IC ENGINES & RECIPROCATING

MACHINES

(MEng-4331)
 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL

•The purpose of internal combustion engines :

• Production of mechanical power from the chemical
energy contained in the fuel.
•HOW?
•Heat/Thermal energy is released by burning or oxidizing
the fuel inside the engine (usually called a Heat Engine).

•This thermal energy raises the temperature and pressure

of the gases within the engine and the high-pressure gas
then expands against the mechanical mechanisms of the
engine.
 Drive Train Systems

Rear-wheel-drive Front-wheel-drive
 Historical Development
•The early engines developed for commercial use burned
coal-gas air mixtures at atmospheric pressure; there was
no compression before combustion. J. J. E. Lenoir (1822-
1900) developed the first marketable engine of this type.

•Gas and air were drawn into the cylinder during the first
half of the piston stroke. The charge was then ignited with
a spark, the pressure increased, and the burned gases
then delivered power to the piston for the second half of
the stroke. The cycle was completed with an exhaust
stroke.
•Efficiency was at best about 5 percent.
• A more successful development-an atmospheric
engine introduced in 1867 by Nicolaus A. Otto
(1832-1891) and Eugen Langen (1833-1895)-used
the pressure rise resulting from combustion of the
fuel-air charge early in the outward stroke to
accelerate a free piston and rack assembly so its
momentum would generate a vacuum in the
cylinder.
• Atmospheric pressure then pushed the piston
inward, with the rack engaged through a roller
clutch to the output shaft, obtained thermal
efficiencies of up to 11 percent.
• To overcome this engine's shortcomings of low
thermal efficiency and excessive weight, Otto
proposed an engine cycle with four piston
strokes: an intake stroke, then a compression
stroke before ignition, an expansion or power
stroke where work was delivered to the
crankshaft, and finally an exhaust stroke.
• This was the breakthrough for the foundation
of the internal combustion engine industry.
• In 1884, an unpublished French patent issued
in 1862 to Alphonse Beau de Rochas (1815-
1893) was found which described the principles
of the four-stroke cycle.
• This chance discovery cast doubt on the validity
of Otto's own patent for this concept, and in
Germany it was declared invalid.
• Beau de Rochas also outlined the conditions
under which maximum efficiency in an internal
combustion engine could be achieved. These
were:
1. The largest possible cylinder volume with the
minimum boundary surface.
2. The greatest possible working speed.
3. The greatest possible expansion ratio.
4. The greatest possible pressure at the beginning
of expansion.
• The first two conditions hold heat losses from
the charge to a minimum.
• The third condition recognizes that the
greater the expansion of the post combustion
gases, the greater the work extracted.
• The fourth condition recognizes that higher
initial pressures make greater expansion
possible, and give higher pressures
throughout the process, both resulting in
greater work transfer.
• In 1892, the German engineer Rudolf Diesel
(1858-1913) outlined in his patent a new form
of internal combustion engine.
• His concept of initiating combustion by
injecting a liquid fuel into air heated solely by
compression permitted a doubling of efficiency
over other internal combustion engines.
BASICS OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (IC-ENGINES)
 Engine Classifications

IC engine can be classified based on:

1. Basic Design
(a) Reciprocating
(b) Rotary
2. Arrangement (Position) and Number of Cylinders of
Reciprocating Engines
(a) Single Cylinder
(b) In-Line
(c) V Engine
(d) Opposed Cylinder Engine
(e) W Engine
(f) Opposed Piston Engine
(g) Radial Engine
3. Arrangement of valves and valve trains
• a. Camshaft location
•  A cam-in-block engine
•  An Overhead cam (OHC) engine
• b. Types of camshaft drive
• Camshafts are driven by timing gears, sprockets and
timing chain, or sprockets and toothed timing belt.
• c. Types of valve train
• overhead camshaft and camshaft in block or
overhead valve
• d. Number of valve per cylinder
4. Types of cooling
• The liquid cooling system
• An air cooling system

5. Method of ignition
• spark ignition (spark plug) and
• compression ignition (compressed air).

6. Valve location
7. Number of strokes per cycle (two or four)
two-stroke cycle or the four- stroke cycle
8. Air Intake Process
• (a) Naturally Aspirated
• (b) Supercharged
• (c) Turbocharged
• (d) Crankcase Compressed
9. Method of Fuel Input for SI Engines
• (a) Carbureted.
• (b) Multipoint Port Fuel Injection. One or
more injectors at each cylinder intake.
• (c) Throttle Body Fuel Injection. Injectors
upstream in intake manifold.
10. Fuel Used
• (a) Gasoline. (b) Diesel (c) Gas, Natural Gas,
Methane. (d) LPG. (e) Alcohol-Ethyl, Methyl.
(f) Dual Fuel (g) Gasohol
11. Application
(a) Automobile, Truck, Bus. (b) Locomotive. (c)
Stationary. (d) Marine. (e) Aircraft. (f) Small
Portable, Chain Saw, Model Airplane.
 BASIC ENGINE CYCLES

