would like them to do to us. ANS: F
PG:218
22. In Gestalt therapy, a client’s resistance is welcomed and used to deepen their therapeutic
work. ANS: T PG:217
23. People who rely on retroflection tend to inhibit themselves from taking action out
of fear of embarrassment, guilt, and resentment. ANS: T PG:218
24. A current trend in Gestalt therapy is toward greater emphasis on the client/therapist
relationship rather than on techniques.
ANS: T PG:223
25. Emotion-focused therapy (EFT) is synonymous with Gestalt therapy. ANS: F

PG:213
26. Since Gestalt therapy focuses on the here-and-now, the past is neither explored nor given
emphasis.
ANS: F PG: 216
27. In Gestalt terms, awareness refers to our connectedness to our external and internal worlds.
ANS: T PG: 214
28. Fritz Perls’ wife Laura stated, “Without the constant support from his friends, and
from me, without the constant encouragement and collaboration, Fritz would never have
written a line, nor founded anything.” ANS: T PG:212
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29. Although Perls used a highly confrontational approach in dealing with client avoidance
and resistance, the confrontational model is not representative of contemporary Gestalt therapy. ANS:
T PG:227
30. Gestalt group therapists use experiments to encourage clients to move from talking about
action to taking action.
ANS: T PG: 225
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Chapter 9- Behavior Therapy

Back to Top
1. Behavior therapy is associated with all but one of the following:

a. empirically supported treatments.
b. functional analysis of behavior.
c. a philosophical view of human behavior.
d. a comprehensive assessment process.
e. operant conditioning.
ANS: C PG: 250
2. Behavior therapy assumes that:

a. behavior is the result of unconscious forces.
b. behavior is the result of free choices.
c. behavior is determined by psychic energy.
d. behavior is learned.
ANS: D PG: 251
3. Behavior therapy is characterized by:

a. a focus on overt specific behavior.
b. a formulation of precise treatment goals.
c. the design of an appropriate treatment plan.
d. the objective assessment of the results of therapy.
e. all of these.
ANS: E PG: 251
4. Behavior therapy is based on:

a. applying the experimental method to the therapeutic process.
b. a systematic set of concepts.
c. a well-developed theory of personality.
d. the principle of self-actualization.
ANS: A PG: 250
5. Michael believes that he will be able to improve his public speaking skills after completing
a speech course at school. Based on social-cognitive theory, one might observe that
Michael is not lacking in:
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a. arrogance and grandiosity.

b. intelligence.
c. self-efficacy.
d. cognitive functioning.
ANS: C PG: 246
6. The main goal of behavior therapy is:

a. fostering self-actualization.
b. expanding self-understanding and insight.
c. assisting clients in making value judgments concerning their behavior.
d. eliminating maladaptive learning and providing for more effective learning.
ANS: D PG: 250
7. Which is not true of the relationship between therapist and client in behavior therapy?
a. The therapist is solely responsible for setting treatment goals.
b. The relationship is considered collaborative.
c. Therapist and client work together in a warm and flexible manner.
d. The therapeutic relationship is an important factor in treatment outcomes.
ANS: A PG: 252
8. What is the function of the behavior therapist?

a. to provide modeling for the client
b. to provide a collaborative therapeutic environment
c. to assess specific behavior problems
d. to provide reinforcement for clients
e. all of these.
ANS: E PG: 254
9. Which of the following interventions is not associated with the third wave of behavior therapy? a.
dialectical behavior therapy
b. relaxation training
c. acceptance and commitment therapy
d. mindfulness based cognitive therapy
ANS: B PG: 248
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10. Which of the following is not true regarding behavior therapy?

a. The client must be an active participant.
b. The client is merely passive while the therapist uses techniques.
c. Therapy cannot be imposed on unwilling clients.
d. Both therapist and client need to work together for common goals.
ANS: B PG: 252
11. All of the following are true about social skills training except:
a. It is a psychoeducational approach to interpersonal growth.
b. It involves modeling and reinforcement techniques.
c. It uses role playing exercises to simulate social situations.
d. It requires clients to engage in catharsis.
ANS: D PG: 263
12. Which anxiety reduction technique involves creating a hierarchy of the client’s fearful
experiences?
a. assertive training
b. operant conditioning
c. systematic desensitization
d. social reinforcement
e. stress inoculation
ANS: C PG: 258
13. Behavior therapists look to the current environmental events that maintain problem
behaviors and help clients produce behavior change by changing environmental events,
through a process called:
a. functional assessment.
b. motivational interviewing.
c. mindfulness-based stress reduction.
d. reorientation.
e. biofeedback.
ANS: A PG: 251
14. Behavior therapy is suited for:

a. individual therapy.
b. group therapy.
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c. institutions and clinics.

d. classroom learning situations.
e. all of these.
ANS: E PG: 247
15. In the ABC model, the A stands for:

a. arbitrary behaviors
b. antecedents
c. actions
d. assessment
ANS: B PG: 252
16. Which statement is not true?

a. Behavioral and humanistic approaches cannot be reconciled.
b. Current behavior therapy is grounded on a deterministic view of persons.
c. Behavioral methods can be used to attain humanistic ends.
d. Contemporary behavior therapy focuses on how people are determined by their social and
cultural environments.
e. Contemporary behavior therapy is increasingly concerned with behavioral control.
ANS: E PG: 278
17. Which of the following is not a basic characteristic of behavior therapy?

a. Treatment goals are specific and concrete.
b. It is grounded in learning theory.
c. Many specific techniques are supported by research.
d. The therapist is manipulative and controlling.
e. Emphasis is given to observing overt behaviors.
ANS: D PG: 252
18. Who has done most of the work in the area of modeling?
a. Joseph Wolpe
b. Hans Eysenck
c. E. Jacobson
d. Arnold Lazarus
e. Albert Bandura
ANS: E PG: 245
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19. B. F. Skinner is associated with which of the following trends in the behavioral approach?
a. classical conditioning
c. multimodal therapy
d. dialectical behavior therapy
e. relaxation training
ANS: B PG: 245
20. Which of the following is not true about how behavior therapists function in the therapeutic
setting?
a. They use techniques such as summarizing, reflection, clarification, and open-ended
questioning.
b. They focus on specific aspects of problems.
c. They systematically assess for information about all aspects of the problem.
d. They serve as a model for the client.
e. All of these are true.
ANS: E PG: 253
21. Phil has been in behavior therapy to address his fear of heights. The treatment will not be
considered complete until:
a. Phil transfers what he learns in therapy to his everyday life and takes actual steps to
confront his fear.
b. Phil agrees to take up sky diving as a hobby.
c. Phil has absolutely no fear of heights, which may be measured by his willingness to move
to one of the top floors of a skyscraper.
d. Phil acknowledges his fear.
ANS: A PG: 254
22. What is not a part of the steps in a self-directed change program?

a. exploration of one’s family constellation
b. selection of specific goals
c. self-monitoring
d. self-reinforcement procedures
e. working out a plan for change
ANS: A PG: 265
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23. Which of the following is not one of the seven major areas of personality functioning described by
the acronym ―BASIC ID‖?
a. behavior
b. cognition
c. interpersonal relationships
d. aspirations
e. sensation
ANS: D PG: 266
24. Which of the following is true about ―technical eclecticism‖ in multimodal therapy?
a. Therapists borrow techniques exclusively from the social learning model.
b. Therapists use techniques from various theoretical models without subscribing to the theory.
c. The client is fit into a predetermined treatment.
d. It is considered confusing to the client.
e. It essentially gives therapists permission to use techniques and strategies in a haphazard and
sloppy manner.
ANS: B PG: 266
25. In terms of ethical accountability, behavior therapy:

a. does not address this issue.
b. provides a basis for responsible practice.
c. offers a greater chance of abusing interventions than do other approaches.
d. makes use of techniques that have questionable validity.
e. is the only ethical form of therapy today.
ANS: B PG: 279
26. Which of the following behavior therapists is credited with developing the social cognitive learning
model, doing much work on observational learning and modeling, and writing about self-efficacy?
a. Bandura
b. Linehan
c. Wolpe
d. Jacobson
e. Skinner
ANS: A PG: 245
27. Which of the following distinguishes the cognitive trend in behavior therapy from the trends of
classical and operant conditioning?
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a. a focus on experimental analysis

a. a focus on evaluating therapeutic procedures
c. the integration of thoughts and feelings in the process of behavior change
d. the integration of mindfulness approaches as a basic part of any treatment procedure
e. a tendency to draw from the experiential approaches as a way to build a relationships
ANS: C PG: 249
28. Multimodal therapy is a therapeutic approach that is grounded on:

a. cognitive behavior therapy.
b. social learning theory.
c. applied behavior analysis.
d. operant conditioning.
e. dialectical behavior therapy
ANS: B PG: 266
29. Haley has difficulty turning down dates and consistently allows men to take advantage of
her. A behavioral intervention that may help Haley establish appropriate boundaries with
others and speak up for herself is:
a. stress inoculation training.
b. anger management.
c. assertion training.
d. EMDR.
e. In vivo flooding.
ANS: C PG: 264
30. Which of the following clinical strategies is not necessarily employed during assertion training?
a. feedback
b. modeling
c. social reinforcement
d. homework assignments
e. relaxation
ANS: E PG: 264
31. Which of the following would not be considered a feature of a good self-contract?
a. It emphasizes the positive.
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b. It is a verbal agreement between client and therapist.

c. It is clear and specific.
d. It is based on realistic change goals.
e. It includes a balance of appropriate rewards and sanctions.
ANS: B PG: 252
32. A limitation of behavior therapy is:

a. the overemphasis on feeling and the neglect of cognition.
b. the overemphasis upon insight.
c. the lack of empirical research validating its techniques.
d. the need for long-term treatment to effect change.
e. none of these
ANS: E PG: 279
33. During the second wave of behavior therapy, therapists:

a. continued to emphasize empirically supported treatments.
b. increased their focus on the role of emotion in behavior change.
c. adopted a stronger biological perspective.
d. applied behavior therapy principles to prevention of disease and illness. e. all of these
ANS: E PG: 248
34. When practicing mindfulness:

a. clients learn to focus on one thing at a time and to bring their attention back to the present
moment when distractions arise.
b. clients develop an attitude of curiosity and compassion to present experience.
c. clients learn how to be aware of themselves without being judgmental.
d. clients train themselves to intentionally focus on their present experience while at the same
time achieving a distance from it.
e. all of these.
ANS: E PG: 269
35. Wolpe’s systematic desensitization is based on the principles of:

a. classical conditioning.
b. operant conditioning.
c. modeling.
d. motivational interviewing.
e. cognitive therapy.
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ANS: A PG: 258
36. The situation in which behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them is:
c. modeling.
d. flooding.
ANS: B PG: 249
37. Skinner’s view of shaping behavior is based on the principle of:

c. reciprocal inhibition.
d. acceptance.
ANS: B PG: 249
38. involves the removal of unpleasant stimuli from a situation once a certain behavior
has occurred.
a. Negative reinforcement
b. Positive reinforcement
c. Punishment
d. Systematic desensitization
e. Flooding
ANS: A PG: 256
39. In dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), skills are taught in four modules. Which among the
following is not one of the modules listed in the text?
a. mindfulness
b. interpersonal effectiveness
c. emotional regulation
d. distress tolerance
e. relapse prevention
ANS: E PG: 270
40. is a key pioneer of clinical behavior therapy because of his broadening of its
conceptual bases and development of multimodal therapy.
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a. Albert Bandura.
b. Joseph Wolpe.
c. B.F. Skinner.
d. Arnold Lazarus.
e. Alan Kazdin.
ANS: D PG: 246
41. All of the following are characteristics of the behavioral approaches except:
a. Behavior therapy relies on the principles and procedures of the scientific method.
b. Behavior therapy specifies treatment goals in concrete and objective terms.
c. Behavior therapy focuses on the client's current problems and the factors influencing them.
d. Behavior therapy employs the same procedures to every client with a particular
dysfunctional
behavior.
ANS: D PG: 250
42. In conducting a behavioral assessment, the client’s functioning is taken into account in which
area(s)? a. emotional dimensions
b. cognitive dimensions
c. behavioral dimensions
d. interpersonal dimensions
e. all of these
ANS: E PG: 254
43. What would be the most accurate way of describing mindfulness-based stress reduction
(MBSR) to a friend or colleague?
a. MBSR consists of the notion that much of our distress and suffering results from
continually wanting things to be different from how they actually are.
b. MBSR aims to assist people in learning how to live more fully in the present rather than
ruminating about the past or being overly concerned about the future.
c. MBSR does not actively teach cognitive modification techniques, nor does it label certain
cognitions as “dysfunctional,” because this is not consistent with the nonjudgmental
attitude one strives to cultivate in mindfulness practice.
d. The approach adopted in the MBSR program is to develop the capacity for sustained
directed attention through formal meditation practice.
e. All of these.
ANS: E PG: 271
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44. Behavior therapists tend to:

a. be active and directive.
b. function as consultants.
c. function as problem solvers.
d. all of these
ANS: D PG: 253
45. All of the following are steps in the use of systematic desensitization except for:
a. hypnosis.
b. relaxation training.
c. the development of an anxiety hierarchy.
d. psychoeducation.
ANS: A PG: 259
46. Techniques used in mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy include all but:
a. yoga.
b. flooding.
c. body scan meditation.
d. a present-focused orientation.
ANS: B PG: 271
47. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) integrates techniques from:

a. multimodal therapy and mindfulness.
b. mindfulness-based stress reduction and cognitive behavior therapy.
c. motivational interviewing and mindfulness.
d. Yoga, systematic desensitization, and mindfulness.
ANS: B PG: 271
48. Self-management strategies include:

a. self-monitoring.
b. self-award.
c. self-contracting.
d. stimulus control.
e. all of these
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ANS: E PG: 265
49. If your client wanted to change a behavior, for instance, learning to control smoking, drinking, or
eating, which behavioral technique would be most appropriate to employ?
a. systematic desensitization
b. self-management
c. assertion training
d. punishment
ANS: B PG: 265
50. Techniques that differentiate behavioral group therapy from other models of group work include allbut:
a. conducting behavioral assessment.
b. collaboratively forming precise treatment goals.
c. a time-limited intervention.
d. providing members with feedback regarding their therapeutic progress.
ANS: C PG: 273
51. In acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), another way to describe the term
“acceptance” is:
a. resignation.
b. nonjudgmental awareness.
c. tolerance.
d. approval.
ANS: B PG: 272
52. Lazarus argues in favor of:

a. technical eclecticism.
b. positive punishment.
c. zen-based techniques.
d. strict adherence to treatment manuals to ensure standardization.
e. theoretical integration
ANS: A PG: 266
53. Sergio is co-leading a social skills group for children with Aspergers. He and his co-leader
must collect data on group members’ progress:
a. before the group starts and at the end of the group, but not during the group.
b. before, during, and after all interventions.
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c. only at the last group session.

d. only if the group members’ parents request it.
ANS: B PG: 273
54. The premise of the exposure-based therapies is that anxiety is reduced through:
a. extinction of a maladaptive response to a feared stimulus.
b. habituation.
c. pairing a feared stimulus with a competing, calming response.
d. progressive muscle relaxation.
e. negative reinforcement.
ANS: C PG: 258
55. In group settings, behavior therapists provide all of the following except:
a. modeling.
b. teaching of new skills.
c. little direct feedback.
d. directive support of clients.
ANS: C PG: 274

56. The key principle in applied behavior analysis is:
a. to use the least aversive means to change behavior.
b. to use positive and negative punishment to change behavior.
c. in vivo desensitization.
d. all of these.
ANS: A PG: 257
57. In vivo flooding consists of:

a. brief and graduated series of exposures to feared events.
b. intense and prolonged exposure to the actual anxiety-producing stimuli.
c. imagined exposure to fearful experiences paired with muscle relaxation.
d. guided use of mindfulness techniques.
ANS: B PG: 261
58. EMDR is typically used to help clients:

a. restructure their cognitions regarding traumatic events.
b. explore repressed unconscious material from early childhood.
c. facilitate the client’s expression of personal needs while in relationship with others.
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d. reduce anxiety related to specific phobias.
ANS: A PG: 262
59. Third-generation behavior therapies have been developed that center around five
interrelated core themes. Which of these is not one of the core themes?
a. an expanded view of psychological health
b. a broad view of acceptable outcomes in therapy
c. acceptance
d. a more precise focus on psychopathology
e. creating a life worth living
ANS: D PG: 269
60. Which is not true of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)?

a. The approach was formulated for treating borderline personality disorders.
b. DBT emphasizes the importance of the client/therapist relationship.
c. DBT incorporates mindfulness training and Zen practices.
d. DBT is a blend of Adlerian concepts and behavioral techniques.
e. DBT relies on empirical data to support its effectiveness.
ANS: D PG: 270
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TRUE–FALSETESTI
TEMS
Decide if the following statements are ―more true‖ or ―more false‖ from the perspective of the behavior
therapy approach.
1. Albert Bandura is credited with originally developing the progressive relaxation procedure.
ANS: F PG: 258
2. Systematic desensitization typically includes the use of relaxation procedures.

ANS: T PG: 259
3. Some counselors feel behavior therapy is too focused on symptoms and not causes of
problems.
ANS: T PG: 280
4. Modeling is a form of systematic desensitization.

ANS: F PG: 258
5. Behavior therapy has been successfully used with developmentally delayed clients.
ANS: T PG: 247
6. Modeling methods have been used in treating people with snake phobias and in teaching new
behaviors to socially disturbed children.
ANS: T PG: 263
7. A trend in contemporary behavior therapy is the increased emphasis on the role of thinking and
―self-
talk‖ as a factor in behavior.
ANS: T PG: 267
8. Some researchers believe that fear of flying may be due primarily to claustrophobia.
ANS: T PG: 249
9. A behavior therapist makes use of the technique of open-ended questioning for the purpose of
obtaining important information related to the client’s problem.
ANS: T PG: 253
10. Albert Bandura is directly responsible for promoting the ―third wave‖ of behavior therapy.
ANS: F PG: 248
11. Mindfulness involves judgment and careful evaluation of one’s thoughts.

ANS: F PG: 269
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12. Multimodal therapy encourages its practitioners to fit their procedures to the needs of the client
by borrowing techniques from many other approaches.
ANS: T PG: 266
13. Behavior therapy has been shown to be effective in the prevention and treatment of
cardiovascular disease.
ANS: T PG: 266
14. There is no place for the role of thinking process and attitudes in contemporary behavior
therapy.
ANS: F PG: 249
15. Behavior therapy has undergone important changes and has expanded considerably.
ANS: T PG: PG: 248
16. Dialectical behavior therapy integrates behavioral techniques with psychoanalytic concepts and
mindfulness training of Eastern psychological and spiritual practices.
ANS: T PG: 270
17. Behavior therapists believe that insight is not a necessary condition for behavior change to
occur.
ANS: T PG: 251
8. Multimodal therapy does not fit well with the goals and aspirations of managed care.
ANS: F PG: 266
19. The basic therapeutic conditions stressed by person-centered therapists can be integrated into a
behavioral framework.
ANS: T PG: 278
20. Evidence-based procedures are a part of both behavior therapy and cognitive behavior therapy.
ANS: T PG: 279
21. Dialectical behavior therapy requires both individual and group treatment.
ANS: T PG: 271
22. Behavior therapy groups employ a long-term treatment model.

ANS: F PG: 274
23. Acceptance and commitment therapy is not a mindfulness based approach.

