Combustion in S.I & C.I Engines Engine Terminology ➢ Dead centres : In the vertical engine, top of the piston is called TOP DEAD CENTRE (TDC), when the piston is at bottom position is called Bottom Dead Centre
➢ Stroke : It is the linear distance travelled by the piston
when it moves from one end of the cylinder to the another
➢ Bore : Inner diameter of the cylinder
➢ Stroke volume : volume displaced by the piston in one
stroke. Also called as swept volume
➢ Clearance volume : volume contained between the piston
top and the cylinder head when the piston at top ➢ Stroke to Bore Ratio Ratio of the stroke length , L , to the bore diameter ‘d’ d < L - under square engine d = L – square engine d > L – over square engine
a) d = L – square engine
Balance both torque and power
Eg :-Hero Honda CBZ Xtreme (57.3mm x 57.8 mm)
b) d < L - under square engine (Long stroke Engine)
Engine makes good torque at relatively lower engine revs. where torque (pulling capability) is essential at lower/relaxed engine revs (Eg. commuter bikes, touring bikes) Eg :-Royal Enfield Thunderbird Twinspark (70mm x 90mm)
c) d > L – over square engine (short stroke engine)
engine revs fast and is good for vehicles where fast build up of power is essential (eg. Race/track bikes, Super sports bikes)
Eg :- TVS Apache RTR 160 (62mm x 52.9mm)
𝜋 𝑉1 = 𝑑 2 L , where L = stroke length and d- bore diameter 4 4 stroke Engine S.I Engine ( Spark Ignition Engine) • Combustion takes place with the using the spark plug • Inlet – air+ fuel mixture • Heat addition takes place at constant volume • Otto cycle F o u r s t ro k e Petrol E n g i n e 1.Intake/Suction Stroke
In suction stroke piston starts at Top Dead
Centre (TDC) of the cylinder and moves to the Bottom Dead Centre (BDC).
Exhaust Valve will be closed and intake valve
will be open to allowing the fresh charge of mixed fuel and air into the cylinder. 2.Compression Stroke
• In compression stroke, Once piston
reaches BDC and moves back TDC, inlet valve will be closed. • As the piston moves towards TDC , It compress air inside the cylinder and compression takes place. Hence it is called compression stroke. 3.Power Stroke
• In expansion stroke, Both the valves are
closed. When piston reaches top of its stroke, a spark is generated with a help of spark plug and combustion takes place • temperature and pressure generated inside the cylinder and push down the piston to BDC. • it is known as Power stroke • Power generated in this stroke is stored in the flywheel for its further utilisation in the other strokes. 4.Exhaust Stroke
• In this stroke exhaust valve is opened
when piston reaches to BDC and moves to upward • . Piston pushes out the burnt gases to the atmosphere through the exhaust valve, hence called exhaust stroke • engine is ready to begin the cycle again . pV Diagram (Theoretical& Actual) Valve Timing Diagram
• Graphical representation of exact moments, in the
sequence of operation , at which the inlet and exhaust valves open and close and firing takes place 4 stroke Engine C.I Engine ( Compression Ignition Engine) • Inlet – air • Combustion takes place by spraying the fuel • Heat addition takes place at constant pressure • Diesel cycle F o u r s t ro k e Diesel E n g i n e pV Diagram (Theoretical & Actual) 4 stroke Petrol Engine Vs 4 Stroke Diesel Engine 4 Stroke Petrol Engine (S.I) 4 Stroke Diesel Engine (C.I) Fuel A mixture of petrol and air Only fresh air is drawn during the is drawn during the suction stroke suction stroke Fuel supply Carburettor Fuel injector Ignition Spark plug is used to Auto ignition, the fuel is ignited ignite the charge when sprayed in air at high temperature TD cycle Otto cycle Diesel cycle Compression 6-10 15-25 ratio Starting Easy, due to low Difficult, due to high compression compression ratio ratio Space Less more occupancy 4 stroke Petrol Engine Vs 4 Stroke Diesel Engine
4 Stroke Petrol Engine 4 Stroke Diesel Engine (C.I)
(S.I) Initial cost Light and cheap due to Heavy and costly due to max low max pressure pressure Running cost High , due to high cost of Less, due to less cost of diesel petrol Maintenance Less high cost Application Scooter, motor cycles and Buses, trucks, earth moving other light duty vehicles machines and other heavy duty machines Two Stroke Engine -Petrol • All four processes completed in Two strokes • One revolution of crank • There is a power stroke in every revolution • In two stroke, three ports are available namely inlet port , transfer port and Exhaust port • Suction and compression completed during the upper movement of the piston • Expansion and Exhaust completed during the upper movement of the piston Suction/ Compression • Piston moves from BDC to TDC • Air + fuel mixture inside the cylinder gets compressed • Transfer port is covered • While moving Exhaust port gets covered • Inlet port opened , and allow the fresh air + fuel mixture Expansion/ Exhaust • Shortly before reaches the TDC ignition starts • Which moves the piston downwards • During downward movement, transfer port is uncovered . Allow the exhaust gases to exit • Then covers the inlet port • Now the transfer port opened and allow the air+ fuel mixture to flow inside the cylinder, which also pushes the burnt gases outside 4 stroke Petrol Engine Vs 4 Stroke Diesel Engine 4 Stroke 2 Stroke All the four processes completed in All the four processes completed in two revolution of crank one revolution of crank Power stroke in two crank Power stroke in every crank revolution revolution Power produced is less Power produced per cycle is more Inlet, Exhaust valves are used Inlet, transfer and exhaust ports are used High thermal efficiency Low thermal efficiency Disadvantages of Two stroke engines • Low thermal efficiency • Pollution • No separate lubrication system provided Octane Rating/Number(ON) • An octane rating, or octane number, is a standard measure of the performance of an engine or aviation fuel. • higher the octane number, the more compression the fuel can withstand before detonating (igniting) • Octane numbers are used between 0 and 100 • Higher octane number will have shorter ignition delays • Gasoline engines rely on ignition of air and fuel compressed together as a mixture, which is ignited at the end of the compression stroke using spark plugs. Therefore, high compressibility of the fuel matters mainly for gasoline engines. • Use of gasoline with lower octane numbers may lead to the problem of engine knocking. Cetane Rating /Number(CN) • Cetane numbers gives quality of Diesel • Cetane number is an indicator of the combustion speed of diesel fuel and compression needed for ignition • Higher the number implies good quality of Diesel • Generally, diesel engines operate well with a CN from 48 to 50. Fuels with lower cetane number have longer ignition delays, requiring more time for the fuel combustion process to be completed. Hence, higher speed diesel engines operate more effectively with higher cetane number fuels