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2)What are the 3 subdivisions of the central nervous system? ✔✔ 1) To provide overall
control of body function
2) Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System
NERVOUS SYSTEM:
1) What are the cells of the nervous system called?
2) What are they responsible for?
3) What is action potential? What happens during this?
4) How is this related to a synapse?
2) Responsible for conducting nerve impulses within the brain and from one body part to
another
3) The nerves threshold of stimulus. When an impulse reaches the threshold, the impulse
travels along the neuron at a constant rate.
4) When an impulse reaches the end of the neuron, it can pass to another neuron across a
synapse.
5) A junction between two neurons.
DEPOLARIZATION/REPOLARIZATION:
1) Explain depolarization.
2) What substance is often the material moving in and out of the membrane?
3) What is the wave of polarization?
4) Explain repolarization.
5) How does this relate to local anesthetics? ✔✔ 1) The outside of a nerve membrane is
positively charged. When those charges move into the membrane, the outside is left negatively
charged.
2) Na+ ions
3) The movement of changing charges during depolarization.
4) After the nerve impulse passes through the nerve, the nerve fibers become repolarized, or
positively charged, again.
5) Local anesthetics interfere with Na+ ions traveling through the ion channels, preventing
depolarization and slowing or stopping the nerve impulses.
SYNAPSES:
1) What is a terminal button?
2) What are pre-synaptic and post-synaptic?
3) What is a synaptic cleft?
4) What substance is this product dependent on?
5) What action does this substance have? ✔✔ 1) The bulge at the end of the nerve, that
touches the next nerve.
2) The nerve before and after the synapse that is active.
3) The gap between two nerves, which a nerve impulse must 'jump across' to communicate
with the next nerve.
4) Neurotransmitters
5) They enable transmission of the depolarization wave from one nerve onto the receptor sites
of the next.
2) What are the parts of the CNS? (4 parts) ✔✔ 1) It is the overall control center of the body,
consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
2) Cerebral Cortex, Core of the Brain, Cerebellum, and the Brainstem.
CEREBRAL CORTEX:
1) How many parts does it have?
2) What are its main responsibilities? (6 things) ✔✔ 1) 2 parts- paired cerebral hemispheres.
3) What can other important structures in the core do? ✔✔ 1) Impulses pass through the
core on their way to or from the cerebral cortex.
2) It serves as a relay station between sensory inputs from the periphery of the body to the
cerebral cortex.
3) They play important roles in the body's autonomic (automatic) functions, and emotions.
CEREBELLUM:
1) What is the purpose? ✔✔ 1) It is the coordinating center for both sensory receptors
(vision, hearing) and coordination of movement.
BRAINSTEM:
1) Where is this located?
2) What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?
3) What important control centers does it contain?
4) What else does it contain, and what does this do? ✔✔ 1) Between the brains core and the
spinal cord (inferiorly).
2) midbrains, pons, medulla oblongata.
3) Autonomic (automatic) nervous system.
4) Reticular formation, responsible for consciousness or arousal.
BRAINSTEM:
1) What does the lower portion of the brainstem contain?
2) What does the pons do?
4) What are the two main components of this system? ✔✔ 1) Nerves, which carry impulses
away from the CNS to parts of the body, and carry impulses from the periphery back to the the
CNS.
2) Nerves that bring messages from the environments back to the CNS (such as touch and pain).
3) Nerves that send out responses to a muscle, which initiates body movement.
4) The cranial and spinal nerves.
5) Which nerve is a primary concern with local anesthesia? ✔✔ 1) Nerves that start at the
base of the brain.
2) Optic nerve (sight), Olfactory nerve (smell), Auditory nerve (sound).
3) Trigeminal nerve, which supplies sensation to teeth and jaw, and has a motor branch which
supplies the muscles of mastication.
4) Facial nerve, supplies motor fibers for facial expression such as smiling, frowning, etc.