ANS: F PG: 272
24. Both Linehan and Lazurus emphasize the importance of the therapeutic relationship in behavioral
treatments.
ANS: T PGS: 266, 270
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25. There is little empirical support for ACT.

ANS: F PG: 273
Chapter 10- Cognitive Behavior Therapy

Back to Top
1. The founder of rational emotive behavior therapy is:

a. William Glasser.
b. Frederick Perls.
c. Albert Ellis.
d. Joseph Wolpe.
e. Aaron Beck.
ANS: C PG: 288
2. Rational emotive behavior therapy belongs to which category of therapy?

a. existential-humanistic
b. client-centered
c. psychoanalytic
d. Gestalt
e. cognitive-behavior/action oriented
ANS: E PG: 290
3. The cognitive-behavioral approach to therapy stresses:

a. support, understanding, warmth, and empathy.
b. awareness, unfinished business, impasse, and experiencing.
c. thinking, judging, analyzing, and doing.
d. subjectivity, existential anxiety, self-actualization, and being.
e. transference, dream analysis, uncovering unconscious, and early experience.
ANS: C PG: 291
4. The correct components of the A-B-C theory of personality are:

a. antecedent, behavior, consequences.
b. activating events, behaviors, cognitions.
c. antecedent, belief, cognitions.
d. activating event, belief, consequence.
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ANS: D PG: 293
5. REBT views emotional disturbances as the result of:

a. inadequate mothering during infancy.
b. failure to fulfill our existential needs.
c. excessive feelings.
d. irrational thinking and behaving.
ANS: D PG: 292
6. According to REBT, what is the core of most emotional disturbance?

a. blame
b. resentment
c. rage
d. unfinished business
e. depression
ANS: A PG: 293
7. REBT contends that people:

a. have a need to be loved and accepted by everyone.
b. need to be accepted by most people.
c. will become emotionally sick if they are rejected.
d. do not need to be accepted and loved.
ANS: D PG: 293
8. Which of the following statements does not reflect one of Ellis’s three basic musts?
a. ―If others fail to treat me well, they must be miserable human beings.‖
b. ―Others must like me and appreciate my talents or else I am a failure.‖
c. ―I must be kind to others or else I won’t be a good person.‖
d. ―I must get what I want when I want it or I won’t be able to stand it.‖
ANS: C PG: 293
9. REBT employs what kind of method to help people resolve their emotional and behavioral problems?
a. the phenomenological method
b. the empirical method
c. the Gestalt method
d. the philosophical method
ANS: B PG: 294
10. The main therapeutic goal of REBT is:

a. to teach clients how to recognize which ego state they are in.
b. to make the unconscious conscious.
c. to assist the client in becoming aware of his or her ―being-in-the-world.‖
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d. to challenge the client in making both a value judgment and moral decision about the quality of his
or her behavior.
e. none of these
ANS: E PG: 295
11. The main function of the rational emotive behavior therapist is to:
a. become an ―existential partner‖ with the client.
b. create a climate of safety and freedom from threat.
c. challenge clients to reevaluate their ideas and philosophy of life.
d. encourage the client to experience fully the here-and-now.
e. help the client relive past emotional traumas.
ANS: C PG: 295
12. REBT can best be considered as:

a. an educative process.
b. a didactic process.
c. a process challenging ideas and thinking.
d. a teaching/learning process.
e. all of these.
ANS: E PG: 295
13. Who developed a cognitive behavioral program for diet and maintenance and has written trade
books about this topic? a. Albert Ellis
b. Robert Wubbolding
c. Gerald Corey
d. Judith Beck
e. Donald Meichenbaum
ANS: D PG: 290
14. The role of the client in rational emotive behavior therapy is like that of a: a. co-therapist.
b. passive observer.
c. student or learner.
d. partner.
ANS: C PG: 296
15. Which method is not employed in REBT?

a. the ―homework assignment‖ method
b. the contract method
c. the logical analysis method
d. behavioral and action methods
e. free association
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ANS: E PG: 297
16. Which theorist is known for his or her abrasive, humorous, and flamboyant style? a.
Albert Ellis
b. Aaron Beck
c. Judith Beck
d. Carl Rogers
e. Natalie Rogers
ANS: A PG: 288
17. Cognitive restructuring plays an important role in whose approach to therapy? a. Albert Ellis
b. Donald Meichenbaum
c. A. T. Beck
d. Judith Beck
e. all of these
ANS: D PG: 289
18. A feature of REBT that distinguishes it from other cognitive-behavioral therapies is:
a. its use of the A-B-C theory in analyzing the client.
b. its use of behavioral techniques.
c. its applicability to group work.
d. its systematic exposition of irrational beliefs that result in emotional and behavioral disturbance.
ANS: D PG: 292
19. Beck’s cognitive therapy involves all of the options below except:
a. helping clients recognize and discard self defeating thinking.
b. looking at a client’s ―internal dialogue.‖
c. correcting erroneous beliefs.
d. conducting a lifestyle assessment.
ANS: D PG: 297
20. Sonia, a recovering alcoholic, is going through relapse prevention. During this process, it is
likely that she will:
a. be taught to view any lapses that occur as “learning opportunities” rather than “catastrophic
failures.”
b. avoid exploring possible high-risk stressful situations that she could encounter.
c. learn that a lapse in willpower will have catastrophic results.
d. undergo hypnosis.
ANS: A PG: 314
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21. Which of the following is the correct order of the three phases of Meichenbaum’s stressinoculation
program?
a. conceptual-application-rehearsal
b. application-conceptual-rehearsal
c. application-rehearsal-conceptual
d. rehearsal-conceptual-application
e. conceptual-rehearsal-application
ANS: E PG: 313
22. According to Ellis, we develop emotional and behavioral difficulties because:

a. we think of simple preferences as dire needs.
b. we live by the values our parents gave us.
c. we refuse to deal with unfinished business.
d. we have learned maladaptive behaviors.
e. we do not possess any self-actualizing tendencies.
ANS: A PG: 293
23. An REBT therapist would contend that anxiety stems from:

a. unresolved issues of the past.
b. inadequate ego-defense mechanisms.
c. the internal repetition of irrational sentences.
d. a normal human condition that should be accepted.
e. oppressive social conditions.
ANS: C PG: 293
24. In REBT, what method is taught to clients to help them challenge irrational beliefs? a. autogenic
method
b. disputational method
c. self-management method
d. phenomenological method
e. multimodal method
ANS: B PG: 292
25. Which of the following is true about the relationship between a client and a rational emotive behavior
therapist?
a. Therapists make value judgments in helping their clients gain insight.
b. It is characterized by full acceptance and tolerance.
c. Personal warmth is considered to be very important.
d. The therapist assumes a nondirective stance.
e. Transference is encouraged to develop.
ANS: B PG: 297
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26. Which of the following REBT techniques helps a client gradually learn to deal with anxiety and
challenge basic irrational thinking?
a. biofeedback
b. cognitive homework
c. dream analysis
d. skill training
e. assertiveness training
ANS: B PG: 298
27. According to REBT, it is important to change the way one uses language because:
a. imprecise language is one of the causes of distorted thinking processes.
b. language shapes thinking and behavior.
c. language shapes feelings.
d. all of these
ANS: D PG: 299
28. The REBT technique that involves having clients imagine themselves in situations where they feel
inappropriate feelings is called:
a. cognitive homework.
b. disputing irrational beliefs.
c. role playing.
d. shame-attacking exercises.
e. rational-emotive imagery.
ANS: E PG: 299
29. Which of the following is not true about role playing in REBT?
a. It is a way of surfacing unfinished business.
b. It involves emotional components.
c. It involves behavioral components.
d. It helps pinpoint irrational beliefs.
e. It allows the client to work through underlying irrational beliefs.
ANS: A PG: 300
30. Which REBT technique involves having the client do the very thing they avoid because of ―what
people might think?‖
a. role playing
b. desensitization
c. cognitive homework
d. shame-attacking exercises
e. changing one’s language
ANS: D PG: 300
31. All of the following are true as they apply to self-instructional therapy, except that:
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a. it was developed by Meichenbaum.

b. it is a form of cognitive restructuring.
c. it is an outgrowth of an approach used widely by crisis intervention workers called self-induced
change therapy.
d. it is also known as cognitive behavior modification.
ANS: C PG: 310
32. Which of the following is not part of the five-step treatment procedure used in a coping-skills program?
a. exposing clients to anxiety-provoking situations by means of role playing and imagery
b. evaluating the anxiety level of the client by using both physiological and psychological tests
c. teaching clients to become aware of the anxiety-provoking cognitions they experience in stressful
situations
d. having the clients examine their thoughts through reevaluating their self-statements
e. noting the level of anxiety following reevaluation
ANS: B PG: 312
33. All of the following are cognitive methods of REBT except for:
a. shame-attacking exercises.
b. disputing irrational beliefs.
c. changing one’s language.
d. completing homework assignments.
ANS: A PG: 297
34. Which of the following is not true of Beck’s cognitive therapy?

a. It is an insight therapy.
b. It is a short-term or time-limited structured approach.
c. It is an active and focused form of therapy.
d. It asserts that irrational beliefs lead to emotional problems.
e. It is based on the assumption that the way people feel and behave is determined by the way they
structure their experience.
ANS: D PG: 302
35. One of the main ways that Beck’s cognitive therapy differs from Ellis’s REBT is that in Beck’s
approach, more so than in Ellis’s approach:
a. reality testing is highly organized.
b. thinking is considered to influence feeling and action.
c. the quality of the therapeutic relationship is basic to the therapy process.
d. clients are asked to look for evidence to support their conclusions.
ANS: C PG: 305
36. In Meichenbaum’s cognitive behavior modification, what is given primary importance?

a. using emotive techniques
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b. collaborative empiricism
c. automatic thoughts
d. inner speech
e. a multimodal approach to changing one’s thinking and behaving
ANS: D PG: 310
37. Stress inoculation training consists of all of the following except:

a. behavioral rehearsals.
b. self-monitoring.
c. cognitive restructuring.
d. problem solving.
e. tapping into the unconscious realm.
ANS: E PG: 312
38. One strength of cognitive behavioral therapy group counseling is that:

a. emphasis is placed on symptom prevention.
b. clients can remain relatively emotionally disengaged.
c. leaders take a non-directive stance.
d. leaders believe that insight is necessary for behavior change.
ANS: A PG: 302
39. In cognitive therapy, techniques are designed to:

a. assist clients in substituting rational beliefs for irrational beliefs.
b. help clients experience their feelings more intensely.
c. assist individuals in making alternative interpretations of events in their daily living.
d. enable clients to deal with their existential loneliness.
e. teach clients how to think only positive thoughts.
ANS: C PG: 308
40. The type of cognitive error that involves thinking and interpreting in all-or-nothing terms, or in
categorizing experiences in either/or extremes, is known as:
a. magnification and exaggeration.
b. polarized thinking.
c. arbitrary inference.
d. overgeneralization.
ANS: B PG: 304
41. Beck’s cognitive therapy differs from Ellis’s REBT in that Beck’s approach emphasizes:
a. more of a Socratic dialogue.
b. helping clients to discover their misconceptions by themselves.
c. working with the client in collaborative ways.
d. more structure in the therapy process.
e. all of these
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ANS: E PG: 305
42. Beck’s cognitive therapy has been most widely applied to the treatment of:
a. stress symptoms.
b. anxiety reactions.
c. phobias.
d. depression.
e. cardiovascular disorders.
ANS : D PG : 307
43. Which stage is not included in Meichenbaum’s model for stress inoculation training? a. the
conceptual-educational phase
b. the cognition deconstruction phase
c. the skills acquisition and consolidation phase
d. the application and follow-through phase
ANS: B PG: 313
44. The cognitive distortion of making conclusions without supporting and relevant evidence is: a. labeling
and mislabeling.
b. overgeneralization.
c. arbitrary inferences.
d. selective abstraction.
e. personalization.
ANS: C PG: 303
45. The cognitive distortion that consists of forming conclusions based on an isolated detail of an event is:
a. labeling and mislabeling.
e. personalization.
ANS: D PG: 303
46. The process of holding extreme beliefs on the basis of a single incident and applying them
inappropriately to dissimilar events or settings is known as:
e. personalization.
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ANS: B PG: 304
47. The tendency for individuals to relate external events to themselves, even when there is no basis for
making this connection, is known as:
e. personalization.
ANS: E PG: 304
48. The cognitive distortion that involves portraying one’s identity on the basis of imperfections and
mistakes made in the past and allowing them to define one’s true identity is:
c. arbitrary inferences
e. personalization.
ANS: A PG: 304
49. To a large degree, cognitive therapy is:

a. an experiential model.
b. a psychoeducational model.
c. a psychodynamic model.
d. based on principles borrowed from Gestalt therapy.
ANS: B PG: 302
50. The concept of automatic thoughts plays a central role in whose theory? a. Ellis
b. Beck
c. Meichenbaum
d. Lazarus
e. Bandura
ANS: B PG: 303
51. Of the following cognitive techniques, which one would Beck be least likely to employ?
a. exploring cognitive distortions
b. helping clients to replace negative imagery with more positive and successful coping scenes
c. confronting the musturbatory thinking of a client
d. encouraging clients to participate in cognitive rehearsal
e. teaching clients ways of testing hypotheses
ANS: C PG: 308
52. According to Meichenbaum, the first step in the change process involves:
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a. learning the A-B-C model of disputing irrational thinking.

b. learning a new dialogue.
c. observing one’s behavior and thinking patterns.
d. learning coping skills.
e. discovering insight into the cause of one’s problem.
ANS: C PG: 313
53. The constructivist perspective in cognitive therapy holds that:

a. clients must accept objective reality if they hope to change.
b. there is really no difference between objective and subjective reality.
c. one’s problems are merely a product of one’s imagination.
d. there are multiple realities and a therapist’s task is to help clients appreciate how they construct
their realities and how they author their own stories.
e. we all construct irrational beliefs and must change those if we hope to find happiness.
ANS: D PG: 315
54. Which of the following is not a characteristic of Meichenbaum’s constructivist approach to cognitive
behavior therapy?
a. It is more structured and more directive than standard cognitive therapy.
b. It gives more emphasis to the past.
c. It tends to target deeper core beliefs.
d. It explores the behavioral impact and emotional toll a client pays for clinging to certain metaphors.
ANS: A PG: 315
55. Jim told Margie, a cognitive therapist who has adopted a constructivist perspective, that he is a
prisoner of his dysfunctional past. Margie should do all of the following except:
a. help Jim appreciate how he has constructed reality and examine the implications and
conclusions he draws from his stories.
b. encourage him to tell the rest of his story.
c. steer Jim away from telling his story since storytelling is regarded as a form of resistance.
d. help Jim to see himself as a survivor of dysfunction who has thrived despite the barriers he has
faced.
ANS: C PG: 315
56. Cognitive behavioral therapists assist clients in using language that:

a. is not self-condemning.
b. depicts the client’s thoughts in a rational and accurate manner.
c. replaces absolutes with preferences.
d. all of these
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ANS: D PG: 299
57. Which of the following statements is true with regard to the fit between the cognitive
behavioral approaches and multicultural counseling?
a. There is an “almost perfect fit” between cognitive behavior therapy and multicultural counseling
because these perspectives share common assumptions that make integration possible. b. The
terms “cognitive behavior therapy” and “multicultural counseling” are used interchangeably
because they refer to the same approach.
c. Integration is not possible between the cognitive behavioral approach and multicultural
counseling.
d. Neither of the approaches taps into the inner resources and strengths of clients.
ANS: A PG: 316
58. Roberto, who struggles with feeling inadequate as a provider and husband, has come to work
with a cognitive behavioral therapist. In addition to feeling inadequate, he feels angry that he has
been marginalized by the mainstream culture. As his therapist, you should do all of the following
except:
a. refrain from using jargon such as the terms “irrational, maladaptive, and dysfunctional”
b. adapt the language presented in cognitive restructuring to Roberto’s primary language, age, and
educational level.
c. avoid using disrespectful language when describing Roberto’s cognitions
d. impress Roberto with your use of jargon to reinforce that you are the expert.
ANS: D PG: 317
59. A noteworthy strength of the cognitive behavioral approaches is:

a. they have strong empirical support.
b. they pay careful attention to the client’s early development.
c. they are well-suited to clients who have difficulty with abstraction.
d. They consider insight and action equally important forces in therapeutic change.
ANS: A PG: 307
60. To what does the term “cognitive triad” refer?

a. Aaron Beck coined the term to refer to himself and two other cognitive-oriented theorists, Ellis
and Meichenbaum, who have revolutionized the field of counseling.
b. It refers to the three generations of Becks (Aaron, his daughter Judith, and his grandchild who is a
social worker specializing in cognitive therapy). c. It is a pattern that triggers depression.
d. It is a cognitive behavioral intervention.
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ANS: C PG: 308

Decide if the following statements are ―more true‖ or ―more false‖ as applied to rational emotive
behavior therapy.
1. Ellis contends that research has shown that REBT is effective in helping all types of clients.
ANS: F PG: 317
2. Ellis claims that his methods are applicable to individual therapy but that his approach does not work
well in group therapy.
ANS: F PG: 302
3. Bibliotherapeutic approaches have empirical support for the treatment of depression, for a
variety of anxiety disorders, and for a range of clinical problems.
ANS: T PG: 298
4. Cognitive behavioral group therapy stresses the importance of homework outside of the therapy
session.
ANS: T PG: 302
5. Ellis maintains that REBT is an eclectic form of therapy.

ANS: T PG: 297
6. Ellis was originally trained as a psychoanalyst.

ANS: T PG: 288
7. According to Ellis, events themselves do not cause emotional disturbances; rather it is our evaluation
of these events that causes the problem.
ANS: T PG: 293
8. REBT hypothesizes that we keep ourselves emotionally disturbed by the process of self-indoctrination.
ANS: T PG: 293
9. Ellis suggests that most clients attend both individual and group therapy at some point in time.
ANS: T PG: 301
10. REBT contends that humans need the love and acceptance of significant others in order to feel
worthwhile.
ANS: F PG: 293
11. Part of Ellis’s motivation for developing REBT was to deal with his own problems.
ANS: T PG: 288
12. The cognitive-behavioral therapies are largely based on the idea that the reorganization of clients’
selfstatements is a key to changing their behavior.
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ANS: T PG: 310
13. There is no concept in REBT that in any way agrees with Rogers’s idea of unconditional positive
regard.
ANS: F PG: 297
14. Rational-emotive imagery involves teaching relaxation techniques.

ANS: F PG: 299
15. REBT can be effectively employed in crisis intervention.

ANS: T PG: 307
16. According to REBT, what is rational corresponds to a description of subjective reality.

ANS: F PG: 292
17. Beck’s therapeutic approach focuses on specific symptoms of depressed clients and the reasons they
give for these symptoms.
ANS: T PG: 309
18. Since humor shows the absurdity of certain ideas that clients steadfastly maintain, it is always
inappropriate to use in sessions as it might be perceived as offensive.
ANS: F PG: 299
19. Stress inoculation is a coping-skills approach designed to change a person’s self-statements.

