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Now, when our great country has entered the period of Socialism, when Socialism
has become tangible not only in the spheres of economics and culture, but also in
science and technology, and when the time has come for the most extensive application
of scientific knowledge in practical work, it is a pleasure for me, who has devoted some
sixty years of effort to attaining a constant improvement of fruit and berry plants, and
to producing absolutely new varieties of plants, to tell the working masses and the men
of science about how I worked, what results I have attained and what the prospects are
in the work of breeding new varieties of fruits and berries.
The one thing I saw was the unusual poverty of Central Russian horticulture in
general and, in particular, the poor assortment of plants, as compared with other
countries and our own South.
It pained me to observe the sad state of our horticulture, considering the exceptional
importance of this branch of agriculture. I came to the conclusion, at the time, that
horticulture in Central Russia, and particularly in Northern Russia, had not advanced a
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Results of My Sixty Years' Work and prospects for the Future https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/michurin/works/1930s/results.htm
What have we in the orchards of the vast areas of Central Russia?--I asked myself.
Everywhere you saw only the traditional Antonovka, Anis, Borovinka, Terentyevka and
similar antediluvian varieties of apples. There were still fewer pears, sour cherries and
plums--only such old favourites as Bessemyanka and summer Tonkovetka pears,
Vladimirskaya sour cherries and semicultivated sorts of damson and wild blackthorn.
Only rarely did one find orchards that could boast of a few varieties of Reinette
apples of foreign origin, and in very insignificant quantities at that. The organisms of
these plants had been exhausted long ago; they had become frail and sickly and had
lost their resistance powers, with the result that the plants became an easy prey to
disease and were plagued by pests for long periods.
I made this the basic principle of my work and am guided by it to this day.
I set myself two bold tasks: to augment the assortment of fruits and berries in the
central regions by adding high-yield varieties of superior quality, and to extend the area
of southern crop cultivation far to the North.
But it was some time before I accomplished these tasks. I should point out that there
are three sharply outlined stages in all my work.
In the eighties of the last century a pseudoscientific theory about the acclimatization
of plants, propounded by the Moscow scientist Dr. Grell, was current. The substance of
this "theory" was that in order to augment the assortment in the central regions it is
necessary to take southern plants and gradually adapt them to our climatic conditions.
And despite the fact that this method was fallacious, I chose it for lack of any other. The
fact that the acclimatization of plants is, in essence, altogether unscientific was still
unknown to me at that time.
In procuring plants from abroad--from the South--I expected that these foreigners
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Results of My Sixty Years' Work and prospects for the Future https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/michurin/works/1930s/results.htm
would grow and bear fruit in our part of the country. But these experiments were not
successful for the plants perished from frost in the very first winter. True, some
specimens did bear fruit, but in the end they perished, too, or proved impractical for
cultivation in our parts.
For ten long years, patiently suffering the grave consequences of fallacious methods,
I got hundreds of adverse results but did not abandon my work and continued to try
out one method after another.
This stage is also the first stage in breeding new hardy varieties for each separate
locality. This I tried to achieve by training and selecting seedlings from seeds of the best
native and foreign varieties. However, it soon became evident that seedlings selected
from the best local strains possessed only slightly higher qualities than the old varieties,
while seedlings produced from seeds of foreign plants proved, in the majority of cases,
too frail.
In my subsequent work I chose pairs of parent plants from among the best local
varieties and crossed them artificially, but again the hybrids thus derived fell short of
the required standard. Next, I crossed our local plants with southern varieties, but
while the varieties produced in this way yielded better-tasting fruits, in the majority of
cases they could not keep through the winter. In my opinion, the properties of our local
varieties of fruit-bearing plants in most cases dominated over the properties of
southern plants, for our varieties originated in our localities and have grown there for
hundreds of years, while the southern sorts are "newcomers" in our parts.
And so after that I struck an absolutely correct path, one at which science has arrived
only in recent gears--I began to cross races and species of plants of distant habitat.
Under this method the chosen pairs of parent plants were placed, in our part of the
country, in an environment to which they were unaccustomed. The offspring of such
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Results of My Sixty Years' Work and prospects for the Future https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/michurin/works/1930s/results.htm
crossbreeds were most adaptable to our climatic condition and produced a more
favourable combination of qualities, one that approximated the requirements I had set.