• Most internal combustion engines, both spark

ignition and compression ignition, operate on
either a four-stroke cycle or a two-stroke
cycle.
Four-Stroke SI Engine Cycle
1. First Stroke: Intake Stroke or Induction;
2. Second Stroke: Compression Stroke;
Combustion
3. Third Stroke: Expansion Stroke or Power Stroke;
Exhaust Blow down;
4. Fourth Stroke: Exhaust Stroke
Ideal Cycle Diagram
4-stroke engine.mp4 How engine works.mp4
How Engines Work.mp4

How Diesel Engines Work - Part - 1 (Four Stroke Combustion Cycle).mp4

Combustion Engine Animation.mp4

How Two-stroke Engines Work.mp4
 Four-Stroke CI Engine Cycle

• The cycles in four stroke diesel engines is the same as that

of the SI engine except in the Compression Stroke only air
is compressed to higher pressures and temperature.
• Late in the compression stroke fuel is injected directly into
the combustion chamber, where it mixes with the very
hot air. This causes the fuel to evaporate and self-ignite,
causing combustion to start.
• Combustion is fully developed by TDC and continues at
about constant pressure until fuel injection is completed
and the piston has started towards BDC.
 The actual Valve Timing Diagram during the four strokes
• TDC : Top dead centre
• BDC : Bottom dead centre
• IVO Inlet valve opens (10° — 200 before TDC
• IVC Inlet valve closes (30° 40° after BDC)
• IGN Ignition (20° —30° before TDC)
• EVO Exhaust valve opens (30° .5O0 before BDC)
• EVC Exhaust valve closes (10°— 15° after TDC)
• During the four strokes of a four-stroke-cycle
gasoline engine, the crankshaft revolves 720°
(two complete revolutions [2 x 360° = 720°]).
• Camshaft specs are given in crankshaft
degrees.
• Shown here, the intake valve starts to open at
15° BTDC, remains open through the 180° of
the intake stroke, closing at 59° ATDC.
• The duration of the intake valve is 254°.
• The exhaust valve camshaft in the example opens
at 59° BBDC and closes at 15° ATDC.
• When the exhaust valve specs are added to the
intake valve specs in the diagram, the overlap
period is easily observed.
• The overlap in the example is 15° plus 15° or 30°.
 Two-Stroke SI Engine Cycle

1. Combustion With the piston at TDC combustion occurs very

quickly, raising the temperature and pressure to peak values,
almost at constant volume.
2. First Stroke: Expansion Stroke or Power Stroke Very high
pressure created by the combustion process forces the piston
down to BDC in the power stroke.
3. Exhaust Blowdown At about 75° bBDC, the exhaust valve opens
and blowdown occurs. The exhaust valve may be a poppet valve
in the cylinder head, or it may be a slot in the side of the
cylinder which is uncovered as the piston approaches BDC. After
blowdown the cylinder remains filled with exhaust gas at lower
pressure.
• 4. Intake and Scavenging When blowdown is
nearly complete, at about 50° bBDC, the intake
slot on the side of the cylinder is uncovered and
intake air-fuel enters under pressure. Fuel is
added to the air with either a carburetor or fuel
injection.
• This incoming mixture pushes much of the
remaining exhaust gases out the open exhaust
valve and fills the cylinder with a combustible air-
fuel mixture, a process called scavenging.
• 5. Second Stroke: Compression Stroke With all
valves (or ports) closed, the piston travels
towards TDC and compresses the air-fuel mixture
to a higher pressure and temperature. Near the
end of the compression stroke, the spark plug is
fired by the time the piston gets to TDC,
combustion occurs and the next engine cycle
begins.
How Two-stroke Engines Work.mp4
 Working fluid constituents in the processes of CI
engines

process Spark Ignition Engines Compression Ignition Engines

Air, Fuel, Recycled exhausts, Air, Recycled exhausts, Residual gas

Intake
Residual gas
Air, Fuel vapor, Recycled exhaust Air, Recycled exhaust, Residual gas
Compression
Residual gas

Combustion products (mixture of Combustion products (mixture of N2, ,

Power
N2, , H2O, CO2, CO, H2, O2, NO, H2O, CO2, CO, H2, O2, NO, OH, O ,
OH, O , H, . . .) H, . . .)

Exhaust Combustion products (mainly N2, Combustion products (mainly N2,

CO2, H2O, CO, O2) CO2, H2O, O2)
COMPARISON BETWEEN SI AND CI ENGINES