ANS: T PG: 312
20. From a cognitive perspective, depression is largely due to one’s attitudes and beliefs.
ANS: T PG: 294
21. There is little empirical support for the application of the cognitive behavioral approach to group
counseling.
ANS: F PG: 302
22. To varying degrees, most CBT interventions are integrated models of psychotherapy.
ANS: T PG: 291
23. In family therapy contexts, cognitive behavior therapists are particularly interested in family schemata.
ANS: T PG: 310
24. According to Beck, selective abstraction is used by clients to reinforce negative schemas and support
their maladaptive core beliefs.
ANS: T PG: 303
25. In CBT, clients and counselor jointly set the agenda for the therapy session.
ANS: T PG: 306
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Chapter 11- Reality Therapy

Back to Top
1. Sandra is a reality therapist who is meeting her client Paul, who struggles with career
indecision, for the first time. How might she begin her work with Paul? a. by diagnosing
his problem using the DSM
b. by asking Paul what he wants from therapy
c. by asking about his earliest recollections
d. by asking him to take a career inventory
ANS: B PG: 341
2. Reality therapy is best categorized as:

a. a brand of psychoanalytic therapy.
b. a form of nondirective therapy.
c. a derivative of Gestalt therapy.
d. a derivative of Adlerian therapy.
e. a form of cognitive behavior therapy.
ANS: E PG: 337
3. Reality therapy has gained popularity with:

a. school counselors and administrators.
b. school teachers, both elementary and secondary.
c. rehabilitation workers.
d. all of the above
ANS: D PG: 336
4. Reality therapy is best described as:

a. an intensive and long-term therapy.
b. a rational therapy.
c. an insight therapy.
d. a short-term therapy that stresses doing.
e. an experiential therapy stressing feelings and attitudes.
ANS: D PG: 338
5. The client’s quality world consists of all of the following except:

a. activities that fulfill our needs.
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b. images of people who enrich our lives.

c. beliefs.
d. insight.
ANS: D PG: 337
6. WDEP stands for:

a. wants, decision, self-evaluation, perception.
b. wishes, direction, engagement, purpose.
c. wants, doing, self-evaluation, planning.
d. wants, direction, efficacy, planning.
ANS: C PG: 344
7. Which of the following is not a component of total behavior?

a. wanting
b. acting
c. feeling
d. thinking
e. physiology
ANS: A PG: 337
8. A reality therapist would most likely respond to a client’s complaint of melancholy, sad mood by
saying:
a. ―Sounds like you’re depressed.‖
b. ―Sounds like you have depression.‖
c. ―Sounds like you’re depressing.‖
d. ―Sounds like you’re depressive.‖
ANS: C PG: 339
9. The function of the reality therapist is:

a. to assist clients in dealing with the present.
b. to encourage clients to make a value judgment concerning the quality of their behavior.
c. to confront clients about specific irrational thoughts and ideas and to teach them to think
rationally.
d. to reindoctrinate clients with the acceptable standards for living.
ANS: A PG: 339
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10. Wubboding believes all of the following encourage the client’s involvement in therapy except for: a.
appropriate use of humor.
b. warmth.
c. facilitative self-disclosure.
d. allowing the client to focus on symptoms.
ANS: D PG: 342
11. In reality therapy, the counseling environment is:

a. the time to explore past trauma.
b. characterized by a therapeutic climate that establishes the foundation for implementing
procedures .
c. highly structured with the aim of changing cognitions.
d. conducive to restructuring one’s personality.
ANS: B PG: 341
12. Which method(s) is (are) often used in reality therapy?

a. behavior-oriented methods
b. the use of questioning
c. exploring a client's quality world
d. designing an action plan
e. all of these
ANS: E PG: 344
13. What is Robert Wubbolding likely to say about people’s problems?

a. “People don’t have problems, they have solutions that have not worked.”
b. “Most people are emotionally disturbed, but many of them are able to create a believable
facade that they are high functioning. Don’t be fooled!”
c. “Most forms of psychopathology should be treated with medication.”
d. “People who have problems should try reality therapy only after uncovering the unconscious
determinants of their behavior.”
ANS: A PG: 340
14. Which of the following procedures would a reality therapist be least likely to employ? a. skillful
questioning
b. encouraging clients to look at what they are doing
c. making action plans
d. engaging in homework to change behaviors
e. reliving an early childhood event
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ANS: E PG: 342
15. Which of the following is not a function of the reality therapist?

a. focusing on areas in the client’s life that need improvement so that he or she can achieve a
―success identity‖
b. setting limits in the therapeutic setting
c. getting clients to be specific about how they will make desired changes
d. confronting clients by not accepting their excuses
e. helping clients reformulate their plans, if necessary
ANS: A PG: 341
16. All of the following are true about planning and commitment in reality therapy, except:
a. Clients make a commitment to carry out their plans.
b. There is a connection between a person’s identity and their level of commitment.
c. A great deal of time is spent on this step of reality therapy.
d. Commitment puts the responsibility for changing on the client.
e. Therapists only ask for commitments that are reasonable.
ANS: C PG: 347
17. Reality therapy is based on which of the following orientations to understanding human behavior?
a. radical behaviorism
b. psychoanalytic
c. existential-phenomenological
d. deterministic
e. person-centered theory
ANS: C PG: 354
18. What do reality therapists believe about the use of questions?

a. They should rarely be used.
b. Relevant questions help clients gain insights and arrive at plans and solutions.
c. There is no such thing as excessive questioning; the more the better!
d. Closed questions are more helpful than open-ended questions.
ANS: B PG: 345
19. Reality therapists are likely to deal with all of the following except for:
a. what a client is currently doing.
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b. what clients are thinking and feeling, when this relates to what they are doing.
c. a client’s relationships with significant others.
d. assisting clients in developing an action plan geared for change.
e. asking clients to recall, report, and share dreams.
ANS: E PG: 341
20. A reality therapist will primarily focus on:

a. past behavior.
b. present behavior.
c. feelings.
d. thoughts.
e. the client’s personal history.
ANS: B PG: 339
21. When reality therapists explore a client’s past, they tend to focus on:
a. relationships within the family.
b. early traumatic events.
c. problems in school performance.
d. past successes.
e. developmental problems.
ANS: D PG: 339
22. In reality therapy, the purpose of developing an action plan is:

a. to encourage clients to stretch beyond their limits.
b. to teach clients to ―think big.‖
c. to arrange for successful experience.
d. to arrive at the ultimate solution to a client’s problem.
ANS: C PG: 341
23. In reality therapy, when a client fails to carry out their plans, the therapist will:
a. use a behavioral form of punishment.
b. ―put the client down‖ to arouse their anger and motivate them to change.
c. accept their excuses.
d. make a value judgment about the client’s behavior.
e. challenge the client to accept the reasonable consequence of his or her behavior.
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ANS: E PG: 341
24. Which of the following is (are) a contribution of reality therapy?

a. It helps clients deal emotionally with unfinished business from their past.
b. It provides insight into the causes of one’s problems.
c. It provides a structure for both clients and therapist to evaluate the degree and the nature of
changes.
d. Most of its concepts have been subjected to empirical testing.
ANS: C PG: 354
25. Reality therapy rests on the central idea that:

a. thinking largely determines how we feel and behave.
b. we choose our behavior and are responsible for what we do, think, and feel.
c. environmental factors largely control what we are doing.
d. the way to change dysfunctional behavior is to reexperience a situation in which we originally
became psychologically stuck.
ANS: B PG: 337
26. Glasser would agree with all of the following conclusions except:
a. We are most likely to change if we are threatened by punishment.
b. We do not have to be the victim of our past.
c. We have more control over our lives than we believe.
d. We strive to change the world outside ourselves to match our internal pictures of what we
want.
e. We often seek therapy when we do not have the relationships we want.
ANS: A PG: 337
27. The core of reality therapy consists of:

a. teaching clients how to acquire rational beliefs instead of irrational beliefs.
b. helping clients to understand their unconscious dynamics.
c. giving clients opportunities to express unresolved feelings.
d. teaching clients to take effective control of their own lives.
ANS: D PG: 346
28. A limitation of this approach as it applies to multicultural counseling is:

a. oppressed clients may have little choice over their circumstances.
b. this therapy provides specific tools to help clients make the changes they desire.
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c. the concept of the quality world is abstract and lacks cross-cultural appeal.
d. reality therapists must be careful when adapting their approach to non-western cultures.
ANS: A PG: 351
29. All of the following are procedures that are commonly used in reality therapy except:
a. exploring wants, needs, and perceptions.
b. exploring early recollections.
c. focusing on current behavior.
d. planning and commitment.
e. skillful questioning.
ANS: B PG: 343
30. Which of the following procedures would a reality therapist be least likely to employ? a. self-
help procedures
b. the use of humor
c. homework assignments
d. asking a client to emotionally reexperience a childhood experience
e. asking questions to get a better sense of the client's inner world
ANS: D PG: 343
31. In a reality therapy group, the leader:

a. is responsible for evaluating the clients’ behaviors.
b. performs an assessment to determine if the client is truly getting what he or she wants in life.
c. withholds feedback when members are designing their plans.
d. may encounter resistance from members when providing suggestions for how clients can best
get what they want.
ANS: D PG: 349
32. All of the following are key characteristics of contemporary reality therapy except for:
a. There is a focus on talking about symptoms that bring a client into therapy.
b. Emphasis is on choice and responsibility.
c. There is a rejection of the notion of transference.
d. Therapy is kept in the present.
e. Clients are helped to get connected or reconnected with the people they have chosen to put in
their
quality world.
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ANS: A PG: 339
33. Which of these statements is not true?

a. With the emphases on connection and interpersonal relationships, reality therapy is well suited
for various kinds of group counseling.
b. The WDEP system can be applied to helping group members satisfy their basic needs.
c. If members talk about their past experiences or make excuses for their current behavior, the
group leader redirects them to what they are presently doing. d. Reality therapy does not lend
itself to a group format.
ANS: D PG: 348
34. In working with Japanese clients, a reality therapist might do which of the following when
asking clients to make plans and commit to them?
a. The therapist might be likely to accept “I’ll try” as a firm commitment.
b. The therapist would push clients for an explicit pledge to follow through.
c. The therapist would view a noncommittal response as a sign of weakness.
d. The therapist would refer their clients if they refused to commit to a plan.
ANS: A PG: 351
35. According to Glasser, many of the problems of clients are caused by:
a. unfinished business with parents.
b. sibling rivalry.
c. early childhood trauma.
d. their inability to connect or to have a satisfying relationship with at least one of the significant
people in their lives.
e. the failure to succeed in changing the other person in the relationship.
ANS: D PG: 338

Decide if the following statements are ―more true‖ or ―more false‖ from the reality therapy perspective.
1. Reality therapists believe in a biological basis for mental illness.

ANS: F PG: 335
2. Reality therapy is not well-suited to group counseling.

ANS: F PG: 348
3. Reality therapy cautions against the therapist mentoring the client.

ANS: F PG: 341
4. Glasser believes the need to love and to belong are secondary needs.
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ANS: F PG: 336
5. According to reality therapists, we are not born blank slates waiting to be externally motivated by
forces in the world around us.
ANS: T PG: 336
6. One of the procedures of reality therapy is to work through unfinished business from the past.
ANS: F PG: 343
7. Reality therapists see therapeutic value in working with a client’s dreams.

ANS: F PG: 355
8. Glasser took the position that schools needed to be structured in ways to help students achieve a
success identity as opposed to a failure identity.
ANS: T PG: 334
9. Reality therapists ask clients to take a hard look at whether their current actions are working for them.
ANS: T PG: 341
10. Reality therapy sees transference as a way for the therapist to avoid getting personally involved in the
clients’ lives.
ANS: T PG: 339
11. The core of reality therapy is developing a plan for change as a way of translating talk into action.
ANS: T PG: 346
12. The first step in the process of reality therapy consists of a comprehensive assessment leading to a
specific diagnosis.
ANS: F PG: 340
13. Commitment puts the responsibility directly on clients for changing.

ANS: T PG: 345
14. Reality therapists refuse to accept excuses.

ANS: T PG: 344
15. Reality therapists use punishment as a way to help clients follow through with their plans and
commitments.
ANS: F PG: 338
16. Reality therapy tends to be a long-term approach.

ANS: F PG: 340
17. Reality therapy is a popular approach in correctional work.

ANS: T PG: 336
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18. Therapeutic contracts are frequently used in reality therapy.

ANS: T PG: 347
19. Reality therapy is basically active, directive, practical, didactic, cognitive, and behavioral.
ANS: T PG: 388
20. Choice theory is based on the assumption that people are in charge of their own destiny.
ANS: T PG: 337
21. Reality therapists maintain that clients will not change unless they assume a self-critical attitude.
ANS: F PG: 338
22. Clients are expected to focus on their feelings and attitudes, and then their behavior will change.
ANS: F PG: 341
23. Glasser recommends that therapists look back for the causes of a client's present failures.
ANS: F PG: 339
24. A main function of the reality therapist is to encourage clients to assess their behavior to determine
how well it is working for them.
ANS: T PG: 341
25. Reality therapy is often used in treating drug and alcohol abusers.
ANS: T PG: 336
26. It is the job of the reality therapist to convey the idea that no matter how bad things are there is hope.
ANS: T PG: 341
3
27. The SAMIC plan is an essential part of the evaluation phase of the WDEP system.
ANS: F PG: 347
28. Robert Wubbolding stresses the importance of an engaging therapeutic environment.

ANS: T PG: 341
29. Regarding group work, members provide one another with feedback regarding their choices and plans.
ANS: T PG: 349
30. Reality therapy gives only limited attention to helping people address environmental and social
problems.
ANS: T PG: 351
Chapter 12- Feminist Therapy

Back to Top
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1. From the perspective of feminist therapy, the socialization of women inevitably affects their:
a. identity development.
b. self-concept.
c. goals and aspirations.
d. emotional well-being.
e. all of these
ANS: E PG: 362
2. What do the four feminist philosophies (liberal, cultural, radical, and socialist feminism) have in
common?
a. the same view of the sources of oppression of women
b. the same methods of bringing about societal change
c. the same goal of activism
d. a basic agreement that the therapist is the expert
e. a basic agreement on the value of diagnosis in counseling
ANS: C PG: 364
3. Feminist therapists, regardless of their philosophical orientation, believe all of the following except
that:
a. gender is at the core of therapeutic practice.
b. human development and interaction are similar across races, cultures, and nations.
c. understanding a client's problems requires adopting a sociocultural perspective.
d. the client-therapist relationship should be an egalitarian one.
e. empowerment of the individual and societal changes are core goals of therapy.
ANS: B PG: 369
4. Stephanie, who believes strongly in feminist principles, is working in an agency that requires
therapists to diagnose their clients using the DSM. Stephanie is likely to consider which of the
following questions?
a. Does my client suffer from Axis I or Axis II psychopathology?
b. Who benefits from using this label? How might this label contribute to disempowering the
person to whom it is assigned?
c. If my client is diagnosed with a personality disorder, will the insurance company cover long-
term treatment?
d. When is the next DSM being published? I can hardly wait. What a great read!
ANS: B PG: 374
5. Which of the feminist principles views the therapist as simply another source of information, rather
than as the expert in the therapy process?
a. The person is political.
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b. The counseling relationship is egalitarian.

c. Women's ways of knowing are valued and their experiences are honored.
d. A focus on strengths and a reformulated definition of psychological distress.
e. All types of oppression are recognized.
ANS: B PG: 369
6. Which of the following feminist principles recognizes the importance of working against oppression
and discrimination on the basis of race, class, culture, religious beliefs, sexual orientation, age, and
disability?
ANS: E PG: 370
7. Which of the following feminist principles implies that what has been typically viewed as individual
clients' personal problems are really socially and politically caused?
ANS: A PG: 369
8. All of the following are goals of feminist therapy except for:

a. striving for gender equality.
b. confronting forms of institutional oppression.
c. resolving intrapsychic conflicts from early childhood.
d. helping clients embrace their personal power.
e. freeing clients of gender role socialization.
ANS: C PG: 371
9. Although feminist therapy shares many of the premises of person-centered therapy, feminist therapy
does not agree with the notion that:
a. the therapeutic relationship is, in and of itself, sufficient to produce change.
b. therapy is based on unconditional positive regard and acceptance.
c. the therapeutic relationship should be a non-hierarchical one.
d. therapy aims to empower clients to live according to their own values and to rely on an internal
locus of control.
e. therapists should be genuine rather than hiding behind an expert role.
ANS: A PG: 372
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10. Which of the following themes would clients in feminist therapy be least likely to explore?
a. messages received while growing up
b. critically evaluating social dictates and expectations
c. power and control
d. transference reactions toward their therapist
e. external forces influencing behavior
ANS: D PG: 370
11.After having a bad therapeutic experience with a mental health professional who pathologized
her anxiety over financial issues, Lillian decided to consult with a feminist therapist. How is her
new therapist likely to view her anxiety symptoms? a. as a sign of distress rather than
psychopathology
b. as an indication of deficits in her personality
c. as irrational beliefs
d. as a sign of unconscious conflicts that must be worked through
ANS: A PG: 370
12. Of the following, which intervention would a feminist therapist probably consider most essential? a.
challenging irrational beliefs
b. making use of the empty-chair technique
c. conducting a lifestyle analysis
d. social action
e. interpretation of resistance
ANS: D PG: 379
13. All of the following are reasons many feminist therapists do not use diagnostic labels, or use them
reluctantly, except that:
a. diagnostic labels reinforce gender role stereotypes.
b. diagnostic labels reflect the inappropriate application of power in the therapeutic relationship.
c. diagnostic labels focus on the social factors that cause dysfunctional behavior.
d. diagnostic labels encourage adjustment to the norms of the status quo.
ANS: C PG: 374
14. The preferred alternative to traditional diagnosis and assessment of feminist therapists is: a. power
analysis.
b. gender role analysis.
c. lifestyle analysis.
d. analysis of transference and resistance.
ANS: B PG: 377
15. Which of the following interventions involves a shift from "blaming the victim" to consideration of
social factors in the environment that contribute to a client's problem?
a. paradoxical intention
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b. reframing
c. relabeling
d. gender-role analysis
ANS: B PG: 374
16. All of the following strategies are unique to feminist therapy except for:
a. cognitive restructuring.
b. encouraging clients to take social action.
c. being an advocate in challenging conventional attitudes about roles for women.
d. power analysis and intervention.
e. gender-role analysis and intervention.
ANS: A PG: 375
17. Of the following, which is not an assumption shared by the cognitive behavioral and feminist therapy
approaches?
a. viewing the therapeutic relationship as collaborative
b. assuming that the therapeutic relationship alone is necessary and sufficient to bring about change
c. helping clients to take charge of their own lives
d. commitment to demystifying therapy
e. providing information to clients about how the therapy process works
ANS: B PG: 372
18. Who is most noted for her contributions to the development of feminist therapy? a. Miriam Polster
b. Laura Brown
c. Natalie Rogers
d. Laura Perls
e. Michele Weiner-Davis
ANS: B PG: 362
19. A feminist therapist is likely to become an advocate for change in the social structure by arguing for:
a. the right to self-determination.
b. the freedom to pursue a career outside the home.
c. the right to an education.
d. equality in power in relationships.
e. all of these
ANS: E PG: 381
20. Of the following, which is one of the major contributions that feminists have made to the field of
counseling?
a. a focus on dealing with family dynamics
b. a focus on exploring the unconscious factors contributing to current problems
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c. paving the way for gender-sensitive practice

d. placing the therapeutic relationship at the core of the therapy process
e. assisting clients to increase awareness of here and now experiencing
ANS: C PG: 385
21. Which of these statements is not true about lesbian feminism?

a. In recent years, lesbian feminism has been enriched through interaction with queer theory.
b. Some individuals identify “lesbian feminism” with 1970s and 1980s movements.
c. Lesbian feminists share commonalities with many aspects of radical feminism.
d. Queer theory and lesbian theory are identical.
ANS: D PG: 366
22. The constructs of feminist theory, in contrast to traditional theories, include all of the following except
for which characteristic?
a. intrapsychic orientation
b. gender-fair stance
c. flexible-multicultural
d. life-span orientation
e. interactionist perspective
ANS: A PG: 367
23. The relational-cultural theory emphasizes the vital role:

a. that relationships and connectedness with others play in the lives of women.
b. of a spiritual or religious perspective in providing women with strength.
c. in understanding how early childhood is a crucial factor in a woman’s personality
development.
d. that siblings play in the shaping of personality.
ANS: A PG: 368
24. The feminist perspectives on the development of personality:

a. encompass the diversity and complexity of women’s lives.
b. attend to the ways in which diversity influences self-structures.
c. recognize the inextricable connection between internal and external worlds.
d. acknowledge the political and social oppression of women.
e. all of these
ANS: E PG: 367
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25. Which of the following principles of feminist psychology is most aimed at advancing a transformation
in society?
b. Commitment to social change.
ANS: B PG: 369
26. The feminist approach to group counseling involves all of the following except:
a. support for the experience of being a woman.
b. political involvement.
c. providing members a place to reflect on their role in society.
d. empowerment.
e. an opportunity to experience and analyze multiple transferences.
ANS: E PG: 379
27. During the past 20 years have found classic feminist theories wanting and have
offered new theoretical perspectives focused on issues of diversity, the complexity of sexism,
and the centrality of social context in understanding gender issues. a. postmodern feminists
b. radical feminists
c. socialist feminists
d. liberal feminists
e. cultural feminists
ANS: A PG: 365
28. A limit of the feminist approach from a diversity perspective is:

a. the tendency to impose upon a client personal values that may not be consistent with the
client’s cultural framework.
b. the lack of sensitivity to individual differences in clients.
c. the broad focus on respect and equality.
d. the emphasis on the use of standardized therapeutic techniques.
ANS: A PG: 387
29. Which of the following is not considered one of the six core principles of feminist therapy? a. an
intrapsychic orientation
b. the person is political
c. commitment to social change
d. recognition of all types of oppression
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e. an egalitarian therapeutic relationship
ANS: A PG: 369
30. Feminist therapists reject:

a. the interactionist view.
b. the androcentric view.
c. the life-span perspective.
d. the relational-cultural theory.
ANS: B PG: 367
Decide if the following statements are "more true" or "more false" from the feminist therapy perspective.
1. Feminist therapy is not static, but is continually evolving.