5) Trigeminal nerve
2) What do each of these nerves supply? ✔✔ 1) Posterior superior alveolar, greater palatine,
and nasopalatine.
2) Posterior Superior Alveolar- posterior portion of the maxilla. Greater Palatine- posterior
palate. Nasopalatine- anterior palate.
3) What are the two subdivisions of this system? ✔✔ 1) It adjusts functions of the organs to
keep the body in a constant state, such as blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, body
temperature, water balance, etc. This is called homeostasis.
2) Involuntary or automatic nervous system.
3) Sympathetic and parasympathetic.
4) What are the effects of this system sometimes called? ✔✔ 1) It prepared the body for
intense physical activity in response to stress.
2) The blood pressure. The sympathetic system in the medulla maintains vasoconstrictor tone,
which controls blood vessel diameter.
3) Norepinephrine, closely related to epinephrine or adrenaline.
4) Adrenergic. (adrenaline!)
2) What are the two sections of the second subgroup? ✔✔ 1) Alpha (vasoconstriction of
arteries and veins) and Beta (big organs)
2) #1- Heart, increases heart rate and strength of contractions. #2 Lung, causes bronchodilation.
5) What are these receptors called? ✔✔ 1) Creates a vegetative state, such as slowing the
heart, increased salivary secretion, and increased digestion.
2)Acetylcholine. Cholinergic.
3) Glycopyrrolate or atropine.
4) Receptors in the walls of the aorta, carotid artery, and ventricles of the heart response to
changes in pressure and adjust the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses to regulate
these.
5) Baroreceptors.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM- OMS Perspective:
1) What do the anesthetic drugs utilized in OMS affect?
2) What do barbiturates and propofol do, and what does this result in?
3) What does ketamine do, and what does this affect?
4) What can anticholinergic drugs do, and how does it do this? What are some anticholinergic
drugs? ✔✔ 1) They affect the vital centers in the medulla and the pons that are associated
with the autonomic nervous center.
2) They depress the vital centers, resulting in hypotension and respiratory depression.
3) This stimulates the vital centers and causes an increase in blood press and pulse.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM:
1) How much blood can the heart pump per minute?
2) What kind of muscle is the heart made of? Why is this special?
3) How much pressure does this require? ✔✔ 1) After the right atrium fills with blood, it
contracts and forces blood into the right ventricle.
2) Tricuspid valve.
3) It is the lowest in the heart, has very little resistance.
2) What is unique about the pulmonary artery? ✔✔ 1) The right ventricle contracts, causing
the tricuspid valve to close, and forces the blood through the pulmonary valve into the
pulmonary artery, which goes to the lungs.
2) It is the only artery that carries oxygen-depleted blood.
3) Where does blood go after it as become oxygen saturated? ✔✔ 1) Blood arrives at the
lungs to be re-oxygenated.
2) Hemoglobin.
3) It returns to the left atrium through pulmonary veins.
2) What are the final steps in blood circulation? ✔✔ 1) It passes through the mitral valve
into the left ventricle.
2) The left ventricle contracts,closing the mitral valve and forcing the blood through the aortic
valve and into the aorta. This blood goes to the body.
6) Left ventricle contracts, forces blood through aortic valve into aorta, then to the body.
✔✔ What are the steps of circulation?
CARDIAC ISSUES:
1) What is back flow from a malfunctioning valve called when heard with a stethoscope?
2) What 2 things can cause a heart murmur?
2) Valves can be damaged from a previous sickness, or from mitral valve prolapse, where the
valve swings back slightly during closure.
3) Echocardiogram.
CARDIAC ISSUES:
1) What are the numerous vessels that pierce the myocardium called? What do many heart
problems result from?
2) What is ischemia?
3) What is angina pectoris? How is it relieved?
4) What is a much more serious problem from poor coronary circulation?
5) What does infarction mean? ✔✔ 1) Coronary arteries and veins. From faulty or reduced
coronary circulation.