As a result of such hybridization, the southern plants transmitted to their offspring
flavour, size, colour, etc., while the wild frost-resistant species contributed their
endurance to our severe winter frosts.
My Achievements
Following this, I proceeded to procure for my nursery plants from practically every
part of the globe. By the October Revolution the nursery had approximately eight
hundred species of initial plant forms. There were pants here from North and South
Dakota, Canada, Japan, Manchuria, Korea, China, Tibet, India, Pamir, Indonesia,
Central Asia, the Caucasus, Crimes, the Balkans, the Alps, France, England, the tundra
regions, etc.
When in 1919 my nursery was placed under the supervision of the People's
Commissariat of Agriculture of the R.S.F.S.R., it contained the following new varieties
of fruits and small fruits, industrial crops and melons which I had produced:
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Results of My Sixty Years' Work and prospects for the Future https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/michurin/works/1930s/results.htm
attar roses................1
melons.....................1
lilies.....................1
Total........................153 varieties
In my further work I managed to evolve a number of methods with the help of which
I obtained outstanding varieties, frost-resistant not only in the Central Black-Earth
Belt, but also in the Ivanovo Region and even further north, and in Siberia.
At the present time the assortment I have cultivated contains over three hundred
varieties and represents a substantial basis for the socialist reconstruction of fruit and
berry cultivation not only in the European, but also in the Asiatic part of the U.S.S.R.
and in the high-altitude areas of the Caucasus (Daghestan, Armenia).
I have survived two tsars, and for over sixteen years now I have been working under
a socialist system. I have entered another world, one diametrically opposed to the
former. An abyss separates these two worlds.
That this is so may be seen from the following. Under tsarism, throughout my many
years of work to improve the breed of fruiters, I received neither remuneration for my
labours, nor, moreover, subsidies or grants from the tsarist exchequer.
I carried on my work the best I could on my own means, gained by my own labour. I
struggled constantly against poverty and endured all manner of hardships in silence,
never petitioning assistance from the government.
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Results of My Sixty Years' Work and prospects for the Future https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/michurin/works/1930s/results.htm
Hardly had the Civil War come to an end when no other than Vladimir Ilyich Lenin,
whose memory we all revere, gave his attention to my work. In 1922, on the
instructions of Vladimir Ilyich, the work I was doing was expanded to unparalleled
dimensions. Outstanding leaders of the Communist Party and the Government, headed
by Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the
U.S.S.R. and of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, took an interest in my
work. Mikhail Ivanovich paid two visits to my nursery.
I received three awards from the Soviet Government. At the All-Union Agricultural
Exhibition in 1923, I was honoured with the highest award--a certificate of the Central
Executive Committee of the U.S.S.R. In 1925, on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary
of my work, the Government decorated me with the Order of the Red Banner of
Labour, and in 1931, when horticulture was being reconstructed along socialist lines, I
was awarded the Order of Lenin.
Thus, by the will of the Party and the Government, the small nursery, confined to a
tiny plot before the Revolution, has been transformed into an all-Union centre for
research in fruit growing and plant breeding.
The future prospects of my work have been outlined by the Government in its
decisions of November 23, 1923 and May 13, 1931. These decisions point out that "the
outstanding achievements of I. V. Michurin in the production of new high-yielding
varieties of fruits and small fruits for the central regions of the U.S.S.R. are of
enormous importance for the socialist reconstruction of horticulture and for
heightening its technical level. The development of large-scale state and collective
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farms, the planned distribution of varieties and scientific cultivation methods create
unprecedented opportunities for the extensive substitution of new, improved varieties
for local low-yielding varieties."
The work which I have been doing or sixty years is inseparably bound up with the
masses; it is their cause. But in order that the mass of the people might more quickly,
and with the greatest possible benefit, take advantage of this work, the following
effected :
There is a very large and ever increasing demand from kolkhozes for my varieties
but, contrary to Government decisions, the local cultivation of stock is conducted on an
insignificant scale.
3. Since our goal is not only to explain the world, but to change it so that it may better
serve the needs of the working people, I regard plant breeding as a powerful
instrument of our contemporary society, engaged, as it is, in the construction of
Socialism. This instrument can help us master the nature of plants. That is why I think
that instruction in plant breeding should be introduced in all agricultural schools, from
primary schools to colleges.
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