ANS: T PG: 385
2. Feminist therapists do not tend to engage in self-disclosure because of their concern over unduly
influencing the client.
ANS: F PG: 372
3. By considering contextual variables, symptoms are reframed as survival strategies.

ANS: T PG: 370
4. The female therapist may share some of her own struggles with sex role oppression with her client.
ANS: T PG: 372
5. Feminist therapists restrict their practices to women clients.

ANS: F PG: 372
6. Feminist therapists avoid sharing their values with clients in order to reduce the chance of value
imposition.
ANS: F PG: 373
7. Feminist therapists work to demystify the counseling relationship.

ANS: T PG: 370
8. Bibliotherapy is frequently used in feminist therapy.

ANS: T PG: 378
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9. Feminist therapy incorporates techniques from many of the various traditional approaches.
ANS: T PG: 375
10. Traditional theories of counseling consider external circumstances and environmental factors at the
root of psychological problems.
ANS: F PG: 367
11. It is possible to incorporate the principle of feminist therapy with a multicultural perspective.
ANS: T PG: 380
12. A feminist therapist generally does not expect the client to assume responsibility for making internal or
external changes.
ANS: F PG: 388
13. According to feminist therapists, an intrapsychic orientation tends to result in blaming the victim.
ANS: T PG: 367
14. Gender-free theories explain differences in the behavior of women and men on the basis of true
natures, rather than on learning.
ANS: F PG: 367
15. An andocentric theory uses female-oriented constructs to draw conclusions about human nature.
ANS: F PG: 367
16. Heterosexism views a heterosexual orientation as normative and desirable, and devalues same-sex life
styles.
ANS: T PG: 367
17. Gendercentric theories propose two separate paths of development for women and men.
ANS: T PG: 367
18. Feminist therapists emphasize that societal gender role expectations profoundly influence a person's
identity from birth and become deeply engrained in adult personality.
ANS: T PG: 367
19. According to the relational-cultural model, a woman's sense of self depends largely on how she
connects with others.
ANS: T PG: 368
20. In feminist therapy, adjustment rather than transcendence is a primary goal of therapy.
ANS: F PG: 370
21. Today’s feminists believe that gender can be considered separately from other identity areas such as
race, ethnicity, class, and sexual orientation.
ANS: F PG: 363
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22. The contemporary version of feminist therapy and the multicultural and social justice approaches to
counseling practice have a great deal in common.
ANS: T PG: 363
23. At the present time there is a unified feminist theory.

ANS: F PG: 364
24. The beginnings of feminism can be traced to the late 1800s, but it is the women’s movement
of the 1960s that laid the foundation for the development of feminist therapy.
ANS: T PG: 363
25. While most feminist therapists believe that gender is always an important factor, they realize that
ethnicity, sexual orientation, and class may be more important factors in certain situations for many
women.
ANS: T PG: 363
26. Empowerment is a central tenet of feminist psychotherapy.

ANS: T PG: 370
27. Feminist therapy is a technically integrative approach that stresses tailoring interventions to
meet clients with their strengths.
ANS: T PG: 364
28. Historically, feminist psychotherapy groups were a vehicle for consciousness-raising.

ANS: T PG: 379
29. Feminist group work uses a structured approach and focuses on the use of techniques.
ANS: F PG: 379
30. Feminist theorists consider depression a somewhat normative experience for women due to
sociopolitical factors.
ANS: T PG: 374
Chapter 13- Postmodern Approaches

Back to Top
1. A solution-oriented therapist might ask her client, a compulsive shopper, which of the following
questions?
a. Who has the best shoe sale this week, Macy’s or Nordstrom’s?
b. If a miracle happened and your shopping compulsion was solved overnight, how would you
know it was solved, and what would be different?
c. Who in your family is most affected when you go on a spending spree?
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d. At what point in your life did you develop this fixation on shopping?
ANS: B PG: 406
2. The postmodern view incorporates all of the following concepts except for the notion that: a.
reality is objectively defined.
b. reality is based on the use of language.
c. reality is socially constructed.
d. each individual experiences their own unique reality.
ANS: A PG: 397
3. Donna feels certain that no one will ever want to hire her because she has a timid
personality.
Her solution-oriented therapist would be most inclined to:
a. explore her early childhood experiences with being rejected.
b. consider her irrational belief to be indicative of psychopathology.
c. ask Donna to examine another side of the story she is presenting about herself and think of
times when she was accepted by others.
d. prescribe medication for her anxiety issues.
ANS: C PG: 402
4. In the view of the postmodern therapist, the most essential element of therapy is: a. assessment.
b. the collaborative therapeutic relationship.
c. diagnosis.
d. brief course of treatment.
e. skilled use of techniques.
ANS: B PG: 397
5. All of the following are techniques used in solution-focused therapy except for:
a. using the reflecting team
b. scaling questions
c. the miracle question
d. formula first session task
e. exception questions
ANS: A PG: 406
6. All of the following are characteristics shared by the postmodern and person-centered approaches
except:
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a. the high value of the therapeutic relationship.

b. the belief that are capable of solving their problems.
c. the importance of using specific techniques in therapy.
d. the therapist’s sense of caring and respect for their client.
e. the importance of the client defining the goals for therapy.
ANS: C PG: 397
7. All are true of solution-focused brief therapists except that they:

a. have little interest in a client exploring past problems.
b. focus on the client’s early childhood experiences.
c. believe that the cause of a problem is not necessarily related to its solution.
d. expect that two clients may have different solutions to the same problem.
ANS: B PG: 400
8. In the solution-oriented approach, which is not considered one of the three basic parts to the
structure of summary feedback? a. compliments
b. a bridge
c. expressing concern
d. suggesting a task
ANS: C PG: 407
9. The therapeutic process in solution-focused brief therapy involves:

a. the premise that to some degree clients already know the solutions to their problems.
b. asking clients about those times when their problems were not present or when the problems
were
less severe.
c. believing that clients are the experts on their own lives.
d. trusting that solutions evolve out of therapeutic conversations and dialogues. e. all of these
ANS: E PG: 406
10. Which of the following is false as it applies to the practice of solution-focused brief therapy?
a. Individuals who come to therapy have the ability to effectively cope with their problems.
b. There are advantages to a positive focus on solutions and on the future.
c. Clients want to change, have the capacity to change, and are doing their best to make change
happen.
d. Using techniques in therapy is a way of discounting a client’s capacity to find his or her own
way.
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ANS: D PG: 401
11. Narrative therapy has been found to be particularly effective with diverse client populations for all of
the following reasons except:
a. it was founded in a sociocultural context.
b. it allows clients to tell their unique stories from their perspective.
c. it defines mental health within a social, political, and relational context.
d. it teaches diverse clients to replace their own narratives with ones that conform more closely
to the ideals and values of mainstream culture.
ANS: D PG: 420
12. The role of the leader in solution-focused therapy groups is not:

a. to set the tone of focusing on solutions.
b. to provide clients with simple solutions to their problems.
c. to create a setting where the client feels resourceful and capable.
d. to skillfully ask questions to guide clients to finding solutions to their problems.
e. to encourage clients to act in the manner they did when their problem was not present.
ANS: B PG: 409
13. Which of these solution-focused therapy techniques involves asking clients to describe times in their
lives when they were able to solve their problem or when their problem was less severe? a. pre-
therapy change
b. the miracle question
c. exception questions
d. scaling
e. formula first session task
ANS: C PG: 406
14. Solution-focused brief therapy has parallels with , which concentrates on

what is right and what is working for people rather than dwelling on deficits, weaknesses, and
problems.
a. brief psychodynamic therapy
b. positive psychology
c. Adlerian therapy
d. REBT
ANS: B PG: 401
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15. Which of the following statements about creating alternative stories is not true?
a. Constructing new stories goes hand in hand with deconstructing problem-saturated narratives.
b. The narrative therapist analyzes and interprets the meaning of a client’s story.
c. The therapist works with clients collaboratively by helping them construct more coherent and
comprehensive stories that they live by.
d. The development of alternative stories is an enactment of ultimate hope.
e. The narrative therapist listens for openings to new stories.
ANS: B PG: 417
16. From a social constructionist perspective, change begins with:

a. deconstructing the power of cultural narratives.
b. understanding the roots of a problem.
c. the therapist’s skill in using confrontational techniques.
d. understanding and accepting objective reality.
e. disputing irrational beliefs.
ANS: A PG: 398
17. Of the following, what is an interest that social constructionists tend to share?
a. helping clients better understand objective reality
b. using paradoxical techniques
c. using a genogram to teach families about conflicts
d. generating new meaning in the lives of individuals
e. helping clients tap into the collective unconscious
ANS: D PG: 398
18. The techniques of externalization and developing unique events are associated primarily with:
a. solution-oriented therapy.
b. the linguistic approach.
c. the narrative approach.
d. the reflecting team.
e. crisis intervention.
ANS: C PG: 415
19. Narrative therapists attempt to do all of the following except:

a. engage people in deconstructing problem-saturated stories.
b. discover preferred directions and new possibilities.
c. create new stories.
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d. encourage free association.
ANS: D PG: 412
20. Narrative therapists pay attention to ―sparkling events.‖ These are:

a. moments when the client feels exhilarated.
b. events that contradict problem-saturated narratives.
c. times when significant others give the client unconditional love.
d. events characterized by a striving to overcome barriers.
e. stories the client shares that are too good to be true, and in fact, prove to be gross
exaggerations of the truth.
ANS: B PG: 416
21. The creation of the self, which dominated the modernist search for human essence and truth:
a. is being replaced by postmodernists with the concept of socially storied lives.
b. is also a key concept of the postmodern approaches.
c. is more relevant in the narrative approach than it is in solution-oriented therapy.
d. has proven to be completely irrelevant to all counselors and therapists practicing today.
ANS: A PG: 398
22. A limitation of the postmodern approaches is:

a. therapists require extensive training in providing brief therapy.
b. inexperienced therapists may over rely on techniques and appear mechanistic.
c. the use of open-ended questioning.
d. its lack of applicability to group counseling.
ANS: B PG: 426
23. Which is not a major contribution of the postmodern approaches?

a. the non-pathologizing stance.
b. the optimistic orientation.
c. the course of treatment is quite short compared to other approaches.
d. research on these approaches is considered empirically generalizable.
ANS: D PG: 425
24. The founder(s) of solution-focused brief therapy is (are):

a. Michael White and David Epston.
b. Insoo Kim Berg and Steve de Shazer.
c. Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck.
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d. Donald Meichenbaum.
e. Albert Bandura.
ANS: B PG: 396
25. The founder(s) of narrative therapy is (are):

a. Michael White and David Epston.
b. Insoo Kim Berg and Steve de Shazer.
c. Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck.
d. Donald Meichenbaum.
e. Albert Bandura.
ANS: A PG: 396
TRUE/FALSE ITEMS
1. Narrative therapy has been effectively applied in school settings.

ANS: T PG: 409
2. The postmodern philosophy suggests that reality and truth are objective and clearly defined.
ANS: F PG: 397
3. The use of techniques is fundamental in narrative therapy.

ANS: F PG: 413
4. Narrative therapy is not well-suited to multicultural counseling.

ANS: F PG: 420
5. Narrative therapists pay significant attention to a client’s past as it helps them understand the origins of
client’s stories.
ANS: F PG: 412
6. In solution-focused therapy, exceptions represent instances when a particular problem in a client’s life
was not prominent.
ANS: T PG: 401
7. The solution-focused approach was originally designed as a brief model of psychotherapy.

ANS: T PG: 400
8. Social constructionists believe that knowledge is time- and culture-bound, and our ways of
understanding are not necessarily better than other ways.
ANS: T PG: 398
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9. In narrative therapy, the role of the client is to create, explore, and co-author his or her evolving story.
ANS: T PG: 412
10. While there are few studies of SFBT, brief therapies have been shown to be effective.
ANS: T PG: 425
11. Solution-oriented therapy differs from both strategic and traditional models by eschewing the past in
favor of focusing on the future.
ANS: T PG: 400
12. Assessment and therapy techniques are more important than empathy to a social constructionist.
ANS: F PG: 397
13. In postmodern thinking, language and the use of language in stories create meaning.
ANS: T PG: 397
14. The linguistic approach stresses the expert role of the therapist in suggesting solutions to a family’s
problems.
ANS: F PG: 399
15. The narrative approach is part of the social construction model.

ANS: T PG: 410
16. According to feminist therapists, gender equality permeates most narratives about normal human
development.
ANS: F PG: 399
17. Solution-focused therapists often use scaling questions.

ANS: T PG: 407
18. Modernists believe in objective reality and assume that it can be observed and systematically
known through the scientific method.
ANS: T PG: 397
19. In solution-focused therapy, behavior change is viewed as the most effective approach to
assisting people in enhancing their lives.
ANS: T PG: 400
20. In social constructionism, the therapist assumes the role of expert, rather than adopting a
collaborative or consultative stance.
ANS: F PG: 397
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Chapter 14- Family Systems Therapy

Back to Top
1. Who was the first person of the modern era to do family therapy?
a. Adler
b. Minuchin
c. Bowen
d. Satir
e. Haley
ANS: A PG: 433
2. Which family therapist made use of innovative interventions such as metaphor, reframing, rules for
interaction, parts party, family reconstructions, family sculpting, and family maps? a. Bowen
b. Minuchin
c. Satir
d. Whitaker
e. Haley
ANS: C PG: 433
3. Which of the following statements about strategic family therapy is not true?
a. Therapy is brief, process-focused, and solution-oriented.
b. Change results when the family follows the therapist’s directions and change transactions.
c. The focus is on solving problems in the present.
d. The therapist designs strategies for change.
e. Presenting problems are viewed as being symptomatic of a dysfunction within the system.
ANS: E PG: 434
4. Alfred Adler was the first to notice that the development of children within family constellations was
heavily influenced by:
a. the power structure within the family.
b. cultural context in which a family resides.
c. balance of leadership between parents.
d. jealousy and rivalry among the children.
e. birth order.
ANS: E PG: 437
5. Postmodern thought has contributed to family therapy by:

a. minimizing the role of assessment.
b. promoting the therapist’s view of clients as the experts on their own lives.
c. developing an individual therapy application of the family systems approach.
d. introducing the concept of triangulation.
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e. promoting the therapist’s role as being directive.
ANS: B PG: 445
6. Who was the person who refined Adler’s concepts into a typology of mistaken goals and an organized
approach to family therapy?
a. Virginia Satir
b. Jay Haley
c. Cloe Madanes
d. Carl Whitaker
e. Rudolf Dreikurs
ANS: E PG: 437
7. The concept of triangulation is most associated with:

a. Virginia Satir.
b. Murray Bowen.
c. Salvador Minuchin.
d. Carl Whitaker.
e. Rudolf Dreikurs.
ANS: B PG: 438
8. From the family systems perspective, symptoms are often viewed as:
a. an expression of a set of habits and patterns within a family.
b. evidence of psychopathology.
c. a sign of weakness.
d. a result of cognitive distortions.
e. blocked energy.
ANS: A PG: 435
9. What is the technique in family therapy that casts a new light on a problem and provides a different
interpretation for a problematic situation?
a. reorganization
b. family mapping
c. restructuring
d. reframing
e. joining
ANS: D PG: 444
10. A major contribution of Bowen’s theory is the notion of:

a. birth order as a determinant of personality.
b. differentiation of the self.
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c. family rules and communication patterns.

