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What is an Engine?
•“A machine for converting
heat energy into mechanical
force and motion.”
•It is a group of related parts
that convert chemical energy
into mechanical energy.
• Stroke = Refers to the distance travelled
by the piston from Top Dead Center (TDC)
to Bottom Dead Center (BDC) or Bottom
Dead Center to Top Dead Center.
• Top Dead Center = Refers to the topmost
part reached by the piston during its
upward motion.
• Bottom Dead Center = Refers to the
lowermost part reached by the piston
during its downward motion.
• Cycle = is a series of event repeated in
the same regular order.
• Two (2) times travelled by the piston Four (4) times travelled by the piston to
to complete a cycle and one complete a cyle and two revolution of
revolution of the crankshaft. the crankshaft.
- As the piston moves up the cylinder the
intake and exhaust ports are covered.
- The air/fuel/oil mixture above the
piston is compressed.
- At the same time a new air/fuel/oil mix
is drawn into the crankcase of the
engine through a reed valve connected
to the carburetor.
•At the top of the stroke the spark
plug ignites the compressed mixture.
•The burning of the mixture pushes
the piston downward producing
power.
•The downward motion of the piston
pressurizes the air/fuel/oil mixture
in the crankcase and forces the reed
valve to close.
• As the piston reaches BDC, the intake
and exhaust ports are opened.
• The exhaust gases are expelled out
of the engine and at the same time
the air/fuel/oil mixture is forced into
the cylinder through the intake port.
• The rush of air/fuel/oil into the
cylinder helps push out the exhaust
gas and is ready to be compressed by
the upward movement of the piston.
• The cycle now begins again.
• Intake stroke
-The piston moves down the
cylinder from TDC (Top Dead
Center) to BDC (Bottom Dead
Center).
-The intake valve open.
-As the piston moves down the
c y l i n d e r c re a t i n g a p a r t i a l
vacuum.
- A m i x t u re o f a i r a n d f u e l i s
sucked into the cylinder through
the intake valve.
• Compression stroke
-When the piston reaches BDC,
both valves are closed.
-This seals the cylinder and
prevents the air-fuel mixture
from escaping.
-The piston begins to move up
the cylinder and compresses
the mixture.
-The pressure in the cylinder is
raised
• Power Stroke
-The piston rises until it reaches
TDC.
-At that moment a high voltage
spark is created by the spark
plug.
-This spark causes the
compressed air-fuel mixture
to ignite and burn rapidly.
-The force of this contained
explosion forces the piston
down in the cylinder
producing power.
-Both the valves stay closed in
this stroke.
• Exhaust Stroke
-As the piston nears BDC
the exhaust valve opens.
Intake valve remains
closed.
- As the piston rises back
up, it pushes the burned
gases out of the exhaust
valve.
-Once the exhaust stroke
is completed, the four
stro kes o f o p e rat i o n
begin all over again.
• Intake Stroke
-During the intake stroke, the
intake valve opens as the piston
moves down to allow air into
the cylinder.
-The air is pushed by atmospheric
p re s s u re i n t o t h e c y l i n d e r
through the intake valve port.
• Compression Stroke
-After the piston reaches its
lower limit, it begins to move
u p wa rd a n d a s t h e p i st o n
moves up, the intake valve
closes.
-The exhaust valve is also closed,
so that at this point in the cycle,
the cylinder is sealed.
-As the piston moves upward,
the air is compressed and the
compression of the air causes
the pressure and the
temperature of the cylinder to
increase.
• Power Stroke
-As the piston reaches maximum
compression of the air, diesel fuel is
injected to the combustion chamber
filled with compressed air.
-The heat of the compressed air
ignites the fuel spontaneously at the
self-ignition temperature of the fuel.
-As the cylinder pressure increases,
the piston is forced down into the
cylinder.
-The power impulse is transmitted
down through the piston, through
the connecting rod, and to the
crankshaft, which is rotated due to
the force.
• Exhaust Stroke
-As the piston reaches the
bottom of its stroke, the
exhaust valve opens.
-As the piston moves up on
the exhaust stroke, it forces
the burned gases out of the
cylinder through the exhaust
port.
-Then as the piston reaches
the top of its stroke, the
exhaust valve closes, and
the intake valve opens.
-The cycle repeats again with
the intake stroke.
 Stroke Gasoline Diesel Engine Piston Valve Action
Engine Direction
Intake Exhaust
Valve Valve
Intake Air-fuel Air Only Downward Open Close

Compression Air-fuel Air Only Upward Close Close

100-150 PSI 450 PSI
450 Degrees 500-800
Celcius Degrees Celcius

Power Spark plug Injection nozzle Downward Close Close

deliver spark spray atomize
fuel

Exhaust Burned Burned gasses Upward Close Open

gasses escape
escape
• Any driveability problems are not caused by engine
mechanical problems. A thorough inspection and testing of
the -ignition and fuel systems should be performed before
testing for mechanical engine problems. Typical engine
mechanical-related complaints include the following:
■ Excessive oil consumption
■ Engine misfiring
■ Loss of power
■ Smoke from the engine or exhaust
■ Engine noise
• The color of engine exhaust
smoke can indicate what
engine problem might exist
• The driver of the vehicle knows a lot about the vehicle and
how it is driven. Before diagnosis is started, always ask the
following questions. ■ When did the problem first occur? ■
Under what conditions does it occur?
• Cold or hot?
• Acceleration, cruise, or deceleration?
• How far was it driven?
• What recent repairs have been performed?
• After the nature and scope of the problem are determined,
the complaint should be verified before further diagnostic
tests are performed.
• Whenever diagnosing any vehicle try to use all senses
including smell. Some smells and their cause include:
• Gasoline. If the exhaust smells like gasoline or unburned fuel,
then a fault with the ignition system is a likely cause. Unburned
fuel due to lean air-fuel mixture causing a lean misfire is also
possible.
• Sweet smell. A coolant leak often gives off a sweet smell
especially if the leaking coolant flows onto the hot exhaust.
• Exhaust smell. Check for an exhaust leak -including a possible
cracked exhaust manifold which can be difficult to find because
it often does not make noise.
• The first and most important “test” that can be performed is a
careful visual inspection. Oil Level and Condition The first area
for visual inspection is oil level and condition.
1. Oil level—oil should be to the proper level
2. Oil condition
• a. Using a match or lighter, try to light the oil on the dipstick; if
the oil flames up, gasoline is present in the engine oil.
• b. Drip some of the engine oil from the dipstick onto the hot
exhaust manifold. If the oil bubbles or boils, there is coolant
(water) in the oil.
• c. Check for grittiness by rubbing the oil between your fingers.
• Most mechanical engine problems
are caused by overheating. The
proper operation of the cooling
system is critical to the life of any
engine.
• Note: Check the coolant level in the
radiator only if the radiator is cool. If
the radiator is hot and the radiator
cap is removed, the drop in pressure
above the coolant will cause the
coolant to boil immediately and can
cause severe burns when the coolant https://encrypted-

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• O i l l e a k s c a n l e a d t o s e v e re
engine damage if the resulting
low oil level is not corrected.
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• An engine knocking noise is often difficult to diagnose. Several reasons that can
cause a deep engine knock.