2) When reduced oxygen supply damages heart cells, but does not cause necrosis.
3) Chest pain, this is what results from ischemia. Nitroglycerine relives this.
4) Myocardial infarction, aka heart attack.
5) The death of an area of tissue because of an interrupted blood supply.
2) How do these connect back to the heart? ✔✔ 1) Arterioles, and then capillaries. They
exchange oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other waste from the cells of the body.
2) Capillaries connect to venules, which are the smallest veins. These turn into small veins, then
larger veins, and finally into the the Superior or Inferior Vena Cava.
HEART RHYTHM:
1)When does the diastolic and systolic pressures occur?
2) What is the stroke volume?
3)What is the cardiac output? ✔✔ 1) Diastolic occurs after the atria contract and send blood
into the ventricles. When the ventricles relax this is the diastolic pressure. Systolic occurs when
the ventricles contract and send blood to the lungs. The pressure in the arteries is the systolic
pressure.
2) The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in each beat.
3) The total amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one minute.
HEART RHYTHM:
1) What is the cardiac cycle?
2) What is the normal amount of beats per minute?
3) What is it called of the rate is too low, or high? ✔✔ 1) One contraction and relaxation of
the atria and ventricles, followed by a short pause.
2) 60-100.
3) Lower than 60 is called bradycardia. Higher than 100 is called tachycardia.
HEART CONDUCTION:
1) What controls the automaticity of the heart?
2) What is this node called because of this ability?
3) What happens if this node is not functioning correctly? Does this work as well? ✔✔ 1) The
sinoatrial node.
2) The 'pacemaker'.
3) Other 'ectopic pacemakers' can take over. No, the lower in the heart they are located, the
less beats per minute they produce.
HEART CONDUCTION:
1) What is the node located between the atria and ventricles called?
2) What step is this node in creating a heart contraction?
3) Where is the impulse sent after it reaches this point?
4) What are the fibers that divide in this area called? ✔✔ 1) Atrioventricular node.
2) The second step, after the stimulation of the sinoatrial node.
3) It is transmitted through the 'bundle of His', and branches left and right into the ventricles
and causes them to contract.
4) Purkinje fiber system.
HEART CONDUCTION:
1)How can the heart be stimulated by the autonomic nervous system, instead of by itself?
2) What drug is released which causes this? ✔✔ 1) The medulla had a cardiac control center,
with a group of neurons called cardioacceleratory center. They have sympathetic nervous
system fibers which connect down the spine, and then to the SA node. When they are
stimulated, they can cause an increase in heart contractions.
2) Norepinephrine.
HEART CONDUCTION:
1) How can the parasympathetic nervous system slow down heart rate?
2) What drug is released which causes this?
3) What are rhythms that start from SA node impulse called? ✔✔ 1) The cardioinhibatory
center in the medulla stimulates the vagus nerve, which connects to the SA node. This slows the
heart rate.
2) Acetylcholine.
3) Sinus rhythms.
CARDIAC MONITORING:
1) What is Normal Sinus Rhythm?
2) What is hypoxia? What does this produce on an EKG?
CARDIAC MONITORING:
1)What does the 'P' wave represent?
2) What is the QRS complex? What number per minute does this equal?
3) What does the 'T' wave represent?
*Facial- behind the angle of the mandible to the first and second molars, and the external
aspects of the face
*Maxillary- internal aspects of the face, such as maxilla, sinuses, maxillary teeth and portions of
the nose
*Inferior Alveolar- the mandible and teeth, terminates at the mental artery.
2) What are the next steps? ✔✔ 1) The facial vein. Three tributaries, which drain blood from
the face, under the nose, and the eyelids.
2) The facial vein meets the retromandibular vein to form the common facial vein. They enter
the internal jugular vein.
3) Where does this drain into? ✔✔ 1) Behind the maxilla, called the pterygoid plexus.
2) The maxillary artery.
3) It drains into the maxillary vein, which ears to the retromandibular vein.