d. spontaneity, creativity, and play as therapeutic factors in family therapy.
ANS: B PG: 438
11. The systems perspective implies:

a. individuals are autonomous and independent of their families.
b. the external environment is the most powerful influence on an individual’s development.
c. individuals are best understood through the context of their role in their family.
d. systematic intervention is required to deconstruct an unhealthy family interaction pattern.
ANS: C PG: 440
12. Which is(are) a key role (or roles) of most family therapists?
a. teacher
b. model
c. coach
d. consultant
e. all of these
ANS: E PG: 444
13. Which of the following techniques is a strategic family therapist least likely to use?
a. asking about attempted solutions to a problem
b. directives
c. family sculpting
d. reframing
e. paradoxical interventions
ANS: C PG: 441
14. A tool for collecting and organizing key relationships in a three-generational extended family is a: a.
lifestyle assessment.
b. family sketch.
c. genogram.
d. projective test.
e. power analysis.
ANS: C PG: 446
15. Which of the following roles and functions would be least interesting to a structural family therapist?
a. joining the family in a position of leadership
b. giving voice to the therapist’s own impulses and fantasies
c. mapping the underlying structure of a family
d. intervening in ways designed to transform an ineffective structure of a family e. being a stage
director
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ANS: B PG: 440
16. Which of the following is least associated with Satir’s human validation process model? a. family
rules
b. functional versus dysfunctional communication patterns
c. family roles and triads
d. storied lives and narratives
e. defensive stances in coping with stress
ANS: D PG: 439
17. The one central principle agreed upon by family therapy practitioners, regardless of their particular
approach, is that
a. the client is connected to living systems.
b. family dysfunction is typically caused by the most dominant family member.
c. lack of differentiation is the primary cause of all family dysfunction.
d. the empty chair technique is the most effective technique.
e. none of these
ANS: A PG: 435
18. Which approach to family therapy contends that one’s current family problems will not significantly
change until relationship patterns in one’s family of origin are understood and directly challenged? a.
Bowenian family therapy
b. human validation process model
c. structural family therapy
d. strategic family therapy
ANS‖ A PG: 438
19. The techniques of joining, accommodating, unbalancing, tracking, and boundary making are most
likely to be part of which approach to family therapy?
a. Bowenian family therapy
b. Adlerian family therapy
e. experiential/symbolic family therapy
ANS: C PG: 441
20. A major contribution of Whitaker’s approach to family therapy is:

a. birth order as a determinant of personality.
b. differentiation of the self.
c. genogram work.
d. spontaneity, creativity, and play as therapeutic factors in family therapy.
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e. the use of bibliotherapy as an adjunct to treatment.
ANS: D PG: 440
21. Roger and his wife are experiencing tension in their relationship because he believes she is far
too lenient with their children when they misbehave. This forces him to play the role of “bad
cop” as a parent, which makes him angry. A family therapist working with Roger and his
family might: a. help to modify the family’s transactional rules and develop more appropriate
boundaries.
b. refer Roger to individual therapy since he clearly needs to work through his unresolved issues
that are causing him to feel so angry.
c. take Roger’s side and educate his wife about appropriate disciplinary practices.
d. focus on getting the children to stop misbehaving so that Roger and his wife won’t experience
this tension.
ANS: A PG: 440
22. views the counselor and therapist as an observer who is outside of the
system, can assess what is going on, and can promote change—all without ever becoming part of
the system.
a. First-order cybernetics
b. Second-order cybernetics
c. Third-order cybernetics
d. Fourth-order cybernetics
ANS: A PG: 441
23. Chun Hei is a Korean immigrant who has been separated from her family and friends for over
a year since she came to the U.S. with her husband. She spends her days taking care of their two
young children while he goes to work, and feels increasingly depressed without her support
system. It is likely that a family therapist who meets Chun Hei: a. would prescribe her
antidepressant medication.
b. would be very interested in how her depression affects others in the family and how it
influences family process.
c. would abandon using a systems approach, and treat her with cognitive behavioral methods.
d. would be directive and tell her to convince her husband to go back to Korea so she will once
again have family support.
ANS: B PG: 445
24. Which approach assumes that a family can best be understood when it is analyzed from at least a
threegenerational perspective?
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c. social constructionism
e. experiential/symbolic family therapy
ANS: A PG: 433
25. Which approach asserts that emotional fusion to one’s family must be addressed if one hopes to
achieve a mature and unique personality?
b. Adlerian family therapy
e. solution-oriented therapy
ANS: A PG: 438
26. A couple directs the focus of their energy toward a problematic son as a way to avoid facing or dealing
with their own conflicts. This is an example of:
a. enmeshment.
b. normal love.
c. displacement.
d. triangulation.
e. diffusion.
ANS : D PG : 433
27. In working with a triangulated relationship, Bowen would be inclined to place primary emphasis on:
a. joining the family.
b. engaging in personal self-disclosure to build trust.
c. maintaining a stance of neutrality.
d. siding with one member involved in the triangle.
e. identifying behavioral goals to guide the therapy.
ANS: C PG: 439
28. Structural family therapy includes all of the following goals except for bringing about structural change
by:
a. modifying the family’s transactional rules.
b. developing more appropriate boundaries.
c. creating an effective hierarchical structure.
d. reducing symptoms of dysfunction.
e. the therapist taking a not-knowing stance with a family.
ANS: E PG: 444
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29. The opposite of a differentiated self is experienced as:

a. emotional reactivity.
b. the integration of one’s various parts.
c. movement toward self-actualization.
d. attunement with others.
ANS: A PG: 439
30. To prevent his parents from leaving the house, Miguel throws temper tantrums. His parents
have given in to his demands and never go out to dinner or to movies anymore. A
structural/strategic therapist working with Miguel and his parents will most likely:
a. have them participate in an enactment during the therapy session.
b. explain with a genogram the origins of Miguel's temper tantrums.
c. help Miguel’s parents to develop differentiated selves.
d. do a lifestyle assessment.
ANS: A PG: 444
31. Which of the following individuals is not associated with family therapy?
a. Alfred Adler
b. Cloe Madanes
c. Albert Ellis
d. Salvador Minuchin
e. Carl Whitaker
ANS: C PG: 433
32. Which approach would be most interested in the appropriateness of hierarchical structure in the
family? a. Bowenian family therapy
d. social constructionism
ANS: C PG: 441
33. Jean-Pierre told the family therapist that his wife loses control of her temper with their
children because of his demanding work schedule and his inability to be there to support her.
Which communication stance has he adopted?
a. blaming
b. placating
c. super reasonable
d. irrelevant
ANS: B PG: 439
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34. Family atmosphere, family constellation, and mistaken goals are key concepts of:
a. Adlerian family therapy.
b. structural family therapy.
c. experiential family therapy.
d. strategic family therapy.
e. the multilayered approach.
ANS: A PG: 437
35. Yelina seems to ignore the major marital problems that she and her husband Carlos are having
as a result of sharp differences in their viewpoints on political and social issues that are
affecting their native country, Cuba. Whenever a friend points out the tension she observes,
Yelina changes the subject and talks about the weather forecast. Yelina is adopting which of
the following communication stances?
a. blaming
b. placating
c. super reasonable
d. irrelevant
ANS: D PG: 439
36. Which of the following theorists emphasized the development of a nurturing triad?
a. Minuchin
b. Haley
c. Satir
d. Whitaker
e. Bowen
ANS: C PG: 439
37. Adlerian family therapy strives to as its goal.

a. establish a hierarchy of power
b. establish and support parents as effective leaders of the family
c. replace automatic (unconscious) negative interactions with a conscious understanding of
family process
d. reduce triangulation
ANS: B PG: 443
38. Problem descriptions and goal identification, typical day, the child interview and goal disclosure are
techniques used in:
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a. multigenerational family therapy.

b. strategic family therapy.
c. social constructionist therapy.
d. Adlerian family therapy.
e. experiential family therapy.
ANS: D PG: 444
39. A potential limitation of the family systems model is:

a. a particular family member’s needs may be overshadowed by the needs of the system.
b. the systemic perspective can be overwhelming for the therapist.
c. family therapy is not well-suited to working with diverse clients.
d. an emphasis on family systems precludes a focus on emotions.
ANS: A PG: 457
40. The therapy goals of promoting growth, self-esteem, and connection, and helping family members
achieve congruent communication and interaction are most associated with which theory of family
therapy?
a. Bowen’s multigenerational family therapy
b. Satir’s human validation process model
c. Whitaker’s experiential/symbolic family therapy
d. Minuchin’s structural family therapy
e. Haley’s strategic family therapy
ANS: B PG: 439
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TRUE–FALSE TEST ITEMS
Decide if the following statements are ―more true‖ or ―more false‖ as applied to the perspective of
family systems therapy.
1. Bowen’s multigenerational approach stresses techniques more than it does theory.

ANS: F PG: 438
2. Family systems therapy represents a paradigm shift that is sometimes called ―the fourth force.‖
ANS: T PG: 435
3. Many of the most prominent structural family therapists have dedicated their efforts to
working predominantly with African American and Hispanic families.
ANS: T PG: 441
4. The focus of Bowen’s multigenerational approach is on dealing with family of origin issues and
detriangulating relationships.
ANS: T PG: 438
5. The cornerstone of Bowen’s theory is differentiation of self.

ANS: T PG: 438
6. Carl Whitaker’s style focuses on his own spontaneous reactions and craziness as a way to tap material
that a family keeps secret.
ANS: T PG: 440
7. Whitaker’s experiential/symbolic approach is based on a well-developed theory of how a family

changes.
ANS: F PG: 440
8. Satir’s human validation model focuses on functional versus dysfunctional communication in families.
ANS: T PG: 439
9. Because Bowen’s multigenerational approach looks at families from a three-generational perspective,

the therapist is mainly interested in past happenings and does not pay much attention to present issues.
ANS: F PG: 438
10. Minuchin’s structural therapy is based on the notion that an individual’s symptoms are best understood
from the vantage point of interactional patterns within a family, and that structural changes must occur
in a family before an individual’s symptoms can be resolved.
ANS: T PG: 440
11. Structural family therapy deals with boundaries.

ANS: T PG: 440
12. The goal of structural family therapy is to break down any hierarchical structure and replace it with
equal relationships among all family members.
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ANS: F PG: 440
13. Structural family therapists limit their interventions to families alone.

ANS: F PG: 440
14. Minuchin’s approach to therapy is geared more toward insight, rather than taking action.
ANS: F PG: 444
15. Strategic family therapy has its foundation in communications theory.

ANS: T PG: 440
16. Strategic family therapists do not generally deal with the presenting problem; rather, they focus on the
underlying symptom of a dysfunctional system.
ANS: F PG: 434
17. The focus of strategic family therapy is on growth and resolving historical conflicts in a family rather
than on dealing with present problems of a family.
ANS: F PG: 434
18. Strategic family therapy stresses some of the same basic concepts as the structural approach to family
therapy.
ANS: T PG: 440
19. The role of the strategic therapist involves being in charge of the session.
ANS: T PG: 444
20. Strategic therapists do not rely on therapy techniques to bring about change but instead give more
stress to the therapist’s relationship with a family.
ANS: F PG: 441
21. Minuchin and other structural family therapists initiated their work with wealthy suburban
clients.
ANS: F PG: 440
22. Feminist, multicultural, and postmodern therapists are extremely aware of the power they have
entering into already established systems, and they work to promote understanding through
curiosity and interest rather than through formal assessments.
ANS: T PG: 441
23. Understanding family process is almost always facilitated by ―how‖ questions.

ANS: T PG: 446
24. Assessment is not considered useful in the family systems perspective.

ANS: F PG: 435
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25. Family therapists are wise to consider Western models of family functioning universal.
ANS: F PG: 452
26. Families are multilayered systems that both affect and are affected by the larger systems in
which they are embedded.
ANS: T PG: 445
27. Family systems therapy can be used when working with individual clients.
ANS: T PG: 445
28. From a family systems perspective, an individual’s dysfunctional behavior grows out of the
interactional unit of the family as well as the larger community and societal systems.
ANS: T PG: 435
29. There is a trend in the field of family therapy toward rejecting an integrative model of practice.
ANS: F PG: 445
30. Bowenian therapists function in ways to bring about change through action-oriented directives and
paradoxical interventions.
ANS: F PG: 438
31. Given the complexity of the multilayered approach to family therapy, the therapist must adopt
the role of “expert.”
ANS: F PG: 441
32. According to Haley, who the therapist is as a person is far more important than specific intervention
techniques.
ANS: F PG: 444
33. In Whitaker’s experiential therapy, there is a greater focus on exploring past experiences than on
hereand-now interaction between the family and the therapist.
ANS: F PG: 443
34. In experiential therapy, techniques are secondary to the relationship that the therapist is able to
establish with the family.
ANS: T PG: 444
35. Joining, accommodation, and boundary making are techniques likely to be used by structural family
therapists.
ANS: T PG: 444
36. Strategic therapists emphasize the value of therapist interpretation, exploring unresolved issues from
the past, and insight.
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ANS: F PG: 443
37. Within the field of family therapy, Virginia Satir has been the most influential leader in the
development of both gender and cultural perspectives and frameworks in family practice.
ANS: F PG: 443
38. Cloé Madanes developed conjoint family therapy.

ANS: F PG: 443
39. Because an individual is connected to a living system, change in one part of that system will result in
change in the other parts.
ANS: T PG: 435
40. The main focus of family therapy is on past interactions and past conflicts as the best way to
understand the dynamics of the family system.
ANS: F PG: 456
Chapter 15- An Integrative Perspective

Back to Top
A. Basic Philosophies
1. According to psychoanalytic therapy, human beings are:

a. motivated by social interest.
b. determined by psychic energy and early experiences.
c. inclined toward becoming fully functioning.
d. free to choose who they will become.
ANS: B PG: 472
2. Which of the following approaches contends that the nature of the human condition includes
selfawareness, freedom of choice, responsibility, and anxiety as basic elements? a. Gestalt therapy
b. person-centered therapy
c. existential therapy
d. Adlerian therapy
e. reality therapy
ANS: C PG: 472
3. Which of the following approaches to therapy focuses on the unique style of life we create at an early
age?
a. family systems therapy
b. reality therapy
c. rational emotive behavior therapy
d. psychoanalytic therapy
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e. Adlerian therapy
ANS: E PG: 472
4. Which of the following approaches is based on the premise that there are multiple realities and multiple
truths?
a. behavior therapy
b. postmodern approaches
d. Gestalt therapy
e. reality therapy
ANS: B PF: 473
5. Which of the following orientations avoids exploring problems, and instead, focuses on creating
solutions in the present and the future?
a. Freud’s psychoanalytic approach
b. family therapy
d. solution-focused therapy
e. Gestalt therapy
ANS: D PG: 473
6. Which statement most closely reflects the philosophy of feminist therapy?

a. Feminist therapy depicts an accurate assessment of the psychosexual stages of development.
b. Androcentricism, gendercentricism, and ethnocentricism are important bias-free concepts of
feminist therapy.
c. Constructs of feminist therapy include being gender-fair, flexible, interactionist, and life-span
oriented.
d. Feminist therapy encourages the use of the DSM to assess psychopathology.
ANS: C PG: 473
B. Key Concepts
7. Adlerian therapy emphasizes the individual’s:

a. positive capacities to live in society cooperatively.
b. quality world.
c. irrational, crooked thinking.
d. polarities.
ANS: A PG: 474
8. Which of the following approaches would contend that normal personality development depends on
the successful resolution of specific stages of development?
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a. narrative therapy
c. psychoanalytic therapy
ANS: C PG: 474
9. A key concept of Gestalt therapy is:

a. externalizing conversations.
b. unfinished business.
c. belief systems.
d. family of origin issues.
e. importance of the past.
ANS: B PG: 474
10. Which of the following therapies emphasizes that a person’s belief system is the cause of emotional
problems?
a. solution-focused brief therapy
b. existential therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
d. acceptance and commitment therapy
e. rational emotive behavior therapy
ANS: E PG: 475
11. Person-centered therapy puts faith in the client’s:

a. ability to uncover repressed experiences.
b. ability to integrate their polarities.
c. capacity for recognizing how birth order affects their choices.
d. capacity for self-direction.
e. ability to change their belief system.
ANS: D PG: 474
12. Which of the following approaches most emphasizes principles of learning? a. Gestalt therapy
b. behavior therapy
c. narrative therapy
d. family systems therapy
e. solution-focused brief therapy
ANS: B PG: 474
13. Which is not a key concept of feminist therapy?

a. the personal is political
b. the counseling relationship is egalitarian
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c. commitment to confronting oppression

d. women’s problems are viewed from an intrapsychic perspective
e. the personal and social and interrelated
ANS: D PG: 475
C. Goals of Therapy
14. Which approach offers encouragement so individuals can develop socially useful goals and increase
social interest?
a. Adlerian therapy
b. behavior therapy
c. reality therapy
d. Gestalt therapy
e. solution-focused therapy
ANS: A PG: 477
15. Which of the following approaches to therapy most attempts to provide a growth-promoting climate
that is conducive to a client’s self-exploration?
b. Gestalt therapy
c. reality therapy
d. family therapy
e. person-centered therapy
ANS: E PG: 477
16. One of the goals of rational emotive behavior therapy is to:

a. assist clients in acquiring a more tolerant and rational view of life.
b. make the unconscious conscious.
c. provide opportunities for reliving early traumas.
d. assist clients in gaining awareness of moment-to-moment experiencing.
e. help clients become aware of their family constellation.
ANS: A PG: 478
17. Which of the following approaches places emphasis on challenging clients to recognize that they are
responsible for events that they formerly thought were happening to them?
c. behavior therapy
d. Adlerian therapy
ANS: B PG: 477
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18. One of the major goals of reality therapy involves:

a. reconstructing the basic personality.
b. identifying factors that block freedom.
c. encouraging clients to be willing to be a process.
d. challenging clients to evaluate what they are doing.
e. learning to express feelings.
ANS: D PG: 478
19. Which of the following approaches to therapy focuses on the scientific method?
a. person-centered therapy
b. Gestalt therapy
c. behavior therapy
d. reality therapy
e. existential therapy
ANS: C PG: 478
D. The Therapeutic Relationship
20. Empowerment and egalitarianism are the basis of the therapeutic relationship. a. existential
b. feminist
c. Gestalt
d. psychoanalytic
ANS: B PG: 482
21. According to traditional psychoanalytic therapy, the therapist:

a. must establish an authentic encounter with the client.
b. should display genuineness and warmth.
c. remains anonymous.
d. is a teacher.
e. refuses to give up on the client.
ANS: C PG: 481
22. In which of the following approaches does the therapist show concern for the client by a process of
involvement throughout the course of therapy?
a. reality therapy
b. Gestalt therapy
c. family systems therapy
ANS: A PG: 482
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23. In which therapy approach is the client viewed as the expert on his or her own life, while the therapist
is seen as an expert questioner who assists clients in freeing themselves of their problem-saturated
stories and create new life-affirming stories?
b. narrative therapy
d. person-centered therapy
e. psychoanalytic therapy
ANS: B PG: 482
24. Which of the following approaches encourages therapists to accurately grasp the client’s ―being in the
world‖?
b. Adlerian therapy
c. behavior therapy
d. rational emotive behavior therapy
ANS: E PG: 481
25. An Adlerian therapist would:

a. maintain an aloof stance.
b. establish a cooperative relationship based on equality.
c. take the role of expert.
d. take the role of a friendly parent.
e. avoid sharing personal reactions.
ANS: B PG: 481
26. In which of the following approaches to therapy does the therapist become active and directive,
functioning as a trainer for the client?
c. behavior therapy
d. Gestalt therapy
ANS: C PG: 481
E. Therapy Techniques
27. A key technique of Adlerian therapy is:

a. free association
b. dialogue with polarities.
c. family sculpting.
d. changing one’s language.
e. the assessment of one’s family constellation.
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ANS: E PG: 484
28. Which of the following approaches to therapy stresses authenticity first and technique second? a.
Gestalt therapy
e. behavior therapy
ANS: B PG: 484
29. One of the techniques used by behavior therapists in dealing with a client’s anxiety is: a. the miracle
question.
b. encouragement.
c. externalizing the problem.
d. systematic desensitization.
e. shame-attacking exercises.
ANS: D PG: 484
30. Which of the following approaches to therapy stresses the attitude of the therapist over the use of
techniques?
b. psychoanalytic therapy
c. cognitive-behavior therapy
d. behavior therapy
ANS: A PG: 484
31. The technique of reliving and reexperiencing unfinished business is associated with: a. Gestalt
therapy.
b. person-centered therapy.
c. existential therapy.
d. reality therapy.
ANS: A PG: 484
32. In feminist therapy, the following technique(s) is/are used to help clients recognize the impact of
gender-role socialization:
a. free association
b. unbalancing
c. scaling questions
d. consciousness-raising
e. the miracle question
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ANS: D PG: 485
33. In psychoanalytic therapy, a technique of great importance is:

a. ―The Question.‖
b. re-authoring one’s life story.
c. value judgments.
d. interpretation.
e. solution talk as opposed to problem talk.
ANS: D PG: 484
F. Applications
34. Narrative therapy can be applied to:

a. eating disorders.
b. depression.
c. relationship concerns.
d. all of these.
ANS: D PG: 487
35. Which of the following therapies is most recommended for the treatment of phobic disorders? a.
behavior therapy
ANS: A PG: 486
36. Which of the following approaches to therapy is based on the A-B-C theory of personality? a.
reality therapy
b. rational emotive behavior therapy
d. solution-focused brief therapy
e. Adlerian therapy
ANS: B PG: 482
37. Which of the following approaches is least likely to be applied to short-term crisis intervention? a.
existential therapy
c. reality therapy
e. cognitive-behavior therapy
ANS: D PG: 486
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38. Existential therapy can be especially helpful for:

a. individuals with phobic disorders.
b. children with behavior disorders.
c. patients in a mental hospital.
d. couples needing sex therapy.
e. individuals facing a transition in life.
ANS: E PG: 486
39. Which of the following approaches to therapy is best suited for helping people to create an
alternative life story?
d. Adlerian therapy
e. behavior therapy
ANS: A PG: 475
G. Contributions
40. One contribution of psychoanalytic therapy has been its:

a. subjective approach.
b. reliance on research for validation.
c. detailed and comprehensive description of personality structure and functioning.
d. emphasis on an I/Thou relationship.
e. emphasis on the disputation of irrational beliefs.
ANS: C PG: 491
41. Which of the following approaches is credited with an emphasis on assessment and evaluation? a.
behavior therapy
d. reality therapy
e. Gestalt therapy
ANS: A PG: 492
42. Which of the following approaches challenges social and cultural injustices that lead to oppression of
certain groups?
d. narrative therapy
e. reality therapy
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ANS: D PG: 489
43. Which of the following approaches consists of simple and clear concepts and emphasizes the role of
choice?
b. reality therapy
d. Gestalt therapy
e. family systems therapy
ANS: B PG: 492
44. One contribution of Adlerian therapy has been an emphasis on:

a. unconscious motivations.
b. empirical validation.
c. unleashing buried feelings.
d. precision.
e. social and psychological factors.
ANS: E PG: 491
45. Which of the following approaches to therapy is noted for using numerous cognitive, emotive, and
behavioral techniques?
b. Gestalt therapy
ANS: C PG: 492
46. The negative impact of discrimination and oppression for both men and women has surfaced as a result
of:
a. rational emotive behavior therapy.
b. person-centered therapy.
c. family systems therapy.
d. feminist therapy.
ANS: D PG: 489
H. Limitations
47. A limitation of psychoanalytic therapy is that:

a. it requires lengthy training for therapists.
b. it is expensive for clients.
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c. the model stresses biological and instinctual factors to the neglect of social, cultural, and
interpersonal ones.
d. many clients lack the degree of ego strength needed for regressive and reconstructive therapy. e.
all of these.
ANS: E PG: 493
48. A limitation of reality therapy is that it:

a. consists of simple concepts that are easily grasped.
b. discounts the therapeutic value of dreams.
c. does not appeal to resistant clients.
d. has limited applicability.
e. goes along with the medical model of therapy.
ANS: B PG: 494
49. A limitation of person-centered therapy is:

a. the possible danger of the therapist remaining passive and inactive.
b. the emphasis on complex ideas and concepts.
c. the lack of research to support the theory.
d. neglect of the value of the therapeutic relationship.
e. the overemphasis on unconscious factors.
ANS: A PG: 494
50. A limitation of existential therapy is its:

a. emphasis on the therapist as an expert.
b. adherence to the medical model.
c. limited applicability to nonverbal clients.
d. use of simplistic concepts.
e. neglect of feelings.
ANS: C PG: 494
51. A limitation of Gestalt therapy is that it:

a. does not allow for full expression of feelings.
b. discounts the therapeutic value of dreams.
c. completely ignores the past.
d. offers few techniques.
e. may neglect cognitive factors.
ANS: E PG: 494
52. A limitation of behavior therapy is that it:

a. does not provide a basis for accountable practice.
b. does not identify specific problems.
c. does not make room for cognitive factors.
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d. fails to explicitly define the role of the therapist.

e. none of these.
ANS: E PG: 494
I. An Integrative Approach to Counseling Practice
53. Historically, counselors have been:

a. resistant to developing an integrated model of psychotherapy.
b. at war regarding the issues of the ―best‖ methods of treatment.
c. quick to discount contributions of a competing theoretical model.
d. all of these
ANS: D PG: 465
54. A major difference between an eclectic and an integrated approach to counseling is:
a. eclectic approaches are dogmatic and an integrated approach is flexible.
b. eclectic approaches are susceptible to syncretism, while integrated approaches combine
techniques based on theoretical reasons.
c. eclectic approaches do not have the client’s best interest at heart.
d. integrated approaches require little forethought.
ANS: B PG: 465
55. Which of the following approaches to integration refers to a conceptual creation beyond a mere
blending of techniques?
a. technical eclecticism
b. common factors approach
c. theoretical integration
d. assimilative integration
ANS: C PG: 466
56. Which of the following is not true about technical eclecticism ?

a. It enables counselors to be creative with their treatments.
b. It is aimed at finding the best intervention for a specific client’s problem.
c. It enables counselors to use a variety of techniques without the dangers of combining
contradictory theoretical models.
d. It is inappropriate for diverse client populations.
ANS: D PG: 466
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57. The common factors approach to psychotherapy integration:

a. searches for shared elements across different theoretical systems.
b. supports the notion of remaining theoretically consistent and technically eclectic.
c. synthesizes important aspects of two or more theories.
d. emphasizes the importance of spirituality in counseling.
ANS: A PG: 467
58. In deciding which interventions will be most helpful for the client, the counselor practicing in an
integrative manner must:
a. consider the client’s cultural context.
b. consider the approach that relates most consistently to the client’s world view.
c. be willing to accept feedback from clients.
d. consider the client’s personality and motivation for change.
e. all of these
ANS: E PG: 469
59. Regarding psychotherapy outcome, research shows:

a. the behavioral approaches are more effective than the humanistic approaches.
b. there are clear factors that predict which models of therapy work best for particular
types of clients.
c. the therapeutic relationship is not a major contributor to therapeutic change.
d. no model of therapy has been proven more effective than another.
ANS: D PG: 496
60. What is the current thinking in the field regarding the role of spirituality in counseling?
a. There is growing evidence that spiritual practice promotes psychological well-being.
b. Counselors are encouraged to be cautious and engage in peripheral discussions about spirituality
only.
c. There is little interest in integrating spiritual issues in counseling.
d. Counselors should take a directive approach in helping clients meet their spiritual needs.
e. Spirituality and counseling should be kept separate.
ANS: A PG: 469
Chapter 16- Case Illustration: An Integrative Approach to

Working with Stan
Back to Top
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1. How would a psychoanalytic therapist view Stan’s drinking problem?

a. as a means of working though his Oedipal complex
b. as a personal power issue associated with early trauma experienced in the anal stage
c. c. as an oral fixation
d. as a result of the ego-defense mechanism of introjection
e. as a manifestation of his collective unconscious
ANS: C PG: 506, 92
2. Which of the following is not true when viewing Stan’s problems from the standpoint of
selfpsychology and the object-relations theory?
a. On some levels, he is stuck in the symbiotic phase.
b. The focus would be on Stan’s developmental sequences.
c. He is unable to get confirmation of his worth from himself.
d. He had accomplished the task of individuation.
e. He is repeating patterns he formed with his mother during infancy.
ANS: D PG: 506, 93
3. Which of the following would not be part of an Adlerian approach to working with Stan?
a. giving homework assignments
b. gathering data about his dreams
c. examining his private logic
d. exploring his family constellation
e. confronting the ways he is seeking to escape his freedom through drugs and alcohol
ANS: E PG: 505, 110
4. An Adlerian therapist would interpret Stan’s depression as:

a. a sickness that needs to be cured.
b. discouragement that can be helped by encouragement.
c. a feeling that leads to his faulty thinking.
d. related to unfinished business.
e. internalized anger and guilt.
ANS: B PG: 513, 119
5. Which therapeutic approach is likely to use interventions with Stan such as pre-therapy change,
exception questions, scaling questions, and the miracle question?
a. Adlerian therapy
e. cognitive therapy
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ANS: D PG: 513, 406
6. Which therapeutic approach would focus on gender-role analysis and gender-role socialization with
Stan?
a. strategic family therapy
b. Adlerian therapy
c. feminist therapy
d. existential therapy
e. narrative therapy
ANS: C PG: 505, 377
7. A therapist who asks Stan where his tension is located in his body and who encourages him to
“be that feeling” is aligned theoretically with which model of therapy? a. the feminist
approach
b. the Gestalt approach
d. cognitive therapy
e. brief psychodynamic therapy
ANS: B PG: 507, 218
8. How might an existential therapist work with Stan’s depression and suicidal thoughts?
a. by examining his faulty belief system
b. by confronting Stan with the issue of finding meaning and purpose in his life
c. by using active listening and reflection as Stan talks about his feelings
d. by determining the nature of his shadow
ANS: C PG: 505, 155
9. The therapy approach most likely to focus directly on helping Stan to stop using alcohol and drugs
would be:
a. person-centered therapy.
b. Gestalt therapy.
d. existential therapy.
e. psychoanalytic therapy.
ANS: C PG: 513, 263
10. Stan’s person-centered therapist would see him as a man who:

a. needs help in setting goals.
b. has unresolved issues from his past.
c. must face the fact that he is ultimately alone.
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d. needs to learn to live with his anxiety.

e. possesses the necessary resources for personal growth.
ANS: E PG: 520, 196
11. According to a person-centered therapist, the most important aspect of therapy with Stan will be:
a. the therapeutic relationship.
b. the exploration of his past.
c. putting insights into action.
d. teaching him to think in new, positive ways.
e. conducting a power analysis.
ANS: A PG: 507, 182
12. Which therapeutic approach would place the least emphasis on having Stan explore his feelings about
his ex-wife?
b. behavior therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
ANS: B PG: 506, 255
13. Which therapeutic approach would work to help Stan recognize, claim, and embrace his personal
power?
c. reality therapy
d. feminist therapy
ANS: D PG: 370
14. Which of the following Gestalt techniques would help Stan deal with his unfinished business
concerning his ex-wife?
a. having him ―speak‖ to her in the present
b. ―staying with the feeling‖
c. the rehearsal experiment
d. all of these
ANS: D PG: 506, 228
15. The Gestalt approach to helping Stan resolve issues from his past would involve:
a. asking him to bring these significant people to future therapy sessions.
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b. talking in detail about past experiences.

c. interpreting his dreams by using universal symbolism.
d. reliving and reexperiencing painful scenes.
e. examining Stan’s stages of development for fixations.
ANS: D PG: 508, 230
16. Which one of the following approaches to therapy would pay the least attention to Stan’s thought
processes?
a. rational emotive behavior therapy
b. Adlerian therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
d. reality therapy
e. cognitive-behavioral therapies
ANS: C PG: 507, 214
17. Which of the following therapists would focus on systemic issues with Stan?
a. A family therapist
b. A Gestalt therapist
c. A psychoanalyst
d. A person-centered therapist
e. A solution-focused therapist
ANS: A PG: 516, 436
18. What technique(s) from behavior therapy might help Stan with his fear of women?
a. systematic desensitization
b. assertion training
c. modeling
d. social skills training
e. all of these
ANS: E PG: 513, 255
19. What would a rational emotive behavior therapist be least likely to say about Stan’s difficulties in life?
a. He will feel better if he learns to think more rationally.
b. He continually reindoctrinates himself with self-defeating sentences.
c. He will feel better when he simply gains insight into the past roots of his problems.
d. All of Stan’s ―oughts, should, and musts‖ are getting in his way and need to be disputed.
ANS: C PG: 506, 296
20. According to a rational emotive behavior therapist, what will not bring about actual changes in Stan's
life?
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a. doing the hard work of challenging and changing irrational beliefs

b. recognizing ways his faulty beliefs affect what he does and how he feels
c. understanding the A-B-C theory
d. acknowledging the ―shoulds‖ and ―oughts‖ he has accepted
e. waiting for Stan to get in touch with his shadow
ANS: E PG: 510, 295
21. Stan’s reality therapist would focus on all of the following except:
a. Stan’s positive experiences with his camp supervisor.
b. Stan’s negative experiences during his childhood.
c. Stan’s wants and perceptions.
d. Stan’s future goals.
e. Stan’s evaluation pertaining to his drinking.
ANS: B PG: 506, 352
22. Stan’s reality therapist would do all of the following except:

a. explore Stan’s quality world.
b. ask him to engage in the process of self-evaluation of his behavior.
c. use the WDEP system.
d. use the A-B-C Model.
e. help him to develop a plan.
ANS: D PG: 344

23. Which of the following therapeutic approaches would place some emphasis on helping Stan with the
future?
b. Adlerian therapy
c. reality therapy
e. all of these
ANS: E PG: 514
24. Stan has completed his experience in counseling. Which of the following approaches would be most
concerned with evaluating the outcomes of therapy?
b. behavior therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
e. the postmodern therapies
ANS: B PG: 519. 278
25. Stan has a tendency to relate external events to himself, even when there is no basis for making these
connections. He blamed himself for the incident in which a female classmate did not show up for a
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lunch date. He agonized over this and convinced himself that she would have been humiliated to be
seen in his presence. This is an example of which form of cognitive distortion? a. arbitrary inferences
b. overgeneralization
c. personalization
d. labeling and mislabeling
ANS: C PG: 512
26. Stan frequently engages in thinking and interpreting in all-or-nothing terms. Through this process of
dichotomous thinking, Stan has self-defeating labels and boxes that keep him restricted. This is an
example of which form of cognitive distortion?
a. arbitrary inferences
c. personalization
e. polarized thinking
ANS: E PG: 512
27. Stan makes conclusions without supporting and relevant evidence. He often engages in
catastrophizing, which involves thinking about the worst possible scenario and outcome for a given
situation. This is an example of which form of cognitive distortion?
a. arbitrary inferences
c. personalization
ANS: A PG: 512
28. In suggesting that Stan write his father a letter as a homework assignment, Jerry’s intent was:
a. to provide an avenue for Stan to continue thinking about the impact his father has had on
him and to further promote his work during the week.
b. for Stan to mail the letter and prepare to confront his father in person.
c. to help Stan understand how much he still needs his father.
d. to give Stan the opportunity to show his father what a great writer he is, which would
hopefully boost Stan’s confidence.
ANS: A PG: 509, 296
29. Stan acquired his beliefs on the basis of a single incident and applied them inappropriately and broadly
in many contexts of his life. This is an example of which form of cognitive distortion? a. arbitrary
inferences
c. personalization
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ANS: B PG: 512,
30. Which of the following therapists would accept Stan’s drinking as the problem and assist him in
deconstructing his alcohol-saturated story and reauthoring a new life story?
a. A solution-oriented therapist
b. A reality therapist
c. A person-centered therapist
d. A narrative therapist
e. A rational emotive behavior therapist
ANS: D PG: 422
31. Using a narrative approach to Stan’s therapy, one would have the general goal of:
a. exploring the causes of his current problems with women.
b. assisting Stan in the process of reauthoring his life story.
c. uncovering Stan’s basic mistakes in his thinking.
d. focusing on eliminating the presenting problem and finding solutions.
e. attempting to restructure the family dynamics.
ANS: B PG: 422
32. In working with Stan, a solution-focused therapist would most likely utilize the following technique: a.
bibliotherapy
b. assertiveness training
c. cognitive restructuring
d. exception questions
e. the empty chair
ANS: D PG: 406
33. A counselor using an integrative approach to working with Stan would be most concerned with:
a. holding Stan accountable for his problems.
b. conducting a comprehensive assessment as a basis for determining which techniques to use with
Stan.
c. finding a theoretical model that best explains Stan’s condition.
d. understanding Stan from multiple perspectives and developing a thoughtful and flexible
treatment plan tailored to his unique characteristics.
ANS: D PG: 468
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34. Which type of therapist would view Stan’s multiple concerns as the result of the choices he has made
in his life?
a. Gestalt therapist
b. reality therapist
c. feminist therapist
d. psychoanalytic therapist
e. person-centered therapist
ANS: B PG: 338
35. Stan is a man who is quite concerned about what others think of him. He worries that his peers and
family members think he’s a ―loser‖. What type of therapist would have Stan participate in
shameattacking exercises to conquer his fear of negative evaluation of others? a. Gestalt therapist
b. behavior therapist
c. rational emotive behavior therapist
d. reality therapist
e. family systems therapist
ANS: C PG: 510, 300
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Part 3
Final Examination Questions

for Theory and Practice of
Counseling and
Psychotherapy
Back to Top
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Final Examination
SECTION 1:
Directions: Please use SCAN TRON (Form 884) and a number 2 pencil. Answer all items, leaving no
spaces blank. For each of the following multiple-choice items, read the sentence that describes a
therapeutic system. Characteristics, key concepts, assumptions, techniques, and so on are described in the
statement. Your task is to identify the theory that best fits the description, or to select the best response.
1. In this approach, the person’s quality world is explored.

a. Gestalt therapy
b. behavior therapy
c. reality therapy
2. The client has a tendency toward becoming fully functioning and moves toward openness, trust in
self, spontaneity, and inner directedness.
b. cognitive-behavior therapy
c. behavior therapy
3. Humans are shaped and determined by their environment, and behavior is learned via conditioning.
c. Gestalt therapy
e. none of the above
4. Behavior is determined by unconscious forces, early experiences, and by sexual and aggressive
impulses.
b. behavior therapy
c. REBT
d. reality therapy
5. People experience feelings of anxiety and despair due largely to their irrational thinking.
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b. behavior therapy
c. cognitive-behavior therapy
d. reality therapy
6. Faulty personality development results from inadequate resolution of some specific stage of
psychosexual development.
c. Gestalt therapy
e. Adlerian therapy
7. This is an application of existential therapy to family systems.

a. symbolic-experiential family therapy
b. multigenerational family therapy
c. structural-strategic family therapy
d. human validation process model
e. Adlerian family therapy
8. This approach emphasizes personal responsibility, unfinished business, avoidance, direct

experiencing in the here-and-now, and awareness.
a. cognitive behavior therapy
b. Adlerian therapy
d. Gestalt therapy
e. behavior therapy
9. The focus of this approach is on overt behavior, precision in specifying treatment goals, developing
specific treatment plans, and assessing results.
b. behavior therapy
e. Gestalt therapy
10. This model stresses self-evaluation of behavior, personal responsibility, total behavior, and
commitment to change.
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c. family therapy
e. reality therapy
11. Clients are viewed from a systemic perspective.

b. behavior therapy
c. family therapy
d. cognitive behavior therapy
12. A goal of this approach is eliminating maladaptive behavior patterns through employing techniques
of acceptance and commitment to change.
a. Gestalt therapy
c. behavior therapy
13. This sociocultural therapeutic movement stresses an egalitarian therapeutic relationship and views
the client as an expert on his or her own life.
a. Adlerian therapy
b. Gestalt therapy
c. cognitive behavior therapy
e. feminist therapy
14. This approach suggests that mindfulness-based techniques are useful in stress reduction. a.
reality therapy
b. Gestalt therapy
c. family therapy
d. behavior therapy
15. This theory places central importance on encouragement and community feeling.
a. reality therapy
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e. Adlerian therapy
16. Skillful use of questioning is central to this model of brief therapy.

b. solution-focused therapy
d. Gestalt therapy
17. This model of therapy has strong empirical support for the effective treatment of phobias.
a. behavior therapy
b. Gestalt therapy.
c. psychoanalytic therapy.
d. person-centered therapy.
e. family systems therapy.
18. This approach has been successfully applied to encounter groups, school settings, and political
movements.
b. REBT
c. behavior therapy
19. This approach suggests that understanding the client’s problem is not essential in solving it.
a. cognitive-behavior therapy
b. Gestalt therapy
d. behavior therapy
20. The concept that ―unfinished business‖ from our past gets in the way of our current functioning is
central to this approach.
a. cognitive-behavioral therapy
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c. Gestalt therapy
e. Adlerian therapy
21. Insight can be helpful but is not considered essential for therapeutic change to occur.
a. reality therapy
b. behavior therapy
e. both (a) and (b)
22. Diagnosis and assessment are considered important in therapy.

a. behavior therapy
b. feminist therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
e. both (b) and (c)
23. Diagnosis is not considered essential for therapeutic change.

a. feminist therapy
b. solution-focused therapy
e. all of the above
24. This approach is regarded as part of the “third wave” of behavior therapy.
a. dialectical behavior therapy
b. mindfulness-based stress reduction
c. mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
d. acceptance and commitment therapy
e. all of the above
25. Unconscious motivation for client resistance is a central focus of this approach.
a. behavior therapy
c. Adlerian therapy
d. feminist therapy
e. reality therapy
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26. Concepts of political action and social justice are stressed in this approach.
a. Gestalt therapy
d. Adlerian therapy
e. feminist therapy
27. Exploration of creativity and artistic self-expression represent new developments in this approach.
b. Gestalt therapy
c. behavior therapy
e. Adlerian therapy
28. The ego-defense mechanisms operate as a way of coping with anxiety.

c. REBT
d. reality therapy
e. both (c) and (d)
29. This approach emphasizes anxiety as a catalyst for living authentically.

c. Gestalt therapy
d. behavior therapy
30. This approach begins with a comprehensive lifestyle assessment, and stresses the family
constellation.
c. Adlerian therapy
31. This approach elicits behavior change by helping clients to explore and resolve their
ambivalence and increase their intrinsic motivation.
a. mindfulness
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b. motivational interviewing
c. Gestalt therapy
32. This approach aims to evoke intense emotional experiences in the moment.
a. Adlerian therapy
b. REBT
c. reality therapy
d. Gestalt therapy
e. behavior therapy
33. The founder of this approach referred to dreams as the “royal road to integration.”
b. dialectical behavior therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
d. Adlerian therapy
e. emotion-focused therapy
34. This model stresses the concept that basic inferiority feelings are normal and help us to strive for
superiority.
a. reality therapy
b. cognitive-behavior therapy
d. Adlerian therapy
35. This approach has its theoretical foundations rooted in philosophy.

b. Gestalt therapy
36. This approach places emphasis on triangulation in close relationships.

a. feminist therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
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e. solution-focused brief therapy.
37. This approach does not involve a phenomenological orientation.

a. Adlerian therapy
b. reality therapy
e. all of the above involve a phenomenological orientation.
38. This approach places emphasis on freedom and responsibility, anxiety, death, confronting one’s
ultimate aloneness, and searching for meaning in life.
a. Adlerian therapy
b. reality therapy
d. Gestalt therapy
e. cognitive behavior therapy
39. Logotherapy is a branch of this approach.

a. cognitive behavior therapy
b. Adlerian therapy
c. behavior therapy
40. This approach to psychotherapy stresses choice theory.

a. REBT
b. reality therapy
c. behavior therapy
e. Gestalt therapy
SECTION 2:
Read each question carefully. Select the response that best answers the question as it applies to theories
and techniques of counseling.
41. Which theorist stressed the view that universal feelings of inferiority and a striving for power are
basic components of personality development?
a. Carl Rogers
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b. Alfred Adler
c. Albert Ellis
d. Aaron Beck
e. Salvador Minuchin
42. Erik Erikson based his theory on:

a. the role of spirituality in the development of the personality.
b. critical tasks associated with each stage of development.
c. principles of learning theory.
d. birth order and the family constellation.
43. In this approach to therapy, clients are assisted to identify, experience, accept, explore,
transform, and manage their emotions. a. emotion-focused therapy
b. motivational interviewing
c. dialectical behavior therapy
d. Adlerian therapy
e. reality therapy
44. What type of therapist is most likely to take a 5 to 10 minute break toward the end of each session
to formulate feedback for the client?
a. solution-focused therapy
d. Adlerian therapy
e. psychodynamic therapy
45. Looking at the client from a subjective (rather than an objective) viewpoint is stressed in which
therapy approach(es)?
a. narrative
b. existential
c. person-centered
d. Adlerian
e. all of the above
46. In dialectical behavior therapy, clients are encouraged to:

a. develop mindfulness skills.
b. explore early painful childhood experiences.
c. change their behaviors.
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d. develop emotion regulation.

e. all of the above
47. is rooted in a person-centered philosophy, but it is

integrative in that it synthesizes aspects of Gestalt therapy and existential therapy.
a. Emotion-focused therapy
b. Acceptance and commitment therapy
c. The A-B-C model
d. Multimodal therapy
e. Stress inoculation training
48. A central goal of Motivational Interviewing is to:

a. access unconscious material in order to bring it into consciousness and work
through it.
b. increase internal motivation to change based on the personal goals and values of
clients.
c. increase extrinsic motivation.
d. increase social interest.
e. create a new narrative for clients that builds their self-esteem.
49. Which of the following is not associated with behavior therapy?

a. applied behavior analysis
b. total behavior
c. relaxation training
d. extinction
e. flooding
50. Person-centered therapy is:

a. an approach that has been researched extensively.
b. an experiential therapy.
c. a therapy that focuses on the subjective world of a client.
d. an approach to developing understanding of people.
e. all of the above.
51. Which of the following is not a technique of the Gestalt approach?

a. the rehearsal exercise
b. the figure formation process
c. the empty chair technique
d. staying with the feeling
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e. the exaggeration exercise
52. Which of the following is a recent trend in behavior therapy?

a. decreased attention to the therapeutic relationship
b. incorporation of mindfulness approaches and techniques
c. decreasing emphasis on specificity of goals
d. incorporation of dream work into treatments
e. both (c) and (d)
53. Rational emotive behavior therapy shares an interest in working with faulty beliefs with what other
therapy approach?
c. reality therapy
d. Adlerian therapy
e. Gestalt therapy
54. Which of the following is not a key concept of Adlerian therapy?

a. family constellation
c. social interest
d. triangulation
e. both (b) and (d)
55. Which of the following approaches does not place emphasis on homework outside of therapy
sessions?
a. cognitive behavioral therapy
b. behavior therapy
c. reality therapy
e. both (b) and (c)
56. Which of the following notions do the feminist, postmodern, and person-centered approaches share
in common?
a. the belief that the client is the expert on his or her life
b. the importance of interpretation of dreams
c. their stance on diagnosis
d. both (a) and (c)
e. all of the above
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57. According to Carl Rogers, effective therapy does not need to include .
a. diagnosis.
b. therapist interpretation.
c. active intervention of a directive nature by the therapist.
d. giving information or giving advice.
e. all of the above
58. Which of the following statements about existential therapy is false?

a. Existential therapy is primarily aimed at working through the transference relationship.
b. Existential therapy is subjective in nature.
c. Existential therapy encourages clients to act on what they know and learn about themselves
in therapy.
d. Existential therapy deals with such matters as anxiety, guilt, and freedom.
e. Existential therapy is aimed at helping clients make a commitment in the face of
uncertainty.
59. Process and outcome studies on therapeutic effectiveness have been conducted primarily by those
who subscribe to:
a. postmodern therapy.
b. reality therapy.
d. person-centered therapy.
e. both (c) and (d)
60. Exploration of polarities is a technique used in .

a. cognitive-behavior therapy
c. Adlerian therapy
e. Gestalt therapy
61. Which therapy approach holds that the stories people live by grow out of conversations in a social
and cultural context?
c. Adlerian therapy
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62. The customer-type relationship is associated with:
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b.
c.
d.
e.
Adlerian therapy. existential
therapy. solution-focused brief
therapy. family systems
therapy.
dialectical behavior therapy.
63. Which of the following approaches is not easily applied to group counseling?
a. Adlerian therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
d. feminist therapy
64. Which of the following statements about EMDR is not true?

a. Therapists should not use this procedure unless they receive proper training and
supervision from an authorized EMDR instructor.
b. Some evidence indicates that the eye movement component of EMDR may not be
integral to the treatment.
c. Controlled studies of EMDR demonstrate that this approach to treating trauma
clearly outperforms no treatment and achieves similar or superior results as
other methods. d. EMDR consists of three basic phases involving hypnosis,
targeted eye movement exercises, and debriefing.
65. Which statement is false as it applies to reality therapy?

a. The focus is on observable behavior.
b. A commitment is an essential part of therapy.
c. There is a focus on getting clients to re-author their stories.
d. The therapist needs to establish an involvement with the client.
e. The past is not explored in this approach.
66. Rational emotive behavior therapy does not contend that .

a. people make themselves disturbed by the sentences they tell themselves.
b. traumatic events themselves cause problems such as depression and anxiety.
c. people must be willing to reindoctrinate themselves if they hope to change.
d. therapy is hard work and requires practice outside of the sessions.
e. therapy is a cognitive process.
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b.
c.
d.
e.
67. Which of the following approaches does not have an established application to family therapy? a.
Adlerian therapy
d. cognitive-behavioral therapy
68. The ―empty chair‖ technique is most often used in which approach?
a. Gestalt therapy
b. REBT
c. Adlerian therapy
e. behavior therapy
69. Feminist therapy does not stress:

an egalitarian therapeutic
relationship. confronting oppression.
dealing with transference feelings.
social justice.
listening to girls’ and women’s voices.
SECTION 3:
The following multiple-choice questions are related to major contributions or limitations of the various
therapies. Select the most accurate or appropriate response.
70. A contribution of the psychoanalytic approach is:

a. the focus on the human-to-human encounter.
b. a comprehensive and detailed system of personality.
c. a reliance on the scientific method to assess therapeutic outcomes.
d. that it can be practiced by a wide range of professionals.
71. A contribution of the existential approach is:

a. the freedom of both the client and therapist to be creative during the therapy sessions.
b. the specific and precise goals of treatment.
c. the development of a specific set of techniques.
d. the wide applicability for lower-functioning clients.
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b.
c.
d.
e.
e. the standardization of the approach.
72. A contribution of the person-centered approach is:

a. its applicability to nonverbal clients.
b. the active stance of the therapist.
c. the wide variety of techniques generated.
d. its emphasis on the therapeutic relationship and the attitudes of the therapist as crucial.
e. the systematic description of past influences and how these are significant in current
behavior.
73. A contribution of the Gestalt approach is:

a. the emphasis on the therapist’s interpretations.
b. the attention given to the role of irrational beliefs as a cause of emotional disturbances.
c. focusing on unfinished business in the past in a way that is immediate and direct.
d. the attention it gives to the therapeutic contract.
e. the emphasis on value judgments in therapy.
74. A contribution of behavior therapy is that:

a. it provides a plausible explanation of personality development.
b. it focuses on insight.
c. it emphasizes freedom, choice, and deciding.
d. it is a pragmatic approach based on experimental validation of the results.
75. A contribution of REBT is:

a. the ―I-Thou‖ relationship between client and therapist.
b. the emphasis on understanding the subjective world of the client.
c. the emphasis on putting newly acquired insights into action via the ―homework
assignment‖ method.
d. the emphasis on cathartic experience of one’s feelings.
76. A contribution of reality therapy is that:

it provides insight into causes of problems. it
changes core beliefs. it focuses on assisting clients
to relive past trauma. it explains childhood
influences on present behavior.
it consists of simple and clear concepts that can be easily understood by a variety of
people in the helping professions.
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b.
c.
d.
e.
77. A limitation of psychoanalysis is that:

a. few techniques are generated by this approach.
b. it minimizes the client’s ability to choose their outcomes.
c. there is not enough emphasis on action and doing as requisites for change.
d. it does not account for unconscious factors or for the effects of early learning.
e. both (b) and (c)
78. A limitation of the existential approach is:

a. few techniques are generated from this approach.
b. it is a deterministic theory.
c. it does not give the client enough responsibility for the therapy process.
d. the systematic description of past influences and how these are significant in current
behavior.
79. A limitation of the person-centered approach is that:

a. it discounts the value of the therapeutic relationship.
b. it focuses too much on the past.
c. it requires a lengthy period of time.
d. some practitioners give support to their clients without challenging them.
e. it lacks support from research.
80. A limitation of the postmodern approaches is that:

a. they are deterministic.
b. they cannot be applied with a wide range of clients.
c. they do not generate many techniques.
d. they rely too heavily on the therapist as expert.
e. inexperienced clinicians may use the techniques in a mechanistic fashion.
81. A limitation of behavior therapy is:

a. the overemphasis on insight.
b. the results of therapy cannot be objectively assessed.
c. the treatment goals are too broad.
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b.
c.
d.
e.
d. the directive approach may overwhelm clients from collectivistic cultures.
e. the necessity for long-term therapy to effect any change.
82. A limitation of rational emotive behavior therapy is:

a. it is not a confrontational approach.
b. the danger of it being an overly intellectual approach that could explain away feelings.
c. the extreme focus on experiencing feelings to the exclusion of recognizing cognitive
factors.
d. it does not consider exploring transference as worthwhile.
e. both (b) and (d)
83. A limitation of reality therapy is:

a. that it does not adequately address unconscious factors.
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b. the focus on a client’s problems, not strengths.

c. the many lofty and abstract concepts.
d. that it ignores behavior change by overstressing attitude change.
e. that it requires lengthy professional training to use many of the concepts in practice.
84. A limitation of Adlerian therapy is that:

a. it does not deal adequately with intrapersonal factors.
b. it does not take into account family patterns.
c. it underemphasizes social factors in personality.
d. it has not been extensively subjected to research.
85. A contribution of the Adlerian approach is:

a. Adler’s influence on most of the other therapy systems.
b. the concept of redecision therapy.
c. its methods of analysis of transference.
d. its techniques which help clients relive past emotional events in the here-and-now.
86. A contribution of object-relations theory is that:

a. it provides an extension of psychoanalytic concepts.
b. it offers a new perspective on human development.
c. it provides ways of working with certain character disorders.
d. it shows how earlier experiences with significant others are important in terms of present
relationships.
e. all of the above
SECTION 4:
For each of the specific theories of counseling and psychotherapy listed below, a number of
multiplechoice questions are presented. After reading each question carefully, choose the most
accurate or appropriate response.
PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY
87. In psychoanalytic therapy, dream analysis:

a. reveals a client’s unconscious wishes, needs, and fears.
b. gives insight into some areas of unresolved problems.
c. often involves free association.
d. all of the above
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e. all but (c)
88. Who is not associated with the object-relations approach?

a. Heinz Kohut
b. Otto Kernberg
c. Erik Erikson
d. Margaret Mahler
e. Anna Freud
89. Self psychology and object-relations theory stress:

a. the influence of critical factors in early development on later development.
b. the differentiation between and integration of the self and others.
c. the importance of the family constellation and early memories.
d. the striving for superiority based on inferiority feelings.
e. both (a) and (b)
90. Which of the following structures of personality houses our childish impulses?
a. the id
b. the ego
c. the superego
d. the collective unconscious
e. the libido
91. According to the psychoanalytic perspective:

a. people are motivated by social interest.
b. people have a tendency to adopt irrational modes of thinking.
c. people are determined by early childhood experiences.
d. people define themselves by the choices they make.
e. people strive to discover meaning in life.
ADLERIAN THERAPY
92. The concept of ―private logic‖ refers to:

a. the person’s search for meaning in life.
b. concepts about self, others, and life that constitute the philosophy on which one’s lifestyle
is based.
c. irrational ideas that lead to emotional upsets.
d. catastrophic expectations that lead to anxiety.
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93. Another term for Adlerian therapy is:

a. the psychosocial approach.
b. control theory.
c. humanistic psychology.
d. individual psychology.
94. All of the following are key concepts of this approach except for:
a. fictional finalism.
b. Gemeinschaftscefuhl.
c. striving for significance and superiority.
d. quality world.
e. social interest.
95. Adlerians would be least likely to use which of the following techniques?
a. advice
b. paradoxical intention
c. empty-chair
d. lifestyle assessment
e. early recollections
96. Adler used the term or phrase to account for our striving toward
superiority or perfection. a. perfectionism
b. guiding self-ideal
c. narcissism
d. neurotic striving
e. the Napoleon Syndrome
EXISTENTIAL THERAPY
97. Which term or phrase is least likely to be used by an existential therapist?

a. restricted existence
b. personal responsibility
c. systematic desensitization
d. anxiety
e. nonbeing
98. Within this approach, therapy is viewed as:
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a. a form of operant conditioning.

b. a shared journey between therapist and client.
c. a process of exploring unconscious dynamics.
d. a process of exploring the system one lives in.
e. an intellectual and emotional debate aimed at changing one’s irrational beliefs.
99. From an existential perspective, anxiety is viewed as:

a. the result of negative self-talk.
b. the result of internalized introjects.
c. the conflict between the id and the superego.
d. part and parcel of human existence.
e. the result of ineffective planning.
100. Which of the following is not an existential key concept?

a. capacity for self-awareness
b. exploring the client’s quality world
c. freedom and responsibility
d. search for meaning
e. authenticity
PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY
101. The most important variable related to therapeutic progress is:

a. the therapist’s skills.
b. the client/therapist relationship.
c. objective assessment and diagnosis.
d. the client’s willingness to participate in exercises.
102. According to Maslow, the core characteristics of self-actualizing people include all of the
following except: a. self-awareness
b. freedom
c. basic honesty and caring
d. trust and autonomy
e. dichotomies within oneself
103. Person-centered therapists contend that change cannot occur without:

a. a behavior plan.
b. a growth promoting climate.
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c. catharsis.
d. discussion of the client’s dreams.
e. understanding the client’s family constellation.
104. Rogers describes people as having which characteristic(s) as they move toward self-actualization?
a. openness to experience
b. internal sources of evaluation
c. capacity to challenge transference relationship
d. ability to undermine irrational thought patterns
e. both (a) and (b)
105. Which of the statements below about Motivational Interviewing is accurate?

a. MI works by activating clients’ own motivation for change and adherence to
treatment.
b. Practitioners using Motivational Interviewing must develop the ability to confront
their clients regularly when they encounter resistance.
c. The therapeutic relationship is not regarded as important in achieving successful
outcomes.
d. Responsibility for change rests with the counselor.
e. None of the above.
GESTALT THERAPY
106. All of the following are a part of Gestalt therapy except:

a. unfinished business.
b. striving for superiority.
c. energy and blocks to energy.
d. avoidance.
107. The Gestalt approach is a form of which general orientation to therapy?

a. existential
b. cognitive
c. behavioral
d. social-learning
108. If a client were to indicate an interest in exploring some traumatic childhood experience, the
Gestalt therapist would most likely ask the client to:
a. look at the beliefs leading to certain feelings.
b. tell a story about this past experience.
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c. set up specific goals aimed at behavior change.

d. relive the experience as though it were taking place now.
109. The defense(s) that is (are) considered the major channel of resistance is (are):
a. introjection.
b. projection.
c. retroflection.
d. sublimation.
e. all but (d)
110. Of the following, what would the Gestalt therapist be most likely to pay attention to in a therapy
session?
a. thought patterns
b. nonverbal cues
c. contact and resistance to contact
d. evidences of irrational thinking and faulty assumptions
e. both (b) and (c)
BEHAVIOR THERAPY
111. For people who experience difficulty in expressing what they think and feel, which behavioral
technique would be most appropriate?
a. relaxation training
b. assertion training
c. operant conditioning
d. systematic desensitization
112. Which of the following is not a behavioral technique?

a. coaching
b. acceptance
c. analysis of transference
d. stress-management training
e. systematic desensitization
113. Which of the following is not a part of dialectical behavior therapy?

a. the basic ID
b. exploration of early childhood traumas
c. mindfulness
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d. group therapy
114. Multimodal therapy stresses:

a. relying exclusively on learning theory.
b. limiting practice to a few specific techniques.
c. adherence to an existential framework for practice.
d. technical eclecticism.
e. the role of the therapist’s values in therapeutic outcomes.
115. Which of the following is not a key element of the process of in vivo exposure? a. a
functional analysis of objects or situations a person avoids or fears
b. the generation of a hierarchy of situations for the client to encounter
c. a brief, graduated series of exposures to feared events
d. a lifestyle assessment
COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY
116. Stress-inoculation training is associated with:

a. Aaron Beck.
b. Donald Meichenbaum.
c. Arnold Lazarus.
d. Albert Ellis.
e. Francine Shapiro
117. The person who has specialized in cognitive therapy with depression is:
a. A. T. Beck.
b. Donald Meichenbaum.
c. Arnold Lazarus.
d. Albert Bandura.
118. Cognitive behavior therapy may be difficult for diverse clients because:
a. it overemphasizes emotional connectedness and collectivism.
b. it lacks empirical support.
c. it fails to account for environmental factors such as cultural differences in behavior.
d. there is the possibility that a culturally appropriate schema could be interpreted as
irrational by the therapist.
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119. Ellis contends that we develop emotional and behavioral problems because:
a. we are not successful in finding projects that give us meaning in life.
b. we live by the values that our parents taught us.
c. we are unable to cope with unfinished business from childhood years.
d. we hold irrational expectations for ourselves and others.
e. others reject us when we are struggling to be real.
120. Regarding the use of techniques in CBT:

a. they are considered the only necessary component of therapeutic change.
b. they lack standardization and validation and are largely ineffective in creating change.
c. they are emphasized, but not considered exclusively responsible for creating change.
d. they are used intermittently to help clients gain insight.
REALITY THERAPY
121. The first phase in the practice of reality therapy is:

a. conducting a comprehensive assessment that leads to a diagnosis.
b. formulating a plan for specific ways the client can change his or her life.
c. getting involved with the client and connecting.
d. urging the client to live in reality and abandon faulty goals.
122. Current reality therapy is based on the notion that:

a. our choices are at the root of our psychological distress.
b. the therapist’s job is to make value judgments of client behavior.
c. punishment will lead to successful life choices.
d. in order to change present problems, it is essential to understand how these problems
originated during early childhood.
123. Contemporary reality therapy is based on the assumption that:

a. people are moved by inner forces.
b. external forces have a major influence on people’s decisions and actions.
c. behavior is caused by environmental factors.
d. negative attitudes cause behavioral problems.
e. both (c) and (d)
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124. According to Glasser, change occurs when:

a. we change our attitudes.
b. we release pent-up feelings dating back from childhood.
c. we acquire insight into why we are behaving the way we are.
d. we recognize and act on the reality that our behavior is the result of our choices.
125. Reality therapists contend that ―neurotic‖ and ―psychotic‖ behavior is:
a. the result of a chemical imbalance.
b. strictly the result of living in irresponsible ways.
c. the product of irrational thinking.
d. the result of severe stress and not being understood.
e. behavior we choose as a way of attempting to control our world.
FEMINIST THERAPY
126. What perspective calls for feminist theory to include an analysis of multiple identities and their
relationship to oppression?
a. postmodern feminism
b. lesbian feminism
c. radical feminism
d. cultural feminism
e. liberal feminism
127. Which of the following is considered to be a major contribution feminists have made to the field of
counseling?
a. pioneering research in the therapy process
b. creation of a brief, solution-focused therapy approach
c. integrating a diagnostic perspective in counseling practice
d. paving the way for gender-sensitive practice
e. all of the above
128. The feminist therapy approach to group work calls for:

a. creating a supportive environment for women to discuss women’s issues.
b. creating a place to explore political action.
c. creating an empowering community for those who have traditionally been denied political
power.
d. all of the above
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129. All of the following are considered to be constructs of feminist theory except being:
a. gender-neutral.
b. androcentric.
c. life-span-oriented.
d. interactionist.
e. flexible.
130. Very young children develop , which are internalizations of the gender roles
perpetuated in a sexist society.
a. gender schemas
b. gender maps
c. gender complexes
d. sexist identities
POSTMODERN APPROACHES
131. In social constructionism, which of the following would be least important in understanding how
individuals construct their lives?
a. gender awareness
b. cultural perspectives
c. developmental processes
d. the impact of irrational beliefs
e. dominant narratives
132. The techniques of externalization and developing unique events are associated with:
a. solution-focused therapy.
b. the linguistic approach.
c. the narrative approach.
d. the reflecting team.
e. the social constructionist approach.
133. All of the following are associated with solution-focused therapy except:
a. Insoo Kim Berg.
b. Michelle Weiner-Davis.
c. Steve de Shazer.
d. Michael White.
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134 . In working with a client, a solution-focused therapist would be least likely to use which of the
following techniques?
a. co-create new solutions with the client
b. explore problems transmitted from generation to generation
c. miracle questions
d. exception questions
e. scaling questions
135. Narrative therapists do which of the following?

a. help clients construct a preferred story line.
b. uncover repressed feelings.
c. dispute irrational beliefs.
d. use the WDEP system to explore choices.
e. conduct a power analysis.
FAMILY SYSTEMS THERAPY
136. A therapist who works from a systemic point of view would be likely to: a. obtain
an accurate DSM diagnosis of his or her clients.
b. focus on the intrapsychic causes of a client’s symptoms and help him or her develop the
inner resources to cope in a more adaptive manner.
c. explore the functioning of a client’s family of origin using a genogram.
d. utilize free association to tap into a client’s feelings about his or her family system.
137. One of Satir’s techniques is:

a. externalizing the problem.
b. family sculpting.
c. paradoxical intervention.
d. reauthoring life stories.
e. the miracle question.
138. The model that applies concepts of existential therapy to a family systems approach is:
a. Bowenian family therapy.
b. human validation process model.
c. structural therapy.
d. strategic therapy.
e. experiential/symbolic family therapy.
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139. Which family systems theorist used the term super reasonable to describe a
position that is adopted to maintain control of one’s messy or painful emotions?
a. Monica McGoldrick
b. Betty Carter
c. Virginia Satir
d. Murray Bowen
e. Salvador Minuchin
140. What is the technique in family therapy that casts a new light on a problem and provides a
different
interpretation of a problematic situation?
a. reorganization
b. family mapping
c. restructuring
d. reframing
e. joining
141. A mother and her adult child have formed a close-knit relationship in which neither one
can
discriminate their own unique beliefs from those of the other. This is an example of:
a. triangulation.
b. enmeshment.
c. displacement.
d. individuation.
e. differentiation.
142. A basic premise of the Adlerian approach to family therapy is that:

a. families experience difficulty because they fail to provide each other with unconditional
positive regard.
b. mistaken goals of parents and children lead to repetitive, negative interaction patterns.
c. sibling rivalry is at the core of family discord.
d. dysfunctional families are the product of unfavorable sociocultural conditions.
e. none of the above.
143. Feminist and postmodern models of family therapy are based on the perspective
of ; that is, the family practitioner becomes part of the
family system and just by being present with the family changes it.
a. first-order cybernetics
b. second-order cybernetics
c. first-order connection
d. second-order connection
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144. All of the following are major general movements of the multilayered approach to family
therapy
except for:
a. forming a relationship.
b. conducting an assessment.
c. hypothesizing and sharing meaning
d. facilitating change
e. conducting outcome research to evaluate techniques used
145. Assessing the appropriateness of hierarchical structure in the family is important in which
of the following approaches?
e. both (a) and (c)
SECTION 5:
Items 146 through 200 are conceptual items that list a series of related concepts, techniques, and/or
theorists (or individuals) associated with one therapeutic approach. One item in the series of five does not
fit with the other four items. Identify the word or phrase that does not fit with the rest of the series.
146. (a) life stages, (b) developmental crises, (c) psychosocial stages, (d) relational cultural
theory, (e) critical tasks
147. (a) fictional finalism, (b) basic mistakes, (c) power analysis, (d) social interest
(e) style of life
148. (a) coaching, (b) modeling methods, (c) systematic desensitization, (d) reversal technique,
(e) relaxation technique
149. (a) pre-therapy change, (b) exception questions, (c) the miracle question,
(d) scaling questions, (e) problem-saturated stories
150. (a) object-relations, (b) strategic, (c) structural, (d) multigenerational, (e) experiential-
symbolic
151. (a) the internal dialogue exercise, (b) the rehearsal experiment,
(c) cognitive restructuring, (d) the exaggeration exercise, (e) making the rounds
152. (a) style of life, (b) openness to experience, (c) formative tendency,
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(d) internal source of evaluation, (e) willingness to continue growing
153. (a) behavior modification, (b) mistaken goals, (c) private logic, (d) early recollections, (e)
family constellation
154. (a) ego-defense mechanism, (b) anxiety, (c) psychosexual development stages, (d) the
unconscious, (e) social action
155. (a) search for self-awareness, (b) awareness of death, (c) bad faith, (d) striving for
superiority, (e) authenticity
156. (a) storied lives, (b) personal is political, (c) deconstruction, (d) search for unique
outcomes, (e) re-authoring
157. (a) assessment, (b) preparation, (c) imaginal flooding, (d) cognitive
restructuring, (e) shame-attacking exercises.
158. (a) differentiation of self, (b) triangulation, (c) enmeshment, (d) early recollections, (e)
family life cycle
159. (a) Michael White, (b) Albert Ellis, (c) Insoo Kim Berg, (d) Steve de Shazer, (e) Harlene
Anderson
160. (a) lifestyle assessment, (b) genograms, (c) family-life chronology, (d) accommodating,
(e) joining
161. (a) self-evaluation, (b) plan for action, (c) commitment,

(d) unconditional positive regard, (e) WDEP
162. (a) total behavior, (b) quality world, (c) confronting irrational beliefs, (d) cycle of
counseling, (e) choice theory
163. (a) person-centered therapy, (b) feminist therapy, (c) Gestalt therapy,
(d) existential therapy, (e) experiential therapies
164. (a) A-B-C theory, (b) irrational beliefs, (c) not-knowing position,
(d) cognitive restructuring, (e) self-defeating thought patterns
165. (a) reflection, (b) creative arts, (c) active listening, (d) empathic understanding, (e) miracle
question
166. (a) holism, (b) field theory, (c) figure-formation process,

(d) social constructionism, (e) organismic self-regulation
167. (a) exception questions, (b) the dialogue experiment, (c) staying with the feeling, (d)
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reversal technique, (e) present-centered dream work
168. (a) externalization and deconstruction, (b) figure-formation process,

(c) narrative conversations, (d) reauthoring one’s life, (e) collaborative partnership
169. (a) Arnold Lazarus, (b) Murray Bowen, (c) Virginia Satir, (d) Carl Whitaker, (e) Salvador
Minuchin
170. (a) systematic desensitization, (b) cognitive restructuring, (c) acceptance and commitment
therapy, (e) assertion training, (e) empty chair technique.
171. (a) dream analysis, (b) free association, (c) early recollections,
(d) interpretation of transference, (e) analysis of resistance
172. (a) unconditional positive regard, (b) empathic understanding, (c) congruence,
(d) active listening, (e) gender role interventions
173. (a) totalizing descriptions, (b) paradoxical directive, (c) problem-saturated story, (d)
dominant story, (e) building an audience
174. (a) solution-focused therapy, (b) dialectical behavior therapy,

(c) exception questions, (d) miracle question, (e) formula first session task
175. (a) quality world, (b) WDEP, (c) choice theory, (d) self-evaluation, (e) transference
176. (a) reexperiencing unfinished business in the here-and-now, (b) transference,

(c) free association, (d) interpretation, (e) maintaining the analytic framework
177. (a) irrational ideas, (b) homework assignments, (c) shame-attacking exercises,
(d) rational-emotive imagery, (e) dream interpretation
178. (a) polarized thinking, (b) labeling and mislabeling, (c) magnification and minimization,
(d) selective abstraction, (e) externalization and deconstruction
179. (a) nondirective, (b) ambivalence about change, (c) intrinsic motivation,
(d) MI spirit, (e) change talk.
180. (a) collective unconscious, (b) archetypes, (c) persona, (d) shadow, (e) narrative therapy
181. (a) object relations theory, (b) choice theory, (c) self psychology, (d) relational
psychoanalysis, (e) interpersonal analysis
182. (a) solution-focused brief therapy (b) self psychology, (c) object-relations theory,
(d) borderline personality, (e) narcissistic personality
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183. (a) empowerment and egalitarianism, (b) power analysis and power intervention, (c)
choice
theory, (d) social action, (e) self in relation theory
184. (a) layers of neurosis, (b) unfinished business, (c) genograms, (d) contact and resistance to
contact, (e) energy and blocks to energy
185. (a) positive orientation, (b) look for what is working, (c) exceptions to a problem, (d) small
changes pave way for larger changes, (e) therapist as expert
186. (a) cognitive restructuring, (b) cognitive therapy, (c) coping skills programs, (d) stress-
inoculation training, (e) total behavior
187. (a) multimodal therapy, (b) BASIC ID, (c) technical eclecticism, (d) therapeutic flexibility
and versatility, (e) quality world
188. (a) power analysis and power intervention, (b) assertion training, (c) stress-management
training, (d) eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, (e) exposure therapies
189. (a) documenting the evidence, (b) re-authoring alternative stories, (c) flooding, (d)
narrative letter writing, (e) mapping the influence of the problem
190. (a) total behavior, (b) choice theory, (c) existential-phenomenological orientation, (d)
family systems therapy, (e) reality therapy
191. (a) establishing the relationship, (b) exploring the individual’s dynamics,
(c) working through transference neurosis, (d) encouraging insight, (e) helping with
reorientation
192. (a) fictional finalism, (b) shame-attacking exercises, (c) acting ―as if,‖ (d) lifestyle
assessment, (e) teleological approach
193. (a) shame-attacking exercises, (b) the internal dialogue exercise (c) the reversal technique,
(d) the rehearsal experiment, (e) the exaggeration experiment
194. (a) experiential therapy, (b) existential therapy, (c) person-centered therapy, (d) Gestalt
therapy, (e) postmodern approaches
195. (a) change and the search for new possibilities, (b) the encouragement process,
(c) family constellation, (d) gender role intervention, (e) personal priorities
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196. (a) cognitive disputation, (b) cognitive homework, (c) rational-emotive imagery,
(d) shame-attacking exercises, (e) solution-focused therapy
197. (a) listening from a ―not-knowing‖ position, (b) paradoxical interventions, (c)
enactments, (d) reframing, (e) issuing directives
198. (a) death and nonbeing, (b) search for meaning, (c) search for unique outcomes,
(d) striving for identity, (e) anxiety as a condition of living
199. (a) joining and accommodation, (b), deconstructing problem-saturated stories, (c) family
reconstruction, (d) tracking interactional sequences, (e) enhancing interpersonal
communication
200. (a) reexperiencing one’s past, (b) planning and commitment, (c) exploring a client’s
picture album, (d) refusing to accept excuses, (e) teaching clients self-evaluation
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ANSWER KEY FOR FINAL EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
Questions 1 – 100
1. C 21. E 41. B 61. E 81. D
2. E 22. A 42. B 62. C 82. E
3. E 23. E 43. A 63. E 83. A
4. A 24. E 44. A 64. D 84. D
5. C 25. B 45. E 65. C 85. A
6. A 26. E 46. E 66. B 86. E
7. A 27. D 47. A 67. E 87. D
8. D 28. A 48. B 68. A 88. C
9. B 29. B 49. B 69. C 89. E
10. E 30. C 50. E 70. B 90. A
11. C 31. B 51. B 71. A 91. C
12. C 32. D 52. B 72. D 92. B
13. E 33. C 53. D 73. C 93. D
14. D 34. D 54. E 74. D 94. D
15. E 35. D 55. E 75. C 95. C
16. B 36. B 56. D 76. E 96. B
17. A 37. E 57. E 77. E 97. C
18. D 38. C 58. A 78. A 98. B
19. E 39. D 59. E 79. D 99. D
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20. C 40. B 60. E 80. E 100. B
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Questions 101 - 200 Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material
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101. B 121. C 141. B 161. D 181. B
102. E 122. A 142. B 162. C 182. A
103. B 123. A 143. B 163. B 183. C
104. E 124. D 144. E 164. C 184. C
105. A 125. E 145. C 165. E 185. E
106. B 126. B 146. D 166. D 186. E
107. A 127. D 147. C 167. A 187. E
108. . D 128. D 148. D 168. B 188. A
109. E 129. B 149. E 169. A 189. C
110. E 130. A 150. A 170. E 190. D
111. B 131. D 151. C 171. C 191. C
112. C 132. C 152. A 172. E 192. B
113. A 133. D 153. A 173. B 193. A
114. D 134. B 154. E 174. B 194. E
115. D 135. A 155. D 175. E 195. D
116. B 136. C 156. B 176. A 196. E
117. A 137. B 157. E 177. E 197. A
118. D 138. E 158. D 178. E 198. C
119. D 139. C 159. B 179. A 199. B
120. C 140. D 160. A 180. E 200. A
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Theory and Practice of

COVERS ALL CHAPTERS.

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MULTIPLE-CHOICE TEST ITEMS

1. Synthesizing the approaches covered in the text:

6. The author makes a case for:

8. What type of factors oftentimes limit our freedom of choice? a.

9.Which of these statements about interventions is true?

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13. A comprehensive approach to counseling:

14. Effective psychotherapy is a practice in which:

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TRUE-FALSE TEST ITEMS

2. An integrative perspective is not developed in a random fashion.

8. Techniques can counteract a client–therapist relationship that is lacking in certain respects.

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9. Much of effective therapy is the product of artistry.

12. Donald Meichenbaum is a prominent contributor to the development of cognitive behavior

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Chapter 2 Back to Top

2. According to the text, research shows that counselor values influence:

3. Clients place more value on than on

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5. An authentic counselor is best described as:

9. Personal therapy for therapists can be instrumental in assisting them:

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d. to work through their own personal conflicts.

13. Culturally encapsulated counselors would be most likely to:

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TRUE-FALSE TEST ITEMS

1. If we are inauthentic, it is unlikely that our clients will detect it.

3. Effective therapists are not the victims of their early decisions.

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7. Therapists need to be free of conflicts before they can counsel others.

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Chapter 3- Ethical Issues in Counseling Practice

1. In becoming an ethical practitioner, a crucial task is to:

3. Many ethical codes state that dual or multiple relationships:

4. Privileged communication does not apply to

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5. Confidentiality must be breached and information must be reported by practitioners when:

7. Under what circumstances should a therapist consult with colleagues or specialists?

8. Clients have a right to be informed about:

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c. as an essential part of the medical model they follow.

11. According to the text, positive ethics is a practice in which counselors:

13. Assessment is a useful method of:

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14. Evidenced-based practices are not:

TRUE-FALSE TEST ITEMS

2. Confidentiality can be considered an absolute.

4. Overemphasizing cultural differences is always appropriate in a counseling context.

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13. A boundary crossing could potentially benefit a client.

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Chapter 4- Psychoanalytic Therapy

1. Evidence suggesting the concept of the unconscious includes:

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6. Resolution of sexual conflicts and sex-role identity is a critical function of the:

8. The basic aim of psychoanalytic therapy is: